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Assignment 2 part 1

P5
Explain the role of software design principle and software structures
in the IT systems development life cycle

Importance of software design principle


The very first step in software development lifecycle is the software design. Virtuous and perfect
software is required because decent software design permits the users to make any addition in the
program like, algorithm alteration, then add new features, and integrations.
An accurate software design planning will ensure that the software will work efficiently, it can
be easily maintained, this will also save our a lot of time, and free us from any stress of price of
upkeeping, postponement to the real program.
So, here I am going it discus how Software Development Life Cycle and software structure is
used to develop a software program to room booking for the MCBS collage. Where a room can
be booked by induvial for multiple purpose like, for the students, for seminar, etc.

What is SDLC (software development lifecycle)?


SDLC is a process by which the programmers use for
structuring the development of any software from the start
Determination
of execution, and with the very high quality of software of scope
and in low price and within the required time period.
With the help of SDLC every association is provided with Requirements
Deploy and
a properly designed stream of steps which helps them to Maintain
gathering and
specification
produce a first-class software program, that should be
accurately verified and equipped to be delivered to the THE SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
clients. For being in the competition every organization LIFECYCLE
must construct their software appropriately and hire some
effective software engineers. On the off chance that this
Testing Design
aren't done then the organization can face disappointment,
it can likewise make a drop-in profitability. Connections
of clients at all levels alongside the correct method for Code
actualizing the product is exceptionally pivotal to the
achievement of any association.

Why is software development lifecycle use?


The SDLC is mostly considered to be the foundation for every software development
organizations along with a number of tasks at each stage. The tasks are usually like, spending
plans, requirements gathering, documentation composing, are also added in the cycle. Software
development lifecycle works for bringing down the expenses needed for programming where
else. Accomplishes these clearly unique objectives by following an arrangement that evacuates
the normal entanglements of programming improvement ventures. The SDLC is usually come up
with all the client requests and demands, which is followed by execution and testing phase. And
when the requirements have been met the software development lifecycle can end.
Numerous associations will in general spend barely any endeavors on testing while a more
grounded center around testing can spare them a ton of revamp, time, and cash. Be shrewd and
compose the correct kinds of tests.
The software development life cycle comprises of six distinct phases and to develop a room
booking software these phases are important:
 Determination of scope
 requirements gathering and specification
 design
 coding
 testing
 maintenance

Determination of scope

The initial step is the most important step, since this phase allows the engineers and the clients to
plan the software that will be developed. With the goal so that the customers need, and
prerequisites can be received by the engineers and mainly determining the deliverables
information, tasks and deadline also mostly costs. This permits the designers to collect all the
significant data that may needed to know how well the program fits the requirement altogether.
We can also say that it is what needs to be achieved and the work that must be done to deliver a
project. It needs to be pinned very early in the project life cycle as it will affect the schedule and
cost of the project down the track.
The first stage very crucial because for room booking, this stage the software engineers need
certain features and functions on the software they are building, the software should also be able
to do the tasks required to be done for MCBS collage. The engineers should also make sure that
clients are able to do booking search for rooms for any work or class. And the engineers should
also that the software program starts on the time (e.g. from May 2020 till August 2020) and also
this software program should also be under the budget which could be something around 2000
RO. They have to get a perfect deadline and deliver a properly tasted software program.

Requirements gathering and specification


After all the planning of schedule, task and budget. The second stage which is the requirement
gathering and specification. In this stage the software engineers will collect all the input
information from the clients and analyze some difficulties.
The software engineers must be familiar with exactly what category of software and what all
features do the client require to be designed in the system. The designers or the developers
should also know the purpose this software is been made, because this input information will
benefit them to focus on the impartial of the system required. In order to meet the requirement,
the developers and the customer can have a conversation, where the software engineer can go on
with number of question to make sure that both the customer and the software engineers are clear
with the requirements, to avoid any problems facing further in other stages.
The developer can go on with question such as, ‘what is the purpose of the software?’, ‘some
information about the previse system?’,
In case the client/customer wants to renew their previse system the developers must also
investigate and understand the old software and to ensure that they can upgrade the older version
and add the new features. After all the input information the software developers are needed to
produce an output documentation on the need of the customer, and then get it approved by the
clients for the finial assurance.
For booking a room the main goal of MCBS collage is that the other teachers or the assessors
should be capable of doing search for room booking. And which room they want to book, this
can be done through using teachers ID and password. Further the system should show at what
date/day they need the room and also show potion for time duration.
If the room is available, grant the request for the room and, in case if the room is not available,
show that the request can’t be granted. And if the ID or password is wrong show error.

