CLASS XI EXAM 2014

1. Answer the following questions: [1 x10=10]

Choose the correct answer:

a) Which of the following is not a characteristic of capitalist economy? [XI- 2014]

i) Private ownership of resources.

ii) Freedom of enterprises.

ii) Consumer sovereignty

(iv)Existence of Central Planning Authority

Ans.: (iv) Existence of Central Planning Authority.

b) Which of the following is not a publicgood?

i) Roads and bridges

i) Administration.

i) Food Products.

iv) Defense.

Ans. : (ii) Food Products

(c) With economic developments

(i) Proportion of national income derived from agriculture

decreases.

ii) Proportion of national income derived from industry decreases.

(iii) Proportion of national income derived from agriculture

iv) Proportion of national income derived from agriculture

decreases.

Ans. : Proportion of national income derived from agriculture decreases.

d) The number of phases of business cycle is :

i)2

i) 4

iv) 8

Ans. : 4

e) Which of the following is an indirect tax?

(i) Income Tax

ii) Wealth Tax

(iii) Sales Tax

(iv) Profit Tax

Ans. : Sales Tax

f) When money supply in an economy increases:

i) Unemployment increases.

ii) Price level increases.

iii) Law and Order situation worsens. iv) Environmental pollution

Ans. : (i) Price level increases.

g) In which of the following business organizations a large number of persons can acquire ownership through
purchases of shares?

(i) Single ownership firm.

ii) Partnership firm,

i) Corporation

iv) Co-operative.

Ans,: Corporation

h) When total product is maximum:

i) Average and marginal products are equal.

ii) Average product is greater than marginal product.

ii) Average product is maximum.

iv) Marginal product is zero.

Ans. : (iv) Marginal product is zero.

i)Which of the following is not true for a bar diagram?

i) Bars are equally spaced.

ii) Bars have unequal width.

ii) Length of a bar represents the value of the variable.

iv) Bars have a common base.

Ans. : (iv) Bars have a common base.

j) Which of the following is not a public sector enterprise?

i) SAIL

ii) BHEI

iii) WIPRO

iv) BSNL
Ans. : (ii) WIPRO

GROUP B'

2. Answer the following questions (Alternatives are to be noted] : [1x10=10]

a) Fill in the blank:

…………. Is called a produced means of production

Ans. : Capital

In any society resources are ……………

Ans.: Limited.

b) Fill in the blank:

Public and Private sector enterprise coexist in a …………….

Economy.

Ans. : Mixed

(vi) Market mechanism is also known as …………………..Hand.

Ans. : Invisible.

c) Write true or false:

When tax burden increases more than the rise of the taxable income, the tax structure is said to be regressive.

Ans. : True .

OR

Regulation by the government becomes necessary dueto market failure.

Ans. : True.

d) Land revenue is collected by the Central Government.

Ans. : False

Import duty is levied by the Central Government.

Ans. : True.

e) Name one non-banking financial intermediary in India.

Ans. : Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI)

OR

Between savings deposit and fixed deposit, which one yields higher interest?

Ans.: Fixed Deposit.

f) Fill in the blanks

Total cost of production divided by total output gives

Us …………………. cost.

Ans. : Average

g) Write true or false

If two values are equal to each other, then their arithmetic measure is greater than the geometric

Mean.

Ans. : False

OR

Generally bar diagram is used to present a time services.

Ans. : False

h) What is the sum of four numbers whose arithmetic mean is 35?

Ans. : 140

i) What is the Geometric mean of two numbersnumbers 4 and

16?

Ans: 8

j)Wite true or false :

A Sole proprietorship enterprise has no legal unity.

Ans: False

GROUP 'C ‘

3. Answer the following questions: (Alternatives are to be noted): [2*10=20)

a) What is meant by common Property Resources?

Ans: Common Property Resources means the resources of the country which can be used by all the members of the
society in free of cost.

OR

Mention two characteristics of a planned economy.

Ans. (i) Social ownership of means of production.

(ii) Economic Planning

b) What is Gross National Product (GNP)?

Ans: GNP is the total money value of all goods and services produced by nation in a particular year. Including net
income from abroad.

OR

State two indicators of economic development.

Ans: (i) Per-Capita income

(ii) Entitlement and Capability.

c) What is a Business Cycle?

Ans. ABusiness Cycle shows the cyclical movement in the economic activities of a country and the different phases of
this movement are - Depression or slump, Recovery or revival, Prosperity or boom and Recession or Down swing.

d) Mention two characteristics of a partnership firm.

