Be Friends With The Writing Process

Be Friends with the
Writing
Process
For the student:
Welcome to "Be Friends with the Writing Process,” a self-learning
module (SLM) on English Writing. This module was collaboratively
designed, developed, and reviewed by education students to assist
you meet the standards set by the K–12 curriculum when it comes to
writing. Furthermore, this also aims to help you acquire 21st-century
skills while taking into consideration your needs and circumstances.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace
and time. You will be able to process the contents of the learning
resource while being an active learner.
Your academic success

lies in your own hands!
The following are some reminders for using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks (unless it is
the answer) on any part of the module. Do not let any water spill ruin
the pages.
2. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the task and checking your
answers. Avoid using AI technologies such as ChatGpt and QuillBot
when answering questions.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulties in answering the tasks in this module,

do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in
mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies.
i
This module has the following parts:
What I need to know: This will give you an idea of the writing skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the module.
What’s new: In this portion, the writing process and rules of writing will
be introduced to you in various ways, such as a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity, or a situation.
What is it: This module will provide a discussion of the lesson. This aims to
help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s more: This module comprises activities for independent practice
to solidify your understanding and skills in writing. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the answer key at the end of the module.
What I have learned: This also includes questions or blank
sentences/paragraphs to be filled in to process what you learned from the
lesson.
What can I do: This provides writing activities which will help you transfer
your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment: This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in
achieving the learning competency.
Answer key: This contains answers to all activities in the module.
At the end of this module, you will also find:

References: This is a list of all the sources used in developing this module.
This module is prepared by:

GJ Krashana Flores
Shaira Mae Bulanan
Aira Mae Mallare
Prepared for:
Name:______________________
Section:_____________________
ii
Writing Process
Be Friends with the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 WRITING
Introduction to writing 1
Different types of writing 4
2 WRITING PROCESS
What is Writing Process? 18
Steps in the Writing Process 19
3 PLANNING
What is Planning? 20
Strategies to Maintain Focus during Planning 21
Ways to Generate Ideas Effectively 24
What is Goal-Setting? 27
Outlining 31
4 TRANSLATING
Punctuation Marks 56
Capitalization 59
Preposition 69
Conjunctions 80
Singular and Plural Forms 91
Verb Tenses 95
Parallelism 136
5 CHECKLIST 146
ANSWER KEYS AND

6 151
REFERENCES
iii
1
It’s a good day to start writing,

isn't it? Do you know what writing
is? How about the different types
and purposes of writing? We will
start our discussion with these
questions.
At the end of our discussion, you are expected to:

·recognize what is writing;
·determine the purpose of a written text; and
·identify the different types of writing.
1
Writing
"Writing" is the art of presenting ideas and thoughts. You can use
symbols, such as alphabetic letters, punctuations, and spaces!
Did you know that writing is a

response?
You should remember that writing is a social act. It is how you

respond to the people and world around you. Writing takes
place in certain, frequently regulated situations. You write
because you need to, want to, or are required to create a
specific area where someone may read and respond to your
thoughts.
It is also linear!
Writing is the act of putting your thoughts into words and

organizing them so you may perceive, make, and explore new
connections. Therefore, for your thoughts to be relevant, you
must not only "have" ideas but also "write" them! By doing this,
the reader will understand them in a clear and linear way.
and importantly, it is a
decision you have to make
When writing, there are important things you need to

know!
1. You have to choose wisely what words to use;

2. Keep in mind the structure of the sentence;
3. You have to be careful in the organization of
sentences into paragraphs; and
4. Be aware of the sequence of paragraphs within a work
in order to get anything on paper.
Source: UNC-Chapel Hill Writing Center. (2024, May 14). What is Good Writing? – Tahe Writing Center • University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://writingcenter.unc.edu 2
/faculty-resources/tips-on-teaching-writing/what-is-good-writing
You might ask, “Why do we need
to write? It is such a hard task
to do!”
The answer is because writing

is important!
Writing powers communication, and

communication serves as the
foundation of society. You will need
good writing and clear communication
because they promote teamwork,
creativity, and interpersonal
relationships.
According to linguist Walter Ong (1982), writing is essential for the human mind
to reach its maximum potential. For example, writing enables you to "connect
the dots in your own thinking" and to make abstract thoughts concrete.
Communication Skills
Academic Achievements
Opportunities
Critical Thinking Skills
Success
Influential
Collaboration
Creative Thinking Skills
Stress Reliever
Documentation
Source: Cassiopeia. (2013, November 4). Writing is a Technology that Restructures Thought: Analysis. Cassidy Paige.
https://cpbringas.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/writing-is-a-technology-that-restructures-thought-analysis/
3
Why do we need to
write?
1
To inform
One of the most popular uses of writing is to inform. It is to
communicate and present your ideas and information to others in
the most accurate and impartial manner possible. It could also
include persuading your reader, with facts provided, to embrace a
particular point of view or behave in a particular way.
2 To entertain
An audience can be captivated and entertained through writing as
well. This covers a wide range of literary works, including plays, novels,
poems, short stories, and creative non-fiction! You can use creative
language and storytelling to captivate the imagination of your readers!
To explain
There are different types of writing. One of them is expository
writing (writing to explain). Your goal is to gather data and facts
and then incorporate them with your own expertise and
understanding. You also have to be clear to some audience: what
or who something is, how it occurred, why something occurred, or
if it should have occurred.
4
To express our emotions
Writing is used to express your thoughts and feelings. On the other
hand, expressive writing is a form of personal writing, as authors
often write for themselves and are not usually intended for a wider
audience. However, you may write expressively for other readers
when we write poetry.
There are various purposes why people write, while they may
differ depending on the context, audience, and personal
goals, the four main purposes are stated above.
Source: Cummins, K. (2024, April 7). The Author's Purpose: Ultimate Guide for Teachers and Students. Literacy Ideas.
https://literacyideas.com/authors-purpose/
4
To Inform
Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society
In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial

intelligence (AI) technologies has revolutionized various
aspects of our lives, from healthcare and transportation to
finance and entertainment. While AI holds the promise of
enhancing efficiency, innovation, and convenience, its
proliferation also raises profound questions about its
impact on society. This essay will explore the multifaceted
implications of artificial intelligence on society,
highlighting both its benefits and challenges.
Artificial intelligence (AI) brings advancements in

automation, potentially enhancing productivity but also
raising concerns about job displacement and economic
inequality. Ethical considerations arise due to biases in AI
algorithms, necessitating transparency and accountability.
In healthcare, AI promises personalized medicine but
requires safeguards for data privacy and ethical use.
Additionally, AI can aid environmental sustainability efforts,
yet its own energy consumption poses challenges to long-
term sustainability.
In conclusion, the impact of artificial intelligence on

society is nuanced, presenting both opportunities and
challenges. Striking a balance between innovation and
ethical considerations is essential. Through
interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical leadership,
society can harness the transformative potential of AI
while addressing its associated risks, ultimately shaping a
future that prioritizes human well-being, social justice, and
environmental stewardship.
This essay aims to inform readers about the

diverse effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on
society, covering its advancements, ethical
concerns, healthcare applications, and
environmental impact in a concise manner.
Source: Krasadakis, G. (2023, October 20). The impact of artificial intelligence on the society and everyday life | 60 leaders.
Medium. https://medium.com/60-leaders/the-impact-of-ai-on-society-and-everyday-life-711307e06b87
5
To
Entertain
Title: Orpheus and Eurydice: A Love Defying Death
In the heart of Greek mythology, there bloomed a love story of

unparalleled beauty—Orpheus, the masterful musician, and
Eurydice, his beloved bride. Their love was a melody that
echoed through the ages, captivating even the gods
themselves.
Tragedy struck on their wedding day when Eurydice was bitten

by a serpent and whisked away to the realm of the dead.
Consumed by grief, Orpheus ventured into the depths of the
underworld, armed only with his lyre and his undying love.
His music, so enchanting that it moved even the stones,

softened the heart of Hades, lord of the underworld. Touched by
Orpheus's devotion, Hades agreed to release Eurydice under
one condition—Orpheus must lead her out of the underworld
without looking back until they reached the world of the living.
With hope rekindled in his heart, Orpheus led Eurydice through

the shadowed realm, his lyre weaving a path of light through
the darkness. Yet, as they neared the threshold of the living
world, doubt gnawed at Orpheus's resolve, and he cast a glance
back to ensure his love followed.
In that moment of weakness, Eurydice vanished from his sight,

forever lost to the depths of the underworld. Orpheus's grief
knew no bounds, and he wandered the earth, mourning his lost
love with songs that echoed with sorrow.
Mythological love stories, like Orpheus and

Eurydice, entertain audiences by evoking
powerful emotions through universal themes,
offering escapism into fantastical worlds,
providing intrigue and suspense, and holding
cultural significance as reflections of human
nature and societal values.
Source: Chaliakopoulos, A. (2023, May 18). Orpheus and Eurydice: a tragic love story. TheCollector.
https://www.thecollector.com/orpheus-eurydice-story/
6
To Explain
Title: War and Paths to Peace
War, an enduring aspect of human history, has left

indelible marks on societies and civilizations throughout time.
This expository exploration seeks to delve into the intricate
layers of war, spanning its historical context, myriad causes,
diverse types, and profound impacts on human societies.
Wars, spanning ancient to modern times, arise from

territorial disputes, resource scarcity, ideological conflicts, and
power struggles. They range from localized skirmishes to
large-scale interstate wars, with far-reaching impacts
including loss of life, displacement, economic turmoil, and
psychological trauma. Despite reshaping borders and driving
technological advancements, wars also spur movements for
peace, justice, and human rights. Communities unite post-
conflict for healing and reconstruction, while global efforts
focus on diplomacy and conflict resolution to prevent future
bloodshed and promote peace.
In conclusion, war remains a complex and multifaceted

phenomenon, deeply ingrained in the human experience. By
comprehensively exploring its historical context, causes, types,
and impacts, we gain a deeper understanding of its
complexities and consequences. As we strive towards a more
peaceful and just world, acknowledging the realities of war is
essential for addressing its root causes, mitigating its impacts,
and fostering a future defined by cooperation, understanding,
and reconciliation.
This writing is expository because it

objectively presents information about wars,
covering their causes, impacts, and roles in
shaping human history and peace efforts. It
remains neutral, aiming to inform rather
than persuade.
Source: War is not the Path to Peace. (n.d.). http://www.wslfweb.org/docs/iraqlaw2.htm 7

To Express
Dear Diary,
What an extraordinary day it has been! From the

moment I woke up this morning, I had no inkling that the
hours ahead would be filled with such unexpected twists
and turns.
The day began like any other, with the familiar

routine of morning coffee and a brisk walk around the
neighborhood. But then, out of the blue, I received a call
from Sarah, an old college friend whom I hadn't spoken to
in years.
Sarah was in town for a surprise visit and suggested

we meet for lunch. Thrilled by the idea of reuniting with
her, I eagerly agreed, and we met at our favorite café
downtown.
Over lunch, we laughed, reminisced, and shared

stories late into the afternoon. But as we were saying our
goodbyes, a sudden downpour erupted, drenching us both
in seconds.
Laughing and soaked to the bone, Sarah and I sought
refuge in a nearby bookstore, where we spent the
remainder of the afternoon browsing through shelves of
dusty old novels and sipping hot cocoa.
As I finally bid farewell to Sarah and made my way

home through the rain-soaked streets, I couldn't help but
marvel at the unpredictability of life. Today has been a
reminder that sometimes the most memorable moments
are the ones that catch us completely off guard.
This diary entry captures the author's

reflections on a memorable day, expressing
emotions and experiences like unexpected
encounters and rekindled friendships.
Through concise narration, it offers insight
into the author's perspective as a form of
self-expression.
Source: Studymode.com. (2021, August 10). Diary writing an unforgettable experience. 331 Words | Studymode.
https://www.studymode.com/essays/Diary-Writing-An-Unforgettable-Experience-69178339.html
8
Do you understand our
discussion? Then let’s try
answering some
questions!
MULTIPLE CHOICE
DIRECTION: Choose the BEST answer for the
following questions. Write only the letter of the
correct answer in the space provided.
____1. Which among the statements best describes writing?

a) Writing is the act of organizing thoughts into words.
b) Writing is the act of presenting ideas and thoughts
using symbols.
c) Writing is the act of responding to the people and world
around us.
d) Writing is the act of perceiving new connections.
____2. Which among the statements is true about writing as a

linear process?
a) It involves organizing thoughts into words.
b) It doesn't require any organization.
c) It helps in perceiving new connections.
d) It helps in exploring new ideas.
9
____3. Is decision-making involved in writing?
a) No, because writing is an automatic process.
b) Yes, because it requires careful word choice, sentence
structure, and organization.
c) No, because writing doesn't involve any structure.
d) Yes, because writing doesn't require any sequencing.
____4. Why is writing considered a social act?

a) Because it require a solitary reflection.
b) Because it involves communication with others and elicits
responses.
c) Because it is an automatic process.
d) Because it lacks structure and organization.
____5. Which linguist emphasized the importance of writing for

reaching the human mind's maximum potential?
a) Walter Ong
b) Noam Chomsky
c) Ferdinand de Saussure
d) Marshall McLuhan
____6. Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the purposes

of writing?
a) To entertain
b) To inform
c) To persuade
d) To criticize
10
____7. What type of writing involves presenting ideas and
information in an accurate and impartial manner?
a) Persuasive writing
b) Expressive writing
c) Explanatory writing
d) Creative writing
____8. What form of writing involves using creative language and

storytelling to captivate the imagination of readers?
a) Explanatory writing
b) Persuasive writing
c) Expressive writing
d) Entertainment writing
____9. What is the primary focus of writing when it involves

persuading the reader to embrace a particular point of view?
a) Providing information objectively
b) Presenting facts and data impartially
c) Entertaining the audience with creative language
d) Convincing the audience to adopt a specific perspective
____10. What type of writing involves incorporating data and facts

with personal expertise and understanding?
a) Informative writing
b) Explanatory writing
c) Expressive writing
d) Persuasive writing
11
You did great in
answering those
questions! Now, why
don’t we try the activity
“Guess what?”
In this activity, you will determine if the given passage

is written to inform, entertain, explain, or express.
That’s easy, right? If you have any questions, don’t
hesitate to ask the teachers.
12
LET’S
PRACTIC E
Let’s test your knowledge! If you have any
question, don’t hesitate to approach your
teacher.
Guess What?
13
Determine if the given passage is written to inform, to
explain, to entertain, or to express. Write your answer in
the box provided below the passage.
The Amazon Rainforest, vital for its biodiversity and role in climate
regulation, is under severe threat from deforestation due to agriculture,
logging, and development. Conservation efforts are urgently needed to
safeguard this crucial ecosystem.
Answer:
In the autumn breeze, nostalgia fills me with a bittersweet warmth.

