CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Surveying is an art and science of determining the relative position of points on,
above, or beneath the surface of the earth by means of linear and angular
measurements.
The science of surveying has been developing since the initial stage of human
civilization according to their requirements. The art of surveying, preparation of
maps has been practiced from the ancient times and further advanced till present.
Surveying is the mainroot for the execution of any civil engineering project. The
process of surveying involves fieldwork taking measurements and office work or
continuity in drawings, necessary to the purpose of the survey. The field work is the
most vital part for any kind of survey.it is performed on the basis of various aspects
of surveying and are essential for every surveyor. As a surveyor he/she must have
sound knowledge on instrument handling skills, friendship traits, logical and rational
sociability and must be able to lead and command etc.
All these are factors needed for a successful field work. The results of any survey
work are used to map the earth, prepare navigational charts establish property
boundries, develop data of land used with natural resource information, design and
construction of highways, water supply systems, irrigation projects etc.

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this survey camp is to consolidate and aquire the basic
knowledge on different surveying techniques which find their stay in certain civil
engineering works.
Therefore, working in actual field conditions enhances their theoretical and practical
knowledge, thereby increasing confidence that will be beneficial the professional
practice on surveying.

1
 1. to compute and manipulate the observed datain a required format to be
presented in a more diagrammatic and tabular form, such that it can be
understood by engineers.
2. To become familiar with the spirit of team work because surveying is not a
one man’s business.
3. To get aquainted with problems and possible errors that occur during the
field work.
4. To carry out a topographical survey on a given area of land.

PROJECT AREA
The project area is located in the main campus of Akwa Ibom State University,
Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin L.G. A.

LOCATION
The camping was carried out in Akwa Ibom State University, ikot akpaden, mkpat
ennin L.G.A
The chain survey was carried out in the main campus, along the path spacing
computer science department and the Faculty of engineering in university premises.
The chain survey and levelling begins from the junction at road leading to faculty of
biological sciences, directly opposite department of works, and ends at the faculty of
education block. The traverse survey encloses the department of science education
block annex and the chemical/petrochemical engineering department block annex,
pavilion 2, school cafeteria etc.

2
 CHAPTER TWO:
CHAIN SURVEY
INTRODUCTION
Chain survey is the used of non-optical equipment like tapes or chains, ranging pole,
arrows, pegs hammer etc. to carry out survey. It is the simplest method of
surveying. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest
work, such as plotting, calculation etc. are done in the office. This is most suitable
adopted to small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done, it gives quite
accurate results.

AIM / OBJECTIVES
To prepare a chain survey road map showing the permanent features along
the road such as; buildings, trees, electric poles, caravans etc.

EQUIPMENT USED
The instruments used in carrying out this chain survey are;
 Cork head
 Nails
 Hammer
 Measuring Tape
 Ranging poles

PROCEDURES IN CARRYING OUT CHAIN SURVEY

1. Carrying out Reconnaissance

The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed is called reconnaissance. The
surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed, surveys or prepares index sketch or key
plan. Walk over the entire area and thoroughly examine the ground, note the
position of boundaries, road, and river etc, various difficulties to chain lines, select

3
stations, and prepare neat sketches called index sketches or key plan.

2. Selection / construction of Station

In examining the ground for a good arrangement of survey lines, the surveyor
should endeavor to meet the following requirement:
 Survey lines should be as few as practicable and such as to form a
geometrically sound framework.
 Triangles should be well-conditioned, and angles less than 30 0 should be
avoided if possible.
 There should be an adequate number of check lines.
 Offset should be kept short especially to important features.
 Lines should lie over on level ground.

3. Marking of Stations
On completion of successful reconnaissance, all survey stations should be marked in
such a way that these are easily discovererable during the progress of survey.
Stations are marked with ranging pole, or wooden pegs, driving a nail or spike if
hard surface, or embedded stone with a cross mark.

4. Running Of Chain Line

After the preliminary work, chaining is started from the base line and carried
throughout all the line of the framework continuously. So chain is laid and kept lying
on the ground, offset are taken to locate the nearby details. Make ranging wherever
necessary. Measure the chainage and offset distances and enter in the field book.

