KGP (Mains) Governance RLP

KGP: Governance
UPSC CSE MAINS 2024 Re-Defining UPSC Preparation
Kalam Golden Pages

CSE Mains [Static | 40 Pages/Topic]
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Mains topics like History, Geography, Polity, Economy, Ethics AND Society, World history, Governance, S&T,
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List of PYQs from the topics update KGP
Old Rajinder Nagar Delhi Call: +91- 98878-44044 Visit: https://kalamias.academy/ Page | 1
General Studies – II: Governance
Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their design
and implementation 4
1.1 Government Policies and Public Policies ................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Types of Public Policies ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Characteristics Of Public Policy .............................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Stages of the Policy Process .................................................................................................................. 5
1.5 Formulation Of Public Policy.................................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Problems of Public Policies in India ........................................................................................................ 6
1.7 Measures needed to be taken ............................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Aspirational District Programme ............................................................................................................ 7
1.9 Pressure Group .................................................................................................................................... 8
1.10 Previous Year UPSC MAINS Questions .................................................................................................... 9
Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations,
donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders 11
2.1 Development processes and the development industry: ....................................................................... 11
2.2 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): ........................................................................................... 12
2.3 Self-Help Groups (SHGs):..................................................................................................................... 14
2.4 Cooperative Societies ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.5 Important Agency ............................................................................................................................... 17
2.6 Previous Year Questions: .................................................................................................................... 18
Important aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability, e-governance - Applications, Models,
Successes, Limitations, and Potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency & Accountability and Institutional and other
measures, Role of Civil Services in a Democracy 19
3.1 Good Governance............................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 E-Governance..................................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 CITIZEN CHARTER ............................................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Right to Information Act, 2005 ............................................................................................................ 23
3.5 Social Audit ........................................................................................................................................ 25
3.6 Role of Civil Services ........................................................................................................................... 26
3.7 Civil Services Board ............................................................................................................................. 29
3.8 Previous year Questions...................................................................................................................... 30
Previously asked Theme/Topics from PYQ
1. Components and Institution of Good Governance
 Social Audit, Self Help Group, Citizens Charter, Civil Society and NGOs, Pressure Groups and RTI.
2. Hurdles to Good Governance
 Challenges in Implementation of Public Policy, Public Participation and Age-Old Bureaucratic
tendencies.
 Linkages of Good Governance with Socio-economic factors like Poverty, Inflation, Hunger,
Unemployment.
3. Corporate Governance
 Corporate model of Governance and service delivery.
4. E-Governance
 Direct Benefit Transfer and Digital Revolution in India
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Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and
1 Issues arising out of their design and implementation
1.1 Government Policies and Public Policies:
Public Policy
It is a collection of laws and regulations used to maintain order or solve a social problem. In some countries, public
policy can differ on a small scale, such as between states or provinces, depending on the government structure.
Government Policy
It can include a policy about making a specific action illegal and are followed by criminal penalties. There can be
several types of restrictive policies. Eg:
 Economic Restrictions: A regulatory body limits industries, corporations and businesses.
 Public Restrictions: Imposing restrictions on individuals. Eg: State Government impose restrictions on
alcohol consumption
1.2 Types of Public Policies:
1) Regulatory Policy
It limits industries, corporations, and businesses and mainly influence the private sector.
For example, a regulatory policy might mandate maximum carbon emissions produced by new automotive
models.
2) Restrictive Policy
It can include a policy about making a specific action illegal and are followed by criminal penalties. There can be
several types of restrictive policies. Eg:
o Economic Restrictions: A regulatory body limits industries, corporations and businesses.
o Public Restrictions: Imposing restrictions on individuals. Eg: State Government impose restrictions on alcohol
consumption
3) Facilitating Policy
It promotes cooperation and engagement between or among governmental agencies, including governmental
levels such as federal and state, state and local, or a mix between the three. For example, Formulation and
implementation of Goods and Service Tax needed cooperation between centre and state.
1.3 Characteristics Of Public Policy:
Futuristic Dynamic Participatory Decision Use of Possible

Public policy Public policy Stakeholders of Making Means
should cater should be the society and
Lays down To achieve the
futuristic flexible enough government
Guidelines and maximum net
demands. to absorb any should be
means to make benefit.
Eg. AI and 4th necessary consulted in
Industrial effective
changes. policy
Revolution decisions.
formulation.
1.4 Stages of the Policy Process:
Problem Agenda Policy Policy Policy Policy

Identification Setting Formulation Legitimation Implementation Evaluation
The Focusing the
By interest Through Through By
identification of attention of
group, political organized Government
policy problems public official
committees, actions by the bureaucracy. Agencies,
through and media for
demands for think tanks executive. Consultants,
specific
Govt action. etc. Press and
purpose.
Public.
1.5 Formulation Of Public Policy:

 Constitutional Framework for Policy-Making:
a) Democratic, Sovereign, Republic, Parliamentary System, the Federal character of the Constitution and a
broad Socio-Economic philosophy - reflected especially in the preamble, the chapters on Fundamental
Rights and the Directive Principles of the state policy guides Indian state to formulate its public policy.
 Institutional Factors:
a) Legislature:
i) Parliament in India is the supreme public policy-making body. It reigns supreme because the council
of ministers headed by the Prime Minister is dependent upon the support of a parliamentary majority
to remain in force. It influences public policies through general discussions and debates.
b) Executive: The executive at the Union level in India consists of the President of India, the Council of
Ministers and the machinery of government. The main bodies engaged in policy formulation in the
executive are:
i) Cabinet - The Prime Minister:
ii) Secretariat-Department and Ministry:
c) Judiciary:
i) The judiciary in India also plays a constructive role in shaping and influencing public policies in two
ways: a) By its power of Judicial review, and b) Judicial decisions.
ii) The Constitution empowers the Supreme Court, and High Courts at the state levels to exercise a
judicial review of legislation.
d) Non-Governmental Institutions: It plays important role in complementing government and provides
insights from public and society in general.
e) Political Parties and Pressure Groups: It strives to influence the decisions of the government in manifold
ways.
f) Individual Citizen and the Media: Awareness and sensitization of an issue or a policy.
g) External Agencies Influencing Policy: They include agencies such as the United Nations and its allied
agencies (WHO, ILO, UNEP, UNDP, etc.) the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and other multilateral agencies
1.6 Problems of Public Policies in India:
1) Problems in Policy Formulations:
 Top-Down Approach & Over-Centralization – Directive based policy making often creates a glass ceiling
between the different organs of the state, and affects federal spirit of the state. Eg: Introducing a new
healthcare reform might start with legislation at the national level, followed by directives issued to state and
local governments on how to implement the changes.
 Political Populism: Policy are formulated for the benefit of political parties, considering the vote bank
politics.
 Lack of People’s Participation and Lack of Survey and data: Lack of people participation in policy making
and
 Lack of debates and discussion: Not much debate takes place while formulating the policy.
 Economy over Environment: For example, instead of Madhav Gadgil formula for Western Ghat, the
government felt Kasturirangan committee report was better as later called for less area of western Ghats
to be declared as Eco-Sensitive Areas.
 Emphasis on short-term benefits: short- term goals because government are elected only for 5 years.
2) Problems of Policy Implementations:
 Centralised Policy Process: Central commands and state to follow, instead of having a collaborative and
cooperative policy implementation, which creates friction between state and the central government.
 Unionisation of Bureaucracy: All India Services and central services gave more impetus to centralized
tendencies.
 Political interference: It compounded the marginalisation of the higher bureaucracy and hampers effective
implementation of policies.
 Interest Group Politics: Interest group often serve the vested Marks Maximizer Key Words
interest of specified group or institutions. Eg, several industries  From Ad-hoc Approach to Whole of
have a little concern about the environmental consequences of Government Approach
their decisions, retrofitting old technology buildings, or  De-Siloisation of India Policy Making
introducing new technology.  Paper to Participatory Democracy
 Lack of adequate institutional Capacity: Institutional structure
and administrative capabilities for implementation of environmental laws and policies.
 Lack of Coordination and Cooperation: Among the Ministries & Departments, also Lack of Public
Involvement
1.7 Measures needed to be taken:

1) Measures which need to be taken for better Policy formulation:
a) Bottom-Up Approach: This will help in understanding the real grassroot problems.
b) Decentralization of policy making exercise: 73rd and 74th amendment, - Proper implementation
c) Appropriate Budget allocation: Gender Budgeting and Green Budgeting has to be considered.
d) Continuous Policy Monitoring and Evaluation: Institutions like National Productive council, Performance
management and Evaluation System etc comes out to be very helpful.
e) Conduct Survey and collect data before planning: People Participation for feedback.
f) Gender Sensitisation: The policy formulators should be gender sensitised before they are given to plan.
g) Short term Goals and Long-term goals: along with Sustainable Development
2) Measures which need to be taken for better Policy Implementation:
a) Decentralised Policy process: implemented at state and local government level.
b) No Political interference: along with Citizen participation and
Marks Maximiser Key Words
Social Audit is required  4S’s of Policy: Scale, Speed, Sensitivity
c) Convergence of schemes: merge schemes with same purpose. and Synchronization
d) Awareness Generation and sensitization:  4P’s of Policy: Public, People, Private
e) Evaluating policy effectiveness: timely evaluation and and Panchayat Partnership
monitoring and Enough fund allocation
1.8 Aspirational District Programme:

 About: It was launched in 2018, which aims to transform districts that have shown relatively lesser progress in
key social areas.
 Definition: Aspirational Districts are those districts in India, 3C of Aspirational District Program
which are affected by poor socio-economic indicators. It Convergence + Collaboration + Competition
covers 112 districts across the country.
 Implementing Authority: In national level, NITI Aayog anchors programme and individual Ministries have
assumed responsibility to drive progress of districts.
 Objectives:
a) It focuses on the strength of each district, identifying low-hanging fruits for immediate improvement and
measuring progress by ranking districts on a monthly basis.
b) Districts are prodded and encouraged to first catch up with
the best district within their state, and subsequently aspire Parameters of Ranking in
Aspirational District Program
to become one of the best in the country, by competing
with, and learning from others in the spirit of competitive &
10%
cooperative federalism.
10% 30%
c) The Government is committed to raising the living standards
of its citizens and ensuring inclusive growth for all – “Sabka
Saath Sabka Vikas aur Sabka Vishwas”. 20%
d) The ADP is essentially aimed at localizing Sustainable
Development Goals, leading to the progress of the nation. 30%
 Impact of ADP Health
a) Decentralization of Development: ADP focuses on results, Education
allowing for local experimentation based on a thorough Agriculture
understanding of the reality on the ground. Financial Inclusion & Skill Development
b) It is an inclusive strategy: The Aspirational Districts' delta Infrastructure
ranking blends creative data usage with pragmatic
management to maintain the district at the forefront of inclusive development.
c) Better Implementation: Local governments are motivated to focus their efforts and enhance programme
execution and design as a result of competition based on outcomes.
d) Health results in ADP, for example, witnessed a rise in pregnant women registering with the health system,
institutional delivery of new-borns, and anti-diarrheal medication, among other things.
 Challenges faced in the Implementation of ADB
a) Infrastructure Deficiencies: For instance, in Baran district, Rajasthan, inadequate road connectivity
hampers access to essential services such as healthcare and education.
b) Limited Resources: In Chhatra district, Jharkhand, insufficient funding restricts the implementation of
crucial development projects like building irrigation systems for agriculture.
c) Human Resource Constraints: In Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh, the lack of skilled healthcare
professionals poses challenges in delivering quality healthcare services to the tribal population.
d) Complex Socio-Economic Dynamics: In Mewat district, Haryana, caste-based disparities and social stigmas
hinder efforts to promote education, particularly among marginalized communities.
e) Geographical Challenges: For instance, in Lahaul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh, the mountainous
terrain poses logistical challenges in delivering healthcare services and implementing infrastructure
projects.
 Way Forward:
a) Formulate policies in such a way that Delta ranking should also Marks Maximizer Key Words
include qualitative part too.  Antyodaya se Sarvodaya
b) Governance mechanisms in challenging districts need to be  District as a hub of Excellence
strengthened.
c) Emphasis must be placed on extending the ADP template to under-developed blocks and districts, which
are lagging behind in social indicators.
d) Identify alternate procurement mechanisms for flexibility and improved public service delivery based on
emerging trends and commonly utilised approaches.
e) For capacity building, procurement authorities should be made aware of and trained on all areas of public
procurement on a regular basis at several levels of government.4
1.9 Pressure Group

Pressure group is an organised group which works to secure certain interest for its members or to support a
particular cause, by influencing public opinions and government policies.
 Methods used by Pressure Group
o Lobbying, appealing, movements and use of social media to create perception or raise
awareness.
 Types of Pressure Group
o Socio-Cultural Pressure Group: It majorly works for social reforms. Eg. Satyasodhak Samaj,
Arya Samaj.
o Cause Oriented Pressure Group: It focuses on the dedicated movement or a cause. Eg. India
Against Corruption, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Bachpan Bachao Andolan etc.
o Insider Groups: Works within the ambit of government to secure the interest of the employees.
Eg. IAS Association, Railway Unions.
o Corporate or Industrial Unions: Works to serve interest of an organisation or its members. Eg.
FICCI, Trade Unions etc.
 Effective Role of Pressure Groups in Democracy
o Representing the Voice of Marginalised Sections: Giving voice, options to marginalised and
vulnerable and raising issues of sub-altern class. Eg. LGBTQ Rights Movement, Temple Entry
movements.
o Political Representation: It offers opportunity for youth and society to participate in politics
without directly participating in electoral politics and also encourage youth to participate in
electoral politics. Eg. ADR
o Ensure Accountability and Creditability of the Government: By highlighting key administrative
gaps & examine effective implementation of public policy. Eg. ASER Report on School Education.
o Radicalising Society for Reforms: Right to Information Act, Food Security Act, Lokpal and
MGNREGA are the result of reform movements by pressure groups.
o Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Act as a bridge between the Government and the People. Eg.
Agencies and groups highlighting issue of paper leaks in NEET.
o Policy Making: It assists and provide insights to the Government in policy making. Eg. FICCI.
 Non-Democratic Tendencies of Pressure Groups
o Creating Social Divide: Some pressure groups serve vested interest of a community, caste or
religion, creating fault lines between the groups and affecting India’s integrity. Eg. Caste
Agitations.
o Exercise of Non-Legitimate Power: They are neither elected, nor liable to the people, yet it
influences the policy and people at large.
o Tendency of Extremism: Some pressure groups often turned violent or serve interest of non-
state actors. Eg. Militant Organisations in Kashmir.
o Lack of Transparency and Accountability: It lacks internal democracy, transparency &
accountability. It often served vested interest of some entity or state. Eg. Greenpeace in India
 Conclusion
o Pressure groups are an important tool to evolve and exercise democratic expression of people.
It can help to regulate and monitor public policy and actions of the state.
o With adherence to the democratic principles of the India, Pressure group can help democracy
to grow & people to realise the true meaning of “We The People”
1.10 Previous Year UPSC MAINS Questions:
1) The crucial aspect of development process has been the inadequate attention paid to 2023 150 marks
Human Resource Development in India. Suggest measures that can address this inadequacy.
2) E-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency 2023 150 marks
and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these
features?
3) The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous coordination between the government and the 2022 150 words
private sector to achieve the goal of connectivity. Discuss.
4) Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, couple with lack of Information and 2021 150 words
Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development?
Examine with justification
5) What are the methods used by the Farmers organizations to influence the policy- makers in 2019 250 words
India and how effective are these methods? (15 marks)
6) ‘In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is 2019 250 words
expected to make operations cost effective and remove many implementation (15 marks)
blockages.’-Discuss.
7) “Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in 2018 150 words
inadequate ‘protection and prevention of degradation to environment.” Comment with (10 marks)
relevant illustrations.
8) Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands of 2016 150 words
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? What can the government do (12.5 marks)
to be responsive to this important change?
9) If amendment bill to the Whistle-blowers Protection Act 2011 tabled in the Parliament is 2015 150 words
passed, there may be no on left to protect. Critically Evaluate. (12.5 marks)
10) An athlete participates in Olympics for personal triumph and nation’s glory; victors are 2014 150 words
showered with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return. Discuss the merit of (12.5 marks)
state sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation as against the rationale of a reward
mechanism as encouragement.
11) Two parallel run schemes of the Government, viz the Adhar card and NPR, one of 2014 150 words
voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also (12.5 marks)
litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently.
Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve development benefits and equitable
growth.
12) The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing 2013 200 words
connectivity. Comment. (10 marks)
13) ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality 2013 200 words
in public affairs. Discuss. (10 marks)
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Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs,
2 various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other
stakeholders
2.1 Development processes and the development industry:

Definition of Development
 Development is a process that creates growth, brings in progress and positive change. And "the process of
bringing about social change that enables people to realise their full human potential."
 Amartya Sen- Development is the elimination of various forms of unfreedoms that leave citizens with limited
options and opportunities to exercise their reasoned agency.
Dimensions of Development
 Human Development: Human development is a concept that focuses on people's lives and goes beyond
economic growth. It's about enhancing people's capabilities, expanding their freedoms and opportunities, and
promoting human rights.
 Political Development: Development of the institutions Amartya Sen on Development
and values that strengthen the democratic political Using economic growth as a measure of development is
system. a faulty and ineffective strategy. This approach focuses
on the well-being of those at the bottom of the society,
 Economic Growth: An increase in the size of a country's
not on the efficiency of those at the top.
economy over a period of time.
 Social Growth: Improving the well-being of every individual in the society to reach their full potential.
 Sustainable Development: United Nations came up with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 as a
succession of Millenium Development Goals, which are a set of broad objectives that must be met by 2030.
Challenges Associated with Development
 Poverty 21.9% of Indian population lives below BPL in 2011

 Unemployment As of June 2024, Indian Unemployment Rate stands at 9.2%- Centre for
Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)
 Rising Inequalities Top 10% holds 77.4% of Indian economy and top 1% holds 40% of Indian
wealth- Oxfam
 Flawed Implementation :Land Ceiling Acts were not very effective.
 Inter-Regional Disparities Due to failure of agricultural sector and flaws in planning of industrial
development.
 Education and Health remain India needs to spend 6% of its GDP on education, every National Education
neglected Policy (NEP) since 1968 has said. In 2023-24, India allocated only 2.9% of
its GDP on education.
 High Population Pressure UNFPA data 2024, India surpassed China and has population of 1.4286
billion.
2.2 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):
1) Definition of NGO
 United Nations: An NGO is "a not-for profit, voluntary citizen's group that is organized on a local, national or
international level to address issues in support of the public good".
 World Bank: An NGO is a not-for-profit organization that pursues activities to relieve suffering, promote the
interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community
development.
2) Constitutional Backing of NGO’s
Article 19(1)(c) Article 43B List III (Concurrent List)- Item 28

Right to form “The State shall endeavour to promote Charities and charitable
Associations, unions or voluntary formation, autonomous institutions, charitable and
cooperative societies. functioning, democratic control and religious endowments and
professional management of religious institutions
cooperative societies”.
3) Legal Status of NGOs

 As Society: These Societies have to register under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
 As Trust: Private trusts are registered under the central government’s Indian Trusts Act, 1882, and public
ones are registered under the state legislation concerned.
 As a Charitable Companies: They are set up according to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013.
4) Laws and Legislation for regulation of Finances of NGOS:
 Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010:
o Foreign funding of voluntary organizations in India is
Marks Maximizer Facts
regulated under FCRA act and is implemented by the Ministry Central Statistical Institute of India-
of Home Affairs. The acts ensure that the recipients of foreign India has 33 lakh NGOs.
contributions adhere to the stated purpose for which such
contribution has been obtained. Under the act, the organisations require to register themselves every
five years.
 Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999: The act deals with cross border investments, foreign exchange
transactions and transactions between residents and non-residents. Therefore, NGOs, which are accepting
foreign funding also, comes under this.
5) Role of Non-Governmental Organizations:
 Social Safety role: Eg, Smile Foundation - an NGO working for children's education and health across India.
 Constructive criticism of Government: For example, Many NGOs criticised three infamous Farm laws.
 Women Empowerment: Provide financial assistance, training to women led initiatives & SHGs. Eg.
Shikshan Ane Samaj Kalyan Kendra is dedicated to helping women through activities like health, education,
women empowerment, etc.
 Environmental Conservation: Promote sustainable practices and raise awareness. Eg, Deepalaya, a Delhi-
based NGO works for environmental protection, eco-conservation, sanitation, waste disposal and training.
Environmentalist Foundation of India is Working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.
 Bridge between the Government and Citizens: It facilitates dialogue, discusssions and collaboration for
effective service delivery and implementation of programs. Eg, Milaan Foundation is an working for an
inclusive and equal world for girls & Committee for Legal Aid to Poor (CLAP) works to advance human
rights using the legal system.
 Rehabilitation of Tribals: Eg. Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) founded by Medha Patkar, facilitate a dialogue
and worked for the rehabilitation of tribals in Madhya Pradesh.
 Complement Government and Bring Innovation: Most of the rights-based initiatives of the government is
a brainchild of NGO’s. Eg, Care India works for empowerment of the girls, Akshya Patra- facilitate Midday
meal schemes in many states.
 Empowering Marginalised Groups: Providing access to law and skill development.
 Restrict Monopolies and Crony Capitalism: NGOs also spoke out against multinationals' oppression against
indigenous people, as seen in the Vedanta vs. Posco case.
 Role in disaster management: After the Tsunami of 2004, Gujarat Earthquake, NGOs played significant role
of rehabilitation.
 International collaborations: For example, the Centre for Science and Environment has been a leading
voice on pollution, toxins in food and beverage, and other important issues.
6) Issues related to NGOs in India:
 Misuse of foreign funding for anti-development work: As per the GOI, many NGOs run campaign for foreign
state actor and non- state actors, whose motive is to keep India backward, deprive it from growth and
tarnish India’s image at global level.
o Recently, the Union government has asked the CBI Marks Maximizer Facts
to probe Oxfam India over alleged violation of  Protests of NGOs led to loss of 2-3% of India’s
foreign funding norms. Oxfam's foreign funding GDP – Intelligence Bureau Report
 Only 10% of NGOs filed their annual income and
was blocked when the home ministry refused to
expenditure - CBI
renew its FCRA licence in 2021.
o In 2015, the Union ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) suspended Greenpeace India's foreign funding.
Greenpeace had “prejudicially affected the economic interest of the state - MHA.
 Lack of Transparency in Funding: According to the Ministry of Home Affairs, a significant number of NGOs
have not filed their annual returns on time.
o In 2019-20, approximately 18,523 NGOs failed to submit their annual returns under the Foreign
Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), representing around 63% of registered NGOs.
o The Ministry of Home Affairs reported that in 2019-20, around 5,922 NGOs did not file their annual
returns, indicating a lack of transparency in their operations.
 Huge in number: As NGOs in India is huge in numbers so it becomes cumbersome to regulate all of them.
 Unethical Practice: Many NGOs are the platform for money laundering. Eg, Yuva Shakti was an NGO that
was willing to convert black money into white when demonetisation phase was going on.
 Disobedience to Rules and Regulations: Many NGOs do not adhere to rules and regulation. Eg, Amnesty
International India’s bank accounts were frozen in 2020 for allegedly receiving foreign funds illegally.
 Self-Profit Motive: Though NGOs by definition
Supreme Court of India on NGOs
are Non - Profit Organisations but many are
NGOs funded substantially directly or indirectly by the
involved in self-profit and run like a business.
appropriate Government comes under Section 2(h) of
 Limited Impact Assessment: Some NGOs lack the RTI Act, 2005 as Public Authority.
robust impact assessment mechanisms, making
it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of their interventions. According to a study by the Centre for Civil
Society, only 10% of NGOs in India conduct rigorous impact evaluations of their projects, highlighting a
need for greater emphasis on monitoring and evaluation.
7) Challenges faced by NGOs in India
Regulatory Limited Funding Capacity Geographical Coordination Technological
Compliance Sources Constraints Barriers Issues Gaps
Obtaining FCRA Limited and Lack of trained Logistic Coordinating Rural NGO’s
registration scattered staff and challenges often relief efforts struggle with
delays fund funding sources. technical hinder the during disasters digital literacy
receipt, Eg; Local NGO’s knowledge access of NGOs faces logistical and technology
affecting struggle to get affect project in tribal areas to challenges. access.
operations. funds for rural execution in deliver health
development. smaller NGOs. services.
8) Measures Needed:
 Capacity Building: Capacity building and training can assist in the acquisition of critical new skills.
 Timely filing of annual income and expenditure: will build confidence among government
 Effective monitoring: appoint commissions of inquiry or committees to investigate NGOs
 Information, Communication and Technology: All Marks Maximizer Acronym – NGO needs CART
NGOs should be using a minimum of Internet, email, a
 Capacity Building for NGOs
basic website and relevant social media platforms.
 Adaptation of Technologies
 Transparency laws: organisations to keep their
 Resource Mobilization for Effective service
accounts in specific ways. delivery.
 Administrative support to NGOs: So that NGOs can  Transparency and Accountability
work effectively in remote and tribal areas. 
9) Government Steps to Regulate Foreign Funding