Memories resurface, painting the air with laughter and longing. Amidst
the falling leaves, I am overwhelmed by the beauty of the past, tinged
with melancholy and gratitude.
Answer:
14
Plants use sunlight to make food in a process called photosynthesis.
They take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil, and
with the help of sunlight, they make glucose (a kind of sugar) and
oxygen. This process happens in their green parts, like leaves. It's how
plants grow and give us the oxygen we need to breathe.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution was a time in the 18th and 19th centuries
when big changes happened. Machines started doing work, and
people moved to cities to find jobs in factories. It changed how things
were made and how people lived, leading to new ways of doing
business and big gaps between rich and poor.
Answer:
In the sunny town of Whimsyville, there lived a clumsy duck named

Doodles. He dreamed of flying but always ended up in the water with
a splash. Despite his failed attempts, Doodles found joy in the
laughter of his friends. In Whimsyville, even when dreams don't come
true, friendship always does.
Answer:
15
I heard that you did
great in our last activity!
Can you tell me what
have you learned?
Write your answer here:

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
This proves that you are really great,

and we are proud of you! With that, we
are going to continue our discussion
about writing and learn how to create
a good written piece.
At the end of our discussion, you are expected to:

·identify the writing process;
·determine the planning process and its
corresponding steps; and
·apply the planning process in writing a
composition.
16
Are you curious on how to
Write a Good
Composition?
Essay Research
Poetry Prose
Journal Papers
17
S WITH THE
YOU SHOULD BE FRIEND
WRITING
PROCESS
THE WRITING PROCESS

The Writing Process is a cycle of activities that
you complete as you generate ideas, compose
those ideas into a document or presentation, and
refine those ideas. It is a recursive process,
meaning that at any one stage in the process,
you may find that you have to return to previous
steps to review and refine your methods.
Source: Pfeiffer Library: The writing process: What is the writing process? (n.d.).
https://library.tiffin.edu/writingprocess/what
18
Here are
Steps in the
Writing Process
1
Planning - you organize
and prepare your writing.
2
Translating - you are
going to lay-out your ideas.
3
Revising - you assess your
own work.
Planning is the first step in the

writing process!
Source: IRIS | Page 3: Elements of the writing process. (n.d.).

https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/pow/cresource/q2/p03/
19
Planning
Planning is the deliberate and
standardized use of approach
discussing a writing task and
your thoughts about the topic.
In planning, you should think of

the audience and purpose of your
writing. Planning ahead helps you
form more complete thoughts and
construct more cohesive essays.
The planning phase of the writing

process is where you brainstorm,
research, gather, and outline ideas.
You can use diagrams to map out
your thoughts.
HOW TO IMPROVE IN
WRITING?
Focus on your
planning process
and let the ideas
flow out of you.
Source: IRIS | Page 3: Elements of the writing process. (n.d.).

20
Do you find it hard to
concentrate? Here are
some tips that can help you
focus on planning your
writing!
When you're like this,

you can write fluently
GET IN THE FLOW and effectively.
Psychologists describe a
powerful form of concentration
called 'flow'. It takes place when
you concentrate and are
interested in what you are
doing.
It should be you and

me, dear reader.
AVOID MULTI-
TASKING
Multi-tasking makes you
ignorant. It doesn't help with
effective writing; in fact, it can
lead to being unproductive.
Source: Stibbe, M. (2024, March 6). Concentration: 22 ways to help you focus on writing. Articulate Marketing.
https://www.articulatemarketing.com/blog/concentration-ways-to-focus-on-writing
21
A CC EP T YO UR
DI ST RA CT IO N
. Your mind
ill get distracted
Accept it. You w get started.
u won’t want to
will wander. Yo ledge the
re is to acknow
The strategy he lf that you
d remind yourse
distractions an This way, it
d concentrate.
need to write an riting!
r you to start w
will be easier fo
SW IT CH O FF
D IS TR A CT IO N S
Turn off all the dis
tractions—
phones, laptops—a
nd start your
writing in a peacefu
l
environment. The
more you
stop distracting yo
urself, the
more you can write
better!
US E A
CO NC EN TR A TI ON
TI M ER
ur timer every
The ringing of yo
remind you to
five minutes will
writing if your
get back to your
ered.
mind has wand
22
SEEK
IN S P IR A T IO N
keep a
we can give is to
The best advice ver know
times, as you ne
notebook at all Keep it
ve a good idea.
when you will ha ver you
back to it whene
so you can get
want.
Q U A N TI FY
Use word count to
set goals. By
achieving your go
als in writing,
you are highly mot
ivated to
write. Keep track of
your writing
goals to motivate
yourself.
S IL E N C E
ones or ear
Try using headph
external noise
plugs to cancel
ur writing.
and focus on yo
23
How to
Generate Ideas
effectively?
If you can maintain good

focus, it can promote good
generation of ideas. This will
help you a lot in improving
your written piece.
Here are some

suggestions you can
practice to generate
ideas effectively.
24
BETTER WAYS TO
Generate
Ideas
Designate a trusted place to
put your ideas.
A journal is great for recording thoughts, feelings,
and the history of your life. It also helps to
develop your ideation habits. If you don't keep a
journal, I recommend starting today! If you
already do, well done! Simply add the practice of
finishing every entry with "Dear Journal, my
thoughts and feelings today are..." or "Here is my
new idea for the day..."
Read Books
If you don't read much, try to befriend books! They
are wonderful for stimulating creativity and great
ideas. Reading books will help you learn more and
expand your way of thinking. Whether it is history,
non-fiction, or fiction, these can activate your mind
to generate clever thoughts. Even if you can't make
the time to read one, go hunt down a bookstore
and spend an hour browsing. You'll find plenty of
thought stimulation!
Source: 7 ways to generate great ideas | inc.com. (n.d.).

https://www.inc.com/kevin-daum/7-ways-to-generate-great-ideas.html
25
Here are more
suggestions you can
practice to generate
ideas effectively
Randomly Surf the Web

Google is useful for finding
information, but unexpected learning
is the best way to generate new ideas.
Take an hour each week to explore
interesting information on the web,
selecting broad references to stretch
your brain and explore new ideas.
Practice Everyday
Remember to brainstorm a few ideas
everyday. Don’t worry about them not
being good enough. This shouldn’t be
a stressful process. Just get them
down on the page. There are no
specific guidelines, but it's fun to write
ideas.
Sit Still and Breathe

Slow breathing or meditating
can help you think about what
to write. With this process,
ideas will continue to come up.
Source: 7 ways to generate great ideas | inc.com. (n.d.).

https://www.inc.com/kevin-daum/7-ways-to-generate-great-ideas.html
26
GOAL SETTING!
You have to set goals for
writing. You should be aware
of your purpose, audience, and
time. It will help you a lot in
writing effectively.
Things to achieve in writing
27
Meet the
hings to consider
T
WHEN WRITING
Objectives 22 Reader 21 Complete 20
Purpose Audience Time
Think about your

In every writing
Purpose answers audience. Who are
task, time is
the question, “Why you writing this
important. You
am I writing this?” for? You should
must set a time for
Do you want to think about the
when you will
entertain? Do you age, gender,
complete the task
want to argue a cultural
and allot time to
point? Do you background,
work on it.
want to tell a story? location, interests,
etc. of your
intended audience.
Moreover, you should be SMART in choosing the

purpose and audience of your writing.
Source: ENGA101. course.oeru.org. (n.d.). https://course.oeru.org/enga101/learning-pathways/things-to-

consider-before-writing/factors-to-consider/
28
Be SMART
SMART goals stands for
Specific, Measurable,
Achievable, Relevant,
and Time-Bound.
Be specific about what you want to accomplish. Think of this as the mission
statement for your goal. It should include an answer to the popular ‘w’ questions: S
What, Who, When, Where, and Why.
What metrics are you going to use to determine if you meet the goal? This makes
a goal more tangible because it provides a way to measure progress in writing. M
This focuses on how important a goal is to you and what you can do to make it
attainable, and may require developing new skills and changing attitudes. The goal A
is meant to inspire motivation, not discouragement.
Relevance refers focusing on something that makes sense with the broader
writing goals. Your goals should be aligned and relevant to the audience and R
purpose of your writing.
Anyone can set goals, but if you lack realistic timing, chances are you’re not going
to achieve it. Ask specific questions about the deadline of the paper and allot T
time to complete it beyond the given time.
Source: Kate Eby. January 9. (n.d.). The Essential Guide to writing smart goals. Smartsheet. https://www.smartsheet.com/blog
/essential-guide-writing-smart-goals
29
It is a lot to take in right?
However, this will help you
a lot to improve the quality
of your writing. You want
that, right?
How about this? We will

teach you something that
can help you translate
information into written
work easier. This strategy
will help your writing have
direction, and you will not
be confused about what
you should write
sequentially. Let me
introduce you to our dear
friend, Outlining.
Source: Ellis, M. (2022, September 26). Outline Formats: Step-by-Step Guide with Examples | Grammarly.
Outline Formats: Step-by-Step Guide With Examples | Grammarly. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-outline/
30
OUTLINING
Writing doesn't end with
good ideas; you have to
outline them to
successfully translate
them into written form.
31
Before outlining, you have
to know the parts of a
paragraph
32
Let’s start with
Introduction!
A good introduction does 2

things:
Get the reader’s

attention
Introduction should get

the attention of readers.
You can use different
techniques, like telling a
Introduction story, providing a statistic,
discussing a quote and
Introduction refers to the pointing out something
first paragraph of an essay. strange or interesting. Be
If you're writing an essay, vigilant and look for some
you need to introduce your original ways to engage
topic in 2-3 paragraphs. others in your topic.
You also have to state
your claim about the It provides a debatable
topic.
and specific topic
sentence.
Topic sentence consists of

one sentence or longer. A
good thesis makes a point
and serves as a roadmap of
your paper.
Source: How do I write an intro, conclusion, & body paragraph? | U-M LSA Sweetland Center for Writing. (n.d.).
https://lsa.umich.edu/sweetland/undergraduates/writing-guides/how-do-i-write-an-intro--conclusion----body-paragraph.html
33
What is an
introduction
Hook your reader!

One of the important roles of a topic
sentence is to draw your readers in.
Bring up questions in their minds that
Topic Sentence you intend to answer. An effective way
to do this is to drop them straight into
the action. This is possible whether
A topic sentence expresses
your paper is fiction or nonfiction, and
the main idea or focus of
can be done in a number of ways,
the paragraph. It serves as a such as:
route or roadmap for the
information in the 1. Describe a character. This can be a
paragraph. It sets the tone physical or emotional description.
or direction for the 2. Use dialogue. If there is a relevant
discussion and what the conversation that will attract your
paragraph will be about. reader’s attention, consider using part
of it to start your paragraph (may it be
a quote or a song lyric).
3. Portray an emotion. Use the
opening sentence to convey an
You should be emotion to your reader.
aware of the topic 4. Use detail. While you don’t want to
write a run-on sentence by creating
sentence.
too much detail, it’s a good idea to
create interest using sensory
language in your topic sentence.
5. Avoid rhetorical questions. Let
your reader formulate questions in his
or her mind! (You do not want to
formulate the questions yourself.).
Source: Topics, main ideas, and support | Cuesta College | San Luis Obispo, Paso Robles, Arroyo Grande. (n.d.).
https://www.cuesta.edu/student/resources/ssc/study_guides/reading_comp/307_read_main_idea.html
34
Do you now understand
how to write a topic
sentence? Then, let’s try
the activity called “Build-
Up”
Read each passage carefully and identify the main idea or

central theme of each passage. Write a topic sentence
that effectively convey the main idea of each passage.
Make sure your topic sentences are clear, concise, and
engaging.
35
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
Build Up:
Create a Topic Sentence
36
ENJOY!!!
ROLE MODEL 1:
Build-Up: Create a
topic sentence
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read each passage carefully.

