The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Choose the correct nationality of the artist Frederic Sorrieu who visualised in his painting a society
made up of Democratic and Social Republic.

(a) German

(b) Swiss

(c) French

(d) American

Answer: b

2. ‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means

(a) strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture.

(b) strong devotion for one’s own country without appreciation for other nations.

(c) strong love for one’s own country and hatred for others.

(d) equally strong devotion for all the countries of the world.

Answer: a

3. Match the term with the statements given below:

A ‘Utopian Society’ is

(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy

(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist

(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men

(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)

(c) (ii) only

(d) (iii) only

Answer: b

4. Pick out the correct definition to define the term ‘Plebiscite’.

(a) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which only the female members of a region are asked to accept or reject
a proposal.

(b) Plebiscite is a direct vote by the female members of a matriarchal system to accept or reject a
proposal.

(c) Plebiscite is a direct vote by only a chosen few from the total population of a parti-cular region to
accept or reject a proposal.

(d) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.

Answer: d

5. Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because

(a) it ensures protection to all inhabitants.

(b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.

(c) it ensures Parliamentary form of govern-ment to its inhabitants.

(d) it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants.

Answer: b

6. Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?

(a) Britain

(b) Russia

(c) Prussia

(d) Switzerland

Answer: d

7. The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words: ‘Liberty,
Equality and Fraternity’ was:

(a) The Russian Revolution

(b) The French Revolution

(c) The American Revolution

(d) India’s First War of Independence

Answer: b

8. Which of the following statements about the ‘French Revolution’ are correct?

(i) After the end of the French Revolution it was proclaimed that it was the people who would
henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

(ii) France will have a constitutional monarchy and the new republic will be headed by a member of the
royal family.

(iii) A centralised administrative system will be put in place to formulate uniform laws for all citizens.

(iv) Imposition of internal custom duties and dues will continue to exist in France.

(a) (ii) and (iii)

(b) (ii) and (iv)

(c) (i) and (iii)

(d) (iii) and (iv)

Answer: c

9. The French revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation was

(a) to conquer the people of Europe.

(b) to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.

(c) to strengthen absolute monarchies in all the countries of Europe.

(d) to propagate the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in every part of the world.

Answer: b

10. The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:

(a) The French Revolutionary Code

(b) Napoleonic Code

(c) European Imperial Code

(d) The French Civil Code

Answer: b

11. The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions?

(a) England

(b) Spain

(c) Regions under French control

(d) Poland

Answer: c

12. The liberal nationalism stands for:

(a) freedom for the individual and equality before law.

(b) preservation of autocracy and clerical privileges.

(c) freedom for only male members of society and equality before law.

(d) freedom only for senior citizens.

Answer: a

13. Who among the following formed the secret society called ‘Young Italy’? [Delhi 2012]

(a) Otto von Bismarck

(b) Giuseppe Mazzini

(c) Mettemich

(d) Johann Gottfried Herder

Answer: b

14. The term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means:

(a) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to men.

(b) the right to vote for all adults.

(c) the right to vote and get elected, granted exclusively to property owning men.

(d) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to educated men and women.

Answer: b
15. Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’?

(a) Conservatives believe in established, traditional institutions of state and policy.

(b) Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and preferred gradual develop¬ment to quick
change.

(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the ideas
of modernisation to strengthen monarchy.

(d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social hierarchies.

Answer: c

16. The Treaty of recognized Greece

as an independent nation:

(a) Vienna 1815

(b) Constantinople 1832

(c) Warsaw 1814

(d) Leipzig 1813

Answer: b

17. Who said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?

(a) Garibaldi

(b) Bismarck

(c) Mazzini

(d) Duke Metternich

Answer: d

18. What happened to Poland at the end of 18th century. Which of the following answers is correct?

(a) Poland achieved independence at the end of the 18th century.

(b) Poland came totally under the control of Russia and became part of Russia.

(c) Poland became the part of East Germany.

(d) Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
Answer: d

19. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?

(a) German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) — Kaiser William I.

(b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).

(c) Johann Gottfried Herder — German philosopher.

(d) Austrian Chancellor — Duke Metternich.

