Workshop6 Condon Fox

OSHA Focus Four
Agenda:
¾ falls, struckby, caught-in-between and
electrocution
¾ Relevant data and the case behind OSHA’s
creation of the
¾ In-depth review of 1926 and the corresponding
sections that align to the Focus Four
¾ Identify how the Focus Four aligns to
participants’ unique sphere of work
Fall Protection - Subpart M

§1926.500 - 503
Fall Protection
¾ 2010 – 4547 died from work

related injuries
¾ >200,000 injured due to falls
¾ 2010 - 751 died from work
related falls in construction
¾ 18% of all fatalities
¾ 748 of the 751 were men
¾ 90% of work related deaths
are due to falls
Training
1926.503
¾ Employer shall provide a training program for each
employee
¾ Must have written certification record
Re-Training
1926.503(c)
¾ Employer has reason to believe – lack of
understanding
¾ Improper use
¾ Employee failed to retain understanding

Fall Protection
1926.501(b)(1)
¾ You must be
protected from fall
hazards and falling
objects 6 feet or
more above a
lower level.
¾ There is no “safe
distance” from a
fall hazard
Fall Protection
¾ 1926.502 (b)(8)(ii)
Protection must be
provided to eliminate the
potential of falling into
dangerous equipment
regardless of height.
Fall Protection
¾ Specific requirements
for scaffolds, ladders
and steel erection are
covered in other
subparts of OSHA
regulations
¾ Scaffolding 10’
¾ Ladders 0-24’
¾ Steel Erection 15’
¾ Crane Erection 15’
Required Locations
¾ Ramps, runways, and
other walkways
¾ Excavations
¾ Hoist areas / Holes
¾ Formwork and
reinforcing steel
¾ Leading edge work
¾ Unprotected sides and
edges
¾ Overhand bricklaying ¾ Wall openings
¾ Roofing work ¾ Residential Construction
¾ Precast concrete ¾ Walking/working
erection surfaces
Employer Requirement
¾ 1926.501 Employers must determine if the walking /
working surface can safely support employees
¾ 1926.501 Employer must select the appropriate fall

protection from the options listed
¾ Class Demonstration
¾ Evaluating the situation

¾ Selecting a system
¾ Familiarity with the system
¾ Training of employees
¾ Components of a system
¾ Availability of products
Fall Protection Options
¾ Guardrail systems
¾ Positioning Devices
¾ Safety net systems
¾ Personal fall arrest
systems
¾ Controlled access
zones *
¾ Warning line
systems * ¾ Safety Monitor *
¾ Hole Covers ¾ Overhead Protection
Fall Protection
1926.502 FP
systems
¾ 6 feet or more
above a lower
level.
¾ Review all systems
Guardrail System
¾ 1926.502(b) Top-rails
• 42” +- 3”
• 200lbs
• Flagged
• Projection Hazards
• No Banding
• Stilts
Guardrail Systems
¾ 1926.502(b) Mid-rails
• 21”
• Screens / Mesh
• 150lbs
• Balusters 19”
Guardrail Systems
Toeboards
¾ 3.5” tall
¾ 50 lbs
¾ No more than 1/4”
clearance above the
surface
¾ Have openings no larger
than 1”
¾ If materials are piled
higher than the top edge of
toeboard, paneling or
screening must be erected
Guardrail System
¾ At hoisting areas, a chain, gate, or removable

guardrail section must be in place when hoisting
operation are not taking place.
¾ Equivalent protection must be provided for

employees while hoisting operations are taking
place
Effective Receiving Area
Guardrail Systems
¾ 1926.502 (b)(13)
Guardrails used
around access
holes, ladder
way, and gates
must be offset to
prevent
accidental
walking into hole.
Controlled Access Zone
¾ Definition:
¾ (CAZ) means an area in which certain work may
take place without the use of guardrail systems,
personal fall arrest systems or safety nets and
access to that area is controlled.
¾ Leading edge: Edge which changes location as
additional material is being placed.
Controlled Access Zone

¾ Limited Application at DAS
¾ 1926.502(g) Discuss Limitations and 502 (k)
“demonstrate infeasibility” statement.
¾ 1926.5029(g)(1) Must be defined by a control line –
exception: precast concrete
¾ 1926.502(g)(2)(iv) Only employees engaged in
overhand bricklaying or related work
¾ 1926.502(b)(10) not allowed on steep roofs
Control Line Requirements
¾ Flagged or clearly marked at 6’ intervals
¾ 42” plus or minus 3”
¾ Minimum breaking strength of 200lbs
¾ Parallel to the unprotected leading edge.
¾ Connected to a guardrail system or wall.
¾ 1926.502(g)(1)(iii) 6’ to 25’ from leading edge
¾ 1926.502(g)(2)(i) 10’ to 15’ from working edge
¾ 1926.502(g)(1)(ii) 6’ to 60’ Precast work
Warning Line System

1926.502(f)
¾ 1926.502(b)(10) low
sloped roofs only
¾ Warning lines consist
of ropes, wires, or
chains, and
supporting
¾ Minimum tensile
strength of 500lbs.
¾ Flagged every 6’ ¾ Capable of resisting
¾ 34” to 39” 16lbs.
Warning Line System
¾ Should be attached in a
way that pulling on the
line will not result in
slack being taken up in
the adjacent section
¾ Warning lines shall be
erected around all sides
of roof work areas
¾ Entering / Exiting the
area?
Warning Line System