Foreign Currency Regulation Act (FCRA), 2010 was amended in 2020, It includes provisions like
 There is now a capping of the administrative expenses of NGOs at 20% of their foreign donations.
 The new amendment requires them to have a State Bank of India account at a Delhi Branch.
 It also prohibits the transfer of grants received under FCRA to any other outfit.
 It also gives sweeping powers to the Ministry of Home Affairs to cancel the FCRA certificate of an NGO.
2.3 Self-Help Groups (SHGs):

SHG is a small autonomous, non-political group of people living in the vicinity / neighbourhood and sharing common
concerns, who come together voluntarily to work jointly for their personal, social and economic development.
 Objectives of SHGs
a) To alleviate poverty by providing financial services. Marks Maximizer Facts
b) To provide a cost-effective credit delivery system 12 million SHGs in India and 88% are women led.
c) To provide a forum for collective learning
d) To promote the culture of self-employment and to foster entrepreneurial culture
 Need of SHGs in India:
a) Credit access and Poverty elimination: There is 21.9% of Indian population still living Below Poverty Line.
b) Need of sound community network: Most important elements of credit linkage in the rural areas.
c) Need of Social Capital: They also help to build social capital among the poor, especially women.
d) Huge inequality and Gender Gap: Empowering women and giving them greater voice in the society.
e) Need Better Cooperation: Provide a platform for participants to offer each other support.
 Benefits of SHGs in India:
a) Instant access to credit at low interest during crisis.
b) Gender inequalities reduced as mostly SHGs are run by Women.
c) Shift in the employment- from wage to self-employment
d) Improvement in health and nutrition status of the family and educational status of the children.
e) Financial Security to poor and also improved knowledge on income generation activities.
 Challenges faced by SHGs
a) Limited Access to Credit: Eg, "Sakhi Self-Help Group" struggles to secure loans for expansion.
b) Market Linkage Constraints: Eg, "Dhara Mahila Samiti" faces challenges in marketing handicrafts.
c) Capacity Building Needs: Eg, "Mahila Shakti Group" struggles with financial literacy.
d) Social Stigma: Eg, "Nari Utthan Samiti" faces resistance against women's empowerment.
e) Record-Keeping Challenges: Eg, "Saheli Savings
Marks Maximizer Case Studies & Initiatives
Group" faces difficulties due to incomplete
 EShakti – A project by NABARD for SHG’s
documentation, as they do not have skills and
digitalization in 250 districts with Aadhar
expertise.
linkages and financial inclusion.
f) Digital Divide: Eg, "Swayam" lacks internet  Kudumbshree- Poverty eradication and women
connectivity for digital transactions. empowerment initiative of Kerala Govt. under
 Measures needed to make SHGs more effective: State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM)
a) Credit access: Encourage public sector and private  Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) is
sector scheduled commercial banks to give more loans State Women’s Development Corporation (1975)
to SHGs. in Maharashtra, which is nodal agency to
b) Behavioural Change: The patriarchal nature of the implement women empowerment program
society needs to be changed. through SHG.
 Grihalaxmi- SHG in Jharkhand, known for
c) Providing knowledge and Managerial Skills: For
eradicating child labour from Goilkhera block of
effective management and encouraging work culture,
West Singhbhum district.
training should be provided.
d) More Rural Bank Branches: To get financial excess, encouraging Financial Inclusion of SHGs.
e) Providing Safety and Security: Support from community as well as the Local Self Governments.
f) Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure push in the rural areas to attract and retain people in SHG.
 Some Prominent SHGs & their Achievements
 SEWA, Gujarat: The Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) is a trade union of women workers. It has
transformed the lives of countless women by organizing them into cooperatives and providing access to
financial services, healthcare, and education.
 Dhriiti, Delhi: Dhriiti is a social enterprise that works with SHGs and rural entrepreneurs to foster sustainable
livelihoods and economic empowerment. It has facilitated the growth of numerous microenterprises and
helped SHG members access markets and resources.
Marks Maximizer Key Words
 Saheli Women, Rajasthan: Saheli Women is a collective of  Self Help Groups are Nations Help Group
SHGs in Rajasthan that focuses on artisanal crafts and  SHG makes Development as Jan Andolan
handloom products. It has helped revive traditional  Sahkar se Samriddhi (Prosperity through
craftsmanship and create sustainable livelihoods for Cooperation)
women artisans, promoting cultural heritage and
economic development.
 Swayam Shikshan Prayog (SSP), Maharashtra: SSP is an NGO that promotes women's entrepreneurship and
sustainable development through SHGs. It has trained thousands of women in agro-processing, renewable
energy, and waste management, empowering them to become change agents in their communities.
 Aajeevika Bureau, Rajasthan: Aajeevika Bureau works with migrant workers and their families to improve
livelihoods and social security. It has mobilized SHGs among migrant women and provided them with skills
training, legal aid, and access to social entitlements, enabling them to build resilience and financial stability.
2.4 Cooperative Societies

A co-operative society is a voluntary association of individuals having common needs who join hands for the
achievement of common economic interest. Its aim is to serve the interest of the poorer sections of society through
the principle of self-help and mutual help.
 Constitutional Provisions
Article 19(1)(c) Right to form Co-operatives is a fundamental right. (Added by 97th Amendment Act)
97th Amendment  Cooperative Societies was added after “or unions” in Article 19 (Part III of Indian
Act, 2011 Constitution)
 Article 43B was inserted in Part IV of the Indian Constitution- ``The state shall
endeavour to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic
control and professional management of the co-operative societies”.
 Part IXB was inserted to accommodate state vs central roles.
 Article 243ZK (2)- The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of
electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to a co-operative society shall vest
in such an authority or body, as may be provided by the Legislature of a State, by law.
 National Policy for Cooperatives, 2002 - To provide:

i) Funding for the promotion and creation of cooperatives as autonomous, independent, and democratic.
ii) Organisations that can contribute to the country's socio-economic development.
iii) The policy also sought to reduce regional imbalances and improve cooperative education, training, and
human resource development so that cooperative management could become more competent.
 Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002 - to consolidate and amend the law relating to co-operative
societies.
 Characteristics of Cooperative Society Marks Maximizer Case Studies & Initiatives
a) Voluntary Association: Any individual can join the  AMUL was founded in 1946 under the leadership
cooperative society and can exit. of Tribhuvandas Patel. Later, Dr Verghese
Kurien was entrusted the task of running it from
b) Registration: needs to be registered in order to be
1950, making India as the largest milk producer
considered a legal entity. of the world.
c) Democratic Character: managing committee, and  Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited
elected members have the power to vote. (IFFCO), a multi-state cooperative is biggest
d) Service Motive: for the welfare of the weaker cooperative in the world (World Cooperative
sections of the community. Monitor, 2021)- 35000 members reaching over
50 million farmers.
e) Under state control: The society has to maintain
accounts, which will be audited by an independent auditor.
 Ministry of Cooperation Marks Maximizer Key Words
o Ministry of Cooperation has been created in 2021  Sahkar se Samriddhi (Prosperity through
to fulfil the motive of ‘Sahkar se Samriddhi’ Cooperation)
(Prosperity through Cooperation).  Making People – Passive Recipient to Active
o Government has signalled its deep commitment to Citizen
community based developmental partnership.  Crony capitalism to Cooperative, Connected,
Collaborative & Competitive Capitalism
2.5 Important Agency:

 Donar Agencies: Donor agency means foreign government or organization/institution that provides support in
social welfare activities or activities of social service or development.
 Charitable Organization: A charitable organization or charity is an organization whose primary objectives are
philanthropy and social well-being (e.g., educational, religious or other activities serving the public interest or
common good).
o Under Indian law, legal entities such as charitable organizations, corporations, and managing bodies have
been given the status of the "legal person" with legal rights, such as to sue and be sued, and to own and
transfer property.
o Charitable organizations often depend partly on donations from businesses. Such donations to charitable
organizations represent a major form of corporate philanthropy.
 Trust:
o Trust is a special form of organisation which emerges out of a will. The will maker exclusively transfers the
ownership of a property to be used for a particular purpose. If the purpose is to benefit particular individuals,
it becomes a Private Trust and if it concerns some purpose of the common public or the community at
large, it is called a Public Trust.
o The Indian Trusts Act, 1882, was the first legislation on trusts in India, and it was primarily for the control of
private trusts.
 Religious Endowment: Religious Endowments and Waqfs are variants of Trusts which are formed for specific
religious purposes e.g. for providing support functions relating to the deity, charity and religion amongst Hindus
and Muslims respectively.
o Unlike Public Trusts, they may not necessarily originate from formal registration, nor do they specifically
emphasise on a triangular relationship among the donor, Trustee and the beneficiary.
o Religious endowments arise from dedication of property for religious purposes.
 Wakf: “Wakf” means the permanent dedication by a person professing Islam, of any movable or immovable
property for any purpose recognised by Muslim law as pious, religious or charitable.
o As per Islam, it is the property that is now available only for religious or charitable purposes, and any other
use or sale of the property is prohibited. As per Sharia law, once Waqf is established, and the property is
dedicated to Waqf, it remains as Waqf property forever.
o Currently, the Waqf Act of 1995 governs the administration of 300,000 Waqfs throughout India.
o Any Waqf Board is a quasi-judicial body with the authority to resolve Waqf-related conflicts. At the
national level, the Central Waqf Council serves as a consultative body.
o In 2013, the Waqf Act was revised. The amended Waqf Act includes provisions to improve and streamline
the Waqf Institution's operations.
i) Waqf has been redefined to allow non-Muslims to establish Waqf as well.
ii) The Central Waqf Council has been given the authority to issue directives to the State Waqf Boards
regarding their financial results, census, Waqf deeds, revenue records, and encroachment on Waqf
assets, as well as to request an annual report and audit report.
iii) Any dispute arising from a Central Wakf Council order is to be referred to a Board of Adjudication to be
formed by the Central Government and presided over by a retired Supreme Court judge or a retired
Chief Justice of a High Court.
iv) To prevent Waqf assets from being alienated, the terms "sale," "gift," "mortgage," "exchange," and
"transfer" have been banned.
v) With the approval of the State Government, the lease term has been increased uniformly up to 30 years
for commercial operations, education, or health purposes.
2.6 Previous Year Questions:
1) Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of 2023 250 words
dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent (15 marks)
decisions.
2) Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for 2022 250 words
development reduces the importance of community participation in the development (15 marks)
process? Justify your answer.
3) “Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.” Explain 2021 150 words
how the business associations contribute to public policies. (10 marks)
4) Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through 2021 150 words
microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (10 marks)
5) Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of 2021 150 words
public service delivery to benefit the common citizen. Discuss the challenges of this (10 marks)
alternative model.
6) “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income 2020 250 words
security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self-Help Groups in achieving the (15 marks)
twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India.
7) The need for cooperation among various service sector has been an inherent 2019 250 words
component of development discourse. Partnership bridges bring the gap among the (15 marks)
sectors. It also sets in motion a culture of ‘Collaboration’ and ‘team spirit’. In the light of
statements above examine India’s Development process.
8) ‘The emergence of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow 2017 250 words
but steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities’. Examine the role of (15 marks)
the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of
India to promote the SHGs.
9) Examine critically the recent changes in the rule governing foreign funding of NGOs 2015 150 words
under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976 (12.5 marks)
10) The Self Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Program (SBLP), which is India’s own 2015 150 words
innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women (12.5 marks)
empowerment programme. Elucidate.
11) How can be the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating 2015 150 words
to protection of the Environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints. (12.5 marks)
12) The penetration of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in 2014 150 words
development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine. (12.5 marks)
13) The legitimacy and accountability of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their patrons, the 2013 200 Words
micro-finance outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny for the sustained (10 Marks)
success of the concept. Discuss.
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Important aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability, e-governance -
Applications, Models, Successes, Limitations, and Potential; Citizens Charters,
3 Transparency & Accountability and Institutional and other measures, Role of Civil
Services in a Democracy
3.1 Good Governance:

‘Governance’ is the process of decision-making or
overseeing the control and decision making of World Bank on Good Governance
organisation, country or an entity. Good Governance as the manner in which power is
 Kautilya's Arthashastra emphasised the universal exercised in the management of a country’s
appeal and applicability of basic concepts of good economic and social resources for development-
government, accountability, and fairness. Governance and Development Report, 1992
 Barriers to Good Governance
The 2 ARC in his 12th report “Citizen Centric Administration: The
Heart of Governance” identifies following barriers to Good
Governance:
o Lack of Accountability: The executives and administrative
officials are not accountable.
o Red Tapism: cumbersome nature of laws and non-risking
attitudes of civil servants,
o Continuing with archaic laws: There is presence of several
archaic laws which are obsolete in nature now.
o Inadequate Infrastructure and Limited Digitalisation of
Government Offices
Characteristics of Good Governance
o Working in Silos or Colonial Mindset: It hampers coordination
and integration among different departments i.e, vehicle of growth and development.
o Low levels of Awareness among Citizens: Low level of literacy among people for rights, duties and
unawareness for public good hampers the motive of governance.
 Challenges in bringing Good Governance:
o Criminalization of politics: As per the Association for Democratic Reforms representatives, 251 (46 per
cent) MPs in the 18th Lok Sabha have criminal cases registered.
o Corruption: According to Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index 2023 - India ranked 93
out of 180 countries.
Vice President of India on Good Governance
o Gender inequality: Global Gender Gap Report (World
The ultimate test of good governance is the quality
Economic Forum) - 127 out of 146 countries.
of life of the people, the happiness quotient, the
o Centralization of Administration: in policy formulation wellness quotient and the ease of living index.
and policy implementation.
 Measures needed to for Good Governance
o Strengthening Institutions - Independent Judiciary, Effective Anti-Corruption Measures are needed.
o Enhancing Transparency and Accountability – Effective implementation of RTI Act, 2005, ensuring Social
Audit and ensuring Whistle-blowers safety in RTI.
o Promoting Participation and Inclusivity - Inclusive Policy Making, Empowering Women, Capacity Building for
Ease of Living.
o Ensuring Effectiveness and Efficiency - Performance-Based evaluation, Results-Oriented Budgeting etc.
o Upholding the Rule of Law - Impartial Law Enforcement agency, Protection of fundamental rights etc.
 Initiative taken in India for Good Governance
 Right to Information: promotes openness, transparency, and accountability in administration.
 E-Governance: Reducing blockades and promotes effective service delivery.
Eg. Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI), Digital India Program, MCA21
(Ministry of Corporate Affairs), Passport Seva Kendra (PSK), online Income Tax Return etc.,
 Police reforms in various states: There has been many
Marks Maximizer Key Words
states where Model Police Act has been implemented.
 From Governance of Skew to Governance of
 Ease of doing business: including legislation aimed at
Saturation.
improving the country's business environment and  Institutional Primacy over Individual Primacy
policy ecosystems (such as the Bankruptcy Code, the  4S of Good Governance: Scale, Sensitivity, Speed
Goods and Services Tax or GST, and the anti-money- and Synchronization.
laundering law).
 Good Governance Index: launched in 2021. A comprehensive and implementable paradigm allows for
ranking of States and Districts by assessing the State of Governance across States and UTs.
 Legal reforms: The Central Government has scrapped nearly 1,500 obsolete rules and laws
 Decentralization: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment
3.2 E-Governance:
e-Governance can be defined as the application of