2. Identify the main idea or central theme of each passage.
3. Write a topic sentence that effectively conveys the main idea of
each passage.
4. Make sure your topic sentences are clear, concise, and engaging.
5. Compare your topic sentences with the original passages to
ensure accuracy and relevance.
6. Revise and refine your topic sentences as needed.
EXAMPLE
Passage:
"Smart computers called artificial intelligence (AI) are getting
better and better. They're changing lots of different jobs, like in
hospitals, banks, and moving things around. Computers can
now learn and understand language like people do. As AI gets
even better, it will affect our lives and money even more."
Topic Sentence: Computers are getting smarter and can

do more jobs that people used to do.
37
PASSAGE
ROLE 1: 1:
MODEL
Research has shown that exercise also has significant positive effects on mental well-
being, including reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. Incorporating regular physical
activity into one's routine is not only beneficial for the body but also for the mind
YOUR TOPIC
SENTENCE
PASSAGE
ROLE 2: 1:
MODEL
People now prefer to buy things online instead of going to stores. This change is causing
problems for regular shops, but it's also giving them new opportunities to improve and
adapt to the online world.
YOUR TOPIC
SENTENCE
PASSAGE
ROLE 3: 1:
MODEL
The evolution of social media platforms has revolutionized the way people communicate
and interact with each other. With billions of users worldwide, social media has become a
ubiquitous part of modern life. However, along with its benefits, social media also
presents challenges such as misinformation, privacy concerns, and negative effects on
mental health."
YOUR TOPIC
SENTENCE
38
PASSAGE
ROLE 4: 1:
MODEL
The importance of education in today's society cannot be overstated. Education

serves as a gateway to opportunities, empowering individuals to pursue their
aspirations and contribute meaningfully to their communities. Whether through
formal schooling or informal learning experiences, education plays a vital role in
shaping individuals and societies.
YOUR TOPIC
SENTENCE
Hi
!
PASSAGE
ROLE 5: 1:
MODEL
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted lives and economies worldwide, causing
illness, death, and economic hardship. Governments and healthcare systems have
implemented measures such as lockdowns, social distancing, and vaccination
campaigns to control the spread of the virus and mitigate its impact
YOUR TOPIC
SENTENCE
39
Let’s proceed to
Body!
Main Ideas
Always remember that the main
ideas are like labels. You can always
find it in the first sentence of the
Body paragraph. It discusses what's inside
the paragraph and your evidence or
points. Make it specific and concise.
Body paragraphs help
you prove your essay
and move you in a clear
Evidences
direction from your This is where you can prove your
introduction to your main idea. Here, you can include
evidence in different sentences.
conclusion. If your
Always bear in mind that different
essay is a simple one,
disciplines may contain different
you might not need a
ideas. You can write quotations and
lot of body paragraphs
paraphrases from sources such as
to prove it. If it’s more facts, statistics, and narratives.
complicated, you’ll
need more body
Analysis
paragraphs. An easy
Here, you can explain the evidence
way to remember the
in the paragraph. Keep in mind that
parts of a body
you should explain the evidence you
paragraph is to think of
provide in a paragraph.
them as the MEAT of
your essay!
Transition
This helps you to move fluidly from
the last paragraph. It can be done in
the beginning paragraph by
connecting your main ideas to the
topic sentences.
Source: How do I write an intro, conclusion, & body paragraph? | U-M LSA Sweetland Center for Writing. (n.d.-b).
40
Lastly, the
Conclusion!
Summarizes the
argument
In writing a conclusion, you
do not need to add new
Conclusion information. Do not make it a
long and complicated
argument; you just need to
A conclusion is the last
restate your main points.
paragraph of your essay.
Well, if you're writing a
lengthy composition, you Explains the
might need 2 or 3 significance of the
paragraphs to conclude. It
argument
also typically does one of
Here, you just need to
two things (or it can do
explain the significance of
both!): your argument by
answering the “so what”
question. It gives your reader
a clearer sense of why your
argument matters.
Source: How do I write an intro, conclusion, & body paragraph? | U-M LSA Sweetland Center for Writing. (n.d.-b).
41
After learning the parts of the
paragraph, you are now ready to
outline your ideas! Here are the
steps on how to write an outline!
1 ting process
is
p in any wri llect, or
The first ste an researc h , co
re y o u c
n, whe u know
preparatio yo u r w riti ng. Once yo
eas for u can start
to
generate id w rite about, yo
to
what you w
a n t inform onati
e . P re p are enough st
plan your o
utl in then the re
in yo u r w riting, and
n use go smooth
er.
that you ca
e w ritin g process will
of th
2
Identifying your
topic or thesis st
essential to the ou atement is
tlining process. It
central idea and m serves as your
ain point. This can
ensure the
content's relevan
ce and coherence.
Source: Ellis, M. (2022b, September 26). Outline Formats: Step-by-Step Guide with Examples | Grammarly. Outline
42
Formats: Step-by-Step Guide With Examples | Grammarly. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-outline/
o ut l i ne
How to your ideas
3 ep is o rg a n iz ing your p
aragraphs
Collect a
in the
ll your
The next st e ff ective way.
on an d sepa te ra
most comm n d g ro u p them into d
idea s a their relate
research or p e ve ry thing with
re to gro u ith on e
topics. Be su nly deals w
nd ea ch p aragraph o is best, as
themes, a th e o rde r you think
e topics in your writin
g.
topic. Put th th e b ackbone of ve
e a s ta, to a iech
this will serv e statistical da
ur deta ils , lik
Connect yo coherence
.
4
When you are do
ne with the organi
paragraphs, you ca zation of your
n start filling in su
details like quotes pporting
and examples. Yo
your own reasonin u can give
g, experience, and
Remember to cit judg ment.
e sources if you us
e any.
Source: Ellis, M. (2022b, September 26). Outline Formats: Step-by-Step Guide with Examples | Grammarly. Outline
Formats: Step-by-Step Guide With Examples | Grammarly. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-outline/
43
There‘s an easier way for
you to become familiar
with these ideas. Let me
introduce you to
hamburger .
That made you hungry,

right? Well, it is not so
different when writing an
outline. You just have to
think of the buns, patties,
tomatoes, and lettuce. You
can also check out an
example of outlining on the
next page!
44
HAMBURGER
Paragraph Writing
Topic Sentence
The first part of the
paragraph introduces the
main idea.
Supporting Sentence #1
Give a specific idea about
the topic sentence.
Supporting Sentence #2
Give another specific idea
using facts or details.
Supporting Sentence #3 Elaborate on another

specific idea, facts or
details.
Concluding Sentence
Refer back to the topic
sentence to wrap up the
main idea.
45
Are transit services effective for
university students?
Source: Williamson, P. (2021, November 18). Outlining sample. Pressbooks. https://uq.pressbooks.pub/academicwritingskills/chapter/outlining/ 46

Are transit services effective for
university students?
Source: Williamson, P. (2021, November 18). Outlining sample. Pressbooks. https://uq.pressbooks.pub/academicwritingskills/chapter/outlining/ 47

answering some
questions!
IDENTIFICATION
DIRECTION: Identity what is being asked on the following
question. Write your answer on the space provided.
_________1. What is the first step in the writing process, as

described in the text?
_________2. What does “S” stand for in SMART acronym in
goal setting?
_________3. What does “M” stand for in SMART acronym in
goal setting?
_________4. What does “A” stand for in SMART acronym in
goal setting?
_________5. What does “R” stand for in SMART acronym in
goal setting?
48
_________6. What does “T” stand for in SMART acronym in goal
setting?
_________7. In the MEAT of a body paragraph, what does "M"
stand for?
_________8. Which component of a paragraph introduces the
main idea or central theme?
_________9. What does the tomato represent in the
"hamburger" analogy for writing a paragraph?
_________10. Which step in the outlining process involves
organizing paragraphs into separate topics?
_________11. What is the purpose of the conclusion paragraph in

an essay?
_________12. Name one tip for maintaining focus during the
planning phase of writing.
_________13. What does the "Bun 1" represent in the
"hamburger" analogy for writing a paragraph?
_________14. In the MEAT of a body paragraph, what does "T"
stand for?
_________15. What are the three main parts of a paragraph?
49
You did great in
answering those
questions! Now, why
don’t we try outlining in
the activity “Mythic
Maps”
DIRECTION: Generate ideas about “trust as the

foundation of a relationship” and outline them.
Incorporate the knowledge you learned using this
module! Enjoy the process, and best of luck!
50
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
Mythic Maps
51
Name:
Section:
Mythic Maps
DIRECTION: Generate ideas about “trust as the foundation of a
relationship” and outline them. Incorporate the knowledge you
learned using this module! Enjoy the process, and best of luck!
Introduction:
Claim/Main Idea:
BODY:
Reason 1 Reason 2 Reason 3
Counter-argument
Conclusion:
Summary
52
I heard that you did
great in our last activity!
Can you tell me what you
have learned?
Write your answer here:

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
This proves that you are really great,

and we are proud of you! With that, we
are going to continue our discussion
about writing process and learn what
are the rules in writing.
At the end of our discussion, you are expected

to:
·determine the different rules you must observe
when translating;
·apply these rules in translating your ideas into a
written work; and
·create a written work that adheres to the
standards.
53
Now that you know how to
generate ideas better and
how to create an outline,
you have to know the rules
in writing!
54
You must observe
the proper use of
punctuation marks.
Punctuation is a collection of signs and symbols

that guide the readers in how the sentences
should be read and make the meaning of the
sentences clear.
Sentences are complete statements and are
considered the building blocks used to construct
written accounts. In constructing a complete
sentence, there should be at least a capital letter
at the start and a full stop, exclamation mark, or
question mark at the end.
Source: Grammarly’s complete punctuation guide. (n.d.). https://www.grammarly.com/punctuation 55

THE BASIC
Punctuation Marks
The Comma
The comma indicated a slight pause in the

sentence. You can use this punctuation mark to
list items or to separate a nonrestrictive clause
or phrase from a main clause.
How to use comma?

Use a comma to separate independent clauses
Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, yet, so,

or nor, for) when it joins two complete ideas (independent clauses).
Examples:
1. Patroclus walked down the camp, and then he turned Achilles.
2. You can go shopping with me, or you can go to a movie alone.
Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase
Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase. A comma

tells your readers that the introductory clause or phrase has come
to a close and that the main part of the sentence is about to begin.
Examples:
1. When Evan was ready to iron, his cat tripped on the cord.
2. Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon, park rangers discovered a
gold mine.
Source: Commas (Eight basic uses). (n.d.). Student Success. https://east.iu.edu/student-success/coursework/commas.html 56

THE BASIC
How to use comma?
Punctuation Marks Use a comma between all items in a series
Use a comma to separate each item in a series; a series is a group

The Comma
of three or more items having the same function and form in a
sentence.
Examples:
The comma
1.We bought indicated
apples, a slight
peaches, and pause
bananas in the sentence.
today. You
(series of words)
2. Mary promised that she would be a good girl, that she would anot bite her
can use this punctuation mark to list items or to separate
brother, andnonrestrictive
that she wouldclause
notorclimb
phrase fromthe
onto a main clause.(series of clauses)
television.
3. The instructor looked through his briefcase, through his desk, and around the
office for the lost grade book. (series of phrases)
Use commas to set off nonrestrictive clauses

How to use comma?
Use commas to enclose clauses not essential to the meaning of a
Use a comma to separate independent clauses
sentence. These nonessential clauses are called nonrestrictive. Clauses
which are essential are called restrictive. Both restrictive and nonrestrictive
clauses may begin with a relative pronoun (such as who, whom, whose,
Usethat, which).
a comma A relative
before pronounconjunction
a coordinating refers to the noun
(and, but,oryet,
pronoun that
so, or nor, for)
precedes it.
when it joins two complete ideas (independent clauses).
Examples:
1.Steven Strom, whose show you like, will host a party next week. (nonrestrictive)
Examples:
2.John, who spent the last three days fishing, is back on the job again.
1. Patroclus walked down the camp, and then he turned Achilles.
(nonrestrictive)
2. You can go shopping with me, or you can go to a movie alone
Use commas to set off direct quotations

Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase
A dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. If the speaker
(not the listener) in the conversation is identified, his name, (or the noun or
Use a comma
pronoun afterto
used anrefer
introductory clause orand
to the speaker), phrase.
the Averb
comma
thattells yourto
refers readers
his
that the introductory clause orare
speaking phrase has come
enclosed to acommas.
within close and that the main part
of the sentence is about to begin.
Examples:
Examples:
1.Mary said, “I dislike concerts because the music is too loud.”
2. “I1.dislike concerts
When Evan because
was ready the his
to iron, music is too loud,”
cat tripped on theshe said.
cord.
3. a“I small
2. Near dislike concerts,”
stream at the proclaimed
bottom of theMary, “because
canyon, the music
park rangers is too aloud.”
discovered gold mine.
Source: Commas (Eight basic uses). (n.d.). Student Success. https://east.iu.edu/student-success/coursework/commas.html 57

THE BASIC
Punctuation Marks
The Period
A period is a punctuation mark similar to a tiny

circle or dot that follows the previous statements
without a space and can be seen at the bottom
of a written line.
How to use period?