5. Recording field datas

The field book, about 20cm by 12cm and opening along the shorter edges of the
pages. Each page has a pair of red lines ruled down the center. The space between
the lines is reserved for chainage distances. The survey of each line should be
started on a fresh page, and booking proceed from bottom upwards. All offsets
should be measurement from the chain line, and should be written close to the
sketched detail, on the side towards the chain line.

4
PRECAUTIONS
1. I ensured the chain lines were accurately tensioned.
2. The ranging poles were well fixed to the ground to get accurate measurements.
3. I made sure that the readings were accurate exact.
4. I avoided distractions in order to take accurate readings.
5. Temporary adjustment of the level instrument was properly carried out.
6. Uprightness and straightness of the staff was ensured
7. The level instrument was firmly locked on the tripod stand.
8. The instrument was prevented from raindrops or any other form of water.

COMPUTATION AND PLOTTING

The field data obtained was used to calculate and plot the plan with a suitable scale.
The different features captured are shown on the plan with unique symbols.

5
 CHAPTER THREE:
LEVELLING
INTRODUCTION
Levelling is simply the operation that is required in the determination or more
strictly, the comparison of height of points on the surface of the earth. It is also a
name given to a process of measuring the difference in elevation between two or
more points.
Leveling is used in all stages of construction projects ( especially in engineering
survey ), from the initial site surface throughout a process to the final setting out.
Levelling is of prime importance to the engineers, both in acquiring necessary data
for the design of the project of the project and also during its execution.

OBJECTIVES
 The main objective of carrying out leveling is to prepare a levelling survey
plan showing all the plotting and road profile of computer science department
to faculty of education block.
 It is done in order to acquire necessary data for the design of the project and
also during its execution.
 Levelling is also done to provide an accurate network of height, covering the
entire area of the project.

INSTRUMENTS

 Measuring tape

6
  Graduated Levelling staff
 Automatic Level
 Ranging poles

THEORY
1. Level line: is the line on which all points are normal to the direction of
gravity as defined by a suspended plumber bulb.
2. Height of instrument [H.I.]: Height of instrument is the elevation of the
line of sight with respect to the assumed datum.
3. Back sight [B.S.]: Back sight is the first staff reading taken on a point
whose elevation has already been determined.
4. Fore sight [F.S.]: Fore sight is the last staff reading taken to a point before
instrument position is changed whose elevation is to be determined.
5. Change point [C.P.]: Change point is a point in staff reading, where both
the fore sight and the back sight readings are taken.
6. Intermediate sight [I.S.]: Intermediate sight is the staff reading taken to
points whose elevation are to be determined without changing the position of
the instrument.
7. Datum: is a level line that is chosen to which the elevation of all points are
related to it.
8. Reduced Level: is the height of a point relative to a chosen datum.
9. Temporary Bench Mark [TBM]: These are marks set up on stable points
near project areas to which all levelling operations on that particular site will
be referenced to, Also known as the transferred bench mark.

METHODS OF LEVELLING

1. Height of Collimnation method:

it consists of finding the elevation of the plane of collination for every set up of the
instrument, and then obtaining the reduce level of point with reference to the
respective plane of collimation.

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  The elevation of plane of collimation for the first set of the level
determined by adding back side to reduce level of bench mark.
 The reduce level of intermediate point and fist change point are then
obtained by starching the staff reading taken on respective point (IS
and FS) from the elevation of the plane of collimation. (H.I)
 When the instrument is shifted to the second position a new plane of
collination is set up. The elevation of this plane is obtained by adding
back sight taken on the change point from the second position of the
level to the reduce level. The R.L of successive point and second C.P.
are found by subtracting these staff reading from the elevation of
second plane of collimation

Arithmetical check: Sum of B.S. – sum of F.S = last R.L – First R.L,
hence; if the answer on the left hand side equals the answer on the
right hand side, then the leveling is correct.

