ELECTRIC DRIVES

Advantages of electric drives

➢ High starting torque;

➢ Speed control over a wide range, both below and above normal speeds;

➢ Accurate step-less speed control with constant torque;

➢ Quick starting, stopping, reversing and accelerating;

➢ High reliability.

Demerits

➢ High initial cost;

➢ Increased operating and maintenance cost because of commutation and brush gear;

DC DRIVES

DC drives can be classified into:

I. Single phase drives;

II. Three phase drives;

III. Dc to dc converter drives.

The speed of a motor can be varied by controlling armature voltage, field current and armature

current.

Single phase drives

Page 1 of 23
Depending on the type of single-phase converter, single-phase drives can be classified into:

I. Single phase half wave converter drive;

II. Single phase semiconverter drive;

III. Single phase full converter drive;

IV. Single phase dual converter drive.

Single phase half wave converter drive

Dm is the freewheeling diode.

Page 2 of 23
 1
This type of drive is limited to 2 𝑘𝑊 power level. The converter in the field circuit can be a semi

converter. The single phase half wave converter in the armature circuit gives an average

armature voltage as:

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = (1 + cos 𝛼) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋
2𝜋

Where 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦.

With converter in the field circuit, the field voltage;

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑓 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝛼𝑓 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

This type of converter is a one-quadrant drive.

Types of quadrants

Waveforms

Page 3 of 23
Single phase semi converter drive

Waveforms

Page 4 of 23
It is also a one-quadrant drive and is limited to applications up to 15kW. The converter in the

field circuit can be semi-converter.

With single-phase semi-converter in the armature circuit, the average armature voltage is

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

With semi-converter in the field circuit, the average field voltage is

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑓 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑓 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

Page 5 of 23
Single-phase full converter drive

It is a two quadrant drive limited to applications up to 15kW. The converter drive gives +𝑉𝑎 and

−𝑉𝑎 and thus allows operations in 1st and 4th quadrants. During regeneration for reversing the

direction for power flow, the back e.m.f of the motor can be reversed by reversing the field

excitation.

The reversal of the armature or field allows operation in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.

Waveforms

Page 6 of 23
With single-phase full wave converter in the armature circuit, the average armature voltage is

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = cos 𝛼𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

With full wave converter in the field circuit, the average field voltage is

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = cos 𝛼𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑓 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

Page 7 of 23
Single-phase dual converter drive

It is limited for applications up to 15kW.

Either converter 1operates to supply positive armature voltage, +𝑉𝑎 or converter 2 operates to

supply a negative armature voltage −𝑉𝑎 .

Converter 1 provides operation in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

Converter 2 provides operation in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.

Thus, single-phase dual converter is a four-quadrant drive and permits four modes of operation:

➢ Forward powering;

➢ Forward braking (Regeneration);

➢ Reverse powering;

➢ Reverse braking (Regeneration).

The field converter could be full a semi or dual converter.

Page 8 of 23
If converter 1 operates with a delay angle of 𝛼𝑎1 , then armature voltage is

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = cos 𝛼𝑎1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎1 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

If converter 2 operates with angle delay of 𝛼𝑎2 , the field voltage is

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = cos 𝛼𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑓 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

Calculations in single phase DC Drives

A single-phase semi converter controls the speed of a separately excited motor. The field current,

which is also controlled by a semi converter, is set to a maximum possible value. The a.c. supply

voltage to armature and field converters is a single phase of 208V, 60Hz. The armature

resistance 𝑅𝑎 = 0.25Ω, 𝑅𝑓 = 147Ω and the motor voltage constant is 𝐾𝑣 = 0.7032𝑣/𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.

The load torque 𝑇𝐿 = 45𝑁𝑚 at 1,000 r.p.m. the viscous friction and no load losses are

negligible. The inductances of the armature and field circuits are sufficient to make the armature

and field currents continuous and ripple free. Determine:

a) Field current, If ;

b) Delay angle in the armature circuit, 𝛼𝑎 ;

c) Input power factor in the armature circuit converter.

