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CHAPTER-2 5

GOVERNOR, GENERAL & VICEROY

Governor of Bengal
 Robert Clive /Lord Clive (1757 – 1760):-
 Founder of British Empire in India.
 1st governor of Bengal.
 In 1759 – 60, in the battle of Bidera happens & he defeated Dutch East India Company.

 Vansittart (1760 – 64):-

 Battle of Buxar happens in 1764 during Vansittart.

 Robert Clive (2nd time) → 1764 – 1767 A.D.:-

 Company got Dewani during Robert Clive in 1765 A.D.
 He introduced Dual System of administration in Bengal in 1765 A.D.
*Result of Dual Administration------------- Great Bengal Famine happens during Lord Cartier in
1770 A.D.
 Next Governor was ---------------- Verelist (1767 – 1769).
 Next Governor of Bengal --------- Cartier (1769 – 1772).

 Lord Warren Hastings (1772 – 1774):-

 Last Governor of Bengal.
 Dual System of administration was abolished by him in 1772.
 Regulating Act passed by the British parliament in 1773 & Warren Hastings became the 1st Governor General of Bengal.
 Supreme Court of Calcutta was established in 1774 A.D. & 1 st chief justice was Sir Elijah Impey.

Governor General Of Bengal

 Lord Warren Hastings (1774 -1785):-
 Nanda Kumar trial happens in 1775 A.D. & it was the 1st Judicial murder,
*Amini Commission (Land Revenue System) founded by Hastings in 1778 A.D.
 Pitt’s India Act was passed in 1784 during Warren Hastings.
 Board of Control was established in 1784 during Warren Hastings.
*1st President of Board of Control was Henry Dundas.
 Lord Warren Hastings was impeached by British Parliament.
 Next Governor General of Bengal ------------------- Sir John Macpherson (1785 – 86).

 Lord Cornwallis (1786 – 1793):-

 Permanent settlement introduced by him (1793).
*Zamindar System = Permanent Settlement.
 Cornwallis Code was introduced in 1793.
 Sun Set Act related with Permanent Settlement.
 He was the British General during American war of Independence (1776 – 1783).
 He is called as the Father of Civil Service in India (1793).
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 He was buried in India in 1805 A.D.
 Next Governor General of Bengal ------------- Sir John Shore (1793 – 98).

 Lord Wellesley (1798 – 1805):-

 He described himself as Royal Bengal Tiger.
 Mysore was annexed into British Empire in 1799.
 He built Fort William College in 1800 A.D.
 He started Subsidiary Alliance System to achieve British Paramountcy in India in 1798 A.D.
 Next Governor General of Bengal ---------------- Lord Cornwallis (2nd time) in 1805 A.D.

 Sir George Barlow (1805 – 1807):-

 Vellore Mutiny happens in 1806 during his time.
*It is the 1st Sepoy Mutiny in India.

 Lord Minto-I (1807 – 1813):- 6

 Charter Act of 1813 passed by the British parliament.
*Provision → i) 1 lakh was granted for the education of Indians.
ii) Monopoly companies trade in India was abolished.

 Lord Warren Hastings (1813 – 1823):-

 Adopted the policy of intervention & war.
 Anglo-Nepalese war happens (1814 – 1816).
*This war ends with treaty of Sagouli in 1816 A.D.
*Shahid Minar of Calcutta was built in the memory of this war.
*(Shahid Minar’s Previous name Ochterlony Monument.
 In 1818 A.D., Maratha annexed into British Empire.
 In 1818 A.D., suppression of Pindaries happens. *(Pindaries → Scavengers of Maratha).
 He introduced the Ryotwari Settlement in Madras & Bombay by Elphine Stone & Thomas Munro, the Governor in 1820.
 He also introduced Mahalwari Settlement (North India) in 1822 & main architect was Halt Macenzie.

 Lord Amherst (1823 – 1828):-

 1st Burmese War happens (1824 – 1826) during his time.
 Last Governor General of Bengal & 1st Governor General of India:- Lord William Bentinck (1833).
Governor General of India
 Lord William Bentinck (1828 – 1835):-
 In 1828, he appointed as a Governor General of Bengal.
 By Charter Act of 1833, Governor General of Bengal converted into Governor General of India.
*He was the 1st Governor General of India.
 By charter Act, 1833; a law member was appointed.
*1st law member was Lord Macaulay.
 Established Calcutta Medical College (1835).
 Next Governor General of India ------- Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36).
 Next Governor General of India ------- Lord Auckland (1836-42).

 Lord Ellenborough (1842-1844):-

 Slavery was abolished in India in 1843 A.D.
 Annexation of Sindh in 1843 A.D.
 War with Gwalior happens in 1843 A.D.