2. Rise and fall method:

It consists of determining the difference between consecutive points by

comparing each point after the first that immediately preceding it. The
difference between there staff reading indicates a rice and fall according to
the staff reading at the point. The R.L. is then found be adding the rise to, or
subtracting the fall from the reduce level of preceding point.
Arithmetical check: Sum of rise – sum of fall = last R.L – First R.L
hence; if the answer on the left hand side equals the answer on the
right hand side, then the leveling is correct.

PROCEDURES

1. Level the instrument correctly at a point.

2. Focus the automatic leveling at staff, and ensure to eliminate parallax.

8
 3. Ensure the stadia hairs align and bisect the target clearly.
4. Take the reading of the central horizontal staia hair and record it.
5. Repeat the process till a foresight reading is taken.

PRECAUTIONS TAKEN WHILE LEVELLING

 The adjustment of the Automatic level instrument were carefully done

using the foot screws.
 The parallax was entirely eliminated by correct focusing.
 The staff was exactly vertical.
 The bubble accurately alligned at the centre before the readings were taken.
 The Levelling work was suspended in rainy days so as to prevent moisture
from damaging the instruments

LEVELLING FIELD SHEET

CHAINAGE BS IS FS REMARK

0+0.0 1.825 (A)TBM=(45.50m)

0+10 1.830 B
0+20 1.860 C
0+30 1.950 D
0+40 1.930 E
0+50 1.861 F
0+60 1.820 G
0+70 1.800 H
0+80 1.794 I
0+90 1.680 J
0+100 1.690 K
0+110 1.670 L
0+120 1.643 M
0+130 1.580 N
0+140 1.560 X1

9
 0+150 1.509 P
0+160 1.549 Q
0+170 1.475 R
0+180 1.420 S
0+190 1.410 T
0+200 1.350 U
0+210 1.310 V
0+220 1.270 W
0+230 1.215 X2

CALCULATIONS

Using height of collimation method = Reduced level= HI - IS

Height of instrument (HI) = Backsight + TBM
HI = 45.50+1.825
=47.325m
RL = HI – IS
RL at A = 45.5m

RL at B = 47.325 – 1.830
= 45.495m

RL at C = 47.325 – 1.860
= 45.465m

RL at D = 47.325 – 1.950
= 45.375m

RL at E = 47.325 – 1.930
= 45.395m

RL at F = 47.325 – 1.861
= 45.464m

RL at G = 47.325 – 1.820
= 45.505m

RL at H = 47.325 – 1.800
= 45.525m

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RL at I = 47.325 – 1.794
= 45.531m

RL at J = 47.325 – 1.680
= 45.645m

RL at K = 47.325 – 1.690
= 45.635m

RL at L = 47.325 – 1.670
= 45.655m

RL at M = 47.325 – 1.643
= 45.682m

RL at N = 47.325 – 1.580
= 45.745m

RL at X1 = 47.325 – 1.560
= 45.765m

RL at P = 47.325 – I.509
= 45.816m

RL at Q = 47.325 – 1.549
= 45.776m

RL at R = 47.325 – 1.475
= 45.850m

RL at S = 47.325 – 1.420
= 45.905m

RL at T = 47.325 – 1.410
= 45.915m

RL at U = 47.325 – 1.350
= 45.975m

RL at V = 47.325 – 1.310
= 46.015m

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RL at W = 47.325 – 1.270
= 46.055m

RL at X2 = 47.325 – 1.215
= 46.11m

COMPUTATON SHEET
STN CHAINAGE BS IS FS HI RL RMK

A 0+0.0 1.825 47.32 45.50m TBM

5
B 0+10 1.830 47.32 45.495
5
C 0+20 1.860 47.32 45.465
5
D 0+30 1.950 47.32 45.375
5
E 0+40 1.930 47.32 45.395
5
F 0+50 1.861 47.32 45.464
5
G 0+60 1.820 47.32 45.505
5
H 0+70 1.800 47.32 45.525
5
I 0+80 1.794 47.32 45.531
5
J 0+90 1.680 47.32 45.645
5
K 0+100 1.690 47.32 45.635
5
L 0+110 1.670 47.32 45.655
5
M 0+120 1.643 47.32 45.682
5
N 0+130 1.580 47.32 45.745
5
X1 0+140 1.560 47.32 45.765