Use a period in ending sentences
Periods end declarative and imperative sentences, which are

simple, non-urgent statements typically conveyed in a neutral or
calm voice.
Examples:
1. Eros and Psyche fell in love with each other.
2. Pyramus and Thisbe decided to meet under the dim of the moonlight.
Use a period in indirect questions
Indirect questions are declarative sentences that indirectly describe a

person asking a question, using a period instead of a question mark.
Examples:
1. Aphrodite asked who was the fairest among them.
2. Eris questioned why she was not invited to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis.
Source: Period | Effective Writing Practices Tutorial | Northern Illinois University. (n.d.). Northern Illinois University.
https://www.niu.edu/writingtutorial/punctuation/period.shtml
58
You must also
observe the proper
use of
capitalization.
Capitalization refers to the use of capital letters

(uppercase letters) in writing.
It involves the use of capital letters at the
beginning of a sentence, for proper nouns (names
of specific people, places, organizations, etc.), and
for the first letter of certain words in titles,
headings, and specific contexts such as formal
documents or titles of books, movies, and songs.
It's an important aspect of writing conventions
that helps convey meaning, clarity, and emphasis.
Source: Copyright skillsyouneed.com 2011-2024. (n.d.-b). When to use Capital Letters | SkillsYouNeed.
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/capital-letters.html
59
Capitalization
Capitalization rules play an important
part in making your writing effective
and clear. You need to capitalize
certain words so your readers can
recognize how important they are and
a possible change in meaning.
What words need to be capitalized?
Hi, my name is Martin Luther

King Jr. People’s name
Both the first and last names of a person
are capitalized. Likewise, middle names,
nicknames, and suffixes like Jr. are also
capitalized.
Titles Have you watched the movie

“Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer’s Stone?”
The title of any piece of work—books, movies,
songs, poems, podcast episodes, comic-book issues,
etc.—requires capitalization, but only certain words
in the title are capitalized. Nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs all need to be capitalized in
titles as well. Small words like articles and
prepositions are generally lowercased, unless they're
the first word.
Source: Copyright skillsyouneed.com 2011-2024. (n.d.-b). When to use Capital Letters |

SkillsYouNeed. https://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/capital-letters.html
60
Filipinos from the Philippines
are well-mannered people. Places
If you’re using the name of a place,
capitalize it. This applies to everything
including the names of countries and
names of its people.
Institution The Palace of Great Britain

is astonishing to see.
The names of companies, brands,

agencies, and other large groups like
hospitals are also proper nouns. Some
small words like prepositions may still be
lowercased in such names.
Are you joining us on

Christmas this December? Days, months, and
holidays
In English, days and months are capitalized
because they are proper nouns.
WHO (World Health
Initials and Acronyms Organization) announced that

the world is now COVID-19
free.
Initials and acronyms combine the first
letters of multiple words to make a new
word. Typically, these use all capital
letters.
Source: Copyright skillsyouneed.com 2011-2024. (n.d.-b). When to use Capital Letters |

61
In translating your ideas,
you must punctuate and
capitalize appropriately.
Let’s practice in our
activity called “What went
wrong?”
Carefully read the passages. Make sure to put

proper punctuation mark and capitalization when
necessary. Best of luck!
62
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
What went wrong?
63
Understanding punctuation marks
What went and capitalization ensures clarity
wrong? and professionalism in written
communication, aiding
A Guide to Effective Writing comprehension and emphasizing
key points effectively.
Give it a try!
Carefully read the passages below. Rewrite the passage with correct
punctuation and capitalization. Best of luck!
the old oak tree stood tall its branches stretched outwards as if reaching for the
sky beneath its canopy a carpet of fallen leaves rustled softly in the breeze Birds
nested among the leaves their songs blending with the rustling of the wind
Time seemed to slow in the shade of the tree as if the world outside existed in a
distant reality Yet in this tranquil oasis life pulsed quietly each moment a
symphony of existence
Your answer:
as the rain poured down relentlessly thunder rumbled in the distance Lightning
flashed illuminating the darkened sky The streets were deserted the sound of
footsteps absent A solitary figure hurried along seeking refuge from the storm
Time seemed to stand still in the midst of nature's fury
Your answer:
64
Understanding punctuation marks
What went and capitalization ensures clarity
and professionalism in written
wrong? communication, aiding
A Guide to Effective Writing comprehension and emphasizing
key points effectively.
Give it a try!
Carefully read the passages below. Rewrite the passage with correct
punctuation and capitalization. Best of luck!
the city streets bustled with life cars honking impatiently as they navigated
through the crowded lanes People hurried along the sidewalks their faces buried
in smartphones or lost in conversation Storefronts flashed with neon signs
enticing shoppers with promises of sales and discounts Amidst the chaos street
performers entertained passersby with music and acrobatics adding a splash of
color to the urban landscape
Your answer:
inside the school learning happens every day Students sit in classrooms with
their books and pencils Teachers help them understand new things Friends
laugh and play together in the halls From the board to the playground theres
always something new to discover School is where we learn make friends and
get ready for the future
Your answer:
65
answering some
questions!
MULTIPLE CHOICE
DIRECTION: Choose the BEST answer for the
following questions. Write only the letter of the
correct answer in the space provided.
____1. What is the purpose of punctuation marks in writing?

a) To confuse readers
b) To make the text look longer
c) To guide readers in understanding sentence structure and meaning
d) To add decoration to the text
____2. Which punctuation mark indicates a slight pause in a

sentence and is used to list items or separate clauses?
a) Period
b) Comma
c) Exclamation mark
d) Colon
66
____3. What is the purpose of a period in writing?
a) To indicate a pause
b) To separate items in a list
c) To end a sentence
d) To express excitement
____4. When should you use a comma in a sentence?

a) After every word
b) Between every letter
c) To separate independent clauses, after introductory clauses or
phrases, between items in a series, and to set off nonrestrictive
clauses and direct quotations
d) Only in dialogue
____5. Which of the following sentences demonstrates the

correct use of a comma to separate independent clauses?
a) The sun was shining, but the sky was still dark.
b) She went to the store and bought, some apples.
c) I like pizza but, I prefer pasta.
d) He went to the park, he played with his dog.
____6. Which of the following words should be capitalized

according to the rules mentioned?
a) cat
b) king
c) hospital
d) harry
67
____7. Which of the following demonstrates correct
capitalization of a person's name?
a) hi, my name is martin luther king Jr.
b) Hello, My Name Is Albert Einstein.
c) nice to meet you, george washington.
d) I am happy to see you, Mother Teresa.
____8. Which of the following sentences demonstrates the correct

use of a period in an indirect question?
a) He asked why did she leave.
b) They wondered where are the keys.
c) She inquired how can she help.
d) I asked if he was coming to the party.
____9. Which of the following sentences demonstrates the

correct use of a comma after an introductory clause?
a) On a sunny day the children played in the park.
b) Sitting on the porch the old man enjoyed the sunset.
c) In the morning we went for a hike.
d) After the rain stopped we went outside to play.
____10. In the sentence "the great wall of china is a wonder of the

world," which words should be capitalized?
a) great, wall, china, wonder
b) great, world
c) wall, china, wonder, world
d) great, wall, china, wonder, world
68
Nice one! I see you really
understood our
discussion. Let’s move on
to our next discussion.
Let’s meet preposition. We

have different prepositions,
but we are going to focus on
the proper usage of in, on, at,
to, and of.
Preposition
A preposition is a word used before a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase to indicate time, spatial
relationships, place, location, object, or direction.
Source: Academic Guides: Grammar: Prepositions. (n.d.). https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/prepositions 69

Preposition
PREPOSITION: IN
Use #1: You can use the preposition ‘in’ when talking
about time, referring to an unspecific time of the day, a
month, a season or a year.
Examples:
1. The tale of Orpheus and Eurydice in Greek mythology takes place in
the time of ancient Greece.
2. The story of Persephone's abduction by Hades is a pivotal event in
Greek mythology that occurs in the springtime.
Use #2: When talking about places, you can use ‘in’ to
indicate a location or place. Here are a few examples:
Examples:
1. The sun god "Ra" sailed across the sky in his solar boat.
2. The Greek gods reside in Mount Olympus.
Your turn!
Try to write your own sentence using the preposition “in”
70
Preposition
PREPOSITION: ON
Use #1: You can use the word ‘on’ when talking about a
specific time, date, or day.
Examples:
1. Odysseus bid farewell to his wife, Penelope, and son, Telemachus,
before embarking on his journey on the morning of his departure.
2. The seminar "Mindfulness Techniques" will be held on May 7th.
Use #2: You can also use ‘on’ when speaking about
something that is on the surface of something else.
Examples:
1. The researcher analyzed the data points on the graph, searching for
patterns that could reveal underlying trends.
2. The intricate map was spread out on the table, detailing the
explorer's planned route through uncharted territory.
Your turn!
Try to write your own sentence using the preposition “on”
71
Preposition
PREPOSITION: AT
Use #1: You can use 'at' in many ways. Like when
talking about time. You can use ‘at’ for a specific time.
Examples:
1. I will meet you at midnight.
2. The research defense will start at 3:00 p.m.
Use #2: Another use of ‘at‘ is when talking about

places, you can use ‘at’ to indicate a specific place.
Examples:
1. Theseus met his father at the Kingdom of Athens.
2. Sailors paid homage to Poseidon, the god of the sea, to ensure safe
passage at the shores of the Aegean Sea.
Your turn!
Try to write your own sentence using the preposition “at”
72
Preposition
PREPOSITION: TO
Use #1: You can use ‘to’ to indicate the place, person,
or thing that someone or something moves toward, or
the direction of something
Examples:
1. Odysseus sailed to Troy to join the Greeks in the Trojan War.
2. Persephone was taken to the underworld by Hades, where she
became queen.
Use #2: It is also used to indicate a limit or an ending

point.
Examples:
1. You can borrow books from the library for a period of up to two
weeks.
2. The warranty covers repairs for up to one year after the purchase
date.
Use #2: You can also use this to indicate a relationship.
Examples:
1. Hercules proved his strength and valor to his father, Zeus.
2. Prometheus gave fire to humanity, defying Zeus's command, in
Greek mythology.
Your turn!
Try to write your own sentence using the preposition “to”
73
Not only punctuation and
capitalization, you must
also observe the proper
use of prepositions. So,
let’s practice in our
activity called “Preposition
Hunt”
In this activity, you only have to locate the

prepositions “In, On, At, and To” and they must be
used correctly in the passage. Don’t forget to
underline them!
74
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
Preposition Hunt
75
Preposition Hunt
Prepositions show relationships in a sentence, like location or

direction. Read the text below about physical activities with
friends. Whenever you come across a preposition, highlight
or underline it. Enjoy finding the prepositions!
Participating in physical activities and sports is so important

for a healthy lifestyle. Whether you're inside or outside,
there are many choices available. You can join fitness and
dance classes at a local gym, where you move with other
people. You can also enjoy outdoor activities such as
running around a track or cycling and hiking up elevated
places for an added challenge! Playing team sports like
tennis or basketball among friends is great for teamwork. If
you're looking for excitement, try extreme sports like rock
climbing or surfing on weekends. When you take part in
activities like yoga and Pilates, you're able to relax and stay
flexible. On the days when you do work out, remember to
warm up, wear proper gear, and stay hydrated. By doing
these activities, you can improve your physical and mental
well-being while having fun!
76
You did great in locating
those prepositions! Now,
why don’t we try
applying them in the
activity “Preposition
Precision”
This activity is called “Preposition Precision” and

you only have to fill the blanks of each sentence
with the appropriate preposition.
77
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
Preposition Precision
78
Preposition
Precision
Direction: Fill the blanks of each sentence
with the appropriate preposition.
1. She gazed ___ the starry sky in awe.