¾ Roofers: Warning lines
must be not less than 6
feet from roof edge.
¾ Mechanical equipment is
present: 10 feet from
edge perpendicular to
equipment operation.
¾ All other trades: Warning
lines must be not less than
15 feet from roof edge.
¾ No work outside the line
– roofers only
Safety Monitoring System
1926.502(h)
¾ 1926.502(b)(10) low
sloped roofs only
¾ When no other
alternative fall protection
can be implemented, the
employer shall implement
a safety monitoring
system
Safety Monitoring Role

¾ 1926.502(h)(1) Is a
Competent Person
¾ Designated by the
employer
¾ Capable of detecting
unsafe work operations
¾ Operating on same
surface as employees
¾ Close enough to
communicate orally with
workers
¾ Has no other duties.
Safety Monitoring System
¾ No workers other than the ones engaged in roof
work or covered by a fall protection plan shall be in
the area that is protected by a safety monitor.
¾ All workers in a controlled access zone shall
comply with warnings from a safety monitor.
Low Slope Roofs
¾ A roof having a slope

less than or equal to 4:12
¾ 1926.501(b)(10) < 50’ in
width - a safety
monitoring system can
be used without a
warning line system
¾ Conversely
Steep Roofs
¾ A roof having a slope
greater than 4:12
¾ Warning line systems
/ monitoring systems
- Not allowed
¾ 1926.501(b)(10)
Guardrail with toe-
boards, safety net or
personal fall arrest
system - Only
Excavations
¾ Fall protection 6’
¾ > 30” Wide
trenches
¾ Walkways
¾ Guardrail systems
¾ Fences,
barricades, or
covers.
¾ Trench box sides
@ 42”
Covers
¾ Hole: a gap 2” or more
in its least dimension
¾ Roof / floor / walkway
¾ Twice the intended
load
¾ Employees, equipment
and materials
¾ Secured
¾ Marked with the word
“HOLE or COVER.”
1926.502(i)
Covers
¾ Less than 42”
¾ Small holes
¾ Spanish
¾ Plastic
¾ Creating / exposed / controlling
Removing Hole Covers
HOLE
Personal Fall Arrest System

Personal fall arrest system
requirements:
¾ Limit arresting force to
1,800lbs with harness.
¾ Be rigged so that an
employee can neither
free fall more than 6 feet
nor contact any lower
level.
¾ Class Demonstration
Donning & Doffing

Evaluating the situation
Selecting a system
Familiarity with the
system
Training of employees
Components of a system
Availability of products
Anatomy of a Fall
.33 seconds:
Awareness - Fall 2 feet
.67 seconds:
Reaction - Fall 7 feet
1 second
Fall 16 feet
2 second
fall 64 feet
Personal fall arrest system
requirements:
¾ Limit deceleration length to

3.5 feet.
¾ Times 2 safety factor.
¾ Dee-rings shall be proof
tested to a minimum tensile
load of 3,600lbs.

¾ All components - 5,000lbs.
tensile load.
¾ All components of the systems
must be inspected before use.
¾ Impact loading
¾ Snaphooks shall be sized to
be compatible with the
member to which they will be
connected
¾ Effective 1998 - locking
configuration only
Snaphooks shall not be
attached to (unless specified
by manufacturer):
¾ Webbing
¾ 1926.502 (d)(6)(i) Rope or wire
rope
¾ Each other
¾ Dee-ring to which another
snaphook or other connector is
attached
¾ A horizontal lifeline
¾ Rollout
¾ As of January 1, 1998 the

use of a body belts for fall
arrest is prohibited.
Positioning Device System
¾ 1926.502(3)(1)
¾ Limit free fall to < 2’
¾ 1926.502(e)(10) only in
conjunction with a fall
protection system
Positioning Device System

Personal Fall Arrest Systems
¾ Horizontal lifelines that

may become vertical
lifelines
¾ Horizontal lifelines
shall be designed,
installed, and used
under the supervision
of a qualified person.
Personal Fall Restraint Systems

No provisions under the
standard
¾ Self-retracting lifelines
and lanyards should
limit free fall distance
to 2 feet
¾ Attachment points
3000lbs or:
¾ Twice the maximum
force
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
¾ Suspend platform fall protection

¾ Lanyards and vertical lifelines must have a
minimum breaking strength of 5,000lbs.
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
LADDERS/STAIRWAYS
Subpart X
§1926.1050
HAZARDS
¾ Common Fatalities
¾ 65% of ladder injuries
require medical
attention
¾ 50% - off the job
¾ Less than 6’
STAIRWAY OR LADDER
¾ At breaks of 19 inches or more
¾ Ramp, runway, sloped embankment, or personnel
hoist
¾ At least one point of access must be kept clear
STAIR RAIL VS. HANDRAIL
DANGEROUS
CONDITIONS
¾ Fix slippery conditions
before using.
¾ Free of projections which

may cause injuries or
snag clothing.
¾ Read and follow
all
manufacturer’s
recommendatio
ns
¾ Know the weight