𝑉𝑠 = 208𝑉 𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑉𝑚 = √2 𝑉𝑠 = √2 × 208 = 294.16𝑉

Page 9 of 23
𝑅𝑎 = 0.25Ω

𝑅𝑓 = 147Ω

𝑇𝑑 = 𝑇𝐿 = 45𝑁𝑚

𝐾𝑣 = 0.7032𝑣/𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

2𝜋
𝜔 = 1000𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚 = 1000 × = 104.72 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60

For a single phase semi-converter, the maximum field voltage and hence maximum field current

is when 𝛼𝑓 = 0 in the equation

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑓 )
𝜋

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝛼𝑓 = 0

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = (1 + cos 0)
𝜋

𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
= (1 + 1) = (2)
𝜋 𝜋

2𝑉𝑚 2 × 294.16
𝑉𝑓 = = = 187.268𝑉
𝜋 𝜋

𝑉𝑓 187.268𝑉
(a) 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑅 = = 1.274𝐴
𝑓 147

𝑃𝑍
Motor back e.m.f. or speed voltage 𝐸𝑏 = ( 𝐴 )𝜑𝑁

𝑃𝑍
Where ( 𝐴 ) = 𝐾𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝐴 = 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

Page 10 of 23
 𝐴 = 𝑃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝜑 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝑁 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝜔 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝐸𝑏 = 𝐾𝑣 𝜔𝐼𝑓

DC Motor equation

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐸𝑏

= 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐾𝑣 𝜔𝐼𝑓

From which

𝑉𝑎 −𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝑉
𝜔= Also 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑓⁄𝑅
𝐾𝑣 𝐼𝑓 𝑓

𝑉𝑎 − 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎
𝜔=
𝑉
𝐾𝑣 × 𝑓⁄𝑅
𝑓

𝑃𝑍
Torque developed by motor, 𝑇𝑑 = ( 𝐴 )𝐼𝑓 𝐼𝑎

𝑃𝑍
𝑇𝑑 = 𝐾𝑡 𝐼𝑓 𝐼𝑎 → 𝐾𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, also 𝐾𝑡 = 𝐾𝑣 = ( 𝐴 )

Developed torque 𝑇𝑑 must balance the load torque 𝑇𝐿 .

𝑑𝜔
𝑇𝑑 = 𝐽 + 𝐵𝜔 + 𝑇𝐿
𝑑𝑡

Where 𝐵 = 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑇𝐿 = load torque

Page 11 of 23
𝜔 = 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

Under steady state conditions;

𝑇𝑑 = 𝐵𝜔 + 𝑇𝐿

Power developed, 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑇𝑑 × 𝜔

Since 𝑇𝑑 = 𝐾𝑡 𝐼𝑓 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐾𝑣 𝐼𝑓 𝐼𝑎

𝑇𝑑
𝐼𝑎 =
𝐾𝑣 𝐼𝑓

𝑇𝑑 = 45𝑁𝑚

𝐾𝑡 = 0.7032 𝑉/𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝐼𝑓 = 1.274𝐴

45
𝐼𝑎 = = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟑𝑨
0.7032 × 1.274𝐴

𝐸𝑏 = 𝐾𝑣 𝜔𝐼𝑓

= 0.7032 × 104.72 × 1.274

= 𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟔𝑽

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐸𝑏

= 0.25 × 50.233 + 93.816

= 106.374𝑉

(b) For delay angle 𝛼𝑎 , we know that for a single phase semi converter,

Page 12 of 23
 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

294.16
106.374 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑎 )
𝜋

106.374 × 𝜋
(1 + cos 𝛼𝑎 ) =
294.16

= 1.136

cos 𝛼𝑎 = 1.136 − 1

= 0.136

𝛼𝑎 = cos −1 (0.136)

= 𝟖𝟐. 𝟏𝟖°

(c) Output power = 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎

= 106.374 × 50.233

= 5343.4.85𝑊

r.m.s input current of the armatrure converter

1
𝜋 2
1
𝐼𝑠𝑎 = [ ∫ 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑑𝜃]
𝜋
𝛼𝑎

1
𝜋 − 𝛼𝑎 2
= 𝐼𝑎 ( )
𝜋
1
180 − 82.18 2
= 50.233 ( )
180

= 27.2988𝐴

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑉𝐼 = 208 × 27.2988 = 5678.1597𝑉𝐴

Page 13 of 23
 𝑃𝑜 5343.485
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑉𝐼 5678.1597

= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟏 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔

Page 14 of 23
 Three phase drives

I. Three phase half wave converter drive

It operates in one quadrant and can be used up to 40kW power level. The field converter could

be a single phase or three-phase converter.