Ans. : (i) In the case of partnership firm an agreement is reached to run the business organization

(ii) In the case of, partnership firm each partner is treated as a representative of other partners of the firm. Therefore,
there must be complete understanding among all partners of the partnership firm.

OR

What is the minimum number of members required to form a Co-operative?

Ans.: Generally, the minimum of ten persons are required

to form a Co-operative society.

e) What is Marginal Revenue Product?

Ans: One extra labour or capital earns one extra unit of revenue that is called Marginal Revenue Product.

OR

What is meant by Marginal Factor Cost?

Ans.: Marginal Factor Cost is the additional total factor cost for employing one additional unit of labor.

f) Mention two characteristics of arithmetic mean as a measure of central tendency.

i) The algebraic sum of the deviations of the given set of observations from their arithmetic mean is zero.

∑ (x−x ¿)=0 ¿
i) The sum of the squares of deviations of a set of observations has the smallest t value, when deviations are taken from
their AM.

i.e, ∑ (xi− A) is minimum, When A = simple AM

2

OR

What is Median?

Ans. Median of a set of observations is the value of the middle most item when the observations or the numbers are
arranged in order of magnitude.

g) What is Human Development Index?

Ans.: HDl is a composite index of achievements in three fundamental dimensions viz :along and healthy life, knowledge
and a decent standard of living.

OR

Mention two causes of recent increase in the contribution of service sector in India's national.
Ans. :i) Development of communication technology.

ii) Availability of skilled people due to impact of globalization.

h) Give two examples of cash crops of West Bengal.

Ans. : Paddy and Jute

OR

What is meant by marketable Surplus in food grains?

Ans: The excess of food grains which is expected to come to the market for sale is known as marketable

surplus of food grains.

i) What is heavy industry ?

Ans.: Heavy industry is that industry which reguires huge investment for its establishment. Heavy industry produces

Consumer desirable goods to capital goods. TUCT

j) Name any two factors as a basic of comparison between the economics of two countries.

Ans.: i) Per - capita income, i) Human Development Index (HDI).

GROUP D

4. Answer the following questions (alternative are to be noted) : (5x6=30]

a) Point out the difference between Fixed Cost and Variable Cost of production.

Ans. : In the short-run production function, the cost of production can be divided into two groups: (i) Fixed Cost or
overhead cost. (i) Variable Cost or prime cost. Fixed cost is that cost which does not change with the level of Output.
Even if production increases, decrease or remains zero, the fixed cost has to be incurred. Thus, the cost of employing
fixed inputs or factors of production is called Fixed Cost. Examples of fixed costs are: rent of the land interest on the
loan, insurance premium, and license fee paid to the Govt., wages paid to the permanent workers etc. On the other
hand, Variable Cost is that cost which changes with the level of output. The cost of raw materials is an example of
variable cost because the quantity of raw materials varies with the level of output. Example of variable costs: wages paid
to the casual workers, electricity charges etc. when the production falls to zero variable cost is also zero. Total cost (TC)
is always equal to Total, variable cost (VC) and Total Fixed Cost (TFC) i.e. TC =TVC + TFC

This relationship can be explained with help of the following table.

Output TFC TVC TC

0 120 0 120

1 120 20 140

2 120 30 150
Thus, the
above 3 120 36 156
table
shows when the output is zero TVC is zero but TFC remains
the same, when the output level increases TFC remains the
same but TVC increases. When we add TFC and TVC we get TC
i.e. TC = TFC + TVC. This relationship can also be explained in terms of a diagram, we plot the level of output on the
horizontal axis and TFC, TVC and TC on the vertical axis. The TVC curve starts from the origin, this means if the output
level is zero, TVC is also zero. TFC is horizontal straight line. This shows whatever may be the level of output TFC remains
the same in the short run production function, when we add TVC and TFC, we get upward rising TC curve.

Explain the law of diminishing marginal utility.

Ans.: The neo - classical utility analysis refers to the theory of consumer demand as built by Prof. Marshall, Pigou and
others, the word 'Utility' denotes the Wart satisfying power of a commodity or service.

Total utility (TU) : The amount of utility enjoyed by the consumer from his total consumption of a commodity is the
total utility of the commodity, The total utility function can be written as TU= x 1 , x 2 … … … … xn are the nth number of
the commodities. Tu =f( x 1 , x 2 … … … … xn ¿

Marginal Utility (MU) : change in total utlty (TU) due to one unit change in the consumption of a commodity (x) is
known as marginal utility. The marginal utility function can be written as i.e.

