BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

P.kalyani
20271AA011
SOURCES OF WOOD
Wood is a hygroscopic material. It naturally adjusts to the humidity in the
air around it. In other words, its always finding a balance between its
internal moisture content and the ambient conditions wood,

the principal strengthening and nutrient-conducting tissue of trees and

other plants and one of the most abundant and versatile natural materials.
Produced by many b[Type a quote from the document or the summary of
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otanical species, including both gymnosperms and angiosperms, wood is

available in various colors and grain patterns. It is strong in relation to its
weight, is insulating to heat and electricity, and has desirable acoustic
properties.. It is produced by an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 species of
plants, including herbaceous ones, though only 3,000 to 4,000 species
produce wood that is suitable for use as a material. Wood is a material of
great economic importance. It is found throughout the world and can be
sustainably managed as a renewable resource—in contrast to coal, ores,
and petroleum, which are gradually exhausted. By means of its harvesting
in forests, its transportation, its processing in workshops and industries,
and its trade and use, wood provides jobs and supports economic
development and, in some countries, basic subsistence. Indicative of this
importance is the continued high demand for wood and wood products.

The wood industry or timber industry (sometimes lumber industry -- when

referring mainly to sawed boards) is the industry concerned with forestry,
logging, timber trade, and the production of primary forest products and
wood products (e.g. furniture) and secondary products like wood pulp for
the pulp and paper industry. Some of the largest producers are also among
the biggest owners of timberland. The wood industry has historically been
and continues to be an important sector in many economies Timber
Handling and Loading

When circumstances permit, timber may be loaded directly onto trucks at

the stump, eliminating the need for a separate forest transport phase.
When distances are short, forest transport equipment (e.g., an agricultural
tractor with a trailer or semi-trailer) may convey the timber directly to the
mill. Normally, however, the timber is first taken to the forest roadside
landing for long-distance transport.

The Advantages of Wood as a Building Material

Wood is both a common and a historical choice as a building material. Yet,
in the past few decades there has been a move in favor of engineered
products or metals like aluminum.

While the desire to not rely on the worlds forests for building demands is
well-intentioned, it isnt as eco-conscious as you might think.

advantages of wood as a building material

In fact, the advantages of wood as a building material still outweigh other

products on the market when looking at environmental impact and
performance.

Woods Characteristics
Tensile strength
Though wood is a lightweight building material, it outperforms even steel
when it comes to breaking length (or self-support length). Simply put, it can
support its own weight better, which allows for larger spaces and fewer
necessary supports in some building designs.

Electrical and heat resistance

Wood has a natural resistance to electrical conduction when dried to
standard moisture content levels, usually between 7%-12% for most wood
species. This conductivity is, in fact, the basis for one type of moisture
measurement system. Its strength and dimensions are also not
significantly affected by heat. This provides stability to the finished building
and safety implications for fire situations.

Sound absorption
Woods acoustic properties make it ideal for minimizing echo in living or
office spaces. Wood absorbs sound, rather than reflecting or amplifying it.
This can significantly reduce noise levels for additional comfort.

Beauty
Because there are a wide variety of species available, wood can suit many
aesthetics. Different species can also provide varied mechanical, acoustic,
and thermal properties.

Three Main Types of Wood

In the world of wood, youll deal with three main types: hardwood, softwood,
and manufactured wood (also called engineered wood). Read about their
characteristics below:

Hardwood
Hardwood is a type of wood that comes from any tree that doesnt produce
needles or cones, although it may produce leaves and seeds—often a
deciduous tree. Hardwood will often have a robust internal structure that
provides much more strength than other most woods; however, this is not
universal of all hardwoods. Even so, hardwood grows a lot more slowly,
making it a bit more costly to use in construction compared to other types
of woods.

Softwood
Softwood is a type of wood primarily taken from trees that produce needles
and cones rather than leaves and seeds—often conifer trees. These woods
are used in woodworking, construction, and furniture. The term “softwood”
has no bearing on the hardness of the wood itself. In fact, some softwoods
may be harder than some hardwoods. One of the most notable
characteristics of softwood is that its able to resist rot and insects a lot
better than other types of wood

Engineered Wood
The third type of wood is engineered or manufactured wood. Produced in
sawmills from waste wood, engineered wood is not a natural wood. These
boards are often pressurized and treated through chemical and heat
processes. Because theyre manufactured, one of the benefits they can
provide is customized dimensions to fit more niche projects. This may not
seem like a notable feature, but more furniture than you might think
employs engineered wood as a way of keeping material costs low while
still resulting in a great-looking product.

TRANSPORTATION AND TREATMENT

Timber transport is the movement of timber from one place to another. The
timber transport usually enables a link between a forest and mill.
Regardless of what type of timber is to be transported, the appropriate
commercial vehicles are used. The timber transport can be by road, rail,
ship or a waterway. Depending on the region and distance, intermodal
transport may be used. The most prevail mode of transporting timber is via
road transport.