Answer: b

20. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and France, ended in

(a) Danish victory

(b) Prussian victory

(c) French victory

(d) German victory

Answer: b

21. Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?

(a) Otto Von Bismarck

(b) Victor Emmanuel II

(c) Count Cavour

(d) Kaiser William I of Prussia

Answer: d

22. Who became the King of United Italy in 1861?

(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi

(b) Victor Emmanuel II

(c) Count Cavour

(d) Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer: b
23. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?

(a) The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden upheaval.

(b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English Parliament.

(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which gradually led
to the emergence of a nation-state.

(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales.

Answer: c

24. Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?

(a) Count Cavour

(b) Bismarck

(c) Garibaldi

(d) Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer: b

25. The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a:

(a) Marianne

(b) Union Jack

(c) Britannia

(d) Germania

Answer: d

26. A large part of Balkan region was under the control of:

(a) Russian empire

(b) Ottoman empire

(c) German empire

(d) Habsburg rulers

Answer: b

Question 27.
What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French
Revolution in Europe? (2015 D)

Answer:

It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution
proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

Question 28.

What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries? (2015 OD)

Answer:

The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the
French people. They proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its
decisions.

Question 29.

What is the meaning of concentration camps? (2015 OD)

Answer:

Concentration camps are prisons where people are detained and tortured without due process of law.

Question 30.

Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. (2016 D)

Answer:

Treaty of 1832: Constantinople

Question 31.

Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-
1848? (2016 D)

Answer:The Greek War of Independence in 1821.

Question 32.

What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? (2016 D)

Answer:

The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchial forms of government.

Question 33.

Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”. (2016 OD)

Answer:

Duke Metternich

Question 34.

Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? (2016 OD)

Answer:

Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January
1871.

Question 35.

Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? (2016 OD)

Answer:

Victor Emmanuel-II

Ans. c)Cultural movement

36.What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?

a) They opposed monarchial forms.

b) They were the supporters of democracy

c) They wanted to glorify folk art and vernacular language.

d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

Ans. d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

37. Who was count Cavour?

a) The chief Minister of Italy

b) Revolutionary of Germany

c) A catholic missionary

d) The chancellor of Germany

Ans. a) The chief Minister of Italy

38. Which of the following state lead the unification of Germany?

(a) Bavaria

(b) Prussia

(c) Rhineland

(d) Hanover

Ans. (b) Prussia

39. Who hosted the congress of Vienna in 1815

(a) Cavour

(b) King victor Emanuel

(c) Bismarck

(d) Duke Metternich

Ans. (d) Duke Metternich

40. What was this main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815?
(a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.

(b) To plan the unification of Germany

(c) To restore the democracy in Europe.

(d) To overthrow the Bourbon dynasty

Ans. (a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.

41. Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?

(a) Treaty of Versailles

(b) Treaty of Constantinople

(c) Treaty of Frankfurt

(d) Treaty of Vienna

Ans. b) Treaty of Constantinople

42. At which of the following places was the Frankfurt assembly convened ?

(a) At the palace of Prussia

(b) At the half of Mirrors in palace of Versailles.

(c) At the church of st peters

(d) At the church of St panli

Ans. (d) At the church of St panli

43. “The aim of the Zollverein is to bind the Germans economically in to a nation”. Who wrote these
words?

Ans. Friedrich List, Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany.

44. Name the kings who had been restored to power after Vienna congress by the conservatives?

Ans. Bourbon Kings

45. Name the secret societies founded by Giuseppe Mazzine?

Ans. Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne

46. Potatoes were not known to people in Asia and Europe till the discovery of which great Island?

Ans. Ireland

47. What was the major objective of the Vienna Congress of 1815?

Ans. The objective of Vienna Congress was to undoing most of the changes that had come about in the
Europe during the Napoleonic War.

48. What was the concept of modern states?

Ans. Centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory.

49. When was the Customs union or Zollverein founded?

Ans. 1834

50. Against whom, the industrial workers, artisans and peasants revolted in 1848 Europe?

Ans. Monarchy

51. Who had hosted the meeting of representatives of European powers at Vienna in 1815?.

Ans. The Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

52. Why and when Mazzini was sent to exile?

Ans. Mazzini was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in 1831.