If TU = f(x)

d (Tu)
then =¿ Mux
dx
The law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (DMU) :

The law of diminishing marginal utility states that when the consumer consumes more and more of any commodity, his
successive utilities or extra utilities for that commodity goes on decreasing. The law of diminishing marginal utility can be
explained with the help of total utility (TU) and marginal utility (MU)

UNITS OF APPLE TU MU

1 20 -----

2 35 15

3 45 10

4 50 5

5 50 0

6 45 -5

In the above schedule, when the consumer consumes more and more units of apple,
in the beginning his total utilities goeson increasing reaches the maximum point and
then starts declining. On the other hand, marginal utility goes on decreasing
continuously becomes zero and negative. This negative trend of marginal utility is
known as diminishing marginal utility.
Relationship: (a) When TU is increasing, MU is positive, (b) When TU maximum, MU is zero. (c) When TU exceeds
minimum point, MU is negative.

b) Explain the distinction between money and real National income.

Ans.: National income is sum of all the incomes of wages, interest, rent and profit earned by the four factors of
production i.e. labor, capital, land and organization. National income can be regarded as the sum total of goods and
services produced in the economy during a given period of time, Prof. Wilfred Beckerman has said that national income
is the current flow of goods and services in the nation in a particular year, say a year.

Distinction between money and real national income: In order to calculate money national income or nominal national
income, we have to multiply the quantities of different commodities by their respective prices. Let x 1 , x 2 , be the
commodities in an economy and p1 , p2 , be the prices of commodities x 1 and x 2,. Therefore, money national income or
nominal national income = x 1 , p1 + x 2 , P2. If we take the quantities of commodities produced in 2020 and the prices of
these commodities in 2020 then we get the money national income of 2020.

Real national income or real gross national product measures physical quantities of goods and services. In other words,
by real national income we mean the real quantities of goods and services produced in the economy during a given
period of time. Real national income is an indicator of the economy's productive potential.

Money national income or the nominal national income does not indicate the real state of the economy. Because due to
the fluctuations in the price level, money national income changes. To rectify such mistake, the concept of Real national
income has propounded. In order to find out the real national income of a country, a particular year ls taken as base year
when the general price level is neither too high nor too low and the price level for base year is assumed to be 100. Now
the general price level of the given year for which the real national income is to determine is assessed in accordance
with the price of the base year. For this purpose, the following formula is applied---

Real national income NNP =

Base year price index

NNP for the current year ×
Current year price index
Suppose, 2020 ls the base yearand the national income for 2025 is Re 20000 crores and the current year price index is
250

100
Real national income for 2025 = 20000×
250
This is also known as NI at constant prices.

OR

What are the differences between consumer goods and capital goods ?
 Ans.: Those commodities which directly satisfy our wants through consumption are known as consumption goods or are
consumer goods. Cereals, Pulses, edible oil, clothes are examples of consumer goods, On the other hand, capital goods
are those goods which are used in

the production process. For example, raw materials used in the production process, or machines used in the production
process are capital goods. Capital goods are called produced means of production. Both consumer goods and capital
goods may be of two types Single use goods and durable goods. Single use goods are exhausted after one use only. On
the other hand, durable goods can be used more than once. Cereals, pulses etc. are single use consumer goods while TV,
motor car, etc. are durable consumer goods. Similarly, raw materials are single use capital goods and machines are
durable capital goods.

c) Briefly discuss the principle of comparative cost difference as basis of trade between two countries.

Ans. : According to David Ricardo, international trade takes place between the two countries due to the comparative
cost difference. When the cost of production ratio or cost ratio differs, it is said that comparative cost difference exists.
Thus, if the comparative cost differences exist between the two countries, then both the countries can gain from
international trade.

David Ricardo showed that even if a country enjoys an absolute advantage in the production of both the commodities,
international trade is possible due to cost ratio difference. Ricardo formulated his theory with the help of comparative
cost theory or the theory of comparative advantage. Ricardo used Portugal and England as an example in his theory.