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 5
P 0+150 1.509 47.32 45.816
5
Q 0+160 1.549 47.32 45.776
5
R 0+170 1.475 47.32 45.850
5
S 0+180 1.420 47.32 45.905
5
T 0+190 1.410 47.32 45.915
5
U 0+200 1.350 47.32 45.975
5
V 0+210 1.310 47.32 46.015
5
W 0+220 1.270 47.32 46.055
5
X2 0+230 1.215 47.32 46.11
5

The Allowable disclosure is neglected since the topography of the ground was
visible to the last instrument reading, hence there was no change point and
zero adjustments.
HENCE, ALLOWABLE DISCLOSURE = 0.00mm

ARITHMETIC CHECK FOR ACCURACY OF LEVELLING READINGS

Σ B.S-Σ F.S = Last RL – First RL

1.825 – 1.215 = 46.11 – 45.5
0.61 = 0.61
:. LHS = RHS
HENCE LEVELLING IS CORRECT.

CHALLENGES:

1. Disturbances by vehicles and passerby.

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 2. Environmental factors such as rain.
3. Difficulty in balancing the spirit level.

CONCLUSION:
At the end of the leveling practice, the levelling profile of the route was
determined and enhancement of skills on how to use the automatic level
instrument.

CHAPTER FOUR:
TRAVERSING

INTRODUCTION
Traverse is a series of established stations or positions tied together by angle and
distances.
Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form
the framework and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with
the help of an angle measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively.

Types of traverse
1. Open traverse: An open traverse is one which begins at a known point and ends
at an unknown point. e.g route survey.
2. Closed traverse: A closed traverse is one which begins at a known point and ends
at another known point. e.g land surveying.

Uses of traverse
 To locate topographic details for the preparation of plans.
 To layout engineering works.
 To process and order earth work and other engineering quantities.
 To provide horizontal controls in aerial survey in preparation of
photogrammetry mapping.

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OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this traverse survey is to prepare a survey plan of the given area.

METHODS OF TRAVERSING
There are several methods of traversing, depending on the instruments used in
determining the relative directions of the traverse lines. The following are the
principal methods:
1. Chain traversing
2. Plain table traversing
3. Theodolite traversing
4. Chain and compass traversing
The method of traversing used in carrying out this survey is the traversing by
theodolite method.

THEODOLITE TRAVERSING
The method in which the magnetic bearings of traverse lines are measured by a
theodolite fitted with a compass is called traversing by fast needle method. The
direction of the magnetic meridian is not established at each station but instead, the
magnetic bearings of the lines are measured with reference so that direction of the
magnetic meridian established at the first station. There are three methods of
observing the bearings of lines by fast needle method.
1. Direct method with transiting
2. Direct method without transiting
3. Back bearing method
In the back bearing method the forward and backward bearings of two
stations are obtained, (that is the fore station and the back station) and angles
between two lines is calculated.

STEPS IN CARRYING OUT TRAVERSE SURVEY

1 Carry out Reconnaissance

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The surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed, surveys or prepares a recce diagram.
Walk over the whole area and thoroughly examine the ground, note the position of
boundaries, road, and river etc, various difficulties to chain lines, select stations.

2 Construction of points / stations

Stations were selected and constructed at the boundaries of the area on a ground
where the theodolite can be set up. Nails were driven through the cork head into the
ground to mark the stations.

3 Taking Field Measurement

The theodolite was set up at each station. The ranging pole was held on the nail
point at the forward station and the backward station. The ranging poles were
sighted and bisected by the telescope of the theodolite. Parallax was eliminated and
readings were obtained. The forward bearing and backward bearing of each station
were recorded.

4 Taking Linear Measurement

Linear measurements were obtained by lining the tape from one station to another
on the nail points.

5 Recording of field datas

Recordings obtained were recorded on the field sheet.