Limit of your
ladder
SECURING LADDERS
¾ Stable and level

surfaces
¾ Avoid slippery
surfaces
¾ Ladders should
NOT be moved
WOOD LADDERS - PAINTING

¾ DO NOT PAINT WOOD LADDERS!!!
¾ DO NOT USE AN OPAQUE

COVERING!!!
LADDER ANGLE
¾ Non-self-supporting – horizontal distance from top
support to the foot of the ladder is ¼ the working length
LADDER RAIL EXTENSION

¾ Side rails extend at least
3’ above upper landing
surface
NEAR ENERGIZED
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
¾ Nonconductive side-rails
such as wood or
fiberglass.
¾ 10’ minimum clearance
SCAFFOLDS & LADDERS

¾ Ladders - scaffold platforms 2’ above or below a
point of access
¾ Ladders should not tip scaffold
¾ Rest platforms at 35’ maximum intervals

TOP STEP
¾ DO NOT STAND
D ON
O OR ABOVE
ABO
OVE
O VE THIS STEP!!!
CROSS BRACING
¾ Do not climb the
ladder braces
¾ This ladder is
designed for both
sides to be used
¾ Platform ladders
DAMAGED OR DEFECTIVE
LADDERS
¾ A competent person must
inspect ladders for visible
defects
¾ Immediately mark
defective ladders
¾ Withdraw defective
ladders
CLIMBING THE LADDER

¾ Face the ladder
¾ At least one hand to

grab ladder
¾ Do not carry any

object that could
cause loss of balance
TRAINING
¾ A competent person must train each employee:
Nature of fall hazards
Erecting, maintaining, and disassembling
Construction, use, placement, and care
Maximum intended load-carrying capacities
Examples of Scaffolding
Parts of the Scaffold
Platform Top rail

Mid rail
Bearer Toe
board
Cross brace
Ladder
Poles
Rolling casters
Note: Be well familiar with these components
Statistics
¾ 661 deaths due to
falls in the workplace
¾ 247 deaths in
construction
¾ 89 deaths or 1 out of
every 3 were from
scaffolds
¾ Over 9,000 injuries
due to scaffolds
annually
Fatalities Due to Falls
100%
89
89 Scaffold fatalities
80%
158
60% 158 Non-scaffold
construction fatalities
40% 414 Other fatalities
414
20%
0%
Of 661 Deaths
Scaffold Accident Statistics
No training
94% Injuries from falls
80%
Improper or no
64% guardrails
Scaffolds without
60% toeboards
Scaffolds under 10'
51%
Platforms under 2' wide
34%
29% Carpenters
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Training
¾ Competent Person
¾ Qualified Person
¾ Trained Person
Tie-ins
¾ Tie-ins brace the legs to
provide strength and
stability
¾ Tie-ins must be able to

withstand both tension
and compression
¾ This is an example of a wood strut holding
the scaffold away from the building (PUSH),
and tie wire tying it to the building (PULL). A
positive tie needs to be able to withstand
push AND pull forces
Cross Bracing & Locking Frames

Together
¾ Frames and panels shall be braced by
cross, horizontal, or a combination of these
braces, which secure vertical members
together
Scaffold Loads
¾ Light duty- 25 lbs. per square foot-
Painting, Cleaning, and Light maintenance
¾ Medium Duty- 50 lbs. per square foot-

Brick Laying, Dry walling, and Equipment
storage
¾ Heavy Duty- 75 lbs. per square foot- Stone

setting, Equipment storage, and Heavy
Machinery
Loads
Support Deflection
Span in Inches
5 feet 1”
6 feet 1 3/16”
7 feet 1 3/8”
10 feet 2”
¾ Platforms shall not deflect more than 1/60

of the span when loaded
Decks and planking
¾ The space between
adjacent units,
platforms, and
uprights is no more
e
than 1” wide
¾ Example of bad
planking
¾ Minimum Working
surface is 18”
Scaffold walkways
¾ Ladder jack and pump jack scaffolds be at least 12”
wide.
Platforms
¾ Each platform 10’ or less - 6” - 12’’
¾ 10’ or greater - shall not exceed 18’’ past
¾ Turning corners
Fall Protection
¾ 10’ above lower level
¾ Erecting or dismantling supported scaffold –
required where feasible
¾ Competent person
Fall Protection
¾ Horizontal lifelines shall be secured to two

or more structural members of the scaffold
¾ When lanyards are connected to a

horizontal lifeline or a structural member on
a suspension scaffold, the scaffold shall be
equipped with independent support lines
and automatic locking devises capable of
stopping the fall of the scaffold should the
suspension ropes fail
Suspension Scaffolds
¾ Vertical lifeline
¾ Support lines will be independent
¾ Suspension ropes shall not be attached to each

other
¾ Separate points of anchorage
¾ Separate from the personal fall arrest system

anchorage points
Fall Protection
¾ Guardrail systems shall be installed along all open
sides and ends of the platforms and shall be install
at between 38” and 45”
¾ Cross bracing is acceptable in place of a mid-rail
when the crossing point is between 20” and 30”
above work platform or as a top-rail when the
crossing point is between 38” and 45” above
platform
Cross bracing Guardrails
One or the other – not both