For short timber vehicles, they are suitable for timber lengths of up to 6
metres. On the other hand, long timber vehicles are designed for
transporting heavy and timber of up to 22 metres in length.

Wood is a versatile and environmentally friendly material. Therefore,

various human needs can be manufactured using timber. Examples are
furniture, paper, houses, floors. As a result, timber is one of the most widely
used plant products in the world.
 The basic factors affecting timber transport include: the size of the
operation; the geographic locations of the forest and the mill as well as the
distance between them; the assortment of timber for which the mill is
designed; and the kinds of transportation that are available and suitable.
The main timber assortments are full trees with branches, delimbed tree
lengths, long logs (typically 10 to 16m in length), shortwood (typically 2 to
6m logs), chips and hog fuel. Many mills can accept varied assortments of
timber; some can accept only specific types—for example, shortwood by
road. Transport can be by road, rail, ship, floating down a waterway or,
depending on the geography and the distance, various combinations of
these. Road transport by truck, however, has become the primary form of
timber transportation.

Rail Transport

In North America and in the tropics, railway transport, like water transport,
is giving way to road transport. However, it remains very important in
countries like Canada, Finland, Russia and China, where there are good
railway networks with suitable intermediate landing areas. In some
large-scale operations, temporary narrow-gauge railways may be used. The
timber may be carried in standard freight cars, or specially constructed
timber-carrying cars may be used. In some terminals, large fixed cranes
may be used for loading and unloading, but, as a rule, the loading methods
described above are used.
 Timber OF Treatment
Wood treatment refers to protecting wood from damage caused by insects,
moisture, and decay fungi.

Why does wood need to be treated?

Sun rays : the sun acts negatively both in terms of heat and ultraviolet rays;
in the first case the heat weakens the bonds of the lignin and favors the
detachment of the fibers, on the other in a short time it attacks the surface
generating a whitening of color.

Water and humidity : rain, snow, frost cause a high level of humidity.
Humidity in general is very dangerous for wood because it can cause fungi,
molds, which lead to the maceration of the substance. The presence of
water is a very harmful factor because it affects the technical and deep
structure of the structure.

Insect attack : known mainly as “woodworms” which are often found

already present in larval form on imported woods.

APPLICABLE IS CODE AND ITS IMAPACT

These IS Codes include standard names of indian timbers along with

classification of commercial timbers and their zonal distribution;
characteristics of imported and plantation timbers; timber, sizing defects of;
timber for air craft; timber for marine purposes; seasoning and treatment of
timber; logs for plywood; glossary of technical terms used in timber
technology; standard dimensions for wood poles of indian species for
various breaking loads; moisture content and specification of timber for
various uses; methods of testing timber; grading of wood; joinery; method
of test for the toxicity of wood preservatives to microorganisms and
insects, timber in building construction, floors; grading of timber, sizes of
graded timber standardization in the field of timber stores including
bamboo and cane stores such as wooden handles, wooden containers
including plywood tea- chests, cane baskets, bamboo tent poles etc; and
any other woodenware items not covered by other IS Codes

IS 10(Part 1):1990 Specification for plywood tea-chests: Part 1 General

IS 10(Part 2):1996 Specification for plywood tea-chests: Part 2 Plywood

IS 10(Part 3):1974 Specification for plywood tea-chests: Part 3 Battens

IS 10(Part 4):1989 Specification for plywood tea-chests: Part 4 Metal

fittings

IS 10(Part 5):1976 Specification for plywood tea-chests; Part 5 Assembly

and packing

IS 190:1991 Coniferous sawn timber (Baulks and scantlings) —

Specification

IS 287:1993 Permissible moisture content for timber used for different

purposes — Recommendations

IS 399:1963 Classification of commercial timbers and their zonal

distribution

IS 401:2001 Preservation of timber — Code of practice

IS 620:1985 Specification for wooden tool handles general requirements

IS 656:1988 Specification for logs for plywood

IS 707:1976 Glossary of terms applicable to timber technology and
utilization

IS 876:1992 Wood poles for overhead power and telecommunication lines

— SpecificationIS 1140:1988 Specification for logs for matches

IS 1141:1993 Seasoning of timber — Code of practice

IS 1150:2000 Trade names and abbreviated symbols for timber species

IS 1326:1992 Non-coniferous sawn timber (Baulks and scantlings) —

Specification

IS 1331:1971 Specification for cut sizes of timber (Superseding IS

1629:1960)