PROCEDURES
1. The instrument was set up at our first point A, then took a back sight
reading to the other known point D.
2. The forward reading at point B in the clockwise direction was taken and
the distance A-D was measured using tape.

16
 3. The instrument was moved and setup at point B. the backward reading
was taken at point A and forward reading at point C in clockwise
direction. The distance from point B-A was measured using a tape.
4. The instrument was then moved again to point C, set up, backward
reading to point B was taken and forward reading to point D were taken
as well. Distance from C-B was also measured using a tape.
5. The instrument was moved to the next point D and set up. Backward
reading to point C and forward reading from point A and the distance D-
A was measured using a tape.

INSTRUMENTS USED
1. Electronic Theodolite
2. Ranging poles
3. Tape
4. Plumb bob
5. Nails
6. Hammer

COMPUTATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

The coordinate method was used in calculating and plotting. The error in the latitude
and departure of a line was corrected by using the formula
Latitude = L sin WCB
Departure = L cos WCB
Where l is the length of the line
WCB is the whole circle bearing
The error in the angle was corrected by using the formula for external angle
(n + 2) 180°

17
Where n is the number of stations.

FIELD SHEET DATA

INSTRU. STAFF FACE LEFT FACE RIGHT DISTANCE

STATION STATION FL FR [M]

D 279°18'41" 99°18'04"
A 42.10

B 182°20'02" 02°20'32"

A 267°58'57" 87°57'44"
B 26.70

C 180°29'09" 00°29'59"

B 357°01'38" 177°01'44"
C 44.20

D 264°01'16" 84°01'41"

C 179°04'23" 359°04'38"
D 27.16

A 96°35'51" 276°35'02"

FOR ANGLES
FORMULAR =(360°+ FORWARD BEARING) – BACK BEARING

INSTRUMENT STATION A
A-D =(360° + 182°20'02") – 279°18'41"

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 =(542°20'02") – 279°18'41"
A-D = 263°01'21"

A-B =(360° + 02°20'32") – 99°18'04"

=(362°20'32") – 99°18'04"
A-B = 263°02'28"

INSTRUMENT STATION B
B-A = (360°+ 180°29'09") – 267°58'57"
=(540°29'09") – 267°58'57"
B-A = 272°30'12"

B-C =(360°+ 00°29'59") – 87°57'44"

=(369°29'59") – 87°57'44"
B-C = 272°32'15"

INSTRUMENT STATION C
C-B =(360°+ 264°01'16") – 357°01'38"
=(624°01'16") – 357°01'38"
C-B = 266°59'38"
C-D =(360°+ 84°01'41") – 177°01'44"
=(444°01'41") – 177°01'44"
C-D = 266°59'57"

INSTRUMENT STATION D
D-C =(360°+ 96°35'51") – 179°04'23"
=(456°35'51") –179°04'23"

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 D-C = 277°31'28"

D-A =(360°+ 276°35'02") – 359°04'38"

=(636°35'02") – 359°04'38"
D-A = 277°30'24"

FOR MEAN ANGLES

STATION A
(263°01'21" + 263°02'25") ÷ 2
=263°01'55"

STATION B
(272°30'12"+ 262°32'15") ÷ 2
=272°31'14"

STATION C
(266°59'38" + 266°59'57") ÷ 2
=266°59'48"

STATION D
(277°31'28" + 277°30'24") ÷ 2
=277°30'56"

FIELD REDUCTION SHEET DATA

INSTRU. STAFF FACE LEFT FACE RIGHT ANGLE MEAN ANGLE DISTANC CORRECTED
STATION STATION FL FR E MEAN
[M] ANGLES

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 D 279°18'41" 99°18'04" 263°01'21"
A 263°01'55" 42.10 263°00'56.75"

B 182°20'02" 02°20'32" 263°02'28"

A 267°58'57" 87°57'44" 272°30'12"

B
272°31'14" 26.70 272°30'15.75"

C 180°29'09" 00°29'59" 272°32'15"