Fall Protection During
Erection
¾ During erection and dismantling

erectors shall use at a minimum,
18” work platforms
Access Ladders and

Stairways
¾ When scaffold
platforms are
more than 2’
above point of
access
portable
ladders, etc.
shall be used.
Scaffold Tagging
¾ Competent Person
¾ Daily
¾ Green Tag
¾ Yellow Tag
¾ Red Tag
Excavations & Trenching

Caught-in-Between
Excavation Facts
¾ An average of 100 workers are killed in
excavation cave-ins each year.
¾ An average of 300 are injured.
¾ Workers that are killed are male, 20 to 30
years of age, with no training.
¾ 79% of deaths occur in trenches 5 feet to
15 feet in depth.
¾ Deaths and injuries are caused by
suffocation, crushing, loss of circulation,
and falling objects. (OSHA)
Caution
¾ The next slide is graphic in nature
¾ Excavation accidents - 1 of every 3 accidents is a
fatality
Soils - Cubic Yard Weight
1 cubic yd.
27 X 114 = 3078 lbs.

Average soil
Surcharge Loading
• Surcharge
1½ • ½ of the
Times
Depth
weight
within the
effected
area
Affected Zones
15 feet 15 feet
Only 1.5 Times

necessary the Depth
equipment,
personnel 10 feet
and
materials
allowed
in this zone.
Equipment
¾ Inspections
¾ Training
¾ Vibration
¾ Turnovers
¾ Stop logs
Equipment
Equipment
¾ Certification
¾ Hazardous Atmospheres
¾ Load Charts
Operator Error
Materials
¾ Rigging inspections
¾ Rigging failure
¾ Displacement
¾ Rolling
¾ Lay-down areas
¾ Crushing
¾ Communication
¾ Load charts
Competent Person
¾ A person who has the training and knowledgeable
about, soil analysis, the use of protective systems,
and the requirements of the standard, and has the
authority to eliminate the hazards promptly
Rain & Water

¾ Inspections
¾ Protective system
¾ Worker Fatigue
¾ Deterioration
¾ Drowning
¾ Wicking
¾ Soil conditions
¾ Pumping
¾ Exc.
classification
¾ Pg 1-2
Extreme Danger
P.S.F per
CF (120) x
Existing Utility Depth of
trench
Columnar
Stress
Freely
Seeping 10’
Water
Water Table
Utilities
¾ Atmospheres
¾ Gas
¾ Electrocution
¾ High pressure
¾ Power lines
¾ Costs
¾ Supporting lines
¾ Location
¾ Owner coordination
Adequate Support
Failure to Locate
Failure to Locate
Failure to Locate
(b) Underground Installations
OSHA Electrical Standard
29 CFR 1926.416 (a)(2) In work areas

where the exact location of underground
electric power lines is unknown, employees
using jack-hammers, bars,or other hand
tools which may contact a line shall be
provided with insulated protective gloves.
Hand Digging
Type A Soil
¾ Most stable: clay, silty clay, and hardpan.

¾ Not fissured.
¾ Not subjected to vibration of any type.
¾ Never been previously disturbed.
¾ No seeping water.
¾ Unconfined Compressive Strength
¾ Greater than 1.5 TSF
Type B Soil
¾ Medium stability: silt, sandy loam, medium

clay and unstable dry rock.
¾ Previously disturbed soils unless otherwise
classified as type C.
¾ Soils that meet the requirements of Type A
but are fissured or subject to vibration.
¾ Less than 1.5 TSF and Greater than 0.5 TSF
Type C Soil
¾ Least stable: gravel, loamy sand, soft clay.
¾ Submerged soil or dense, heavy unstable
rock.
¾ Soil from which water is freely seeping.
¾ Less than 0.5 TSF
Access & Egress
¾ Ramps & A-B-C
soils
¾ 4’ 25’ 3’
¾ Box supports
¾ Emergencies
¾ Retrieval
devices
Ladder Placement
25 feet 25 feet
Ramp, ladder or stairs required at 4 feet or

deeper
T T
E E
R R
M M
I I
N N
A A
T T
I I
O O
N N
Fall Protection
¾ 6’
¾ Fall protection
¾ Access
¾ Overnight protection
¾ 2’ from edge
¾ Working on slope
Sidewalks & Walkways
Calculating Excavation Depth
Measurements Spoils within 2’

are taken from UNSAFE Are included in
the lowest CONDITION overall depth
location in the
exc.
Material Storage / Spoils

• Spoil piles 2’ from edge
• All material 2‘ from edge
• Working elevations
2 Feet 2 Feet
Cave-in
¾ Fatal
¾ Severe injury
¾ Utility rupture
¾ Equipment failure
¾ Entrapment
¾ Engulfment
¾ Retrieval
Daily Inspection
¾ Competent person
¾ Visual
¾ Manual
¾ Water table
¾ Fissured soil
¾ Shoring
¾ Sloping
¾ Pg 8-9
¾ Form Appedix A & B
Soil Analysis
¾ A-B-C
¾ Lateral stability Pg 5-6
¾ 4 factors
¾ Visual
¾ Manual
¾ Cohesiveness
¾ Unconfined compressive
strength (UCF)
¾ Pg 13
Visual Analysis
¾ Sources of Vibration
¾ Existing Water
¾ Layered Systems
¾ Fissuring
¾ Clumping
¾ Existing Utilities
Visual Analysis
Visual Analysis
Subsidence With Fissures and Belly Bulge
Surcharge Load from