Designing
After requirement gathering, the next stage is the designing stage, it is also the third stage in the
software development lifecycle. This stage is all about how to design the software. The
engineers will utilize the information collected in the determination of scope and from the
requirement gather stages to layout a vibrant plan for the software. Specialized necessities will
detail database tables to be included, new exchanges to be characterized, security procedures and
equipment and software prerequisites. To design the software the engineers will require
structures and the activity details, pseudo-code, screen outlines, and extra essential certification
which are comprised in this stage. This stage the organizations create data models, entity
relationship diagrams (ERDs) and also creates interfaces for user interactions. Further this
information and the system are divided in two sectors they are:
In high level designs the software developer’s fragment the system into so events/procedures
and then each and every event/procedure is described with a small explanation. In the
explanation the developers are describing about how it is related to the further vents/procedures
and also talk about the functionality of the events.
In the low-level diagram the software engineer will show the way all the activities in each
event/procedure, are been carried out and the method used to store the data in the system data
base, in the database they store all the types also the sizes. There is going to be a user interface
screen which is also will be designed for thee users
For room booking the main event/procedure in the system software is to be able to do searching
for room in the MCBS collage.
And under main event there are a number of other procedures such as:
 booking for room
 teachers’ details
 name
 ID
 password
 room details
 room NO.
 type of room
 no. of student
 purpose of the room
 for class
 for seminar
 meeting
 date and day
 day the room need
 time duration for the room

Explaining high level design for room booking with diagram

Room management Record previse booking

Booking management Rome details report

Booking
room
Check user’s login details
Purpose for room details

Time and date detail


management Record time/ day details

User details Record user details


management history
Explaining low-level design for room booking with diagram

Check
Teacher/staff Add roles of Manage room
(admin) booking access details

Manage users’
Login via details
ID/pass
word Manage
Check Manage booking details
credential modules

Wrong Manage
ID/pass date/time
word

Manage login
details

Show
Manage the no. of Manage service Manage report
error
student /room details

Coding
The fourth most stage of the software development lifecycle. This stage is also the longest stage
in the lifecycle. In the coding stage the programmer will start with the authentic creating of the
software system. On the off chance that the plan is acted in a nitty gritty and sorted out way,
code cohort can be cultivated absent a lot of issue. To ensure there is issues arising further they
need to strictly track the recommendation given by their association and computer operator.
There are variety of different languages to choose while coding a software program like, C++,
C#, python, etc. but they should make sure that whatever language is selected should be based on
the requirement of the system. The designer should be more liberal and adaptable if any
progressions are presented.
For the coding of room booking in the MCBS collage, the programmers can select C# as their
programming language, since it is one of the most used language, specially for small software
system like room booking in MCBS collage. And C# support procedural software program
because it is an objected oriented programming language. Through this software the teachers or
the staff of collage should be able to do search for room booking. In order to book a room, the
teacher/ staff should first login to the system with their user details (like, teacher’s name, ID,
password) and if the user details are entered wrong the system will now open and show error.
And if all the user details are correct then they can select a room by choosing a room no. and
then feed in the date and day and also the time duration of the class. They also have to mention
for what purpose this room is booked.

Testing
Testing stage, all the bits of code are incorporated and utilized in the testing condition. Analyzers
at that point follow Software Testing Life Cycle (SDLC) exercises to check for the system
blunders, bugs, and deformities to confirm the system's functionalities fill in true to form or not,
regularly.
The two essential exercises for room booking must to comprise in the testing stage are:
 Composing experiments
 Execution of experiments
Testing is significant as it guarantees that a program is of high caliber and won't reason slightly
problems once it is circulated and utilized by the clients. Another explanation testing must be
completed is to guarantee that the program encounters the necessities usual. toward the
beginning of this procedure.
The software program for room booking should be well tested, to ensure that there are no bugs,
no errors, and the program runs effortlessly and has all the reequipment of the clients.
i. To ensure that the software operates efficiently some test can be carried out like, a test to
check if the teacher or staff has entered the wrong user details for logging-in, the system
whether the system shows error or not.
ii. Another test could be that to check whether the room is available or not available, if
available grant the request for the room, and if the room is not available show “this room
is not available”.
iii. One more test could be that to check if the user has not entered a very important detail
about the booking, the system should show “fill in this vital detail”.

Deployment and maintenance


This stage is the very last stage of the software development lifecycle. Over this significant
stretch of time, issue or bugs that might not be discovered in the testing stage or that have created
after some time may introduce clients. This implies that standard support of the system should
take place. In this stage every single important upgrade, redresses, and changes are made to
ensure the product works continually in the system. It is needed to keep up and update the
software program occasionally so it can embrace to future needs.
After all the stages have been completed and the software program for booking room is delivered
to the collage. After using the software if they face any issues arising in the future. They can call
up the same software design company to come to them and fix the issue or add any new feature
if the collage wants to.
Like we can say that room available or not available feature is not working properly and because
of that sometime two or three teachers end up booking the same room because of which there is a
lot of confusion in the collage. So, the developers will have to fix the issues raised.