B 357°01'38" 177°01'44" 266°59'38"

C
266°59'48" 44.20 266°58'49.75"

D 264°01'16" 84°01'41" 266°59'57"

C 179°04'23* 359°04'38" 277°31'28"

D
277°30'56" 27.16 277°29'58"

A 96°35'51" 276°35'02" 277°30'24"

⅀=1080°03'53"
Sum of exterior angle
[n + 2] 180°
= [(4 + 2)] 180°
= [6] 180°
= 1080°
Error = 1080°03'53” - 1080° = 00°03'53"

TanꝊ = ΔE÷ΔN
Ꝋ =tan-1 [ΔE÷ΔN]

Coordinates of point A;
Eastern = 363099.000mE
Northern = 511055.000mN
Coordinates of point B;
Eastern = 363059.000mE

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Northern = 511045.000mN

Bearing, Ꝋ = tan-1[(363099.000 - 363059.000)/ [(511055.000 -

511045.000)]
Bearing, Ꝋ = tan-1[40.000/10.000]
Ꝋ= 75°57'50"

POINT B
Backward bearing = F.B ± 180°
B.B = 75°57'50" +180° = 255°57'50"
Observed Angle of B = 272°31'14"
Computed bearing of B = (255°57'50" + 272°31'14") – 360° = 168°29’04"

POINT C
Back Bearing of C = 168°29'04"+ 180° = 348°29'04"
Observed Angle of C = 266°59'48"
Computed bearing of C = (348°29'04" + 266°59'48") – 360° = 255°28'52"

POINT D
Back Bearing = 255°28'52" – 180° = 75°28'52"
Observed Angle of D = 277°30'56"
Computed bearing of D = (75°28'52" + 277°30'56") = 352°59'48"

POINT A
Back Bearing = 352°59'48" – 180° = 172°59'48"
Observed Angle of A = 263°01'55"
Computed bearing of A = (172°59'48" + 263°01'55") – 360° = 76°01'43"

Checking for errors

76°01'43" – 75°57'50" = 00°03'58"
Error for each station = 00°03'58"/n = 00°03'58"/4 =00°00'58"

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CORRECTED ERROR FOR EACH STATION
ERROR = 00°00'58"
Point A = 00°00'58" * 1 = 00°00'58"
Point B = 00°00'58" * 2 = 00°00'116"
Point C = 00°00'58" * 3 = 00°00'174"
Point D = 00°00'58" * 4 = 00°00'233"

CORRECTED BEARING
Point B = 168°29'04" – 00°00'58" = 168°28'06"
Point C = 255°28'52" – 00°00'116" = 255°26'56"
Point D = 352°59'48" – 00°00'174" = 352°56'54"
Point A = 76°01'43" – 00°00'233" = 75°57'50"

STATION DISTANCE(m) CUMULATIVE

DISTANCE
A-B 42.10 42.10
B-C 26.70 26.70
C-D 44.20 70.90
D-A 27.16 98.06

CHANGE IN EASTINGS (ΔE)

ΔE = LSINꝊ
Point A = 42.10sin(75°57'50") = 40.843m
Point B = 26.70sin(168°28'06") = 5.338m
Point C = 44.20sin(255°26'56") = –42.782m
Point D = 27.16sin(352°56'54") = –3.334m

CHANGE IN NOTHINGS (ΔN)

ΔE = LCOSꝊ
Point A = 42.10cos(75°57'50") = 10.211m
Point B = 26.70cos(168°28'06") = –26.161m

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Point C = 44.20cos(255°26'56") = –11.105m
Point D = 27.16cos(352°56'54") = 26.955m

COMPUTED NORTHINGS
A = 511045.000mN
B = 511045.000 – 26.161 = 511018.839mN
C = 511018.839 – 11.105 = 511007.734mN
D = 511007.734 + 26.955 = 511034.689mN
Total error In nor things = 511055.000mN – 511034.689mN = 20.311mN