2. The artist painted a masterpiece ___ the
canvas.
3. The scientist conducted experiments ___ the
laboratory.
4. The climbers ascended ___ the towering
mountain peak.
5. The chef prepared a gourmet meal ___ the
kitchen.
6. The violinist performed ___ the grand concert
hall.
7. The cat nestled ___ the blankets on the bed
for a nap.
8. She reached ___ the top shelf, stretching her
arms as far as they could go.
9. She sat ___ the edge of the dock, dipping her
feet into the cool water.
10. They sat ___ the picnic table, enjoying a meal
in the park.
79
Good job! You did great
in that activity.
You are now ready to
meet another friend,
conjunction.
You are going to meet the

FANBOYS. Technically, you
may think they are fans of
someone of something, but it
is different when we talk
about conjunctions!
Conjuctions
A conjunction is used to connect words,
phrases, and clauses. There are many
conjunctions in the English language, but
the common ones are FANBOYS.
Source: Twinkl.com.ph. (n.d.). https://www.twinkl.com.ph/teaching-wiki/fanboys 80

COORDINATING
Conjunctions
F OR Meaning: because, since
Example: I go to the library, for I love to read.
A ND Meaning: in addition to
I would like pizza, and I would like a

Example:
cookie.
N OR Meaning: negative version of and
I do not like broccoli, nor do I like

Example:
mushrooms.
B UT Meaning: yet, however
I was going to the park, but it

Example:
started to rain.
O
Meaning: either
R
Example: We could go to the park, or we could go
to the pool.
Y
Meaning: but, however
ET
Example: We lost the game, yet we played
well anyway.
S O Meaning: so
It started to rain, so we got out our

Example:
umbrellas.
81
Functions of
Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction is a word that connects two or
more elements of the same grammatical type. The word
coordinating refers specifically to bringing things together on
the same level.
Coordinating conjunctions to join single words

When a coordinating conjunction joins two or more individual words, those
words should be the same part of speech: a noun with a noun, a verb with a
verb, an adjective with an adjective, and so on.
Example:
1. Hermes is cunning, for he is also mischievous.
2. Hera is powerful and cunning.
Coordinating conjunctions to join phrases

Coordinating conjunctions can also link phrases of the same grammatical type.
Example:
1. Persephone wandered through the fields of Hades, but Demeter searched
tirelessly for her daughter.
2. Odysseus faced many trials on his journey home, yet his cunning helped him
overcome each one.
Coordinating conjunctions to join independent clauses

An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a simple sentence. When
two independent clauses are logically closely related, it often makes sense to
combine them into a compound sentence with the help of a coordinating conjunction
and a comma.
Example:
1. Athena strategized, but Ares charged ahead recklessly.
2. Poseidon ruled the seas, and Athena governed the city.
Source: Twinkl.com.ph. (n.d.). https://www.twinkl.com.ph/teaching-wiki/fanboys 82

Conjunctions will help you
a lot in organizing your
sentences. Why don’t you
familiarize yourself with
FANBOYS by locating them
in our game?
This activity is called “Conjunction Search” wherein

you only have to look for FANBOYS in the word
search!
83
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
Conjunction Search
84
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
WORD SEARCH
FIND THE
Direction: Find the term “F-A-N-B-O-Y-S” along with
each meaning of their acronym. You can do it!
R O F Y C F S
P S Y T E F B
R H U D C T S
O B A R N M O
N O M O Y A R
S Y O B N A F
E L L E H C R
85
You did great in finding
the FANBOYS! Now why
don’t we try applying
them in the activity
“Connect: Write it up!”
DIRECTION: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate

coordinating conjunction from the list (and, but, or,
nor, for, so, yet).
86
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
Connect: Write it up
87
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
REVIEW - Study the meanings of the Coordinating Conjunctions or FANBOYS.
F FOR REASON
A AND ADDITION
N NOR NEGATIVE ADDITION
B BUT CONTRADICTION
O OR OPTION
Y YET CONTRADICTION
S SO CONSEQUENCE
PRACTICE - Complete the sentences with Coordinating Conjunctions or FANBOYS.
1.Zeus was the ruler of the gods, _______ Hera was his queen.
2.Apollo was the god of music _______, he was also associated with the sun.
3.Athena was wise _______, she was also skilled in warfare.
4.Dionysus loved wine _______, he was also known for revelry and ecstasy.
5.Poseidon controlled the seas _______, he also had a fierce temper.
6.Artemis was a skilled huntress _______, she was also a protector of young
women.
7.Hermes was swift _______, he was also mischievous.
8.Hephaestus was a master craftsman _______, he was also married to
Aphrodite.
9.Hades ruled the underworld _______, he was also feared by mortals.
10.Demeter was the goddess of agriculture _______, she was also the
mother of Persephone.
88
answering some
questions!
IDENTIFICATION
DIRECTION: Identity what is being asked on the
following question. Write your answer on the space
provided.
__________1. What preposition is used to indicate a location or

place?
__________2. What is the acronym used to remember common
coordinating conjunctions?
__________3. Which conjunction connects two or more individual
words of the same grammatical type?
__________4. What preposition is used to indicate the limit or
ending point of something?
__________5. Which coordinating conjunction is used for
addition?
89
__________6. What preposition is used when talking about
time, referring to an unspecific time of the day, a month, a
season, or a year?
__________7. Which coordinating conjunction provides
reasoning or explanation?
__________8. Which conjunction is used to introduce a
contradiction?
__________9. What is the coordinating conjunction used to
present options?
__________10. Which preposition is used to indicate movement
towards a place or direction?
90
Nice one! I can see you
really understood our
discussion. Did you know
that these conjunctions,
together with pluralism and
tenses, can help you make
your writing parallel?
Let’s answer how these

elements help you make
your writing parallel. The
first is Pluralism.
Singular and Plural

Pluralism and consistent tenses aid parallelism in writing by
ensuring uniformity in grammatical number and verb tense. This
creates balanced structures that are easier to understand and follow.
Source: English Grammar Rules - Plural nouns. (n.d.). https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/nouns/plural-nouns 91

SINGULAR AND PLURAL
Singular refers to one person, animal,

place, thing, idea, or concept
Plural refers to two or more persons,

animals, places, things, ideas, or
concepts.
EXAMPLES:
Singular is like having a friend, like

Ma’am Aira having Ma’am Shana.
On the other hand, Plural is like
having more friends. For example,
Ma’am Aira, together with Ma’am
Shana and Ma’am Shaira.
Singular: In Greek Mythology, Hercules

was a renowned hero known for his
strength and bravery.
Plural: Many mythological creatures,

such as centaurs and harpies, populate
the stories of various cultures.
Source: English Grammar Rules - Plural nouns. (n.d.). https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/nouns/plural-nouns 92

Do you want to try? Your
task is to write the correct
plural form for each noun,
then use it in a sentence.
Direction: Write the correct plural form for each noun

and use it in a sentence.
1.Phenomenon -
Sentence:
2. Criterion -
Sentence:
3. Ox -
Sentence:
4. Child -
Sentence:
5. Goose -
Sentence:
93
6. Fish -
Sentence:
7. Woman -
Sentence:
8. Crisis -
Sentence:
9. Mouse -
Sentence:
10. Octopus -
Sentence:
Pluralism in grammar ensures that

the verb agrees in number with the
subject. For example, a singular
subject requires a singular verb, while
a plural subject requires a plural verb.
Let’s meet the different tenses of the
verb!
94
Verb tenses identify the time period when an action
occurs. We actually have different types of verb tenses.
The simple tenses (past, present, and future) are the
most basic forms, but there are 12 major verb tenses in
English in all. We’ll review the tenses here.
95
PAST SIMPLE TENSE
We use Past Simple to talk about actions or events
that happened and were completed in the past.
TALKING ABOUT COMPLETED ACTIONS

IN THE PAST
that happened at a specific time in the past
and are already finished.
Examples: “I visited the zoo yesterday.”
“They went to the cinema last weekend.”
“She finished her homework an hour ago.”
“We cooked lasagna for dinner last night.”
DESCRIBING PAST HABITS OR ROUTINES

It can be used to describe actions
that were habitual or routine in the past.
Examples: “She always played with her dolls as a child.”
“He used to go to the cinema every weekend.”
“My dad often went fishing when he was younger.”
“I usually read comics when I was a kid.”
96
PAST SIMPLE TENSE
that happened and were completed in the past.
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, and add the past form of the verb.
Pay attention to the regular and irregular verbs.
Examples: “I danced at the party.” (regular)
“We went to the zoo last weekend.” (irregular)
NEGATIVE FORM
Use "did not" (didn't) before the base form of the verb to
form negative sentences.
Examples: “He didn't play soccer yesterday.”
“They didn't eat pizza for dinner.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with "did," add the subject,
and then add the base form of the verb.
Examples: “Did you watch the movie?”
”Did she visit the museum?”
97
PAST
SIMPLE
We use the Past Simple for completed actions in the past.
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Did I / you / we / they
He / She / It played. He / She / It didn’t play. he / she / it play?
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1- They ________________ (study) for the exam for hours last night.
2- I ________________ (work) in the garden all morning. Now, it’s time to rest.
3- We ________________ (wait) for the bus for 30 minutes yesterday.
4- She ________________ (clean) the house two hours ago.
5- The kids ________________ (play) outside for the entire afternoon.
6- He ________________ (cook) lasagne for dinner yesterday evening.
7- I ________________ (not go) swimming last summer.
8- ______ the team __________ (practice) enough for the match last week?
9- They ________________ (try) to fix the car for hours last weekend.
10- ______ you __________ (eat) breakfast in the morning?
11- My brother ________________ (not come) home late last night.
98
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Past Continuous to describe actions or events that
were ongoing in the past, often used when there is another
action that interrupts it.
ACTIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE PAST

We use the Past Continuous Tense to talk about
actions or events that were happening
at a specific moment in the past.
Examples: “I was reading a book at 5 pm yesterday.”
“She was cooking dinner when the phone rang.”
“They were playing chess at 7 pm last night.”
“I was studying for the exam during the storm.”
ACTIONS INTERRUPTED BY ANOTHER ACTION

It's used when one action in the past was ongoing
and got interrupted by another action.
Examples: “She was watching TV when the phone rang.”
“He was talking on the phone when his friend arrived.”
“They were having a picnic when it started to rain heavily.”
“I was watching TV when the power went out.”
“He was studying for the test when his little brother called.”
“The cat was sleeping when the other cat jumped on it.”
99
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Past Continuous to describe actions or events that
were ongoing in the past, often used when there is another
action that interrupts it.
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add "was" (for I, he, she, it)
or "were" (for you, we, they), and then add
the base form of the verb with -ing.
Examples: “I was playing soccer.”
“They were eating dinner.”
NEGATIVE FORM
Use "not" after "was" or "were" to form negative sentences.
You can also use the contractions “wasn’t” or “weren’t”.
Examples: “She wasn’t watching TV.”
“We weren’t studying.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with "was" or "were," add the subject, and then
add the base form of the verb with -ing.
Examples: “Was he reading a book?”
“Were they playing?”
100
PAST
CONTINUOUS
We use the Past Continuous for actions in progress in the past.

I / He / She / It I / He / She / It Was I / he / she / it
was playing. wasn’t playing. playing?
We / You / They We / You / They Were we / you / they

were playing. weren’t playing. playing?
1- They ____________________ (study) when I saw them in the library.
2- I ____________________ (work) in the garden when my dad came home.
3- We ____________________ (not listen) to the teacher while she was speaking.
4- ______ she ______________ (watch) TV at that time yesterday?
5- The kids ____________________ (play) outside when it started to rain.
6- He ____________________ (cook) dinner from 5 PM to 7 PM yesterday.
7- I ____________________ (not sleep) when you called me last night.
8- My dad ____________________ (read) the newspaper when the door bell rang.
9- She ____________________ (clean) the kitchen when he knocked the door.
10- What ______ you ______________ (do) at this time yesterday?
101
PAST PERFECT TENSE
We use Past Perfect to talk about actions or events
that happened in the past before another action in the past.
TALKING ABOUT ACTIONS IN THE PAST

BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION
The Past Perfect Tense helps show
which of the two past actions happened first.
Example: “She had finished her homework before she went to
bed.”
POSITIVE FORM
subject + had + past participle form of the verb
Example: “They had visited the museum before it closed.”
NEGATIVE FORM
subject + hadn’t + past participle form of the verb
Example: “He hadn't finished his chores before going out.”
QUESTION FORM
had + subject + past participle form of the verb
Example: “Had you finished your homework before you took the
test?”
102
PAST
PERFECT
We use the Past Perfect for actions completed before another past action.

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Had I / you / we / they
He / She / It had He / She / It hadn’t he / she / it
played. played. played?
1- She __________________ (finish) her homework by the time I arrived.
2- By 9 AM, he __________________ (already/complete) three assignments.
3- We ate lunch after we __________________ (explore) the museum.
4- By the time the movie started, they __________________ (see) the previews.
5- Before the party, she __________________ (clean) the entire house.
6- They __________________ (travel) to Europe before they settled down.
7- ______ he already ____________ (paint) the room when I offered to help?
8- She __________________ (read) the book before she wrote a summary.
9- By the time we got there, they __________________ (already/finish) dinner.
10- They __________________ (not visit) their grandparents before they returned.
11- Before the concert, the band __________________ (rehearse) for weeks.
103
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Past Perfect Continuous to talk about actions or events that
started in the past, continued for some time, and were still ongoing
before something else happened.
ACTIONS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME

We use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense to describe
actions or events that started in the past, continued for some time,
and may have just recently ended. It helps us emphasize
the duration of an action.
Example: “She had been playing the piano for two hours before
dinner.”
(This means she started playing the piano before dinner
and continued playing for two hours.)
EMPHASIZING THE DURATION OF AN ACTION

This tense is helpful when we want to emphasize how long
an action was happening before something else occurred.
Example: “I had been studying all night when I finally understood it.”
(This shows that I was studying for an extended period
before understanding it.)
104
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add “had been,” and then
Examples: “We had been playing soccer for hours.”
“She had been reading a book all evening.”
NEGATIVE FORM
Use “not” after “had been” to form negative sentences.
You can also use the contraction form “hadn’t”.
Examples: “He hadn't been practicing the guitar for long.”
“They had not (hadn't) been watching TV all day.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with “had,” add the subject, and then
add “been” and the base form of the verb with -ing.
Examples: “Had you been working on the project?”
“Had she been swimming when it started raining?”
105
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
We use the Past Perfect Continuous for actions that were ongoing before
another past action.