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for World Bank on Good Governance
providing government services, exchange of information, The use by Government agencies of information
transactions, integration of previously existing services technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the
and information portals. Internet, and mobile computing) that have the
ability to transform relations with citizens,
 The “e” in e-Governance stands for ‘electronic’.
businesses, and other arms of government.
 Different Connotations of e-Governance:
o e-Administration: Management of organisation
with ICT. Eg. Biometric Attendance Portal in Schools
o e-Services: Delivery of government services through technical
means. Eg. Home Delivery of Ration & JAM Trinity
o e-Democracy: To make democracy more inclusive and participatory.
Eg. E-VIGIL by Election Commission of India
 Models of e-Governance
o G2G (Government to Government) – For coordination an
cooperation between different ministries and departments in
horizontal and vertical way.
 In horizontal - Between different government agencies and functional areas within an organization.
 In Vertical - Between national, provincial, and local government agencies E.g., SmartGov (Andhra
Pradesh), Public Finance Management System (PFMS)
o G2C (Government to Citizens)- For two-way Marks Maximizer Key Words
communication or effective service delivery. Eg.  ABCD (Avoid, Bypass, Confuse & Delay) to
Aarogya Setu, Digilocker, SVAMITVA , Computerisation ROAD (Responsibility, Ownership,
of Land Records, e-Courts, India Portal, Bhoomi Accountability & Discipline) – PM Modi
Project: Online delivery of Land Records (Karnataka)  Red-Tapism to Tech-Enables Surveillance
o G2B (Government to Business) – To deliver government
services directly to stakeholders. Eg: GeM, MCA 21 (Ministry of Corporate Affairs), SWIFT (Single Window
Interface for Trade), OMSS etc
o G2E (Government to Employees) – To administer and manage the organisational framework. Eg: HRMS
portals, Appraisal portals etc.
 Significance of e-governance:
o Automation of Administrative Processes: Effective and easy information transfer, faster delivery of service.
o Paper Work Reduction: reduced environmental damages and promote sustainability.
o Quality of Services: Timely and effective services. Eg; Marks Maximizer Case Studies
Passport Seva, driving license etc.  Use of Blockchain Technology for Land
o Elimination of Hierarchy: reduced procedural delays Records in Maharashtra (2023)
caused due to hierarchical processes in the organisation.  Arun PDS – Arunachal Pradesh for ICT
o Change in Administrative Culture: ICT is used to deal with enabled PDS delivery.
the pathological or dysfunctional aspects of bureaucratic  CORE Dashboard (Andhra Pradesh)- To
behaviour and to make delivery of public services effective monitor Key Performance Indicators in real
and efficient.
o Cheaper service delivery: Saves exchequers money to invest in other programs.
 Challenges of E-Governance:
o Privacy and protection - Cybersecurity Threats: The Indian
Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) reported a
300% increase in cyberattacks between 2019 and 2020.
o Lack of Skilled Human Resources- To cater the needs of e-
governance paradigm for utmost benefits.
o Lacking support in vernacular language: India has 22-scheduled
language and more than 1400 language are spoken in India and
providing services in such scenario is a herculean task.
o Interoperability issues: Digitising all the paper data of before
computer era time is very cumbersome task.
o Low digital literacy: According to the Indian National Statistical Office, while over 55 % of Indians have
access to broadband, only 20 per cent had the ability to use the Internet.
o Slow rate of internet penetration: There are several villages where internet access is not there.
 Measures needed for Effective e-governance
o Infrastructure Development - Robust Digital Infrastructure, Cybersecurity infrastructure etc.
o Digital Literacy - Digital Literacy Programs, Skill Development in IT skills and digital governance
o Service Delivery - Citizen-Centric Approach, Single Window Interface.
o Transparency and Accountability - Open Data Platforms, Social Audits, Effective Grievance Redressal
Mechanism
o Collaboration and Partnerships - Public-Private Partnerships, International Cooperation.
 Government Initiatives for e-Governance
o Digital India Initiatives – by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Meity)
o National e-Governance Action Plan (NeGP)
o PMGDISHA (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital
Marks Maximizer Acronym – SMART Governance
Saksharta Abhiyan): aims to usher in digital
 Simplicity in Government Rules
literacy in rural India and to make six crore rural
 Morality in Institutions
households digitally literate.
 Accountability of Public Services functionaries.
o PRAGATI (ProActive Governance and Timely
 Responsiveness to citizen needs.
Implementation): A multimodal platform based
 Transparency of administrative agencies.
on information and communication technology

(ICT) that involves both the Central and State
governments.
o MCA21 (Ministry of Corporate Affairs) - The project aims to provide electronic services to the Companies
registered under the Companies Act.
o Digital Locker (DigiLocker): enables citizens to store and access their digital documents and certificates
issued by various government agencies.
3.3 Citizen Charter:

A Citizen Charter is a document, which represents a
Citizens Charter – 2nd ARC
systematic effort to focus on the commitment of the
The Citizens’ Charter is an instrument which seeks to
Organisation towards its Citizens in respects of
make an organization transparent, accountable and
Standard of Services, Information, Choice and
citizen friendly. A Citizens’ Charter is basically a set of
Consultation, Non-discrimination and Accessibility,
commitments made by an organization regarding the
Grievance Redress, Courtesy and Value for Money.
standards of service which it delivers.”
 Origin: John Major Government in United Kingdom by the Conservative Government introduced concept of
Citizens Charter in 1991
o In India: In Conference of Chief Ministers, a decision to formulate citizens charter was taken on 24th May
1997.
 Nodal Department: Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) of the Ministry of
Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions is nodal agency to formulate and operationalize Citizens’ Charter.
o In Panchayat level, Ministry of Panchayti Raj released a Model Panchayat Citizens Charter.
 Components of a Good Citizen Charter
o Vision and Mission Statement of the Organisation.
o Details of Business transacted by the Organisation.
o Details of 'Citizens' or 'Clients' - Expectations from the 'Citizens' or 'Clients'.
o Statement of services including standards, quality, time frame etc. provided to each Citizen/ Client group
separately and how/ where to get the services.
o Details of Grievance Redress Mechanism and how to access it.
 Seven Principles of the Citizens Charter Movement
o Quality - Improving the quality of services
o Choice – Providing different choices, wherever possible.
o Standards - Specifying what to expect within a time
frame.
o Value - For the taxpayers’ money.
o Accountability - Of the service provider (individual
as well as Organization)
o Transparency - In rules, procedures, schemes and
grievance redressal
o Participative- Consult and involve.
 Problems faced in implementation of Citizen’s charter:
o One Size Fits All Approach: Approximately same
model adopted by all Ministries/Departments
o Silo operations: Devoid of participative mechanisms
o Non-Dynamic: Charters are rarely updated making it a one-time exercise, frozen in time.
o Poor design and content: lack of meaningful and succinct CC, absence of critical information
o Lack of public awareness: People have no knowledge about it.
 Measures to make Citizen Charter Effective
o Give statutory status to citizen charter: This would ensure better delivery of services.
o Wide consultation process: within organisation and between organisation and civil society.
o One size does not fit all: as per the requirement.
o Periodic evaluation: The citizen’s charters should be reviewed and revised regularly.
o Ensure Accountability: Fix specific responsibility in cases where there is a default in adhering.
3.4 Right to Information Act, 2005:
1994- Mazdoor Kisan Shakti RTI Act, 2005