One unit of wine One unit of Cloth

Portugal 80 90

England 120 100

From the table it is seen that Portugal has an absolute advantage over England in the production of both cloth and wine,
But according to David Ricardo or according to comparative cost difference theory, each country has a comparative
advantage in the production of one commodity and both the countries will gain from trade if each country specializes in
the production of that commodity in which she enjoys a comparative advantage. Portugal has absolute advantage in the
production of both wine and cloth, but it has got comparative advantage in the production of wine than in cloth
80
production. Portugal can produce one unit of wine with ×100 = 67% of the English labour Cost whereas, she
100
produces one unit of cloth with

90
X100 = 90% of English labour cost.
100
Therefore, Portugal is comparatively more efficient in the production of wine than in cloth productions England has an
absolute disadvantage in the production of both cloth and wine, but a comparative advantage in the production of cloth.
120 100
England takes ×100 =150% of Portugal's effort to produce 1 unit of wine. On the other hand England takes
80 90
x100 =111%of Portugal effort to produce 1 unit of cloth. Therefore England is comparatively more efficient in
production of cloth than in wine production.

OR

What are the advantages and disadvantages of tariff as a method of import control?
Ans.: A tariff on import duty is a tax on the import of a commodity. If India imposes a tax on the import of any
commodity it is known as a tariff or an import duty.

Advantages of Tariff

(a) Revenue Tariff: When the Government imposes the tariff on the imported commodities it will be able to earn the
revenues. Such a tariff is known as the revenue tariff.

b) Protection of Domestic Industry: The, domestic industries can be protected by imposing tariff or imported duty.
When the tariff is imposed on the imported commodities the prices of such product will increase in the home markets.
As a result of it, people will not consume such imported expensive products rather Country can produce the similar
products in the home country which will help for the expansion of domestic industries.

c) Production of Import Substitute Goods: When the tariff is imposed the imported goods become expensive and the
people will consume import-substitute products which are produced in our own home country, which will help to
industrialize the country. If the country is able to industrialize itself, then the employment generation takes Place in our
own home country.

Disadvantages of Tariff:

a) Producer is the Gainer: When we import the commodities from the foreign countries, the exporting countries will be
gainers, and the importing countries will be losers.

b) Consumption Effect: When tariff is imposed on the imported commodity, the prices of the imported commodities will
increase and the consumption of people decreases. This result in the declination ofConsumers' net satisfaction.

c) Income Effect: The income effect refers to the effect of a tariff on the levels of income and employment of a country
which imposes tariff. A tariff reduces the demand for imported goods by reducing imports and increases the demand for
home produced goods.

d) The monthly expenditures of a family under different heads are given below:

Heads Food Clothing Education others

Expenditure 65% 20% 5% 10%

Draw a pie diagram from the above table:

Pie chart or Pie diagram is a circle whose area is divided proportionately among the different components by straight
lines drawn from the center to the circumference of the circle.

Total Components = 65 + 20 + 5 + 10 = 100

65
.:. % on Food = ×360 =234°
100

20
.:. % on Clothing = ×360 =72°
100
 5
.:. % on Education= ×360=18°
100

10
.:. % on Others = ×360=36°
100

72 ̊

234̊
18 ̊

36̊

FOOD OTHERS EDUCATION CLOTHING

e) Analyze the change in occupational structure during the period of planned economic development in India.

Ans. : Sectoral distribution or contribution of national income depicts a clear picture about the composition or
distribution of national income by industrial origin. Thus, it shows the contribution made by different sectors towards
the national income of the country. In India, among the different sectors the primary sector and more particularly
agriculture still plays a dominant role in contributing the major portion of the national income of the country.

The sectoral composition of national income can be divided into three sectors : () Primary Sector, (ii) Secondary Sector,
(i) Tertiary Sector.

Primary Sector: The primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining. The contribution of primary sector
which was 56.4 % of GDP in 1950 – 51 declined to 18.4 % in 2015–16. Here one thing we have to note that when the
economy develops the percentage share of primary sector in the national income declines, and the share of secondary
and tertiary sector increases. This the healthy sign for a developing economics like our own.

Secondary Sector: The secondary sector includes manufacturing industries. Construction, electricity, aas and water
supply. The share of secondary sector in GDp has increased from 15.0% in 1950-51 to28.3% in 2015-16.
 Tertiary Sector: The tertiary sector includes trade. transport, storage, communications, banking, insurance, real estate,
community and personal services. The share of tertiary sector in GDP has increased from 28.05% in 1950-51 to 53.3% in
2015-16.