Spoil Pile
Belly Bulge
Fissures
Types of trench collapse
Cohesiveness
¾ Competent person
¾ Thread test
¾ Ribbon test
¾ Wet shake test
¾ Demonstration
¾ Pg 14 & 23
Thread Test
¾ Roll into Thread
¾ At Least 2 inches
in Length
¾ Longer unbroken
thread means
more cohesive
Ribbon Test
¾ Roll Soil into a
Cigar Shape
¾ Pinch Between
Thumb and
Finger
¾ Longer Ribbon
means more
cohesive
UCF Thumb Test

¾ Accepted by OSHA
¾ Accuracy
¾ Slightly
¾ Moderately
¾ Easily
¾ Multiple readings
¾ Pg 24
Thumb Penetration Test
UCF Penetrometer Test

¾ Indication line
¾ Slow even pressure
¾ TSF
¾ A = 1.5
¾ B = .5 – 1.5
¾ C = .5 or less
¾ Multiple readings
¾ Pg 24
¾ Exercise Pg 28
Pocket
Penetrometer
Protective Systems
¾ 20 feet
¾ Sloping / Benching
¾ Shoring
¾ Wood/Timber -
¾ Aluminum Hydraulic -
¾ Trench Shields
¾ Manufactured - systems
¾ Tabulated data -
¾ Professional Engineer
¾ Pg 30
Sloping / Benching
¾ Type A Soil ¾ : 1
¾ Type B Soil 1:1
¾ Type C Soil 1 ½:1
¾ Additional options in Appendix B
Sloping / Benching
Sloping / Benching
¾ Falling rock
¾ Spoils
¾ Working on
face
¾ Materials
¾ Water
¾ Exercise Pg
34
Shoring
¾ Determine soil type

¾ Determine shoring
type
¾ Size and available
equipment
¾ Space available
¾ Utilities
¾ Employee Familiarity
¾ Training
Trench Shields
¾ Restrictions
¾ Access
¾ 18” above
¾ 24” below
¾ Supports
¾ Data
¾ Weight
¾ Stacking
Trench Shields
Correct Trench Box Use
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Step 5
WHITE TRASH
TRENCHING
WHITE TRASH
TRENCHING
OSHA Regulations
Movement of Shield
¾ Employees not allowed in Shield when being
installed, removed, or moved vertically.
¾ Horizontal movement is O.K if proper
precautions are taken.
¾ MIOSHA does not permit employees in trench
boxes being moved horizontally.
What is wrong?
What is Wrong?
Cranes
Subpart CC
Controlling Contractor
¾ An employer / entity that is a prime contractor,

general contractor, construction manager that has
the overall responsibility for the construction of the
project
¾ (e) The duties of controlling entities under this
subpart include, but are not limited to, the duties
specified in 1926.1402(c), (e) and 1926.1424(b).
1926.1402 Ground
¾
conditions
(b) Equipment must not be assembled or used
unless ground conditions are firm, drained, and
graded level within the tolerances allowed by the
manufacturer.
¾ (f) Working under the boom, jib or other

components.
¾ (1) Not allowed when pins are being removed,
except when:
¾ The employer demonstrates constraints require it
¾ the A/D director must implement procedures that
minimize the risk and duration of exposure.
A/D
1926.1408 Power line

safety
¾ (1) Identify the work zone by either:
¾ (i) Demarcating boundaries or;
¾ (ii) Defining the work zone as the area 360

degrees around the equipment, up to the
equipment’s maximum working radius.
¾ Crane vs. Power line
¾ (2) When working within 20 feet to a power line,
the employer must meet one of the following
options:
¾ (i) Option (1) – De-energize and visibly
ground. Confirm from the utility
¾ (ii) Option (2) – 20 foot
¾ (iii) Option (3) – Table A
(b) Preventing
encroachment
¾ When using (2) or (3), all of the following
requirements must be met:
¾ (1) Conduct a planning meeting with the
operator and all workers in the area of the
equipment or load. Review the location of the
line(s), and the measures to prevent
encroachment/electrocution.
¾ (2) Tag lines must be non-conductive.
¾ (3) Erect and maintain an elevated warning line,
barricade, or line of signs
¾ equipped with flags
¾ at 20 feet from the power line or;
¾ at the minimum approach distance under

Table A –
¾ if the operator is unable to see the line, a
dedicated spotter must be used
¾ (4) Implement at least one of the following

measures:
¾ (i) A proximity alarm
¾ (ii) A dedicated spotter
¾ (iii) A device that automatically warns the

operator when to stop movement
¾ (iv) A device that automatically limits range
of movement
¾ (v) An insulating link/device,
(c) Voltage information.
¾ Where Option (3) of this section is used:
¾ The utility owner/operator must provide voltage
information within (2) two working days of the
employer’s request.
Operations below power lines

¾ (1) No part of the equipment, load line, or load is
allowed below a power line except:
» When the
boom or Avoid this area
equipment
fully extended Prohibited Zone 20’
is not within
20feet Boom shall not be
positioned beyond
this line
Cranes shall not

handle material in
this area
(g) Training.
¾ (1) The employer must train each operator and

crew member assigned to work with the equipment
on all of the following:
¾ (i) Procedures for contact with a power line that
includes:
¾ (A) Danger of electrocution.
¾ (B) remaining inside an electrified cab.