 Lord Hardinge-I (1844 – 1848):-

 Education Despatch of Lord Hardinge in 1844 A.D.
 He gave preference to English education in employment.
 1st Anglo-Sikh War & Treaty of Lahore happens in 1846.
 Next Governor General of India ----------------- Lord Dalhousie (1848-56).

Viceroy Of India (1905-1947)

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Lord Minto-II (1905-10):- Swadeshi Movement occurred ---- 1905 A.D. to 1908 A.D.
 He introduced ------------------ *Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909.
*Newspaper Act, 1908.
 Foundation of Muslim League by -------------- Salimullah Khan, Aga Khan in Dhaka in 1906 A.D.

 Lord Hardinge-II (1910-1916):-

 Transfer of capital from Kolkata to Delhi in ------------- December, 1911 (Or 1912).
 First World War was started in ----------------------------- 1914 A.D.

 Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921):-

 In 1916 A.D. --------------------------- Lucknow Pact signed in 1916 between Congress & Muslim League.
 Constitutional Reform of 1919 passed.
 Repressive Rowlatt Acts (Black Act) passed in 1919 A.D.
 Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh happens in 1919 A.D. 7
 He introduced ----------------------- Saddler Commission of Education (1917).
 1919 to 1922 A.D. ------------------ Khilafat Movement occurred.
 Non-Co-operation Movement stopped in ----------- 1922 A.D.

 Lord Reading (1921 – 1926):-

 Repeal of ---------------------------------------- Press Act (1910) & Rowlatt Act (1919).
 In 1921 A.D. -----------*Mopla (Peasant) revolt at Kerala.
*Akali movement at Punjab.
 Chourichoura incident happens in ------------ 5th February 1922 A.D.
 C.P.W. formed in --------------------------------- 1920-21 A.D. at Taskhand (Russia).
 In 1925 A.D. -------------------------------------- Kakori robbery occurred.
 Communist Party of India formed in ------ 1925 (Or 1926) at Kanpur.
*C.P.W. – Communist Party of World.
*C.P.I. – Communist Party of India.

Lord Irwin (1926-1931):-

 In 1927 A.D. ---------------------- Simon Commission announced for constitutional reform.
 Butler Commission appointed in ------------ 1927.
 All India Youth Congress founded in --------- 1928.
 Nehru Report introduced in --------------------- 1928.
*1st Draft of Constitution Written by Indian.
 In 1931 ----------------------------- Capital of India transferred from Delhi to New Delhi.

 Lord Willingdon (1931-1936):-

 Civil Disobedience Movement -------------- Called off/Revoked.
 Announcement of Communal Award in -------------- 1932 A.D.
 Poona Pact signed in 1932 A.D.
 In 1933 A.D. -------------------- The term Pakistan 1st time introduced by Rahamat ali.
 Burma separated from India in ---------------- 1935 A.D.
*But officially it was occurred in 1937 A.D.
 All India Kishan Sabha founded in ------------------------------ 1936 A.D.

 Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944):-

 In 1936-37 A.D. ------------ 1st General Election held by the recommendation of Government of India
Act, 1935.
 2nd World War started in ----------------- 1939 A.D. (1st September).
 Lahore Resolution passed in -------------1940 A.D.
*In this resolution Pakistan Proposal was taken.
 Quit India Movement started in --------- 9th August 1942 A.D.
*Duration – 1942 to 1947.
 Al the time of 2nd World War King of Britain was ---------------- George-VI.
*Queen Elizabeth-II was the daughter of George-VI.
 Cripps Mission visited India in ------------------------------- 1942 A.D.
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 Lord Wavell (1944-1947):-
 Quit India Movement called off/revoked in ----------------- 1944 A.D.
 C.R. Formula introduced in -------------------------------------- 1944 A.D.
 Wavell Plan & Simla Conference introduced in -------------------- 1945 A.D.
 2nd World War ended in ----------------------------------------------- 14th August 1945 AD.
 Great Kolkata killing occurred in ----------------------------------- 16th-19th August , 1946 A.D.
 Naval Mutiny held in ------------------------------------------------- 1946 A.D.

 Lord Mountbatten (March to August, 1947):-

 He was the last viceroy of British India & first Governor General of Independence India .
 June 3rd Plan announced in ------------------------------------ 3rd June, 1947.
 Indian Independence Bill introduced in the ---------------- House of Commons.
*It was passed in 18th July, 1947 A.D.
 Appointment of boundary commissions under ----------- Sir Cyril Radcliffe. 8
*For the determination of the boundary line between India & Pakistan.

 Chakravarty Rajagopalachari:-
 He is an Indian.
 He was the ------------------------------last Governor General of Free India.
 He was the ---------------------------- Only Indian Governor General who remained in office from 21 st
June, 1948 to 25th January, 1950.
 At the time of independence British Monarch was ------------ George-VI.
 Leading exponent of Gandhian thought was -------------------- Acharya Vinoba Bhabe.