Thus due to the development strategy followed in economic planning of the country structural changes occur in the
composition of its national income by industrial origin, With the rapid expansion of manufacturing industries, the share
of manufacturing sector recorded sharp increase. But the agriculture could not record a faster rate of growth. But the
service sector has improved its position and became the major contributor to the growth process attaining a faster and
higher rate of growth in the later stage. Thus, growth scenario in India is termed as service led growth.

OR

Give a brief account of the progress in human development in West Bengal.

Ans. : Human development Index (HDI) is composite index of achievements in three fundamental divisions viz :a long
and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. Since 1990 United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) has been publishing figures of human development index for different countries, This index lies between 0 and
1. If the HDI of country is near 1 it means that the country has high degree of human development. On the other hand, if
the HDI of a country is near o it means that the country has a low degree of human development.

Different State Governments have also constructed human development indices for different districts of the state.
Recently the Government of West Bengal has published West Bengal Human Development Report 2004. From this
report it is seen that among the districts of West Bengal HDI is highest (0-78) for Kolkata and lowest (0-44) for Malda.
The following table gives HDI for Some districts of West Bengal.

District HDI Rank

Kolkata 0.78 1

Howrah 0.68 2

24 Parganas (North) 0.66 3

Darjeeling 0.65 4

f) Explain the importance of Small Scale Industries in the economy of West Bengal.

Ans. : There is no universal definition of small scale industry. In Indian economy, the scale of production is measured on
the basis of the number of workers employed and the amount of capital invested. The definition of small scale industry
has been changed from time to time. In 2000 the Government of India has raised investment limit on plant and
machinery for small scale units and ancillary units to Rs 1 crore.

Importance of small scale industries in the economy of West Bengal : For creating more employment in West Bengal
attention has been given on the setting up of small Industrial units rather than developing capital-intensive big units, For
example instead of setting up large scale steel plants, mini steel plants are being set up. Moreover new industrial units
are being established outside the Hooghly industrial region. Industrial estates are beingorganized in the districts.
Industrial units are being set up in backwarddistricts of Bankura and Purulla. Emphasis is being given on the
development of agro based food Processing units. Employmentopportunities are being created through self-
employment projects. West Bengal Infrastructures Development Corporation so has set up 12 growth enters in West
Bengal where land has been allotted to 360 industrial units, This corporation has initialed measures for setting 6 further
growth centers. A gem and jewelry park named Manikanchan and a toy park have been established Food parks are being
set up in different districts either in the private sector or in the joint sector. These are being established in Haldia,
Howah, sililgurl, Malda, Murshidabad and Durgapur In order to help private enterprises a single window clearance cell
entitled "shilpabandhu" has been set up. Through this cell private entrepreneurs 6an get clearance from different
departments of the Government, Besides, West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation is 6upplying finance to
private enterprises at concessional rates, Subsides are also being offered by the Government o private enterprises.

GROUP "E"

5. Answer the following question (Alternatives are to be noted) (10*1=10]

Discuss the causes of low productivity in Indian agriculture.

Ans:There are many causes of the low productivity in Indian agriculture which can be discussed under the following
heads:

a) General Factors,

b) Institutional Factors,

6) Technological Factors

a) General Factors i

i) Overcrowding in Agriculture: The real problem of Indian agriculture is that there are too many people who depend on
agriculture. Overcrowding and consequent pressure of population on land have led to sub - division and fragmentation
of land holdings, declined in the area of land per-capita. This has created disguised unemployment in Indian agriculture,
In some cases marginal productivity of labor is zero or even negative. To solve these problems following measures
should be taken: (a) Growth of population should be checked, (b) The pressure of population on and is reduced.

ii) Discouraging Rural Atmosphere: The Indian farmers are poor, illiterate, ignorant, superstitious, conservative and
bound by outmode customs and institutions such as the caste system and the joint family. They are so poor that they
are unable to adopt modern and new techniques of production in the agricultural sector.

(b) Institutional Factors

i) Size of holdings: The average size of holdings in India is very low. It is less than 2 hectors or 5 acres. In

Certain parts of the country plots of land have become so small that it is impossible to move even an ordinary plough,
Due to the to0 small holdings, scientific cultivation with improved implements and seeds is not possible. ii) Pattern of
land tenure: After the independence the Zamindari system has been abolished and tenancy legislations have been
enacted in all the states to protect the interest of the tenants. But still the position of the tenants is far from satisfactory.
The cultivator has to pay high rents for the land he cultivates, and he has no security of tenancy and may be turned out
of his land at any time if the landlord desires. Under these difficult conditions, it is impossible to expect the tiller to
increase agricultural productivity

e) Technological Factors:

f) Poor techniques of production: The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of
production since they are tradition-bound and also poor and have been unable to adopt the modern methods which are
so widely adopted in the countries of West and in Japan.

i) Inadequate Irrigation Facilities: One of the basic causes for the weakness of Indian agriculture has been that most of
the farmers throughout the country have to depend upon rainfall and very few of them can avail the facilities of artificial
irrigation despite of vigorous programs of major and minor irrigation works since 1951 the ratio of irrigated land to total
in cultivated land is now about 33 percent.