¾ (C) The safest means of evacuating energized
equip.
¾ (D) The energized zone around the equipment
¾ (E) Avoid approaching or touching the equipment

and the load.
¾ (F) Safe clearance distance from power lines.
¾ (ii) Power lines are presumed to be energized
unless the utility owner/operator confirms that the
power line has been and continues to be de-
energized and it is visibly grounded at the
worksite.
¾ (iii) Power lines are presumed to be un-insulated
¾ (v) The procedures to be followed to properly
ground equipment and the limits of grounding.
¾ (g)(2) Employees working as

dedicated spotters must be
trained.
¾ (3) Training under this section
must be administered in
accordance with
1926.1430(g).
Table A
Voltage (nominal, kV, AC) Minimum clearance
distance (feet)
up to 50 10
over 50 to 200 15
over 200 to 350 20
over 350 to 500 25
over 500 to 750 35
over 750 to 1,000 45
over 1,000 (as established by the
utility)
1926.1423 Fall protection.

¾ (e) For non-assembly/disassembly work, 6 feet
¾ (f) For assembly/disassembly work, 15 feet, except
when the employee is:
1. on running equipment,
2. in the cab,
3. on the deck.
(k) Training.
¾ The employer must train each employee who may
be exposed to fall hazards while on, or hoisted by,
equipment covered by this subpart.
1926.1424 Work area

control.
¾ (a) Swing radius hazards.
¾ (2) Employers must:
¾ (i) Train each employee on
or near the equipment.
¾ (ii) Erect a boundary
around the hazard areas.
(3) Working in the hazard
area.
¾ (i) Operator must be informed before entering.
¾ (b) Where any part of a crane is within the working
radius of another crane, the controlling entity
must institute a system to coordinate operations.
1926.1425 Keeping clear
of the load
¾ (a) Hoisting routes that minimize the exposure to
hoisted loads must be used,
¾ (b) While the load is not moving, no employee
exposed, except for:
¾ (1) Hooking, unhooking or guiding a load;
¾ (2) Initial attachment to a component or

structure;
¾ (3) A concrete hopper or bucket.
¾ (c) When employees are exposed, all must be met:

¾ (1) Rigged to prevent displacement.
¾ (2) Self-closing latches or equivalent
¾ (3) Rigged by a qualified rigger.

(d) Receiving a load.
¾ Only employees needed to receive a load are
permitted to be within the fall zone.
¾ (e) During a tilt-up or tilt-down operation:
¾ (1) No employees directly under the load.
¾ (2) Only employees essential to the operation

are permitted in the fall zone (but not directly
under the load).
1926.1427 Operator
qualification and certification.
¾ (b) Option (1): Certification by an accredited crane
operator testing organization.
¾ (c) Option (2): Qualification by an audited employer
program.
¾ (d) Option (3): Qualification by the U.S. military
¾ (e) Option (4): Licensing by a government entity.
1926.1428 Signal person
quals.
¾ (1) Option (1) – Third party qualified evaluator. With
documentation.
¾ (2) Option (2) – Employer’s qualified evaluator.
Assessment and Documentation meeting
Qualification Requirements.
Signal Certifications
¾ (3) Documentation for whichever option must be
on-site.
¾ The documentation must specify each type of
signaling (e.g. hand signals, radio signals, etc.) for
which the signal person is trained.
(c) Qual. Requirements
¾ Each signal person must:
¾ (1) Know and understand signals used.
¾ Hand Signals - Standard Method.
¾ (2) Be competent in the type of signals used.
¾ (3) Have a basic understanding of equipment

operation and limitations, including the crane
dynamics involved in swinging and stopping
loads and boom deflection from hoisting loads.
¾ (4) Know and understand the relevant
requirements of the standard.
¾ (5) Demonstrate proficiency through an oral or
written test, and through a practical test.
1926.1430 Training
¾ The employer must provide training as follows:
¾ (a) Overhead power lines.
¾ (b) Signal persons.
¾ (c) Operators.
¾ (d) Competent persons and qualified persons.
¾ (e) Crush/pinch points. (f) Tag-out.
(g) Training administration.
¾ (1) The employer must evaluate each employee

required to be trained under this subpart.
¾ (2) The employer must provide refresher training
when, there is an indication that retraining is
necessary.
Electrical
OSHA Office of Training

231 & Education
Electricity - The Dangers

¾ About 5 workers are
electrocuted every
week
¾ Causes 12% of young
worker workplace
deaths
¾ Takes very little
electricity to cause
harm
¾ Significant risk of
causing fires

232 & Education
Electrical Injuries
There are four main types of electrical injuries:
¾ Direct:
¾ Electrocution or death due to electrical

shock
¾ Electrical shock
¾ Burns
¾ Indirect - Falls

233 & Education
Shock Severity
¾ Severity of the shock depends
on:
¾ Path of current through the
body
¾ Amount of current flowing
through the body (amps)
¾ Duration of the shocking
current through the body,
¾ LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT
MEAN LOW HAZARD