RTI Amendment Act,
Sanghatan (MKSS) It gives an ordinary 2019
People demanding information citizen the right to ask
Terms of Services and
concerning to development. It question to the
Salary to be decided by
led to enanctment of RTI Act by Government and Public
the Central Government.
Rajasthan Government in 2000. Authorities.
 Under the RTI Act, 2005, Public Authorities are required to make disclosures on various aspects of their
structure and functioning. This includes:
i) Disclosure of their organisation, function and structure.
ii) Powers and duties of its officers and employees
iii) Financial information.
o The Public Authority here includes the bodies of self-government established under the constitution or any
law or government notification. These include the Ministries, public sector undertakings and regulators.
 RTI as Fundamental Right: The right to information has been upheld by the Supreme Court as a fundamental
right flowing from Article 19 of the Constitution.
 Salient features of RTI Act, 2005:
a) Section 1(2): It applies to the entire country of India.
b) Section- 2 (f): It talks about the means of information.
c) Section 2(h): "Public authority" means any authority or body or institution of self-government established
or constituted—
i) By or under the Constitution;
ii) By any other law made by the Parliament/State Legislature.
iii)By notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government, and includes any—
iv) Body owned, controlled or substantially financed;
v) Non-Government organisation substantially financed, directly or indirectly by funds provided by the
appropriate Government.
d) Section- 2(j): "Right to Information" means the right to information accessible under this Act which is held
by or under the control of any public authority.
e) Section 4 of the RTI Act: It requires Suo Motu disclosure of information by each public authority.
f) Section 8 (1): It mentions exemptions against furnishing information under the RTI Act.
g) Section 8 (2): It provides for disclosure of information exempted under Official Secrets Act, 1923 if larger
public interest is served.
h) The Act also provides for appointment of Information Commissioners at Central and State level. Public
authorities have designated some of its officers
Marks Maximizer Acronym –
as Public Information Officer. They are
REAP the Benefits of RTI
responsible to give information to a person who
 Responsive Governance
seeks information under the RTI Act.
 Empowering Citizens
i) Time period: In normal course, information to an
 Accountable Government Institutions
applicant is to be supplied within 30 days from
 Participatory Democracy
the receipt of application by the public authority.
 Challenges in Implementation of RTI
a) Huge Backlog
i) A report card on the performance of information commissions (IC) shows that over 3.2 lakh appeals
and complaints were pending as on June 30, 2023 in 27 ICs.
ii) According to Satark Nagrik Sangathan and the Centre for Equity Studies found that Maharashtra had
the highest number of pending appeals, with over 59,000 cases, followed by Uttar Pradesh (47,923) and
the CIC (35,653).
iii) Slow Disposal: There is slow disposal of cases. The number of cases pending in Odisha is so much that,
it would take Odisha Commission would take more than seven years to dispose of all pending
complaints.
b) Vacancy in commission office: There is vacancy right from staff level to the upper levels.
c) Lack of transparency: Section 4 of the RTI act is not implemented properly. Offices do not disclose
information Suo motu. Many a times, annual report is not even published regarding this. For example, 25
out of 29 ICs (86%) did not publish their annual report for 2019 and the Punjab SIC was found to have not
published its annual report since 2012 while the Uttarakhand SIC had not published it since 2014.
d) RTI information are rejected without giving valid reasons: Many a times there is same repeated answer for
multiple questions. Almost 40% of the rejections did not include any valid reason in 2019-20 by the central
government.
e) Denial of information: Section 8(1) (j) permits denial of access to personal information if disclosure has no
relationship to any public activity or public interest or is likely to cause unwarranted invasion of the privacy
of the individual concerned. One third of all permissible rejections invoked this clause.
a. Exemptions from sharing information: Section 24 of the Act which exempts information related to
security and intelligence organisations — except allegations of corruption and human rights
violations — was also frequently used, with one in five permissible rejections coming under this
category.
b. Issue of Killing of RTI activist: Those RTI activist who are pro-active and who intends to highlight
corruption in the system gets killed many a times. For example, Satish Shetty was a prominent RTI
activist known for exposing land scams and illegal constructions in Maharashtra, India. He was
brutally murdered in 2010. Similarly, Shehla Masood - environmentalist and RTI activist who
campaigned against corruption and illegal wildlife trade was shot dead in 2011.
 Weakening of Chief Information Commissioner’s office:
a) The RTI Act (Amendment) Act, 2019 gives the central government the power to fix the terms and the
service conditions of the Information Commissioners both at central and state levels.
b) By vesting excessive powers with the central government, this amendment has hampered the autonomy of
CIC.
c) The RTI Act does not seek to make the Information Commission a constitutional body.
 Measures to strengthen RTI, Act 2005 –
a) Enhancing Implementation - Strengthening Information Commissions, Timely Disposal of Appeals etc.
b) Protecting RTI Activists - Safeguards for RTI Activists, Providing legal and security protection
c) Expanding the Scope - Covering More
Marks Maximiser Key Words
Public Authorities, Including Private  RTI, a tool of transforming citizens from Passive Recipient
Entities Providing Public Services to Active Participant.
d) Improving Accessibility - Providing RTI  Transformation of Karmachari to Karmayogi
information in regional languages to
ensure wider reach.
e) Addressing Challenges - Reducing Exemptions, Overcoming Delays, Strengthening Appellate Mechanism
3.5 Social Audit:

 Social Audit means an evaluation of a programme of
action carried out jointly by the people and the  Charles Medawar was the 1st to propose idea of
social audit.
government. It is a useful strategy for promoting
 Meghalaya become the 1st state to operationalize
transparency, accountability, and participation in the
Social Audit Law.
programmes that are meant for people. Social Audit  MGNREGA was the 1st act to mandate social audit
comprises a thorough examination and analysis of how a by the Gram Sabha.
public entity functions in relation to its social significance.
 Social Audits (SA) are democratic tools whereby grass roots people themselves participate in assessing the
efficacy of scheme implementation in their area".
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 Significance Of Social Audit
Exposes Corruption Improved Service Accountability and Participatory Preventing
Delivery Transparency Democracy Corruption
In 2018, a Social In 2020, a social In 2019, social In 2016, a social
Audit of MGNREGA audit of Mid-Day In 2017, social audits of the audit of the
revealed Meal Scheme audits of the Integrated Child Indira Awas
discrepancies in job revealed Public Distribution Development Yojana (IAY) in
card distribution, irregularities in food Services (ICDS) UP, exposed
System (PDS) in
leading to quality and program in Mysuru embezzlement
Andhra Pradesh's
suspension of distribution,
Anantapur district district enabled of funds by local
officials and prompting corrective
uncovered 14,534 community officials,
recovery of measures to ensure
fake ration cards. members to resulting in legal
misappropriated nutritious meals for
monitor action and the
assets. children’s.
functioning of recovery of
Anganwadi misappropriated
centers. funds.
 Challenges in implementation of Social Audit:

a) Inadequate Legal Framework: Insufficient penalties for non-compliance with social audit recommendations.
b) Lack of interest of people: Poor people are mostly concerned about their livelihood.
c) Lack of stringent penalty: if social audit is not followed.
d) Linguistic and Cultural limitations: as local people may not know English.
e) Time Consuming and resource constraints: lack of staff
 Measures required for proper implementation of Social Audit in India –
a) Capacity Building and Awareness - Training of Social Auditors, Community Awareness
b) Legal Framework - Clear Guidelines, Enforcement Mechanisms
c) Independent Audit Process - Institutional Independence, Transparent Process, Participation of Beneficiaries
d) Accountability and Follow-up - Timely Action, Monitoring and Evaluation
e) Collaboration and Partnerships - Government-Community Partnership, Civil Society Involvement
Marks Maximiser Key Words Marks Maximiser Facts

 Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Viswas, Sabka Prayas  15% of Social Audit completed in FY 2022 – Ministry of
 Development as a Mass Movement Rural Development
3.6 Role of Civil Services:

 Civil Services refers to the body of Government officials who are appointed to civil occupations; other than
political and judicial. It is the body of permanent government officials who are appointed to administer the
country with the mandate to serve the nation with public Interest.
 Constitutional Provisions
Article 54 & The executive power of the Union and the States vests in the President or Governor directly
154 or through officers’ subordinate to him. These officers constitute the permanent civil service
& are governed by Part XIV of the Constitution (Article 308- 323)
Article 309 Powers of Parliament and state legislatures – It empowers the Parliament and the State
legislature regulate the recruitment, and conditions of service of persons appointed, to
public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State
respectively.
Article 310 Doctrine of Pleasure – Every person of Defence service, Civil Service and All India Service
holding any post connected with the above services holds office during the pleasure of the
President or Governor of the State.
Article 311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the
Union or a State.
Article 312 Prohibitions related to All India Services.
 Role played by Civil Services:

a) Advisory Role in Policy Making: They assist the executive in defining policy-making areas.
b) Agent of development: developmental functions like promoting modern techniques in agriculture,
promoting the industry, trade, banking functions, bridging the digital divide, etc.
c) Implementing Laws & Policies: efficient implementation
d) Welfare Services: such as providing social security, the welfare of weaker and vulnerable sections of society.
e) Administer Law of the Land: It governs the behaviour of people in society by enforcing rules.
f) Watchdogs: act as cushion and watchdog between citizens and government.
g) Continuity in times of Political Instability: civil servants are permanent in nature till their retirement.
h) Record Keeping: keep record of day-to-day functioning as per the standards.
i) Discharges Delegated Functions
 Factors that contribute to increasing role of Civil Servants in India:
a) Disaster Management: Due to several factors, the number and intensity of disasters are increasing in India.
b) Increasing population and related issues: Diseases, Safety and security, terrorist and Naxalite attack.
c) International Relations: on various global platforms and contributing to bilateral and multilateral relations.
d) Expanding Government Functions: Scientific and technological development - emerging with changing time.
e) Social Sector Reforms: such as healthcare, education, rural development, and poverty alleviation etc.
 Issues Affecting Indian Civil Services
a) Political Interference: Political executives have huge interference in the working of civil services.
b) Bureaucratic Red-Tapism: Cumbersome bureaucratic processes and excessive paperwork.
c) Corruption and Lack of Accountability: Instances of corruption within the civil services undermines public
trust.
d) Outdated Recruitment and Promotion Processes: Colonial legacy still continued.
e) Workload and Stress: Excessive workloads, long hours, and high levels of stress are prevalent issues.
f) Resistance to Change: Resistance to adopting new technologies, innovative practices, and reforms.
 Necessary Steps to reform Indian Civil services
a) Strengthen Merit-Based Recruitment: Performance-Based Evaluation
b) Accountability: To protect honest civil servants from malicious prosecution and abuse, the Hota
Committee recommended amending Sections 13 (1) (d) and 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, as well
as Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
c) Outcome Orientation: The Hota Committee on Civil Service Reforms recommended in 2004 that the ACR
be replaced with a performance management framework that places a greater focus on objective evaluation
against agreed-upon work plans.
d) Training and Skill Development: Encourage Specialization - to acquire expertise in specific domains, such
as healthcare, urban planning, or education.
e) Foster Ethical Conduct: Establish and enforce strict codes of conduct and ethics.
Lateral Entry in Civil Services
Lateral entry in civil services applies to the direct recruitment of domain experts at the middle or senior levels of
administrative hierarchy
 Recommendation for Lateral Entry
o 1st Administrative Reforms Commission
 It recognised the need for specialisation as the functions of the government had become diversified.
It suggested following things:
i. Devising a rational basis for policymaking positions with those budgeting required qualification
and competence. Thus, Indian Engineering Services and other such professional services
created.
ii. Selecting senior management personnel from all relevant sources.
iii. Providing greater opportunities to talented personnel to move to higher positions in the Civil
Services based on competence and performance.
o Surinder Nath Committee in 2003 and Hota Committee in 2004 also recommended for domain expertise in
civil services.
o In 2005, the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended lateral entry at both the Central
and state levels.
 Arguments in favour of Lateral Entry
o Expertise and Specialized Skills: tap into talent from various sectors such as technology, finance, healthcare,
and management.
o Fresh Perspectives and Innovation: it will also Bridging the Skills Gap
o Enhanced Public-Private Partnership: with Increased Diversity and Representation
o Improved Governance and Efficiency: experience in managing complex organizations and projects, can
bring managerial expertise, streamlined processes, and result-oriented approaches, leading to improved
governance and operational efficiency.
o Addressing Skill Shortages: Flexibility and Adaptability - a nimble and adaptive mindset, enabling them to
quickly respond. It will also promote Meritocracy and Competitiveness.
 Arguments against Lateral Entry
o Lack of Experience and Expertise of Government functioning -
o Undermining Meritocracy: which are already in service
o Limited Accountability: less accountability compared to those who go through the established civil
services examination and training
o Resistance from Career Bureaucrats: from existing IAS and other services officers.
o Limited Integration and Coordination: may face challenges in integrating with existing bureaucratic
systems and collaborating with career civil servants, potentially hindering coordination and teamwork.
Conclusion – Lateral entry may be allowed but it should not be in a haphazard manner so that it worsen the existing
system. There should be limitation on seats for lateral entry and should be enhanced only with necessary trail and
errors in coming years.
3.7 Civil Services Board:
 The Civil Services Board (CSB) is a governing body responsible for overseeing the functioning and
administration of the civil services in India. It plays a crucial role in the recruitment, training, career progression,
and overall management of civil servants in the country. The CSB operates as an independent authority, ensuring
transparency, accountability, and efficiency within the civil services.
 Composition of the Civil Services Board: The CSB is composed of representatives from various stakeholders
involved in the civil services. This includes:
a) Government Representatives:
 Representatives from Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions, or the relevant ministry
overseeing civil services.
 Representatives from key Government departments responsible for policy formulation &
implementation.
b) Civil Service Representatives:
 Serving civil servants from different administrative services, such as the Indian Administrative Service
(IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Foreign Service (IFS).
 Representatives from various levels of the civil services hierarchy, including officers at the district, state,
and central levels.
 Functions and Responsibilities of the Civil Services Board: The CSB carries out several important functions and
responsibilities, including:
a) Recruitment and Selection:
 Designing and implementing the recruitment process for civil services, including conducting
competitive exams, interviews, and assessments.
 Setting eligibility criteria and ensuring a fair and merit-based selection process.
b) Training and Development:
 Overseeing the training and development programs for civil servants, including pre-service training at
the foundation and academy levels.
i) Collaborating with training institutions to enhance the curriculum and ensure the continuous
professional development of civil servants.
c) Career Progression and Promotions:
i) Establishing guidelines and frameworks for career progression and promotions within the civil services,
including periodic assessments and evaluations.
ii) Ensuring transparency, fairness, and meritocracy in the promotion process.
d) Policy Formulation:
i) Contributing to policy formulation related to civil services, including reforms, organizational
restructuring, and administrative improvements.
ii) Providing recommendations and insights based on the CSB's expertise and understanding of the civil
services' functioning.
e) Grievance Redressal and Disciplinary
Actions: Marks Maximiser Key Words
i) Addressing grievances raised by civil  From Arm chair Bureaucrat to on Ground Managers.
servants, ensuring a fair and impartial  Rusted Steel Frame to Trusted Steel Frame
 Transformation of Karmachari to Karmayogi
mechanism for resolving disputes.
ii) Dealing with disciplinary matters, including allegations of misconduct, corruption, and ethical violations.
 Independence and Accountability of Civil Services Board
o The Civil Services Board operates as an
independent body, ensuring autonomy in Initiatives to improve functioning of Civil Services
decision-making and functioning.  Mission Karmayogi- To transform capacity building apparatus
at individual, institutional or progress level.
However, it is also accountable for its
 PM Award for Excellence in Public Administration
actions and outcomes. The board
 AARAMBH (2019) – A common foundation course for civil
maintains transparency and adheres to servants.
established guidelines, policies, and legal  Integrated Government Online Training (iGOT)- It guides
frameworks governing the civil services. individual civil servants in their capability building journey.
 Collaboration and Coordination
o The CSB collaborates and coordinates with various stakeholders, including government departments,
training institutions, and civil service associations. This facilitates the exchange of ideas, best practices, and
mutual support to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the civil services.
 Conclusion: The Civil Services Board plays a critical role in the management and governance of the civil services
in India. Through its composition, functions, and responsibilities, it strives to maintain high standards of
professionalism, integrity, and accountability within the civil services, contributing to the overall development
and progress of the nation.
Marks Maximizer Way Out for Civil Services (CIPPEET)
Bureaucracy must be creative and constructive, imaginable and innovative, polite and proactive, professional and
progressive, energetic and enabling, efficient and effective, transparent and tech-enabled.
3.8 Previous year Questions:

1) e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, 2023 150 words
transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the (15 marks)
enhancement of these features?
2) Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer 2022 150 words
Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. (10 marks)
3) “Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this context 2020 150 words
suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy. (10 marks)
4) “The emergence of Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e- 2020 250 words
Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (15 marks)
5) Implementation of information and Communication Technology (ICT) based Projects 2019 150 words
/ Programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors (10 marks)
and suggest measures for their effective implementation.
6) E-governance in not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also 2018 150 words
much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information. Explain. (10 marks)
7) The Citizen’s Charter is an ideal instrument of organisational transparency and 2018 250 words
accountability, but it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest (15 marks)
measures for greater effectiveness of the Citizen’s Charters.
8) Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and 2017 250 words
effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with (15 marks)
the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services. Comment.
9) “In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only 2016 150 words
marginal.” Critically examine this statement. (12.5 marks)
10) “Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation 2016 150 words
in the governance system are inter-dependent/” Discuss their relationship in the (12.5 marks)
context of India.
11) In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low. Discuss 2016 150 words
briefly the legal, political, social and cultural factors that have caused the decline of (12.5 marks)
public morality in India.
12) “Traditional bureaucratic structure and culture have hampered the process of socio- 2016 150 words
economic development in India.” Comment. India. (12.5 marks)
13) In the light of Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in the corporate 2016 150 words
governance to ensure transparency and accountability. (12.5 marks)
14) Has the Cadre based Civil Services Organization been the cause of slow change in 2014 150 words
India? Critically examine. (12.5 marks)
15) Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes is an ambitious project to 2013 200 words
minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms. Comment. (10 marks)
16) Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery 2013 200 words
organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’ (10 marks)
satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyse.
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KGP: Governance

UPSC CSE MAINS 2024 Re-Deﬁning UPSC Preparation

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1.2 Types of Public Policies:

1.3 Characteristics Of Public Policy:

Futuristic Dynamic Participatory Decision Use of Possible

Problem Agenda Policy Policy Policy Policy

1.5 Formulation Of Public Policy:

1.7 Measures needed to be taken:

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2.1 Development processes and the development industry:

 Poverty 21.9% of Indian population lives below BPL in 2011

Article 19(1)(c) Article 43B List III (Concurrent List)- Item 28

3) Legal Status of NGOs

9) Government Steps to Regulate Foreign Funding

2.3 Self-Help Groups (SHGs):

2.4 Cooperative Societies

 National Policy for Cooperatives, 2002 - To provide:

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3.1 Good Governance:

e-Governance can be defined as the application of

3.3 Citizen Charter:

3.4 Right to Information Act, 2005:

1994- Mazdoor Kisan Shakti RTI Act, 2005

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 Challenges in implementation of Social Audit:

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 Role played by Civil Services:

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