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    Bio-LAB 3

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    Bio-LAB 3

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    Bio-LAB 3

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    Lab 3

    Biology

    A.L. Mustafa Hussen A.L. AHMED NASSER

    st-grade Anesthesia Technology


    Medical Technical College
    Al Farahidi University
    Cell membrane
    • The cell membrane (plasma membrane): Is a membrane that surrounds every
    living cell, separates the cell from the outside environment, consists of a double
    sheet (known as a bilayer) of lipid molecules.

    • Cell membrane function:


    1. Is a tough wall surrounding the cell for protection.
    2. keeping unwanted substances out of the cell.
    3. allows useful substances to enter the cell.
    4. send messages between cells (Communication).
    Cell transport
    • It is the movement of materials across the cell membrane either into or out of
    the cell. The cell transport includes passive and active transport. Passive
    transport does not require energy whereas active transport requires energy to
    proceed.
    Permeability
    • Exchange of materials between cell and it’s environment by aid of plasma
    membrane.
    • Generally, membrane are classified according to permeability in to:
    1. Permeable membranes ex: Cell wall.
    2. Semi-permeable membranes ex: Bacterial plasma membrane.
    3. Selectively permeable membranes ex: Plasma membrane.
    4. Non-permeable membrane ex: Nylon.
    1. Passive transport
    • A type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances
    or molecules across the cell membrane from an area of higher to lower
    concentration, Types of passive transport diffusion, and osmosis.
    A. Diffusion
    • Is the movement of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an
    area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration ex: gases
    Oxygen and Carbon di-oxide.
    • Factors affect diffusion rate includes temperature, concentration, molecular
    size, and diffusion distance.
    B. Osmosis
    • Osmosis: is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high
    concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of
    water molecules, through semipermeable membrane.
    • Factors affect osmosis include pressure, temperature, surface area, water
    potential, and concentration gradient.

    • There are three types of osmosis:


    1. Hypertonic.
    2. Isotonic.
    3. Hypotonic.
    Type of Osmosis
    • Hypertonic solution : Means the environment outside the cell has a higher
    concentration of solutes than the cell itself. Leading the cell to shrinking.
    • Isotonic solution : Means the environment outside the cell contain the same
    concentration of water and solutes as the cell cytoplasm. In isotonic solution the
    cell will neither shrink nor swell since there is no net gain or loss of water.
    • Hypotonic solution : Means the solute concentration outside the cell is lower
    than inside the cell, the cell well gain water and then rupture.
    2. Active transport
    • Is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from an area of
    lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against the
    concentration gradient. This process is “active” because it requires the use of
    energy (usually in the form of ATP). It is the opposite of passive transport ex:
    phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophage.
    Thank you for listening

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