53. Name the Irish catholic who revolted against the British domination.

Ans. Wolf Tone

54. Write any one statement regarding the doctrine of liberal nationalism?

Ans. It stood for freedom of Individual, for equality of all before law and it emphasized government by
consent.

55. Who was proclaimed the first king of Italy?

Ans. Victor Emmanuel II

56. Who said, “True German culture is to be discovered among common people.”

Ans. Johann Gottfried Herder

57. Who described the Italian revolutionary nationalist Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of our
social order?

Ans. Duke Metternich

58. Who was Count Cavour?

Ans. The chief Minister of Italy

59. Who was the guiding force for the unification of England in 1707?

Ans. The English Parliament.

60. Name the area which was ruled by Habsburg Empire?

Ans. Austria-Hungary
61. When was the Frankfurt Parliament held?

Ans. In 1848

62. Who were the architects of the unification of Germany?

Ans. The Prussian Chancellor Bismarck and the Prussian King William-I

63. Explain the concept of a national state

Ans. Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonnesscame as a
result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

64. Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the peopleof France.

Ans. The ideas of the father land (la patrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag emphasized thenation
of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized administrative
was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.

65. Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.

Ans. The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on theboundaries of
France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northernItaly, Russia was
given part of Poland.

66. Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?

Ans. Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market,Bad
condition of peasants.

67. Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?

Ans. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim ofindependence by
using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intenseconflict, Mutual jealousy
matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became thescene of big power.

68. Who was Frederic sorrieu?

(a) A Philosopher

(b) A Painter

(c) A Politician

(d) A Revolutionaries

Ans. (b) A Painter

69. Which of the following is true with reference to Romanticism?

a) Concept of government by consent

b) Freedom for the individual

c) Cultural movement

d) Freedom of markets

Ans. c)Cultural movement

Question 70.

Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Answer:

The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Question 71.

Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-
1848?

Answer:

The event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848 was
the Greek War of Independence.

Question 72.

What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?

Answer:
The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was to oppose
monarchical forms of government, that had been established after the Congress of Vienna and to fight
for liberty and freedom.

Question 73.

Who remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”?

Answer:

Duke Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor, remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches
cold”.

Question 74.

Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?

Answer:

Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in
January 1871.

Question 75.

What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th century in Europe?

Answer:

For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the
law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Economically, liberalism stood for
the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and
capital.

Question 76.

What was main aim of the TVeaty of Vienna of 1815?

Answer:

The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was signed with the main aim of undoing most of the changes that had
come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. It was signed to re-establish conservative regions in
Europe.
Question 77.

What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century?

Answer:

Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national
unification.

Question 78.

Which French artist prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world ? [CBSE 2013]

Answer:

Frederic Sorrieu.

Question 79.

What do you understand by ‘absolutist’ ?

Answer:

Absolutist, literally a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. In
history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and
repressive.

Question 80.

What is a Utopian ?

Answer:

Utopian is a vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.

Question 81.

What are advantages of a nation ? State one advantage.

Answer:

The existence of nations is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and
only one master.
Question 82.

What is Plebiscite ?

Answer:

Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.

Question 83.

What political and constitutional changes did take place in the wake of the French Revolution in 1789 ?

Answer:

The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape
its destiny.

Question 84.

State any one step that could create a sense of collective identity among the French people.

Answer:

The ideas of the fatherland and the citizen emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal
rights under a constitution.

Question 85.

Which clubs were set up after the French Revolution and by whom ?

Answer:

As the news of events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of
educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.

Question 86.

How the Napoleon code was implemented in the regions under French control ?

Answer:
In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions,
abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

Question 87.

Why did the people in the conquered territories become hostile to Napoleon’s rule ?

Answer:

The people became hostile due to increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French
armies required to conquer ihe rest of Europe. All these seemed to outweigh the advantages of the
administrative changes.

Question 88.

In Austria-Hungary in the mid-eighteenth century, there were different groups, languages etc. In such a
situation what was the binding tie between them ?

Answer:

The only tie binding the diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

Question 89.

What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th century in Europe ? [CBSE2016]

Answer:

The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber meaning free. Thus for the new middle classes,
liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it
emphasised the concept of government consent.

Question 90.