Software structure
Overall, software structure is normal mentioned as the preparation of diverse component in a
program. When it comes to making a program, making utilization of diverse software structure
helps to progress the nature of code that can relate to the distinctive programming standards . The
readability of code can also be improve likewise using Programming structures, can make
approval client inputs simpler and are additionally viewed as great programming practice.
Depending of upon the type of programming language use the software structure can be different
for one another. Like object-oriented program user software structure like, classes and objects.
And on the other hand, procedural program use procedures and functions.

Procedures
Procedure is the point at which the program peruses various lines of code one line after another
then performs each line of code in a steady progression. Can help make recognizing and settling
bug issues simpler as the code is simpler to get to.
For example, when the user select one control one task is completed and in order to complete the
next task the user need to select another control.
And an example from the room booking system, when a teacher wants to book a room, they first
need to feed in login details and then press “enter” in order, to preside to the next step of booking
the room.

Function
Functions are the independent elements of code that complete a prebuilt task in the software
computer programmer. Functions can be utilized on different occasions in a program and can be
called inside different function. Function is supported in almost all the programming language,
and particularly it is supported by the procedural programs.
And there are two categories I which function are described:
i. The user defined function:
These functions are always modified by the programmers/operators. The functions are
quite same to the built-in function, but then again, the only alteration between them is
that the user defined function is characterized outside the main function body of code.

ii. Built-in function:


It is a piece of the language, which is previously created in the program that can be used
by the user. This can be helpful for approval, making all client inputs a similar
organization
This image right here is an example for function, and this function shows addition is the function
where two numbers are been added.
Likewise, the programmer of room booking can also develop a function where, if the user’s
details are entered wrong the function will show error.

Class and objects


Programmers use classes and objects mostly in the objected oriented programs. where the
program’s activities are divided into sub-units which are called as the classes.
And these classes are often referred as the segment of code in which program writing for objects
happen. Under class there are some sub-unit those are attributes and methods. Where attributes
are bits of information related to classes. And on the other hand, methods are referred are the
elements inside a class. Classes are used to characterize the various methods and various
attributes, and classes also utilize to interface attributes and methods together inside the class.
Programming objects resemble elements, they are certifiable factual based physical gears that are
being utilized in a software system or database. objects are examples of classes.
And in the room booking scenario of MCBS collage where are also many classes and objects as
well as methods and attributes. And one of the class in the room booking scenario would be the
room and these class also have objects that are the rooms in the collage like, for e.g. “2016”,
“2017”, etc.
There are attributes like, “room name”, “room capacity”, etc. and for method examples are like,
“searching for room”, “adding room booking/deleting room booking”, etc.

Predefined code
The predefined code is a section of code that can be Utilizing to spare a great deal of time as the
plans of the code have been previously composed and verified. In the software development
lifecycle are connected into the coding of the software. This is the place the designers compose
the real code that will be executed inside a software. The preparation arisen previous phases thus,
at this point the creators must understand what data kinds are been utilized and their ultimate
objective.
So, for e.g. the software engineers can take previously code that was in the old system of the
collage. So, the developer can use the pre-defined code to the old system that was used for
booking room and the designer can just add the new features and any improvement in the old
system that the MCBS collage require.

Readability of code
code readability mentions to the proximity of the capacity of code to be handily perused by the
software engineer who composed the program and other developer. this is a significant
characteristic for a decent program, be an enormous and complex program or a little and basic
program.
it is significant in the testing and upkeep when fixing or adjustment is needed. Some of the
strategy for improving code clarity are:
 appropriate names for variables,
 comments
 indentation

appropriate name for variables


Having appropriate name for variables is categorically imperative, besides these names should be
sensible names for the variables. because this assistance the programmer to recognize that what
is the code about and how the code works.
An example from the room booking scenario, the programmer can use appropriate name for
variables such as: instead of writing numbers to represent the text boxes the programmer can use
names like text 1, text 2, etc.

Comments
commenting is a procedure by which developer can add new comments/steps. The comment
should be readable to ensure the step is vibrant. It supports different programmers or the creator
them self, when they are going to roll out any improvements inside the product like, expelling
any bugs, or including new component. Using comments can make other programmers
understand the code.
The designer of the software of booking room, can interduce comment in the coding of the
program to ensure that the codes are easily understood.

Indentation
Indentation is a method of show style of codes in a program. Indenting is used to cause the code
to structure effectively and in a correct way which can be easily understood and modified easy
later by the programmer.

The programmers of the software room booking should be using indentation in the software to
make sure this software will not have issues, in case there is any problem in the software in
future the programmer can easily resolve it.
Riya dey
20201494

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