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Had I / you / we / they
He / She / It had been He / She / It hadn’t he / she / it been
playing. been playing. playing?
1- She was out of breath because she _______________________________ (jog).
2- By the time I arrived, ______ you _________________________ (wait) for hours?
3- They were exhausted because they _______________________________ (work).
4- She realized she _______________________________ (cook) for three hours.
5- He was tired because he _______________________________ (study) all night.
6- ______ she _________________________ (decorate) the entire house all day?
7- They _______________________________ (play) soccer before the storm hit.
8- She was sore because she _______________________________ (exercise).
9- The team _______________________________ (practice) for the entire morning.
10- He was dehydrated because he _______________________________ (run).
11- She _______________________________ (not prepare) food for the guests.
106
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
We use Present Simple to talk about
regular, routine actions, habits, and general truths.
TALKING ABOUT REGULAR ACTIONS

We use it to talk about things we do regularly.
Examples: “I play soccer every Saturday.”
“They go to school by bus every morning.”
“I eat breakfast at 7:00 AM.”
DESCRIBING HABITS
We use it to describe the things we always do.
Examples: “She always brushes her teeth before bed.”
“They usually watch a movie on Friday nights.”
“She often visits her grandparents on Sundays.”
STATING FACTS AND GENERAL TRUTHS

We use it to state facts that are always true.
Examples: “Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.”
“The sun rises in the east.”
“Cats are mammals.”
107
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
We use Present Simple to talk about
regular, routine actions, habits, and general truths.
POSITIVE FORM
To make a positive sentence, you usually start with the

subject (I, you, we, they) and then add the base form of the
verb. For "he," "she," and "it," we add "s" or "es" to the verb.
Example: “I play the guitar. He plays the piano.”
NEGATIVE FORM
To make a negative sentence, you start with the subject, add
"do not" (don't) or "does not" (doesn't), and then
add the base form of the verb.
Example: “I don’t like broccoli. She doesn’t like spinach.”
QUESTION FORM
To ask a question, you usually start with "do" or "does," then
add the subject, and finally, add the base form of the verb.
Example: “Do you like pizza? Does she like sushi?”
108
PRESENT
SIMPLE
We use the Present Simple for general facts, habits, and routines.

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Do I / you / we / they
play. don’t play. play?
He / She / It He / She / It Does he / she / it

plays. doesn’t play. play?
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in
brackets.
1- The sun always __________________ (rise) in the east.
2- She __________________ (not eat) breakfast before going to work.
3- The train __________________ (arrive) at the station at 8:30 AM.
4- I always __________________ (brush) my teeth before going to bed.
5- Water __________________(boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.
6- _________ they usually _________ (go) to the gym on Saturdays?
7- The Earth __________________ (revolve) around the sun.
8- My cat often __________________ (sleep) on the sofa in the afternoon.
9- We __________________ (not watch) TV during the week.
10- The store __________________ (close) at 9:00 PM every night.
109
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Present Continuous to talk about actions
happening right now or around the present moment.
TALKING ABOUT ACTIONS HAPPENING NOW

We use it to talk about actions that are happening now.
Examples: “I am eating lunch.”
“She is writing a letter.”
“They are playing soccer in the park.”
DESCRIBING TEMPORARY ACTIONS

It's used for actions that are temporary or not habitual.
Examples: “She is playing soccer with her friends today.”
“He is learning to play the guitar.”
“We are visiting our grandparents for the weekend.”
DISCUSSING FUTURE PLANS

We also use it to talk about future arrangements.
Examples: “I am meeting my friend at 4 pm.”
“They are flying to Paris next week.”
“She is attending a conference on Friday.”
110
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Present Continuous to talk about actions
happening right now or around the present moment.
POSITIVE FORM
To make a positive sentence, start with the subject, add the
appropriate form of "to be" (am, is, are), and then
Examples: “I am cooking dinner.”
“She is playing tennis.”
NEGATIVE FORM
For negative sentences, use "not" after the form of "to be"
(am not, is not, are not), and then
Examples: “He isn’t sleeping.”
“They aren’t watching TV.”
QUESTION FORM
To ask a question, begin with the appropriate form of "to be"
(am, is, are), add the subject, and then
Examples: “Is she cooking?”
“Are you studying for the test?”
111
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
We use the Present Continuous for actions happening now.

I am playing. I am not playing Am I playing?
He / She / It He / She / It Is he / she / it

is playing. isn’t playing playing?
We / You / They We / You / They Are we / you / they

are playing. aren’t playing playing?
1- At this moment, they ____________________ (play) a game in the living room.
2- I ____________________ (watch) a movie with my parents right now.
3- Look! The chef ____________________ (prepare) a special dish for the guests.
4- We ____________________ (not do) our homework now, we’re playing.
5- Listen! The birds ____________________ (sing) outside my window.
6- _________ you ___________ (study) for your exam? It’s tomorrow.
7- Right now, the kids ____________________ (build) a sandcastle on the beach.
8- The dog ____________________ (sleep) on the couch now. It’s in the yard.
9- The teacher ____________________ (not speak) now, she’s writing.
112
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
TALKING ABOUT COMPLETED ACTIONS
WITH A CONNECTION TO THE PRESENT
We use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or
events that happened at an unspecified time in the past
but have a connection to the present.
Example: “I have broken my leg.”
(This means you broke your leg at some time in the past
and it is still broken today.)
TALKING ABOUT EXPERIENCES

We use it to talk about experiences in our lives.
Example: “I have been to Berlin.”
(This means you visited Berlin at some point in your life,
but you're not specifying when.)
TALKING ABOUT ACTIONS THAT STARTED

IN THE PAST AND CONTINUE INTO THE PRESENT
We also use it to talk about actions that began in the
past and are still relevant or ongoing in the present.
Example: “He has lived in this city for five years.”
(He moved to the city five years ago, and he still lives there.)
113
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We use Present Perfect to talk about completed actions with
a connection to the present, experiences, and actions that
started in the past and continue into the present.
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add "have" (for I, you, we, they)
or "has" (for he, she, it), and then add the past participle
form of the verb. (The verb can be regular or irregular.)
Example: “I have played soccer.”
NEGATIVE FORM
Use "not" after "have" or "has" to form negative sentences.
Add the past participle form of the verb.
Example: “She hasn’t finished her lunch yet.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with "have" or "has," add the subject, and then
add the past participle form of the verb.
Example: “Have you seen that movie?”
114
PRESENT
PERFECT
We use the Present Perfect for actions completed recently or experiences.

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Have I / you / we / they
have played. haven’t played. played?
He / She / It He / She / It Has he / she / it

has played. hasn’t played. played?
1- I _______________________ (visit) three different countries so far.
2- She _______________________ (never/eat) sushi before.
3- We _______________________ (study) English for five years.
4- They _______________________ (just/finish) their homework.
5- He _______________________ (not do) his homework yet.
6- __________ the team _____________ (win) the championship?
7- I _______________________ (not see) that movie yet. Is it good?
8- Mary _______________________ (read) three books this month.
9- She _______________________ (travel) to every continent. It’s amazing!
10- We _______________________ (already/take) the exam.
115
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Present Perfect Continuous to talk about actions that
started in the past, are still happening in the present,
and may continue into the future.
ACTIONS THAT STARTED IN THE PAST

AND CONTINUE NOW
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about
actions that began at some point in the past
and are still ongoing in the present.
Example: “She has been dancing for two hours.”
(This means she started dancing two hours ago,
and she is still dancing now.)
EMPHASIZING THE DURATION OF AN ACTION

It helps us emphasize how long an action has been
happening or how much time has passed
since the action started.
Example: “They have been playing football all afternoon.”
(This highlights that they started playing football in the
afternoon, and they are still playing.)
116
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add "have been" (for I, you, we, they)
or "has been" (for he, she, it), and then add the base form of
the verb with "ing."
Examples: “I have been reading a book.”
“She has been playing the piano.”
NEGATIVE FORM
Use "not" after "have been" or "has been" to form negative
sentences, and add the base form of the verb with "ing."
Examples: “They haven't been studying all day.”
“He hasn't been watching TV.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with "have" or "has," add the subject, then "been,"
and finally, add the base form of the verb with "ing."
Examples: “Have you been practicing your guitar?”
“Has she been painting a picture?”
117
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
We use the Present Perfect Continuous for actions that started in the past
and continue into the present.

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Have I / you / we / they
have been playing. haven’t been playing. been playing?
He / She / It He / She / It Has he / she / it

has been playing. hasn’t been playing. been playing?
1- They ________________________ (study) for the exam for six hours.
2- I'm exhausted; I ________________________ (work) in the garden all day.
3- We ________________________ (wait) for the bus for 30 minutes.
4- She ________________________ (clean) the house for two hours.
5- ________ the kids ________________ (play) outside for the entire afternoon?
6- He ________________________ (cook) dinner since 5 PM.
7- I ________________________ (live) in this city for 10 years.
8- The team ________________________ (practice) every day this week.
9- ________ you ________________ (read) that book for a very long time?
10- They ________________________ (try) to fix the car for hours.
118
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
We use Simple Future to talk about
actions or events that will happen in the future.
EXPRESSING ACTIONS IN THE FUTURE

We use it to describe actions or events
that will occur later, after the present moment.
It helps us talk about things that haven't happened yet,
but are expected to happen.
Examples: “I will go to the park tomorrow.”
“They will have a picnic in the park on Sunday.”
“He will call you as soon as he gets home.”
MAKING FUTURE PREDICTIONS

It's also used to make predictions or statements
about the future based on what we think will happen.
Examples: “It will rain this weekend.”
”He will probably be late because of the traffic.”
“I think she will win the race; she's a fast runner.”
Use time expressions like “tomorrow,” “next week,” or

“in a year” to specify when the action will happen.
119
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
We use Simple Future to talk about
actions or events that will happen in the future.
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add “will,”
Examples: “I will go to the park tomorrow.”
“She will visit her grandmother.”
NEGATIVE FORM
Use “will not” (shortened to “won't”)
after the subject to form negative sentences.
Examples: “I won't eat ice cream before dinner.”
“They won't travel during the holidays.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with “will,” add the subject,
Examples: “Will you come to the party?”
“Will they watch the movie tonight?”
120
SIMPLE
FUTURE
We use the Future Simple for future predictions and intentions.

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Will I / you / we / they
He / She / It will play. He / She / It won’t play. he / she / it play?
1- I believe they __________________ (win) the championship next year.
2- She's confident she __________________ (get) a promotion at work.
3- I guess we __________________ (not finish) the project this week.
4- They __________________ (travel) to Europe for their vacation next summer.
5- The weather forecast predicts it __________________ (rain) tomorrow.
6- ______ you ______________ (start) a new fitness routine next month?
7- He __________________ (launch) his own business in a couple of years.
8- She __________________ (visit) her grandparents over the holidays.
9- I think scientists __________________ (discover) a way to stop climate change.
10- The company __________________ (not expand) its operations next year.
11- ______ we ______________ (meet) for coffee next Friday?
12- He __________________ (run) his first marathon in six months.

121
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Future Continuous to describe actions or events
that will be happening at a specific point in the future.
ACTIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE FUTURE

We use it to talk about actions or events that
will be in progress at a particular time in the future.
It helps us describe actions that will be ongoing.
Examples: “Tomorrow at 3 PM, I will be playing soccer.”
“Next month, I will be celebrating my birthday with a party.”
“At 4 PM, she will be giving a presentation to her class.”
PREDICTING THE FUTURE

It can also be used to make predictions
or assumptions about future actions or events.
Examples: “I think he will be studying all night for the exam.”
”Based on the weather forecast, it will be snowing next week.”
“I'm sure they will be talking about their holiday plans tonight.”
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Use time expressions like “tomorrow” or “at 3 PM”
to specify when the action will be happening.
122
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Future Continuous to describe actions or events
that will be happening at a specific point in the future.
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add "will be,"
and then add the base form of the verb with -ing.
Examples: “She will be dancing at the party.”
“We will be eating dinner at 7 PM.”
NEGATIVE FORM
Use “will not be” (shortened to “won't be”) after the subject
Examples: “I won't be watching TV tonight.”
“They won't be playing video games.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with “will,” add the subject, then “be,”
and finally add the base form of the verb with -ing.
Examples: “Will you be studying for the exam?”
“Will they be traveling next week?”
123
FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
We use the Future Simple for actions in progress in the future.

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Will I / you / we
He / She / It He / She / It they / he / she / it
will be playing. won’t be playing. be playing?
1- At 8 PM tomorrow, we ______________________ (have) dinner with the Smiths.
2- By this time next week, she ______________________ (study) for her exams.
3- They ______________________ (not work) on the project all day next Monday.
4- At midnight, we ______________________ (celebrate) the New Year.
5- Next month, he ______________________ (be) attending a conference in Paris.
6- By the time you arrive, I ______________________ (prepare) a delicious meal.
7- At 3 PM next Friday, _______ they _______________ (conduct) a meeting?
8- This time next year, we ______________________ (travel) around Asia.
9- By the end of the month, I ______________________ (learn) a new language.
10- At 9 AM tomorrow, she ______________________ (participate) in a webinar.
11- Next summer, they ______________________ (build) a new house by the beach.
12- By the time the guests arrive, I ______________________ (decorate) the house.
124
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
We use Future Perfect to talk about actions or events
that will be completed by a certain point in the future.
ACTIONS COMPLETED IN THE FUTURE

We use the Future Perfect Tense to describe actions
or events that will be finished before a specific time
or another action in the future.
Examples: “By the time you arrive, I will have finished it.”
“By the end of the year, he will have visited five countries.”
“We will have planted all the flowers by next spring.”
EMPHASIZING COMPLETION
It helps us emphasize that an action will be done,
completed, or achieved in the future
before something else happens.
Examples: “She will have graduated by next year.”
“I will have mastered the piano before next year’s big
recital.”
“By the time he retires, he will have worked there for 6
years.”
Use time expressions like “by next week” or “before”

to specify when the action will be completed.
125
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
We use Future Perfect to talk about actions or events
that will be completed by a certain point in the future.
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add “will have,”
and then add the past participle form of the verb.
Examples: “He will have finished the book by Friday.”
“We will have cleaned the house before the guests arrive.”
NEGATIVE FORM
Use “won't have” after the subject,
and then add the past participle form of the verb.
Examples: “I won't have eaten dinner by the time you
come.”
“They won't have completed the project by the deadline.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with “will,” add the subject, then “have,”
and finally add the past participle form of the verb.
Examples: “Will they have fixed the car before the trip?”
“Will you have read the entire book by tomorrow?”
126
FUTURE PERFECT
We use the Future Perfect for actions that will be completed
before a future time.