OR

Discuss the features and consequences of Green

Revolution in India.

Ans: Since the mid 1960's India has been using a very advance technique in certain areas for certain crops. This new
technique is gradually replacing the traditional agricultural practices Traditional agricultural practices were characterized
by the use of indigenous inputs like the use of organic manures, seeds, simple plough and other agricultural tools. As a
result, there was scarcity of food grains and the food grains had to be imported from abroad. In order to solve the food
problem new program waslaunched from the Third FiveYear Plan, This was known as the Intensive Agricultural
DistrictProgram (IADP). Later, the High Yielding Varieties Programe (HYVP) was also added and the strategy was
extended to cover the entire country. This strategy has been called by various names modern agricultural technology
seed-fertilizer-water technology or simply Green Revolution.

Futures of Green Revolution (New Technology) Firstly in the new strategy HW seeds are used in place of traditional
seeds. The newHYVseeds have been invented as result of agricultural researchers. The main characteristics of the HYV
seeds is that they utilize the nutrient elements of the soil for increasing the size of the grains rather than for increasing
the leaves of the plants. As a result, the plants remain dwarf in size but they yield more crops Secondly, the HYV seeds
require larger amounts of Chemical fertilizers. If more fertilizers are used the nutritional content of the soil increases
arid this raises productivity. The HYV seeds have two main characteristics -i) they grow more quickly compared to
traditional seeds. in) They are non-photosensitive This means that their seeds of growth is not dependent on the period
of their exposure to the sunlight For these features the crops can be harvested at shorter intervals Thirdly, the massive
program of farm mechanization and irrigation has led to increase the consumption of electricity and diesel in the rural
areas. The new technology and modernization of agriculture have strengthened the linkages between agriculture and
industry. The new technology has made the farmers market oriented. The farmers are largely dependent on the market
for the supply of inputs and for the demand of their products.

Lastly, the new technology is more expensive than the traditional one. In the traditional technology labour was the most
important factor of production but in the new technology the expensive factors of production like HYV seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides, pump set, diesel engine, tractors, etc. have to be used which are beyond the capacity of poor farmers.

The consequences of the Green Revolution in India:

(i) Boost in production of Food grains: The major achievements of the new technology had been a substantial increase
in the production of food grains. However, the increase is more remarkable in the case of paddy. The green revolution
did not cover pulses. Thus the green revolution was confined only to HYV cereals mainly rice, wheat, maize and jowar.

Progress in Food Grain Production.

1960-61 2014-15

Rice 35 105

Wheat 11 89

Cereals 23 42

Pulses 13 17

(ii) Increase in the production of commercial crops:

The green revolution was mainly directed to increase the production of food grains. It did not affect initially the
production commercial crops or cash crops such as sugar cane, cotton, jute, oilseeds and potatoes. However, the
significant improvement appeared after 1973-74 in the production of these crops.

iii) Significant changes in the crop pattern:

As a result of the green revolution, the corps pattern in India has undergone two significant changes .Firstly, the output
of cereals has risen at the rate of 3 to 4 percent per annum but the output of pulses has remained stagnant or even
declined. This has resulted in a decline in the importance of pulses in food grain output from 16 percent in 1960– 61 to 7
percent in 2013 -14. Cereals, on the other hand, have risen in importance from 84 percent to 93 percent during the
same period. the stagnant production of pulses and the consequent rise in prices of pulses has a disastrous effect on the
health of the poor who have generally given up the use of pulses a major source of protein.

iv) Boost to agricultural production and employment: The successful adoption of the new agricultural technology has
led to continuous expansion in area under crops, increase in total production and rise in agricultural productivity. The
adoption of new technology has also given a boost to agricultural employment because of diverse job opportunities
created by multiply cropping and shift towards hired workers. At the same time, there has been displacement of
agricultural labor by the extensive use of agricultural machinery.