234 & Education
Dangers of Electrical
Shock
¾ Currents above 10 mA* can
paralyze or “freeze” muscles.
¾ Currents more than 75 mA can
cause a rapid, ineffective heartbeat
-- death will occur in a few minutes
unless a defibrillator is used
¾ 75 mA is not much current – a small
power drill uses 30 times as much Defibrillator in use
* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere

235 & Education
Burns
¾ Most common shock-related
injury
¾ Occurs when you touch
electrical wiring or equipment
that is improperly used or
maintained
¾ Typically occurs on hands
¾ Very serious injury that
needs immediate attention

236 & Education
Falls
¾ Electric shock can also
cause indirect injuries
¾ Workers in elevated
locations who experience
a shock may fall, resulting
in serious injury or death

237 & Education
Electrical Hazards and How to

Control Them
Electrical accidents
are caused by a
combination of three
factors:
¾ Unsafe equipment
and/or installation,
¾ Workplaces made
unsafe by the
environment, and
¾ Unsafe work
practices.
238 & Education
Hazard – Exposed Electrical
Parts
Cover removed from wiring or breaker box

239 & Education
Control – Isolate Electrical Parts -

Cabinets, Boxes & Fittings
Conductors going into them must be protected, and

unused openings must be closed
240 & Education
Control – Close Openings
¾ Junction boxes, pull boxes
and fittings must have
approved covers
¾ Unused openings in
cabinets, boxes and fittings
must be closed (no missing
knockouts)
Photo shows violations

of these two requirements

241 & Education
Hazard - Overhead Power

Lines
¾ Usually not insulated
¾ Examples of equipment that
can contact power lines:
¾ Crane
¾ Ladder
¾ Scaffold
¾ Backhoe
¾ Scissors lift
¾ Raised dump truck bed
¾ Aluminum paint roller

242 & Education
Control - Overhead Power
Lines
¾ Stay at least 10-(20
Cranes) feet away
¾ Post warning signs
¾ Assume that lines are
energized
¾ Use wood or fiberglass
ladders, not metal
¾ Power line workers need
special training & PPE
OSHA Office of Training &

Education 243
Control – Use the Correct

Wire
¾ Wire used depends on operation, building
materials, electrical load, and environmental
factors
¾ Use fixed cords rather than flexible cords
¾ Use the correct extension cord
Must be 3-wire type and designed for hard or extra-hard use

244 & Education
Hazard – Defective Cords & Wires
¾ Plastic or rubber
covering is missing
¾ Damaged extension
cords & tools

Education 245
Hazard – Damaged Cords

¾ Cords can be damaged by:
¾ Aging
¾ Door or window edges
¾ Staples or fastenings
¾ Abrasion from adjacent

materials
¾ Activity in the area
¾ Improper use can cause

shocks, burns or fire
Education 246
Permissible Use of Flexible Cords
DO NOT use flexible wiring where frequent inspection would be difficult or
where damage would be likely.
Flexible cords must not be . . .

• run through holes in walls, ceilings, or floors;
• run through doorways, windows, or similar openings (unless physically
protected);
• hidden in walls, ceilings, floors, conduit or other raceways.
Stationary equipment-to
facilitate interchange

247 & Education
Grounding
Grounding creates a low-
resistance path from a tool
to the earth to disperse
unwanted current.
When a short or lightning

occurs, energy flows to the
ground, protecting you
from electrical shock,
injury and death.

Education 248
Hazard – Improper Grounding
¾ Tools plugged into
improperly grounded
circuits may become
energized
¾ Broken wire or plug on
extension cord
¾ Some of the most
frequently violated OSHA
standards

Education 249
Control – Ground Tools & Equipment
¾ Ground power supply systems,

electrical circuits, and electrical
equipment
¾ Frequently inspect electrical
systems to insure path to ground is
continuous
¾ Inspect electrical equipment before
use
¾ Don’t remove ground prongs from
tools or extension cords
¾ Ground exposed metal parts of
equipment

Education 250
Control – Use GFCI (ground-
fault circuit interrupter)
¾ Protects you from shock
¾ Detects difference in current
between the black and white wires
¾ If ground fault detected, GFCI shuts
off electricity in 1/40th of a second
¾ Use GFCI’s on all 120-volt, single-
phase, 15- and 20-ampere
receptacles, or have an assured
equipment grounding conductor
program.

251 & Education
Control - Assured Equipment

Grounding Conductor Program
Program must cover:
¾ All cord sets
¾ Receptacles not part of a building or structure
¾ Equipment connected by plug and cord
Program requirements include:

¾ Specific procedures adopted by the employer
¾ Competent person to implement the program
¾ Visual inspection for damage of equipment connected
by cord and plug

252 & Education
Power Tool Requirements
• Have a three-wire cord with ground
plugged into a grounded
receptacle, or
• Be double insulated, or
• Be powered by a low-voltage
isolation transformer

253 & Education
Temporary Lights
Protect from contact and damage, and don’t suspend

by cords unless designed to do so.