He / She / It He / She / It they / he / she / it
will have played. won’t have played. have played?
1- By the end of the month, she __________________________ (read) three novels.
2- At 5 PM tomorrow, he __________________________ (complete) his project.
3- By this time next year, we __________________________ (travel) to five cities.
4- Before the party starts, they __________________________ (cook) the dishes.
5- By the time you arrive, I __________________________ (not finish) my homework.
6- At the end of the week, ________ she __________________ (write) her report?
7- At 9 AM tomorrow, I __________________________ (do) my morning workout.
8- By the concert time, they __________________________ (rehearse) for weeks.
9- Before the meeting, we __________________________ (review) the documents.
10- At this time next month, she __________________________ (not graduate).
11- By 2025, he __________________________ (achieve) his career goals.
127
FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Future Perfect to describe actions or events that
will continue up to a certain point in the future
and emphasize the duration of that action.
ACTIONS CONTINUING IN THE FUTURE

We use it to talk about actions that will be ongoing,
starting from now and continuing up
to a specific point in the future.
Example: “By the time the concert starts,
we will have been waiting in line for hours.”
EMPHASIZING DURATION
It helps us emphasize how long an action or event
will have been happening in the future
before something else occurs.
Example: “By the time she arrives,
I will have been studying for hours.”
Use time expressions like “by the time” or “for”

to specify when the action will have been happening.
128
FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Future Perfect to describe actions or events that
will continue up to a certain point in the future
and emphasize the duration of that action.
POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add “will have been,”
Example: “She will have been reading the book all night.”
NEGATIVE FORM
Use “won't have been” after the subject,
Example: “I won't have been studying all night.”
QUESTION FORM
Begin with “will,” add the subject, then “have been,”
and finally add the base form of the verb with -ing.
Example: “Will you have been studying for hours by then?”
129
future perfect
contınuous
We use the Future Perfect Continuous for actions that will be ongoing
before a future time.

He / She / It will He / She / It won’t they / he / she / it
have been playing. have been playing. have been playing?
1- By 6 PM, I __________________________ (work) on this project for three hours.
2- By next week, she __________________________ (study) for a month.
3- By March, they __________________________ (live) here for six months.
4- The band __________________________ (rehearse) for weeks by that time.
5- By January 15, he __________________________ (travel) around for two weeks.
6- Before the meeting, we __________________________ (discuss) for an hour.
7- By 2030, she __________________________ (work) in the company for a decade.
8- We __________________________ (wait) in line for tickets for an hour by then.
9- He __________________________ (practice) the piano for five years by 2027.
10- They __________________________ (work) on the project for two months.
11- By this time tomorrow, I __________________________ (exercise) for two hours.
12- They __________________________ (prepare) the venue for the entire day.
130
That’s a lot, but I hope
you understood our
discussion about the
tenses of the verb. Why
don’t you try practicing it
on our next page?
This activity is called “Tenses Map” wherein in each station, you

have to create sentences with the action word given. You can
only move to the next station if you successfully formulate a
sentence with appropriate tense of the verb.
131
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
Tenses Map
TENSES MAP
GAME!
Create sentences using the following action
words. You must observe the consistency of
tenses in each sentence.
Start!
Run
Read Catch
Sleep
Weave
Steal
Bake
Laugh
Finish!
Wash Keep
133
answering some
questions!
IDENTIFICATION with CHOICES

DIRECTION: Identity what is being asked on the
following question. You can choose your answer
from the box and write it in the space provided.
Past Simple Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Past Continuous
Future Simple Future Perfect
Present Perfect Present Simple
Continuous
Present Continuous Future Continuous
Past Perfect Future Perfect
Continuous
134
__________1. What is the tense used to express actions that happened in
the past and were completed before the present moment?
___________2. Which tense is used to describe actions that are happening
right now or are currently ongoing?
___________3. What tense is used to express actions that will happen in
the future?
___________4. What is the tense used to describe actions that were
ongoing in the past at a specific point in time?
___________5. Which tense is used to express actions that will be ongoing
at a specific point in the future?
___________6. What tense is used to describe actions that were ongoing
in the past but have now finished?
___________7. Which tense is used to express actions that will have been
completed before a specific point in the future?
___________8. What tense is used to describe actions that were ongoing
for a duration of time in the past?
___________9. Which tense is used to describe an action that started in
the past and continues into the present or has just been completed?
___________10. What tense is used to describe an action that is happening
right now or at the moment of speaking?
___________11. Which tense is used to describe an ongoing action that will
be completed at some specified future time?
___________12. What tense is used to describe an action that started in the
past and continues up to the present moment, emphasizing the
duration or repetition of the action?
135
Nice! I can see you really
understood our
discussion. Now you must
use these elements to
make your sentences
parallel.
Fear not, as this is not about

mathematics. We also have
parallelism in English
grammar!
Parallelism
In English grammar, the term ‘parallelism’ refers to the use of
words, phrases, clauses and other grammatical components
to indicate similar ideas in a particular sentence. It makes the
sentence clear, balanced, and meaningful.
Source: University of Lynchburg. (n.d.). Parallelism. https://www.lynchburg.edu/academics/writing-center/

wilmer-writing-center-online-writing-lab/grammar/parallelism/
136
The primary idea that you will have to keep in
mind when using similar words, phrases, and
clauses in sentences is that it should be
balanced throughout the sentence.
Parallelism
Ma’am
1. When you connect two or more clauses or
phrases with a conjunction (for, and, nor,
but,etc) use parallel structure.
Examples
Not Parallel: My best friend took me dancing and to a show.
Parallel: My best friend took me to a dance and a show.
137
Ma’am
2. When you connect two clauses or phrases with a
correlative conjunction (not only,but also, either…
or,neither…nor, if…then, etc.) use parallel structure.
Examples
Not Parallel: Sam wants both a satisfying job and that pays
well.
Parallel: Sam wants both a satisfying and a well paying job.
Ma’am
3.Observe parallel structure of sentences while
comparing elements.
Examples
Not Parallel: I like to read books over watching movies.
Parallel: I like reading books over watching movies.
Source: University of Lynchburg. (n.d.). Parallelism. https://www.lynchburg.edu/academics/

writing-center/wilmer-writing-center-online-writing-lab/grammar/parallelism/
138
Ma’am
4. Observe parallel structure when elements are in a
list.
Examples
Not Parallel: Traditional societies believed the king to be a
religious, a political, a social and head of the military forces.
Parallel: Traditional societies believed the king to be a
religious, political, social, and military head.
Ma’am
5. When you connect two clauses or phrases with
a word of comparison, such as ‘than’ or ‘as’, use
parallel structure.
Examples
Not Parallel: I would rather pay for my education than
financial aid.
Parallel: I would rather pay for my education than receive
financial aid.
Source: University of Lynchburg. (n.d.). Parallelism. https://www.lynchburg.edu/academics/

writing-center/wilmer-writing-center-online-writing-lab/grammar/parallelism/
139
Now, it’s your turn! Why
don’t you try making the
following sentences
parallel?
In this activity called “Parallel Universe”, you must read

each sentence carefully and identify the lack of parallel
structure. Then, rewrite the sentence to ensure
parallelism.
140
LET’S
PRACTIC E
teacher.
Parallel Universe
01 Athena is wise, a strategist, and she is a fierce warrior.
The hero’s journey includes trials, conquering fears,

and to discover inner strength. 02
03 Persephone enjoys singing, dancing, and to play the lyre.
Zeus not only rules the skies but also he governs the
earth. 04
142
Hera is both powerful in her own right and she supports
05 her husband’s decisions.
Apollo is known for his archery skills, his healing

abilities, and he guides the sun. 06
Hades rules the underworld, he guards the souls of the

07 dead, and he fears the escape of the damned.
Hermes is swift in flight, he delivers messages, and he

guides souls to the underworld.
08
143
Hera is both powerful in her own right and she supports her
09 husband’s decisions.
Apollo is known for his archery skills, his healing abilities,

and he guides the sun. 10
144
Wow! You did great
in making those
sentences parallel!
That’s a lot to take in, right? Yes, but knowing these

elements will improve the quality of your written piece.
In order to apply them easier, we created a checklist
you can use in the writing process. This checklist will
help you oversee if you missed something or if your
writing is good to go.
145
writing process
Checklist
I turned off all distractions to stay focused
while planning.
I know the purpose of my writing.
I considered the audience that would read my

paper.
I finished it on time.
I observed SMART while planning my writing.
I am confident with my generated ideas, and I

have outlined them.
I have a good topic sentence.
I have an introduction.
“The work is always

accomplished one word at a
time”
146
writing process
Checklist
I have a body with strong arguments.
I have a conclusion.
My punctuation marks are all in the right places

and used correctly.
My capitalization is all appropriately used.
My prepositions are all in the right places and

used correctly.
I used pronouns correctly.
I observed the subject and verb agreement.
I don’t see any misspelled words in my paper.

time”
147
writing process
Checklist
I used conjunctions to connect my ideas.
I observed the proper use of plural and

singular verbs.
My verb tenses are all consistent.
My sentences are parallel or balanced.
My paragraphs and sentences are coherent with

each other.
My sentences and words are not redundant.
My ideas are relevant to the topic.
I delivered my ideas in a clear and concise

manner.

time”
148
With this checklist, you can see what you have missed and rewrite it
correctly!
These rules of writing will help you improve the quality of your composition,
making it clear, coherent, and devoid of redundancy.
Grammar rules such as punctuation, capitalization, prepositions,

conjunctions, parallelism, tenses, subject-verb agreement, and pluralism can
enhance your writing by ensuring clarity, coherence, and minimizing
redundancy. They help organize sentences, connect ideas logically, maintain
consistency, and eliminate ambiguities. Mastering these rules leads to more
effective communication by conveying ideas accurately and succinctly.
You will be an effective

writer!
How about we try applying all the things you have learned
from this module? From planning to translating, and we’ll see
if the quality of your writing has improved.
Get a piece of paper, and let’s begin writing! In this activity, you
must follow all the techniques and rules you learned in writing.
You must write an essay with a minimum of 3 paragraphs and

each paragraph should contain a minimum of 5 sentences.
You are not allowed to use any AI technology such as ChatGpt,
Quillbot, and Grammarly.
Topic: The Power of Writing
149
ANSWER
KEYS
ASSESSMENT #1
Page: 9
Topic: Writing and Types of Writing
ANSWERS:
1. b) Writing is the act of presenting ideas and

thoughts using symbols.
2. a) It involves organizing thoughts into words.
3. b) Yes, because it requires careful word choice,
sentence structure, and organization.
4. b) Because it involves communication with others
and elicits responses.
5. a) Walter Ong
6. d) To criticize
7. c) Explanatory writing
8. c) Expressive writing
9. d) Convincing the audience to adopt a specific
perspective
10. b) Explanatory writing
GUESS WHAT?
Page: 12
Topic: Writing and Types of Writing
ANSWERS:
1. To inform
2. To express
3. To explain
4. To inform
5. To entertain
152
BUILD UP
Page: 35
Topic: Topic Sentences
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. Regular exercise not only benefits physical health but also significantly improves
mental well-being.
2. The shift to online shopping presents both challenges and opportunities for
traditional retail stores.
3. Social media's evolution has revolutionized global communication
4. Education is vital for personal growth and societal advancement, serving as a gateway
to opportunities.
5. The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted widespread disruption, leading governments
and healthcare systems to implement measures to control its spread and mitigate its
impact.
ASSESSMENT #2
Page: 48
Topic: Outlining
ANSWERS:
8. Topic Sentence
1. Planning 9. Supporting Sentence #1
2. Specific 10. Step #3
3. Measurable 11. Summarize the argument/Explain
4. Achievable/Attainable the significance of the argument
5. Relevant 12. Avoid Distractions (etc)
6. Time-Bound 13. Topic Sentence
7. Main Idea 14. Transitions
15. Introduction, Body, and
Conclusion
153
WHAT WENT
WRONG?
Page: 62
Topic: Punctuation Marks and Capitalization
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. The old oak tree stood tall. Its branches stretched outward as if reaching
for the sky. Beneath its canopy, a carpet of fallen leaves rustled softly in the
breeze. Birds nested among the leaves, their songs blending with the
rustling of the wind. Time seemed to slow in the shade of the tree, as if the
world outside existed in a distant reality. Yet in this tranquil oasis, life
pulsed quietly, each moment a symphony of existence.
2. As the rain poured down relentlessly, thunder rumbled in the distance.
Lightning flashed, illuminating the darkened sky. The streets were
deserted, the sound of footsteps absent. A solitary figure hurried along,
seeking refuge from the storm. Time seemed to stand still in the midst of
nature's fury.
3. The city streets bustled with life, cars honking impatiently as they
navigated through the crowded lanes. People hurried along the sidewalks,
their faces buried in their smartphones or lost in conversation. Storefronts
flashed with neon signs, enticing shoppers with promises of sales and
discounts. Amidst the chaos, street performers entertained passersby with
music and acrobatics, adding a splash of color to the urban landscape.
4. Inside the school, learning happens every day. Students sit in classrooms
with their books and pencils. Teachers help them understand new things.
Friends laugh and play together in the halls. From the board to the
playground, there's always something new to discover. School is where we
learn, make friends, and get ready for the future.
154
ASSESSMENT #3
Page: 66
Topic: Punctuation Marks and
Capitalization
ANSWERS:
1. c) To guide readers in understanding sentence structure and meaning