COMPUTED EASTINGS
A = 363059.000mE
B = 363059.000 + 5.338= 363064.338mE
C = 363064.338 – 42.782 = 363021.556mE
D = 363021.556 – 3.334 = 363018.222mE
Total error in eastings = 363099.000mE – 363018.222mE = 80.778mE

CORRECTED ERROR FOR EASTINGS

Using BOWDITCH rule; Error = Total error in Eastings / Total distance *

(cumulative distance)

POINT B
80.778 / 98.06 * (26.70) = +21.994
POINT C
80.778 / 98.06 * (70.90) = +58.405
POINT D
80.778 / 98.06 * (98.06) = +80.778

CORRECTED ERROR FOR NORTHINGS

Error = Total error in Northings / Total distance * (cumulative distance)

24
POINT B
20.311 / 98.06 * (26.70) = +5.530
POINT C
20.311 / 98.06 * (70.90) = +14.685
POINT D
20.311 / 98.06 * (98.06) = +20.31

CORRECTED NORTHINGS
B = 511018.839 + 5.530 = 511024.369mN
C = 511007.734 + 14.685 = 511022.419mN
D = 511034.689 + 20.311 = 511055.000mN

CORRECTED EASTINGS
B = 363059.000 + 21.994 = 363086.332mE
C = 363021.556 + 58.405 = 363079.961mE
D = 363018.222 + 80.778 = 363099.000mE

AREA COMPUTATION

2 x Area = [⅀XY - ⅀YX]

2 x Area = [(363099.000 x 511045.000) + (363059.000 x 511024.369) +
(363086.332 x 511022.419) + (363079.951 x 511055.000)] –
[(511055.000 x 363059.000) + (511045.000 x 363086.332) +
(511024.369 x 363079.961) +(511022.419 x 363099.000)]
2 x Area = [7.4219101x1011 ] – [7.421910091x1011]
2 x Area = [935.0094]
Area = [935.0094] ÷ 2
Area = 467.5037m2
Area = 468m2

COMPUTATION SHEET

25
 STA- BACK ERROR CORRECT DISTANCE
TION BEARING ED CUM. DIST. DELTA EASTINGS DELTA NORTHINGS COMPUTED EASTINGS UNADJUSTE
FROM OBSERV BEARING [M] ΔE ΔN ERROR ERR
ED CORRECTED EASTINGS CORRECTE
ANGLE
COMPUT
ED
BEARING

363099.000 51105

A 75°57'50" 42.10 40.843 10.211 363059.000 51104

255° 363064.338 51101

57'50
"
B -58" 168°2 26.70 5.338 -26.161 +21.994 +
272° 8'06"
31'14
" 363086.332 51102

168°
29'04
"

348° 363021.556 51100

29'04 44.20
"
C -116 255°2 (70.90) -42.782 -11.105 +58.405 +1
266° 6'56"
59'48
" 363079.961 51102

255°
28'52
"

75°2 363018.222 51103

8'52" 68.57

D 277° -174" 352°5 (98.06) -3.334 26.955 +80.778 +2

30'56 6'54"
"
363099.000 51105
352°
59'48
"

174ꞏ5
8’18”

A 270ꞏ4 -233" 75°57 42.10

26
9’45” '50"

85ꞏ48
’03”

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
A lot of problems were encountered during the cause of this practical exercise. Some
of these problems are;

1. Unfavorable weather conditions.

2. Lack of technical staff to operate the instruments.
3. Faulty instruments.
4. Insufficiency of tools / equipments.
5. Obstruction by moving vehicles and pedestrians.

CONCLUSION
After so much knowledge acquired during this exercise,
I hereby conclude that, the survey camp exercise was a success and was completed
within the allotted duration. The survey camp enlightened me on the principles and
techniques in carrying out survey practically. I acquired knowledge in handling of
surveying instruments and working in group as a team.

RECOMMENDATION
I humbly recommend that survey camp should be carried out by every student of
civil engineering in their 3rd Year, as this will expose them to practical knowledge
and techniques of surveying, handling of instruments, working as a team.
I also recommend that, The university should see that the problems encountered
during this camp are solved and plan a better survey camp for the next set of
students.

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