254 & Education
Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist
¾ Tripped circuit breakers or blown

fuses
¾ Warm tools, wires, cords,
connections, or junction boxes
¾ GFCI that shuts off a circuit
¾ Worn or frayed insulation around
wire or connection

255 & Education
Lockout and Tagging of Circuits

¾ Apply locks to power source after de-
energizing
¾ Tag deactivated controls
¾ Tag de-energized equipment and
circuits at all points where they can
be energized
¾ Tags must identify equipment or
circuits being worked on

256 & Education
Safety-Related Work Practices
To protect workers from electrical
shock:
¾ Use barriers and guards to
prevent passage through
areas of exposed energized
equipment
¾ Pre-plan work, post hazard
warnings and use protective
measures
¾ Keep working spaces and
walkways clear of cords

257 & Education
Safety-Related Work
Practices
¾ Use special insulated tools
when working on fuses with
energized terminals
¾ Don’t use worn or frayed cords
and cables
¾ Don’t fasten extension cords
with staples, hang from nails,
or suspend by wire.

258 & Education
Preventing Electrical Hazards -
Planning
¾ Plan your work with others
¾ Plan to avoid falls
¾ Plan to lock-out and tag-out
equipment
¾ Remove jewelry
¾ Avoid wet conditions and
overhead power lines

259 & Education
Avoid Wet Conditions

¾ If you touch a live wire or other
electrical component while
standing in even a small puddle
of water you’ll get a shock.
¾ Damaged insulation, equipment,
or tools can expose you to live
electrical parts.
¾ Improperly grounded metal
switch plates & ceiling lights are
especially hazardous in wet
conditions.
¾ Wet clothing, high humidity, and
perspiration increase your
chances of being electrocuted.

260 & Education
Preventing Electrical Hazards - PPE
¾ Proper foot protection (not
tennis shoes)
¾ Rubber insulating gloves,
hoods, sleeves, matting,
and blankets
¾ Hard hat (insulated -
nonconductive)

261 & Education
Preventing Electrical Hazards – Proper

Wiring and Connectors
¾ Use and test GFCI’s
¾ Check switches and
insulation
¾ Use three prong plugs
¾ Use extension cords only

when necessary & assure
in proper condition and
right type for job
¾ Use correct connectors

262 & Education
Training
Train employees working with electric
equipment in safe work practices,
including:
¾ Deenergize electric equipment before inspecting or
repairing
¾ Using cords, cables, and electric tools that are in
good repair
¾ Lockout / Tagout recognition and procedures
¾ Use appropriate protective equipment

263 & Education
Summary – Hazards & Protections
Hazards Protective Measures

• Inadequate wiring • Proper grounding
• Exposed electrical parts • Use GFCI’s
• Wires with bad • Use fuses and circuit
insulation
• Ungrounded electrical breakers
systems and tools • Guard live parts
• Overloaded circuits • Lockout/Tagout
• Damaged power tools • Proper use of flexible
and equipment cords
• Using the wrong PPE • Close electric panels
and tools • Training
• Overhead powerlines
• All hazards are made
worse in wet conditions

264 & Education
Summary
Electrical equipment must be:
¾ Listed and labeled
¾ Free from hazards
¾ Used in the proper manner
If you use electrical tools you must be:

¾ Protected from electrical shock
¾ Provided necessary safety equipment

265 & Education

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OSHA Focus Four

Fall Protection - Subpart M

¾ 2010 – 4547 died from work

¾ Employee failed to retain understanding

¾ 1926.501 Employer must select the appropriate fall

¾ Evaluating the situation

¾ At hoisting areas, a chain, gate, or removable

¾ Equivalent protection must be provided for

Controlled Access Zone

Warning Line System

Warning Line System

Safety Monitoring Role

Low Slope Roofs

¾ A roof having a slope

Personal Fall Arrest System

Donning & Doffing

¾ Limit deceleration length to

Personal Fall Arrest System

Personal Fall Arrest System

¾ As of January 1, 1998 the

Positioning Device System

¾ Horizontal lifelines that

Personal Fall Restraint Systems

¾ Suspend platform fall protection

¾ Free of projections which

¾ Know the weight

¾ Stable and level

WOOD LADDERS - PAINTING

¾ DO NOT USE AN OPAQUE

LADDER RAIL EXTENSION

¾ 10’ minimum clearance

SCAFFOLDS & LADDERS

¾ Ladders should not tip scaffold

¾ Rest platforms at 35’ maximum intervals

CLIMBING THE LADDER

¾ At least one hand to

¾ Do not carry any

 Nature of fall hazards

 Erecting, maintaining, and disassembling

 Construction, use, placement, and care

 Maximum intended load-carrying capacities

Platform Top rail

Scaffold Accident Statistics

94% Injuries from falls

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

¾ Tie-ins must be able to

Cross Bracing & Locking Frames

¾ Medium Duty- 50 lbs. per square foot-

¾ Heavy Duty- 75 lbs. per square foot- Stone

¾ Platforms shall not deflect more than 1/60

¾ Each platform 10’ or less - 6” - 12’’

¾ 10’ or greater - shall not exceed 18’’ past

¾ Horizontal lifelines shall be secured to two

¾ When lanyards are connected to a

¾ Support lines will be independent

¾ Suspension ropes shall not be attached to each

¾ Separate points of anchorage

¾ Separate from the personal fall arrest system

Cross bracing Guardrails

One or the other – not both

Nature of fall hazards

Erecting, maintaining, and disassembling

Construction, use, placement, and care

Maximum intended load-carrying capacities