2. b) Comma
3. c) To end a sentence
4. c) To separate independent clauses, after introductory clauses or phrases, between
items in a series, and to set off nonrestrictive clauses and direct quotations
5. a) The sun was shining, but the sky was still dark.
6. b) king
7. d) I am happy to see you, Mother Teresa.
8. d) I asked if he was coming to the party.
9. d) After the rain stopped, we went outside to play.
10. c) Wall, China, Wonder, World
PREPOSITION
HUNT
Page: 74
Topic: Preposition
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
Participating in physical activities and sports is so important for a healthy lifestyle.
Whether you're inside or outside, there are many choices available. You can join
fitness and dance classes at a local gym, where you move with other people. You can
also enjoy outdoor activities such as running around a track, or cycling and hiking
up elevated places for an added challenge! Playing team sports like tennis or
basketball among friends is great for teamwork. If you're looking for excitement, try
extreme sports like rock climbing or surfing on weekends. When you take part in
activities, like yoga and Pilates, you're able to relax and stay flexible. On the days
when you do work out, remember to warm up, wear proper gear, and stay hydrated.
By doing these activities, you can improve your physical and mental well-being while
having fun!
155
PREPOSITION
PRECISION
Page: 77
Topic: Prepositions
ANSWERS:
1. at 6. in
2. on 7. on
3. in 8. to
4. to 9. at
5. in 10. at
CONJUNCTION
SEARCH
Page: 83
Topic: Conjunctions
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
FIND THE
Direction: Find the term “F-A-N-B-O-Y-S” along with
each meaning of their acronym. You can do it!
R O F Y C F S
P S Y T E F B
R H U D C T S
O B A R N M O
N O M O Y A R
S Y O B N A F
E L L E H C R
156
CONNECT: WRITE
IT UP
Page: 86
Topic: Conjunction
ANSWERS:
1. and 6. and
2. for 7. yet
3. and 8. and
4. but 9. so
5. yet 10. and
ASSESSMENT #4
Page: 89
Topic: Conjunctions
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. at
2. FANBOYS
3. Coordinating Conjunction
4. to
5. and
6. in
7. for
8. but/yet
9. or
10. to
157
ASSESSMENT #5
Page: 93
Topic: Singular and Plural
ANSWERS:
1. Phenomena
2. Criteria
3. Oxen
4. Children
5. Geese
6. Fish/Fishes
7. Women
8. Crises
9. Mice
10. Octopuses/Octopi
ASSESSMENT #6
Page: 98
Topic: Past Simple
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. studied
2. worked
3. waited
4. cleaned
5. played
6. cooked
7. did not go
8. Did + practice
9. tried
10. Did eat
11. did not come
158
ASSESSMENT #7
Page: 101
Topic: Past Continuous
ANSWERS:
1. were studying
2. was working
3. were not listening
4. Was + watching
5. were playing
6. was cooking
7. was not sleeping
8. was reading
9. was cleaning
10. were + doing
ASSESSMENT #8
Page: 103
Topic: Past Perfect
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. had finished
2. had already completed
3. had explored
4. had seen
5. had cleaned
6. had traveled
7. Had + painted
8. had read
9. had already finished
10. had not visited
11. had rehearsed
159
ASSESSMENT #9
Page: 106
Topic: Past Perfect Continuous
ANSWERS:
1. had been jogging
2. had + been waiting
3. had been working
4. had been cooking
5. had been studying
6. Had + been decorating
7. had been playing
8. had been exercising
9. had been practicing
10. had been running
11. had not been preparing
ASSESSMENT #10
Page: 109
Topic: Present Simple
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. rises
2. does not eat
3. arrives
4. brush
5. boils
6. Do + go
7. revolved
8. sleeps
9. do not watch
10. closes
160
ASSESSMENT #11
Page: 112
Topic: Present Continuous
ANSWERS:
1. are playing
2. am watching
3. is preparing
4. are not doing
5. are singing
6. Are + studying
7. are building
8. is sleeping
9. is not speaking
ASSESSMENT #12
Page: 115
Topic: Present Perfect
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. have visited
2. has never eaten
3. have studied
4. have just finished
5. has not done
6. Has + won
7. have not seen
8. has read
9. has traveled
10. have already taken
161
ASSESSMENT #13
Page: 118
Topic: Present Perfect Continuous
ANSWERS:
1. have been studying
2. have been working
3. have been waiting
4. has been cleaning
5. Have + been playing
6. has been cooking
7. have been living
8. has been practicing
9. Have + been reading
10. have been trying
ASSESSMENT #14
Page: 121
Topic: Simple Future
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. will win
2. will get
3. will not finish
4. will travel
5. will rain
6. Will + start
7. will launch
8. will visit
9. will discover
10. will not expand
11. Will + meet
12. will run
162
ASSESSMENT #15
Page: 124
Topic: Future Continuous
ANSWERS:
1. will be having
2. will be studying
3. will not be working
4. will be celebrating
5. will be attending
6. will be preparing
7. will + be conducting
8. will be traveling
9. will be learning
10. will be participating
11. will be building
12. will be decorating
ASSESSMENT #16
Page: 127
Topic: Future Perfect
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. will have read

2. will have completed
3. will have traveled
4. will have cooked
5. will not have finished
6. will + have written
7. will have rehearsed
8. will have reviewed
9. will not have graduated
10. will have achieved
163
ASSESSMENT #17
Page: 130
Topic: Future Perfect Continuous
ANSWERS:
1. will have been working

2. will have been studying
3. will have been living
4. will have been rehearsing
5. will have been traveling
6. will have been discussing
8. will have been waiting
9. will have been practicing
11. will have been exercising
12. will have been preparing
ASSESSMENT #18
Page: 134
Topic: Verb Tenses
POSSIBLE
ANSWERS:
1. Past simple tense
2. Present continuous tense
3. Future simple tense
4. Past continuous tense
5. Future continuous tense
6. Past perfect tense
7. Future perfect tense
8. Past continuous tense
9. Present perfect tense
10. Present continuous tense
11. Future perfect continuous tense
12. Present perfect continuous tense
164
PARALLEL
UNIVERSE
Page: 140
Topic: Parallelism
ANSWERS:
1. Athena is wise, a strategist, and a fierce warrior.

2. The hero's journey includes trials, conquering fears, and discovering
inner strength.
3. Persephone enjoys singing, dancing, and playing the lyre.
4. Zeus not only rules the skies but also governs the earth.
5. Hera is both powerful in her own right and supportive of her husband's
decisions.
6. Apollo is known for his archery skills, his healing abilities, and his
guidance of the sun.
7. Hades rules the underworld, guards the souls of the dead, and fears the
escape of the damned.
8. Hermes is swift in flight, delivers messages, and guides souls to the
underworld.
9. Aphrodite is known for her beauty, inspires love, and causes strife
among gods and mortals.
10. Hercules performed twelve labors, faced challenges, and achieved
immortality through his deeds.
165
References
Feel free to access the links for more ideas about
the topic!
Thank you!
166
References:
UNC-Chapel Hill Writing Center. (2024, May 14). What is Good Writing? – The
Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Writing Center
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://writingcenter.unc.edu
/faculty-resources/tips-on-teaching-writing/what-is-good-writing
Cassiopeia. (2013, November 4). Writing is a Technology that Restructures

Thought: Analysis. Cassidy Paige.
https://cpbringas.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/writing-is-a-technology-that-
restructures-thought-analysis/
Cummins, K. (2024, April 7). The Author's Purpose: Ultimate Guide for Teachers
and Students. Literacy Ideas.
https://literacyideas.com/authors-purpose/
Krasadakis, G. (2023, October 20). The impact of artificial intelligence on the

society and everyday life | 60 leaders. Medium. https://medium.com/60-
leaders/the-impact-of-ai-on-society-and-everyday-life-711307e06b87
Chaliakopoulos, A. (2023, May 18). Orpheus and Eurydice: a tragic love story.
TheCollector. https://www.thecollector.com/orpheus-eurydice-story/
War is not the Path to Peace. (n.d.).

http://www.wslfweb.org/docs/iraqlaw2.html
Studymode.com. (2021, August 10). Diary writing an unforgettable experience.

331 Words | Studymode. https://www.studymode.com/essays/Diary-Writing-
An-Unforgettable-Experience-69178339.html
IRIS | Page 3: Elements of the writing process. (n.d.).

Stibbe, M. (2024, March 6). Concentration: 22 ways to help you focus on

writing. Articulate Marketing.
https://www.articulatemarketing.com/blog/concentration-ways-to-focus-on-
writing
7 ways to generate great ideas | inc.com. (n.d.). https://www.inc.com/kevin-

daum/7-ways-to-generate-great-ideas.html
167
ENGA101. course.oeru.org. (n.d.). https://course.oeru.org/enga101/learning-
pathways/things-to-consider-before-writing/factors-to-consider/
Kate Eby. January 9. (n.d.). The Essential Guide to writing smart goals.
Smartsheet. https://www.smartsheet.com/blog/essential-guide-writing-smart-
goals
Ellis, M. (2022, September 26). Outline Formats: Step-by-Step Guide with

Examples | Grammarly. Outline Formats: Step-by-Step Guide With Examples |
Grammarly. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-outline/
How do I write an intro, conclusion, & body paragraph? | U-M LSA Sweetland
Center for Writing. (n.d.).
https://lsa.umich.edu/sweetland/undergraduates/writing-guides/how-do-i-
write-an-intro--conclusion----body-paragraph.html
Williamson, P. (2021, November 18). Outlining sample. Pressbooks.

https://uq.pressbooks.pub/academicwritingskills/chapter/outlining/
Grammarly’s complete punctuation guide. (n.d.).

https://www.grammarly.com/punctuation
Commas (Eight basic uses). (n.d.). Student Success.

https://east.iu.edu/student-success/coursework/commas.html
Period | Effective Writing Practices Tutorial | Northern Illinois University. (n.d.).

Northern Illinois University.
https://www.niu.edu/writingtutorial/punctuation/period.shtml
Copyright skillsyouneed.com 2011-2024. (n.d.-b). When to use Capital Letters |

Academic Guides: Grammar: Prepositions. (n.d.).

https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/prepositions
Twinkl.com.ph. (n.d.). https://www.twinkl.com.ph/teaching-wiki/fanboys
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https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/nouns/plural-nouns
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Your academic success

The following are some reminders for using this module:

If you encounter any difficulties in answering the tasks in this module,

At the end of this module, you will also find:

This module is prepared by:

ANSWER KEYS AND

It’s a good day to start writing,

At the end of our discussion, you are expected to:

Did you know that writing is a

You should remember that writing is a social act. It is how you

Writing is the act of putting your thoughts into words and

When writing, there are important things you need to

1. You have to choose wisely what words to use;

The answer is because writing

Writing powers communication, and

In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial

Artificial intelligence (AI) brings advancements in

In conclusion, the impact of artificial intelligence on

This essay aims to inform readers about the

In the heart of Greek mythology, there bloomed a love story of

Tragedy struck on their wedding day when Eurydice was bitten

His music, so enchanting that it moved even the stones,

With hope rekindled in his heart, Orpheus led Eurydice through

In that moment of weakness, Eurydice vanished from his sight,

Mythological love stories, like Orpheus and

War, an enduring aspect of human history, has left

Wars, spanning ancient to modern times, arise from

In conclusion, war remains a complex and multifaceted

This writing is expository because it

Source: War is not the Path to Peace. (n.d.). http://www.wslfweb.org/docs/iraqlaw2.htm 7

What an extraordinary day it has been! From the

The day began like any other, with the familiar

Sarah was in town for a surprise visit and suggested

Over lunch, we laughed, reminisced, and shared

As I finally bid farewell to Sarah and made my way

This diary entry captures the author's

____1. Which among the statements best describes writing?

____2. Which among the statements is true about writing as a

____4. Why is writing considered a social act?

____5. Which linguist emphasized the importance of writing for

____6. Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the purposes

____8. What form of writing involves using creative language and

____9. What is the primary focus of writing when it involves

____10. What type of writing involves incorporating data and facts

In this activity, you will determine if the given passage

In the autumn breeze, nostalgia fills me with a bittersweet warmth.

In the sunny town of Whimsyville, there lived a clumsy duck named

Write your answer here:

This proves that you are really great,

At the end of our discussion, you are expected to:

THE WRITING PROCESS

Planning is the first step in the

Source: IRIS | Page 3: Elements of the writing process. (n.d.).

In planning, you should think of

The planning phase of the writing

Source: IRIS | Page 3: Elements of the writing process. (n.d.).

When you're like this,

It should be you and