IS 1503:1988 Specification for wooden packing cases

IS 1707:1979 Specification for wood wool for general packaging purposes

IS 1708(Part 1):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part

1 Determination of moisture content

IS 1708(Part 2):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part

2 Determination of specific gravity

IS 1708(Part 3):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part

3 Determination of volumetric shrinkage

IS 1708(Part 4):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part

4 Determination of radial and tangential shrinkage and fibre saturation
point

IS 1708(Part 5):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part

5 Determination of static bending strength

IS 1708(Part 6):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part

6 Determination of static bending strength under two point loadingIS
1708(Part 7):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 7
Determination of impact bending strength
IS 1708(Part 8):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part
8 Determination of compressive strength parallel to grain

IS 1708(Part 9):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part

9 Determination of compressive strength perpendicular to grain

IS 1708(Part 10):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 10 Determination of hardness under static indentation

IS 1708(Part 11):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 11 Determination of shear strength parallel to grain

IS 1708(Part 12):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 12 Determination of tensile strength parallel to grain

IS 1708(Part 13):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 13 Determination of tensile strength perpendicular to grain

IS 1708(Part 14):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 14 Determination of cleavage strength parallel to grain

IS 1708(Part 15):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 15 Determination of nail and screw holding power

IS 1708(Part 16):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 16 Determination of brittleness by Izod impact

IS 1708(Part 17):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 17 Determination of brittleness by Charpy impact

IS 1708(Part 18):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber:

Part 18 Determination of torsional strength

IS 1898:1990 Timber for aircraft construction in converted form (finished

form) — Specification

IS 1900:1974 Methods of tests for wood poles

IS 1902:2006 Preservation of bamboo and cane for non-structural
purposes — Code of practiceIS 2133:1983 Specification for wooden tent
pins

IS 2179:1979 Specification for converted timber for lorry bodies

IS 2203:1993 Wooden cross arms — Specification

IS 2372:2004 Timber for cooling towers — Specification

IS 2377:1967 Tables for volumes of cut sizes of timber

IS 2408:1963 Methods of static tests of timber in structural sizes

IS 2455:1990 Method of sampling of model trees and logs and their

conversion for timber testing

IS 2674:1988 Specification for battened plywood cases

IS 2683:1980 Guide for installation of impregnation plants for timber

IS 2753(Part 1):1991 Methods for estimation of preservatives in treated

timber and in treating solutions: Part 1 Deterrmination of copper, arsenic,
chromium, zinc, boron, creosote and fuel oil

IS 2753(Part 2):1991 Methods for estimation of preservatives in treated

timber and in treating solutions : Part 2 Determination of copper (in copper
organic preservative salt) and pentachlorophenol

IS 2891:1975 Specification for wooden handles for felling axes and hand
axes

IS 2892:1993 Wooden handles for picks and beaters — Specification

IS 2893:1992 Wooden handles for adzes — Specification

revision)

IS 2894:1987 Specification for wooden handles for wood working chisels

and gouges
IS 2895:1990 Wooden handles for rasps, engineers file and engineers
scrapers — Specification

IS 2896:1978 Specification for wooden handles for carpenters augerz

IS 2897:1983 Specification for wooden handles for shovels

IS 2922:1975 Specification for wooden tent mallets

IS 3053:1977 Specification for cane baskets for general purposes

IS 3071:1981 Specification for wooden crates

IS 3084:1989 Pencil slats — Specification

IS USAGE OF WOOD IN PROJECTS CONSIDERED AS GREEN, IF SO HOW

WOOD REPLACES OTHER PRODUCTS...?

Its renewable, sustainable, recyclable, local and much more

Wood is the ultimate “green” product — its renewable, sustainable,

recyclable, grown locally, versatile, biodegradable and has a smaller energy,
water and carbon life cycle footprint than other products. Increasingly,
wood is being recognized in the architecture, engineering and construction
communities as a green building product with important environmental
advantages over other building materials.

Wood products from responsible sources are a good choice for most green
building projects — both new construction and renovations. Wood grows
naturally using energy from the sun and is renewable, sustainable, and
recyclable. It is an effective insulator and uses far less energy to produce
than concrete or steel. Wood can also mitigate climate change because
wood products continue to store carbon absorbed by the tree during its
growing cycle, and because substituting wood for fossil fuel-intensive
materials such as steel and concrete result in avoided greenhouse gas
emissions.

Wood is the only major building material derived from a resource that is
both sustainable and renewable.
Trees remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in wood. As a result,
about half the dry weight of wood is carbon, which remains sequestered in
wood products used to construct buildings, and helps offset carbon dioxide
emissions — a major contributor to global warming.

About 99 percent of each log processed winds up in a usable product,

reducing waste to near zero.

Wood requires less energy and water to produce than other construction
materials.

Idaho wood products are made from timber thats harvested sustainably.
State forest protection laws mandate prompt replanting after harvest and
require landowners to protect wildlife habitat and water quality, ensuring
sustainable forests in perpetuity.