With three phase, half wave converter drive,

3√3𝑉𝑚
armature voltage 𝑉𝑎 = cos 𝛼𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎 ≤ 𝜋
2𝜋

Where 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 3 − 𝜑 𝑎. 𝑐. 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦

With three phase semi converter in the field circuit,

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑓 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑓 ≤ 𝜋
2𝜋

II. Three phase semi converter drive

It is a one-quadrant drive without field reversal. It is limited to applications up to 115kW. The

field converter could be a single phase or three-phase converter.

With three phase, semi converter drive in the armature

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎 ≤ 𝜋
2𝜋

Where 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 3 − 𝜑 𝑎. 𝑐. 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦

With three phase semi converter in the field circuit,

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝑓 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑓 ≤ 𝜋
2𝜋

Page 15 of 23
 III. Three phase full converter drive

It is a two-quadrant drive without any field reversal and is limited to applications up to 1500kW.

With three phase in the armature circuit,

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = cos 𝛼𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

With three phase full converter drive in the field circuit,

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = cos 𝛼𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑓 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

IV. Three phase dual converter drive

Converter 1 provides positive armature voltage while converter 2 provides negative armature

voltage. It is a four-quadrant drive limited to applications up to 1500kW.

For converter 1

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = cos 𝛼𝑎1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎1 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

For converter 2

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = cos 𝛼𝑎2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑎2 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

For three phase full converter drive in the field circuit,

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = cos 𝛼𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝛼𝑓 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋

Page 16 of 23
Example 1

The speed of a 20hp, 300V, 1800 rpm separately excited DC motor, is controlled by a three-

phase full converter drive. The field current is also controlled by a three phase full converter and

is set to a maximum possible value. The a.c. input is a three phase, star connected, 208V, 60Hz

supply. The armature resistance 𝑅𝑎 = 0.25Ω, 𝑅𝑓 = 245Ω and the motor voltage constant is

𝐾𝑣 = 1.2𝑣/𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠. The viscous friction and no load losses are negligible. The inductances of

the armature and field circuits are sufficient to make the armature and field currents continuous

and ripple free. Determine:

a) The delay angle of armature converter, 𝛼𝑎 , if the motor supplies the rated power at the

rated speed.

b) The no load speed if the delay angles are the same, as in (a) and the armature current at n

load is 10% of the rated value.

c) The speed regulation.

Solution

𝑅𝑎 = 0.25Ω,

𝑅𝑓 = 245Ω

𝐾𝑣 = 1.2𝑣/𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝑉𝑙 = 208𝑉

1800𝜋
𝜔= = 188.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
30

𝑉𝑙 208
𝑉𝑝 = = = 120𝑉
√3 √3
Page 17 of 23
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 120 = 169.7𝑉

20ℎ𝑝 = 20 × 746

20×746
a) 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝑎 = 300

= 𝟒𝟗. 𝟕𝟑𝑨

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝛼𝑓 = 0, 𝑖. 𝑒 cos 𝛼𝑓 = 1

3√3𝑉𝑚 3√3 × 169.7

𝑉𝑓 = cos 0 = = 280.7𝑉
𝜋 𝜋

𝑉𝑓 280.7
𝐼𝑓 = = = 1.146𝐴
𝑅𝑓 245

𝐸𝑏 = 𝐾𝑣 𝜔𝐼𝑓 = 1.2 × 188.5 × 1.146 = 259.2𝑉

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐸𝑏

= 0.25 × 49.73 + 259.2

= 271.63𝑉

With three phase in the armature circuit,

3√3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = cos 𝛼𝑎
𝜋

3√3 × 169.7
271.63 = cos 𝛼𝑎
𝜋

271.63𝜋
cos 𝛼𝑎 =
3√3 × 169.7

Page 18 of 23
 271.63𝜋
𝛼𝑎 = cos −1 ( )
3√3 × 169.7

= 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟗°

b) 𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝑎𝑜 = 10% 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑎

= 4.973𝐴

𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓. 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐸𝑏𝑜 = 𝑉𝑎𝑜 − 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎𝑜

= 271.63 − 0.25 × 4.973

= 270.39𝑉

𝐸𝑏𝑜 = 𝐾𝑣 𝐼𝑓 𝜔𝑜

𝐸𝑔𝑜 270.39
𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝜔𝑜 = =
𝐾𝑣 𝐼𝑓 1.2 × 1.146

= 196.62 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

30
196.62 × = 1877.58 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚
𝜋

𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑−𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

c) 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

1877.58 − 1800
=
1800

= 0.043 = 4.3%

Page 19 of 23
Example 2

The speed of a 20hp, 300V, 900 rpm separately excited DC motor, is controlled by a three-phase

full converter drive. The field circuit is also controlled by a three-phase full converter drive. The

a.c. input to armature and field converter is a three pshase, star connected, 208V, 60Hz supply.

The armature resistance 𝑅𝑎 = 0.25Ω, 𝑅𝑓 = 145Ω and the motor voltage constant is 𝐾𝑣 =

1.2𝑣/𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠. The viscous friction and no load losses are negligible. The viscous friction and

no load losses can be considered negligible. The armature and field currents are continuous and

ripple free.

a) If the field converter is operated at a maximum field current and the developed torque is

𝑇𝑑 = 116𝑁𝑚 at 900 r.p.m., determine the delay angle of the armature converter 𝛼𝑎 .

b) If the field circuit converter is set for the maximum field current, the developed torque

𝑇𝑑 = 116𝑁𝑚 and the delay angle of the armature converter is 𝛼𝑎 = 0°, determine the

speed of the motor.

c) For the same load demand, as in (b), determine the delay angle of the field converter if

the speed has to be increased to 1800 r.p.m.

Solution

900×2𝜋
a) 𝜔 = = 94.25 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚, 𝐼𝑓 , 𝛼𝑓 = 0°

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 𝑉𝑝

208
= √2 ×
√3

Page 20 of 23
 169.7𝑉

3√3 × 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = cos 0° = 280.7𝑉
𝜋

280.7
𝐼𝑓 = = 1.936
145

𝑇𝑑 = 𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑓 𝐼𝑎

𝑇𝑑 116
𝑖𝑎 = =
𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑓 1.2 × 1.936

= 49.93𝐴

𝐸𝑏 = 𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑓 𝜔

= 1.2 × 1.936 × 94.25

= 218.96𝑉

𝑉𝑎 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

= 218.96 + 49.93

= 231.44𝑉

3√3 × 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎 = cos 𝛼𝑎
𝜋

3√3 × 169.7
231.44 = cos 𝛼𝑎
𝜋

231.44 × 𝜋
𝛼𝑎 = cos −1 ( )
3√3 × 169.7

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 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟔°

b) 𝛼𝑎 = 0°

3√3 × 169.7
𝑉𝑎 = = 280.7𝑉
𝜋

𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

= 280.7 − 49.93 × 0.25

= 268.22𝑉

𝐸𝑏 268.22
𝜔= =
𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑓 1.2 × 1.936

= 𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟓 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 or 1102.5 r.p.m

1800×2𝜋
c) 𝜔 = = 188.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60

𝐸𝑏 268.22
𝐼𝑓 = =
𝑘𝑣 𝜔 1.2 × 188.5

= 1.86𝐴

𝑉𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑓 = 1.186 × 145

= 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝑽

3√3 × 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = cos 𝛼𝑓
𝜋

𝑉𝑓 𝜋
cos 𝛼𝑓 =
3√3 × 𝑉𝑚

Page 22 of 23
 𝑉𝑓 𝜋
𝛼𝑓 = cos−1 ( )
3√3 × 𝑉𝑚

171.97 × 𝜋
𝛼𝑓 = cos−1 ( )
3√3 × 169.7

= 𝟓𝟐. 𝟐°

Page 23 of 23