What do you mean by suffrage ?

Answer:

Suffrage means right to vote.

Question 91.

Who had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states of Germany ?
Answer:

Napoleon.

Question 92.

In 1834, which customs union was formed ? Who joined it ?

Answer:

In 1834 a customs union – zollvere in was formed. The union was joined by most of the German state.

Question 93.

What do you mean by conservatism ?

Answer:

Conservatism is a political philosophy that stresses the importance of tradition, established institutions
and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.

Question 94.

Which congress was held in 1815 ? By whom was it hosted ?

Answer:

Congress of Vienna was held in 1815.

The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.

Question 95.

What was the policy adopted at Vienna (1815) about the monarchies that had been overthrown by
Napoleon ?

Answer:

The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a
new conservative order in Europe.

Question 96.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini ?

Answer:

Giuseppe Mazzini was the Italian revolutionary who founded Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe
in Berne (1833).

Question 97.

What was the result of July 1830 revolution in France ?

Answer:

By July 1830 revolution in France, the Bourbon Kings who had been restored to power during the
conservative reaction after 1815, were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and installed a
constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe.

Question 98.

What was said about Mazzini by Metternich ?

Answer:

Metternich described him as “the most dangerous enemy of our social order”.

Question 99.

What Metternich remarked about events in France ? [CBSE 2016]

Answer:

Metternich once remarked, “When France sneezes, the rest of the Europe catches cold.”

Question 100.

Who was Lord Byron ? What was his contribution in the Greek war of independence ? t

Answer:

Lord Byron was an English poet.

He organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
Question 101.

What was Romanticism ?

Answer:

Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and
focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

Question 102.

What was contribution of Karol Kurpinski in the freedom struggle of Poland ?

Answer:

Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like
the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

Question 103.

Give one reason for the great economic hardship in Europe in the 1830s.

Answer:

There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.

In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.

Question 104.

Who were Grimm brothers ? Why did they collect folktales ?

Answer:

The Grimm brothers were born in the German city of Hanau in 1785 and 1786 respectively.

They collected folktales and considered their projects of collecting folk-tales and developing the German
language as part of the wider effort to oppose French domination and create a German national
identity.

Question 105.
What happened in 1848 revolution in France ?

Answer:

Louis Philippe was forced to flee and

National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.

Suffrage was granted to all adult males above 21.

Right to work was guaranteed. National workshops to provide employment were set up.

Question 106.

Define feminist.

Answer:

Feminist means awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social, economic
and political equality of the genders.

Question 107.

What is ideology ?

Answer:

Ideology is a system of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.

Question 108.

Who were Junkers in Prussia ?

Answer:

Large landowners were called Junkers in Prussia.

Question 109.

Who was the architect of the unification of Germany and which policy was adopted by him ?

Answer:
Otto von Bismarck is considered the architect of German unification. He followed the policy of blood and
iron to achieve his object.

Question 110.

After unification of Germany which policies were adopted by the new state ?

Answer:

The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial system
in Germany, Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.

Question 111.

Name three persons who played an important role in the unification of Italy.

Answer:

Cavour

Mazzini

Garibaldi.

Question 112.

What happened in England in 1688 ?

Answer:

Glorious revolution had taken place. As a result of this, the English parliament had seized power from
the monarchy.

Question 113.

What is the importance of the Act of Union (1707) ?

Answer:

The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland had resulted in the formation of the ‘United
Kingdom of Great Britain’.
Question 114.

How attributes of liberty and justice were represented during French Revolution ?

Answer:

The attributes of Liberty were the cap or the broken chain.

Justice is generally a blind folded man carrying a pair of weighing scales.

Question 115.

What did become the allegory of the German nation ? How was it represented visually ?

Answer:

Germania became the allegory of the German nation.

In visual representations Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as German oak stands for Heroism.

Question 116.

Which was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871?

Answer:

It was the area called the Balkans. It was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising
modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Mecedonia, Croatia Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia,
Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.

Question 117.

What made the Balkans an explosive region ?

Answer:

The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the
Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

Question 118.
Which European powers had rivalries in the Balkans and were keen on countering the hold of other
powers over the Balkans and extending own control over the area ?

Answer:

Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary.