Chemical Control of the Immature Stages

of Musca Domestica Linn

 STAGES OF

LtRY G. EHERSOU
\C

Bachelor of Science

lS59

Sub-:xi tted to tho Department of Sntomology

Olds.hone. ft..grirmlturnl s.nd 1:eche.nica.l College

In Pe.rtial F'ulfillmont of the Requirements

For the Decree of

1940

',,
O 0
 OWHO
!GRICULTUIUL i MECHANIC.tt OOWGI
LIBRARY .
OCT 241

$ ti. .~ {$cw.}
>
 1

factor i nr:iic or

dia:I: z- ea , d-..oont rioa , or cb.olor-a. '.i'he c u.sal _g::ini sm I"

pick UlJ by t o e·:r- dopo ...i tion, and t en a ttorod

bout ....,ston nn"l .:moon {1908) f'oum that tho hairy body of

.... 1,250,000 b ctorio · s ,ne...ont on tho 1,;J..li fli ox ned, llo\'10.l"d (1911)

rep;,rted th t in a aUX"VO';l of ...Jo.saacr.auaotts, ovr -:ark, Pc:o.usylvani , \Tir-

v Gin1a, , or1da, Goo. i , Louis1 , r ~as · , and Clllifor in , <)8. 8 r

cent of tho· flies collcetvd 1trios bolo c~ t.~ this a:pcoios.

ndod no t,1 e ooo "' ef oet...
ive, eoonolilic J nd rnctical c.l.O!:d.oal :or destro• i ~ lorv e, but ox

e
o::mliOti in (lumltitien which will .1. ndor tho :anu.;.--o injm:io for fertili•

In a.n ef ort t det. ...moo t. o toxicity o . . uoi·~ arrl ..,o.. " o er .tnsocti-

cid s ror l oiwo 1'1

-c proliminor--.r in mturo, 1d. 0~10ul1 c considorw s . ba.aia for m~thor

ror ro.t .o:i: t? co ¢0"-vorl :1.."0joot.

Indobtodness 1s ac!:I.10 1 , sod to Dr. D.. ..::. Eo·roll,

of a.sai ;.ned tho _i tor t is i.- gave valuable

assist "'...C , of the

De ttiCllt oz .,., to loa;:v; · _ ,. 2. -"· r.a.1 to c

nd . .• ~. ir R -"' n, oo ' lo:.:,,. or thci :rn r-
 ii

.. .... . . . • • • • • • i

.... ·• • • • • ii

E ,.OD7JG IOl! .. . .. . . . . . . ... . .

~ ... l

• . • • • • • • .. . 2

\JD} ,..,.,~ .:.ODS . • • • .• • • .• • • . 5

COiJT I.OT _ilil.) FUlllGtJ: ..L co~ "UUDJ • ..• • .. .. 7
Carbo d1sulp.."11de .., •
"
.. • . .. • • . . • 7
~bon te-tro.chl.o:rido . .. • . . . ., . • • • • • 7
.... . ylono dichloride . " • .. . . • • • • • 8
-1ene clllDrohydrin • • . • .. . • • • 8
r.lrichlorathyleno • " • • .. " ,. . • • • • G

pb.tho..leno • • • • • • • .. • • . • .. • 8
Para-diehlorobonzone ." • • • • 9
Ort 0 1chlol'Ohel17.en • • • • • • • r .• • 9
nzono dibro.i Ii o • . . • • • ..• • . 9
rroxo.chlorobonzono • . ... • • • . • • • 10
i..ntb... C DO . • . • • .. • • • • • • • • 10
Crosylic a.eid . • .. • • • • • • . 10
lJcl" "l)t .. . • • • " .• . • lO
Dinit..1.0-0-cyelohm:ylplJ.o_ol
" • " • • • • . ll

.r, 1:m·-· , ID rem r com:ioUHDD .. • • • 1)

Pino oil . • ,. • • • • • • .• • l.J
.icotino .• .. • ~ .. • . 13
Hollobor • . . • • • . . . 14
thrum
" • • • • .. • . u..
rris . • • • • • " . . • • • 15
 i1i

'l.'!:.ioe· an.a.ta • • • • • • 15
Phenothi371rlo . .. • .. • 16
S".ro7 !AOO PO :t::J"'ONrt . :01~ ~-·J~rIC.AL n~RGP ·re co womms :L."5

Dari luosillc te • • . . _.. .. • lB

C lito • • • .
.,. iuu f.luori 0 .. • • .. • • 19
Calcium f1Dur1de • • • • . " • •
. 19
.,..iu.1- eh.wride • ... . .. • . ,. • • • 20

~ tie . • . • • • • • . • 20

• • .. " • •· . • • • . . 20

l?a..Y"aforr.nldo , C .. .. . • 21

"'inc pnos_ i.ro • • • • . • • 21

Tnalliu..."l salta • • • • • " • • • • • 22
~Ul,Y 5' ts • • • • ... • • • . • . 22

t oo: vUlIDS • • • • • 25
It . .. • • • • • f
• • 2.5
so....ato • . • • ~
• • • • 25
Cal.Ci :a a::.".0013.tO • • • .• • 26
Oonpo:r so~ to . • • . • • • . .. • Zl
• • • • • • • • ., Z'l

• • • • • • • • • • • • • 28

.. .. • . • • .30
e • • • • Jt
• • • • • • • .. • 30
r.~a c~, c.• .l • •. . . . .. • JO
D1.5CU;1JJI>l1 . • " • . .. • 32
 iv

rTJLE-i:JU " • .. .., ... .... .. " • • • .... " ·tili ... .• .. "
... 3;
l:C!!lI-L\~i~J..·tt; C!:i!i!l • ... " • . . 4' .. • • .. • . • "
l;l.
 l

Il1TRODUC'i'lOU

Eaton {1935 ) :r01,.nd tho.t OOl."f.J!l present in i .r x 1gat ion uato1'" in arounts

:oovo t«JO !A-'1.l:"ts 1)0..1" .million ttould. af:toot nearly' nl.l a:.-op5; ~ :;eati~

that if oornx WSJ.-0 used too freely u~ a lm.Yieido, it m:t3ht r,;ro.vo i ~jurious

~1.en · ..i.e .JliU!tll 0

4 tno used. c.& a .t'ez."i;ilizer. llolleboro, vmich hll£ p1.....,.~iou!:>•

J::,' been roco:rimended. , hna been prov&"J by sevoral m:rke1"'a to be vor-; m;ro•

ll ble nm at tiloos .tJaY oo too ~ l v e :f'o... uve in con:t:.>ollinc; tl:r le1"".ra.e.

'I.he ubovo facts cl.oo.rly indicate that there is a neeossi ty :for a

cllo:nical nich w.ill: {1) be highl;r tone to hou.sei'ly lrirvue~ and (2) ,1hic.h

enn_ be usod in reaaonaole at-cnunt.~ t'fi th~ut at!'oot iDG tho lno.nuro for tm: t.iliz-

ine pur-p,aes. 'i1ho t10:r'k just completed b"J tl1e a: 1th.or de.:ua cr.J.y uit-11 the

· forrnor, and it is renllr..ed that to t:i.ake the :project eom:pleto, a ae~ies of

tests should be Wldo~takon "t,o !'illd out if thoy mo toxic to pl-on:t&.

Durin(; the rlntc-t> of 19)9-40. at the De~~t .of EntomloSY of 'the

Oklahoma .:· .r 1-onl.t!ll"al and :Iochanie!ll. Collec;o, t. '-e u.uthol." bcg$11 t1j, oorlo& of

tests to deteL.1n.e the relut1Y-c toxici-ty of a large nu:nber oi' Chet,tieals ..

Pr0viouol7, .!.,':r.. ., A.. l'unt..on,. :read of tho Depa.rt.l~nt o:r zntotr.it)J.ogy or

Okluho:ro Ag_ icultw..•nl. axl!:1. :roehnnical Colloge 1 had con.d.1..11.rted ta nurnher ot
oxperiJJ.lents dea.ling with t l1e so.~ proble.n,, and it t'ms ;;ith h1s uid and

S,ucge0:tlon thnt the \.',l!)::!."k 11.a"" :i:-os.v.i.od., Data obtaln.oo uy Dr • .Fenton 'r-e not

ircludo1 in t..11.is pc.per .

 2

in !"GO lIU..'1.bero ill bnrr_-

j'UN the bost control. but

it £ it s t.o chemical.

troa:t::iont 01' t: 1a c iru.J ttedia that attroct :! t o atteu.t o 1 or tue oar

""'ie~ nrkors as a. nans of control.

Dr. L. · • •"' d in 19.ll concluded t :t kerosene ~ion. or ooloi

in G.

l.~ • bOI , 001""' and

od1 disul: mo to bo oti'oct-

ivo l!lrvicidos. Ho_ (1910} "' id t:1 t

re ro or less Q4_ectivo if used. in pro:l?Ol' concontrations and C? unt •

· rleo .... (1913) rooo . io ;;cx1 D q o .•: 10 vs of lru;,;,C , 2 ~ts

of
inn.

COOk ~ al.. {l9ll.,) • fro! a list of 17 c:'!e.u.cals tozte-:1 . 000.:.1: .ended

~ o.t th... rate of 0 . 62 pou..1')(1 per ton cubic root of irurore ao ouf"'ic-
i nt to 11 tho :·~ o.nd ·" :::ots. or <Jalc1ood eolcomdtos ii' 1t could b
obtainod. nt tno to of' o. 75 poml!l • r to .. Cll.bic fo t of' , nuro . 'l:,..o

authors (1915) in .... continuation o t-eir oz:perir ·~ts tri 21 additional

ct~ ricals. ivo inor"'nnic c, ionl•• oi~o trio • but none oro rooo .,.ondod.
11 e,, i)YI'idi e,. am ni t.:.'O nzono gavo ootiof cto:cy rooults fro .. tNi

liat of orcanie ou.bstances. ·hile l olleboro iTod t· o et -oi'i'iciont of

a.ll th st :ls'tianccs testo • 'rho ... to of o.~ or:.o-'!-mlf

:po o po ored holl bore in t.on e;3.llon"' o tm: per c· •en foot or

IIo ;UI' ( 191/t) \ S SUCCOS;;; tr· S.}!'U' in:; every· Op 1th a rJiz.,'L e 0£

4 pound.a of ood.1· orsenLo e.!ld 4 a· 'l"ts of 1.nlussoo di.>f:lol od in 50 caUons

of . to!' ..

(1915) ~ uuccos~4"ul by t c ti ~ r30 s lls with i n

coo.. nd hutc:1ioon (1916} fou ;. o.t t ..:mi C;t id , .ris

oo control. '.i e recori:e7.;~od onl:t tlto latter tro as beine o "o eno·w 1
or n us "'e •
&i o... .c (1916) oosinc nth tar oil or co· trol

.i tho application of tot.. · chloroth..'lua t ..o rnto of 2 ounco"" to 10 cubic

foot o" :::nnuro. ( l 11_ ) ro a. tho.t ·•.o oot i l
coal tnr m: oto oil couta · bout JJ. roont tm: ci s, w1..... u

t; t ·t it ohoulr b:o a_"'ayod. 0 ~e d · 1 for

rlooo ( 19~' } o l"fl'Y' ot s wt:J:e boot le.sacs 100 parts,

ta• and .. dJ.l: 10 . . s to bo o.1luted f'or

uoo wi+' 5 to l.O by vol: no o.,_ v, t.o:r. Corr (1927) found that ..1cn tho

G rf .eo covor or cin' c:-s sp... ycd onco a o..::. . tll a

lution ot 3 _ rc011t bo.u oil il~ 1 tar OI sot-o oil cont ! 1ng at loost

14 :pa... cont tur nctdD and 3 ~ rce t baeos • .., o.t o oluvion eted bot
aa larvieido dare llent .. ( 19~} oat irod OJ control .itn

t• cov1t and mthOY">J (l')Jl) 1 1....... e !lori ot t t.t., , found tho.t

:n'l!lnlire. ,ore ob · ine<l by · rirui:1 the . u:-o · tu satur-

, ted solutio (1- 154) o'f odiTu:1 fl os1lic to ooch day . 1mo1'1;':,"D'.OUO Ll.9..32)

cto &lo--~ at t1 e :ra.to of l pot ,, :I)Or 100

o, ....nd ""· ~t it re · 1. 5 d · a. to I· 11

Ob.ebot

cid in crudo oil a.pp.lie.... n.t t~10 t or 1 p~ :t to 12 sq: ... feet of

 4

C -rodotzkii ·an v "'Orn (l,Jb) .1.ourul thc.t tho lychl; _i...os ·ere

... oct ·vo , but ... _mt tho r too o:;p.lic tion ·1ao 0 .. 32 cc r taro conti-

·tar o diw... >ura. iob.lorobew...cno crystal.a at the mto o 0 . 05 c;r..... 1 !)Or

cont1.u.otor r d.h .. Kille1 all t._o la ac "u:d pupao. A eont

solut 1~ o-:: par "ic bor:,,. no at tLe ~a.to or 0. 25 ec per a _uar-o c nti-
l all 1.: o ir. 21; :-Z.our " 1..~c~Jcon {193 ) r co 1ne. ..: ed.: hell -

bore, lei: o:tEmLL. • a.no. ecloiUZ!l clllor1do in the r tos or _111-

catioll a.a und er octive t o rliw.~ 'l.ol" ::.o:-s.

-on.ton ( l9J.(.,) • aoo.·.t "niO'J hcllcbo e .. · bo~ a:--: o.s of"

Co ot & • (1914) . Fen.to 1;139} t urtl that ··txture f 90 pnrta 3•pcr-

i110 d.uating sul_hur to 10 parts or ai~ .;.lo... p:i. ·i {;I'OOn by w-cir t ,

uood nt tho rato or l<E otll'J3oo , r 2~ quarts nuro. kill 95 . 2 percont

of tho . . uoo .tly lar-.,.ae.
 5

ID ; dODS

..............................._t...oo.;..;..t....i!JS..,..• ·i o chemical composition of r.a.."lu...-o is oo var-

i l>l o t a nore su.i ta.bl rearinc . dia w.s desir · · • ., si.~1plo ediun ot

water und or1.r:tped oats , os reoo moo by ~oson (1937) . · s bee.n .auc-
o~sfu.1.ly uaed . For convonio:no 111 hand.line, ...o in ol.o,!ll'l..in,!P . s1.nl1
cost , l ._.e :t:: uth quart mson i'ruit jars were select s t.."'lc container

t'or tho r~ · ium 100 , ?W f oats urit 100 cc~ of ,: ,:..tor 1 r jar nrovod to

su.f£icient food fo:- sf!Nor l hm.:1rod l v c ; ho':'levcr, olll.y 100 a cond

1 la..""Vao ·r jar ooro ' , -1 . ~ o;.,cceae of oats ...'urnishod a ... i

rm,iol ; .... ilo S" fici--.. t.J..y 1st on t11.e bott:J. to nllo : jl'C}}.)el." devolo out

of the l rv o, .... :ppl.1ad o. .sat.is .... c-to.x"Y place !or • 'potion in t o u_po,r ,

dri r regio o stock adults · 0 roar - Ull::.101" standard .1; e ,.., ady

rJethodo oodified by , - eson ( 19.33) .

ch tost consisted of c:hee,k fivo oo.r.i.ples tre-c.ted 1 ..h varying

:ount& of t.i'lo chmical · iw,, tvstoo. 'Iho chemic 1 s • irot teated

usinr; ... . 05. 0.1, 0.5, l ~O,, 5. 0 ~ o.n1 a ehec ~ ,or teat. If this i

eluded a fift :peroont nol"'t<uity • tho tost s re. . te':... li' :not • the
lll:¥>unts er-o then red ;cod to include a fif't"l percent • rtal.ity • und. r~-

.a11"'"toc.. nth th . .lo-fl'O.r concontr tions.

&~er the o ts ~ .ator we:' plncoo in tllc J s an,1 tooro
100 second inetar la:!."V'ae re countod ril plAc in a container. 10n
ter solub1e c e.."1.ieo.lc er used • the~ ~oro dulsolved in the 100 cc . ot

.1atar and r.J.xel i'tl1 the o :to. .. ~ in.aolu· la c...iai.."rl.c 1 s w; _ u::.e ~. thoy

. e in tlle dry oats • a id tr.o tor ·dded , ruld tho .?.u>le t..11.on tnor-

a i c rod., th 100 liil"vn O!"O add.od..

~~nch jm· s tho-. covered wit a s.r ill e;r3on to 'Jl20VO :t th, other flies

onteriDS tho oontui.nor... , aiY.1 to i ep the t 1.ult.a n.1e · ··"'10.:.!;>e·· f •.:om

escaping.
 6

'lhe onti.z,a i.Ulit of su jars ms paced in a conat.ant teraporatura room

at. B5° F .. until tho adults had. emerged s.nd. died~ They 'ffl31.'"6 tilon immadia~

~-
ooun:ted. , berore disintegration d.nstroy-Od. the.11.- and tha d.e.-ta :reoorded.

Metn.r,,la ot: eal®lo.tion. The vnt..iOU-$ p>inta 011 the l'."Drtallty au:rv-e-
ffl:ll•e- obtained. as en ar-itt.root..to r-i0an or the so-zies. 'llle median lethal dos,a

rep_reaent a. true madian lethal do.se aal.eula.tad fro::1 the nuooer or zrama
per kil.oa;ra.m ot body weight neeJ;l-sSa.ry to pi-odnce a 50 paree.nt mrt.ai:t-ty..

It is too mef:';n r,erea'l1-t ~onoe.ntration of the poison in tha med.i'lUU -whieh

killed. ;o pe:ecent- of thg liu"V'ae. as eal.etlJ.ated fro:m th-a ditferenees of

mort~tty :tn t..tw eeu,'lples- und the eh.eak ot each toat.,.

:me ~los.s:t.!'i-cntlon or che..·ilie.als used. l.$ that- o:f" &1ls:pard {19.39 l, and

ha orrws no tmplnnation for tlte groapin;es uze,l.;

 7

Xnoecticidos ot this grou.._ are wed in liqui d or dust

OI'lll to , ill in.soots b·- comng in contact •.:t11 or ontarin.s t1Lh• bodies.

other tho.n 'by the r;iouth. -r<_ G"':pooi~· t .1ou,Sh the .... pir'.aeles_. J...fr<YJ kill

the inse¢ts. 'b., en.tori a tr.1.G t1"'8.-chooe s liquid · o~ ..,a.sos, and _ro ueing
uction on t1 o body contents , or, ... are ·, b.; th.air eysieal a-ct.ion

ill cloggi~ tho b nthi.nr" tubes and. motheT>lJ.lG tho i:csoets.,

·.ffiio r;rou:p oont. -tns croo.tor v n:::i ts en-J. 11 i~1 l'.;;iity of substanee 1n

&<mera..l uoo t r:n · the case "l'.Tit ·he otoM;aeh poisons . of the chor.aicals

t thu . up t1iel rs avru.l blo to -tho s.athor r.ore testod; Ir£.llY of

:uob. ll.. d not been 1m0d proviou ~ tor ino . . . ct contl 1.

J.1his eh.011.ical hns received. meh attu!.tion as a

1l "mn.irrant. Flom.i "' ( 1926) eoonr:icndo ho.r;:p.genoous 1 concentrated

emul.sion con.aioting o ... cmbon disulp.'lti: e 700 il. , 95 percent ot vl al.cohol

193 -r,, ,. f j l ic eid 77 !ill. , c.otton"ef:3d oil JO n.L.-. , - pot, ,..si • :1 hy:1.,.-noxide

13. 5 ml .. • injoeted ,. 1ractly into hol.es in tho ooil ao t19t: od of eont:ml-

linc the J'a.~se b-~tle. Tl .. o 10:.l.ieel 1 very .i.l.o. .uab1.e, · r. the cas end

oir ::m:tu:."c w ezplo"'i VB . It s lird .,e to uso in t-M

to ed , ins., soi , or ho •sohold pests •

..1:, e ahorJi.cal usod .c::; c,. hon disu.lf:J.do , tcohni al Grade . me results

o .i.ou.r tests - ct; d thnt o.; ~cont cone ,ntrntiou ';J "' ..,ufl""icie.u:t. to
1 .ill all laxvao ,, u.tld. t. "'t n ealc1.u.awd ,telian U:rtb.al d· o. was 01.>tru.ned

with 0 .-032 pcrcont co ...cont.:.'~ -:ion.

,:; e c" rt "' ·' 'e 1nsoct1 ! -Ui.S pre cntcd

...t.s uso t.hr to-r household u.s, o;.. iJl ...rnll .01.mt... .:o storv ~i.t'O·

duet"". •·.o_ i.>.e ( l S' 10 ) r co. ·:em-ed ....g:-ct.a le th.an carbon

diS'.tl._ 1do .or - o in .i.

 '1110 cnc.nic 1 used -a Cf... 0011 totr~.cb.loJ.>ide , toc.llnical Gl-"'·do.

lru:-7ae :ero killo · ,d th 5 . OJ pcrcont ao1leont t1on, . . . nd a calcula

inn lot l0.1 do EX. o taino.- ·ith O. lJO po;r.·c-on.t co.i,. ontration 1. r five

t .st .

.......~,.pn (l9JJ) ecox:.. .!J' ed -:.Lia c ezuc 1 in an

rul.nion "or soil t!-oa z~ ~or ~ ch- tree ;.xJror c nt1~0J. in 1ili:lco ot pare:-

4:1.c lo!'Obe......zono ~·st,-~ .

100 por ont bt.,.in&i .. th O. 10 ., roent eo:ncen.tra-

tion. t1Uo t,· ow.culated. ~fan 1 thal do.so ;lS ,V:'Oduo~ 'l'ith only 0. 01.3

percent conca ra.vion.

t1r;lo?W eh10EW31dri.n.. :.1: e ,;..::-itcr could f ind no literature :pertaining

to tho use f th1.,, ehemoo.l n inso.ct.:cide. A largo ount or t .. s.

c - c1icil1, :b.ich .aa closely Alli a. to tb.e ,rovious o c , ,ms available , and

s 'l.1$, in n.1110 ·te~ts .

Tb.a e · mical u.aod ,o::.• t· ..,e te..:>tll wna a car. rciol cll. , ical of an

i.u'll:oletm conipOoition and gr de.. •.. 0 . 1 4 rcent oo:ncenti"e.tion l~1lloo. all

a 0 . 0.3~

cal.culn.tod nodia.n lath!,l doso.

Trichlo... e hylono . :CT'lio cll.onieul bas bo.a.n to.at e. SU tit Ut.o

toz- cm."-bon to:trachlo:rido in tcyl 1e dichloride ...dxtur s , ut no ,or~ .

eoul::1 bo ~o :i.nd wharo this chontio"" 1 "U. been usod ··.., th

·"*· c . P. - ...de h '7J. l us uood !or full!.· te.3ts , wi1ich reoultod in 100
_ "'rcont- "m~t:.u.ity wi fu a. 5.0 n,.:Jrcont c noe;p.tr tiono. e.ai

r.wdian l t:!:la.l l e o ... 0 . 211 rcont oonoo 1t-....ation.

roent .. .:..sto too

to Pioric lt.l.:rvao ~1uca. tr..o out or novon in sov"'n da -s . Fl_..-........ (1925}

found tt.at n.a1 thel. mo ·s ro ... ff otive _;a: "'t tho a o-r tllo
 9

ivo t!1.C.ll too to :we... ~inst tho OCti ' fl\j,.Ul.t. ~ (19.30) stato.s no.n

th b i o t o t.i ,.., r uired. to ~ill 50 pn:rcont er t e it'..aoct • l)h-

lO to 14 ti-- s ·val a.s.

~.uo cho.r.:iccil usod !.i ... .· phthnl ·, fl ' a of o. toobnica1 ~do. .L'lto

ealeulatod lothal tlooo o.037 l)el"Cant cone.entration, ,ml.lo .5 . 00 percent

Para 1chlorobonzone. D w { tt {1915) states lfpa.."1'"8-41ehlorobenzone

~et:s ua en exeol.lont tu.'!li: nt. again.at th-0 followi ·· insects: {l} stored-

pi:-otuct insects . (2) ea e-bearins clothe rJO't e , (3) oaeoos and ant.a,

(4) r:niset nests., and {5} ruse.allan o houso insects. " II "G,.,. avoa (1924}

seven in seven a.aye, a 0 . 50 ·· cent l ,, ... o ::!.id not :~u any of vlle

larvuo. ft'ot-0alj nd Flint ( 1939) 1-coo:.:!'".cJ this cho: 1ca.l for controll.Ule;

mthe, ~uvcri'! :1., and clothes t'cths.

· e ehCI:ucal • oo .o.s o" tochnicel v-- . e , na. s.:Z te:Jts envo cal-

- ...th .;o !JCrCcnt co11.co.ct~ tion.

control o t ~ "1 tos. :i.

~ . 'O id
--
et o.l. ( 1 · Jl..} I' CO ¥' UC.

e cho.:.1ical us&.i in t e tests oonplet.ed by t· e

thi.s :,: 1' th&

:ut' OT s of t chnico.l grade. In i o tosto,. 6l..l larvae were killod i1ith

l . O ...,rc~n.t concont:ration. tho ealc ll t&i inn lethal doso .ms

0 ..19 porcon.t. eomentretion..

11zene dlbro dde. Tho author ooul.d find. no lite:attn"e doaJ.L..c uith

th.iS cho.oieal as an incoetlcide. b'Ol.11' toDto mth ... C. P... g:rodo chonical

revealed that all ti&ro killod 1'tb. 1.

 10

t1o i:.cdian lotbn.l dose eouJ., b ooti..i · d ti.th o. 1,2 porecnt oon.eontrntion..

!Iexo.ehl.oro'bem::.or~. s author could _ind oo refer nee to this eh·

i l 1 1I ;; been tried us nn insecticide, ~ut • .;eing "'..."''~"'r..,•..i, t. rolatod to

thoso jU:J t listo·' , it vms tested.

r.
.u of C. P. e;rad • Two tests rave led that $. 00
_ce,nt co!lcontr, tion was .n.,,Jc nso:ry to kill all t 1 o 1 , ~m tbat t e

0 . 079 porcont concon.tr tion ..

ound that a l . nercent ;iaste on

leaves fad to Piaris ln:rvae <lid not ll ti hin seven · a "'• _ iJlk, ~ al.

nillion dilution. .;;1 :;lei· ~ ,£!_. (1939) 1011.r.d. t mo .!'eetive ...Vair.st

cent ooncontrnt ion killed

lethal ~o...e s obtained ,,'it. 0 .• 079 .1.·J- ont con.cont_ ~ti... n.

C?-osyllc r:.c·d. . ~ do::-ivitics o::: t: '.: - oo!:l._ound v boo t.:;;.stod

~·ru:• t ..cir toxicit , Uv the it~ oouL f ind no -retoron.c to work using
1~ s an inseaticido.

loth dooe oo 1. 15 rccnt concent:rati ~., nd 9/; .32 rccnt of tho l:....rv e
, o klllod m~ l 5. 00 porc:en.t cone. trntion,

lo reaults ~er obtaiood: ~- ca.lcul.nted. -or.11 n lei..h";t o_so 111th 0 .. 068

 ll

l.')O!:'cent conoent:- .t on, e. 1. 00 ::.,01•0 nt vro..o u.fticiont to kill all l irlle ..

Thia ch ~ cal pi·ovoo to

co t ,:.!:L t all y t i:bil-.:- the caloulatod ; i.od · e.IJ. 0. 20

"'..eliothin o ...oleta. '!?ab., ru::d 0 . 056 -r.unru..t:i

ee: taln o:i.l

--
ot o.1. (1939) at to •r"i .ld 1nv· tlf;''t!o11a have slim~~ that

~~ n o , sc le., the walnut ne .J.O ,, and

the fro. ted acP-1o. "

that tle e culated

•..ed.1 n. lethal dose 0 . 072 !:X):rcont co:nocm-tratio •

Carbon disulphide ,

ieh.lorobenzcnn

of t is eroun tested Tera not v<.1Ml to bor-a:: a a hm.1sa.:tly larvici e .

Tab.lo • list the lftoon cl1enic la to::rtod , 1n t LC ord · r of' their

to::ieity to hoMO..i. ~r larv-ao as round by t ·e autb.01· .,

 12

To.~ le l.. Rolativo toxieit of - contact "'

;fu:r.1:.; _nt con:X>und.s ., .roun,~ .. it .ouso ~·17 1.:n rn.o

100 1ruc.i"1.t, Jetl l

C teal of 'tosts -:tort l ....ty 'lovol l.othal. <loso · ·

2thyl e dioi .ri 0 9 0 . 10 o. 13

thyl e orol\:,'13.r1n ? 0.10 0 . 032

C 4 0. 50 0. 032
Dinit... -Ofclohaxy-l erol. 6 o.; 0.072
...- butyl rea:ptan 6 0 .• 50 0 .. 200

a "'ic lorobenzo 6 0. 5 · o.:;68

Bc:lzeno d.:to:rOl! 4 1 . . 00 0 . 01+2

Ethtl. eax,tan 2 1. 00 0.068

Ort · cll.l.orob "'Or.a 5 1 . 00 0. 155
Ant.1.raeene 2 5. 00 o.m
la!)b.t one 2 5.00 0.007
ax chla benzene a 5.00 0 . 090

Ga..~n tot:-uehlorid 5 5.00 0. 192

Trichloreteylene I+ 5.00 0 . 231

Cr lio e1cl 6 - * :?.. 560

* 5..00 percent ooncent u.tion f\..i l · to p..."'"Od~ co 100 cnt .10rtulity.

cent eoneen mti n :nooe.. J to nroiacc a ealculct

let..Ull do.J&.
 1:3

In. :ro uetion. .. nu..i:1b.or r _lo.nt contain substances mioh are

poisonous to insects. 'BDY dor..ond upon the :l.lkaloi! s tnioh tho contain,

othors eo11.tuin poi aonous este?"o or eompounds s oasUy classifioo • .i; e

tabllity of ti1e active prineipJ.os ot plnnt products voriea Ull;l determines
to considerable e..... ,,cnt e uao. ct eac'h · uo

Du;i, to ·t v inst.ability of this _oup, tile a has boa,.1 vif;oro

se ...ch fur · c ls 1h1ch ~ s.1:.ou. e.r in kill •·• e.ctio"'t. veven

plant doriv tJ.vos and cwo ~ t.h tic cotl};!Ounda testod by th n:u:thor •

and e. disi::mae1on i::rt o"4ch follo •

l?ine oil. Piel: ,ont (1?39) found that tC? "' o others incx esed the

toxici ty o pyrct!l.rum fl apr ~ . however , no other ~rl '=ith t: o to1:ioity

e,:: thi s chemic.al cou.ld be t o md by tho author.

A st.oa.r:i distilled pine oil o:.f u:nkno eo rosi~ion. s used fur

t teats ,, encl the. ... esult.s provod that 5.00 ~rcont concon.tration

t,o ill all tho Ia..~ao, ,hll.e 0. 4.55 percent co11cent1· tion , uld

oduco a ealculatad _inn leth•l dose...

M.ootine. rlcindoo (19.16) . tutes ", :phi s ,, eaterpillo.ra , a1 boetles

ro dipped into and. sprayed with nie{)tioo solutions. All

the, t_ ted o. 'lids died, but only a pol.'tion of t e o t ...... pillc..rs

oootl .suceur.ih d, u·- the bees could not be k~lle

d r ·n 0..1;· ids . ooec· - , entcr·pillar • l:'3.rVao oi ··~ .... Colo_ .... o potato

b ated d th 40 110rcent nicotine

•' Thia ehe..,..J.icnl i.a used often tb.o ctive .:,.Ont.

in n; gating s ya and d , ts .foi~ controlli.n[;; various L'l'!Sect f oonomic

~ o. t.e iVi stud1 have been e various m>rkora with

th.is d.~ · ui • but t11.oy lll"O o. a nature tl1a.t ··oo not. pormit. th to e
co . od Tdt the work just co.. let ed. b th uthor.

ctnosi.> • deal

:nicotill0 c.d: c: ivos.

The .c.ccm.ic l uo
e n-t nicot1n • and l'ivo teats ·· o. - t,1 t o.,. 65 pcreon concentration
ul 1 ill oaleu..lato 50 ;poJ.'O nt , ruld th t o.. ::; e t couc nt. ~uon

killed all la.r o.

co...... dod ~rJorcd llabore,

bushols ol' .., mi.re ,. as an e:r... oct1vo lSU"Vicide cc; t the Lou.nor lnrv.ae. tt

Sineo tun.t tmo it has boon uaod. .rother co:rinDnly ao a a inst

1 - feedins lru:>V O; ln t has tho e1vanto.. or diood: ant .:_.'8 of los its

b.lac:t;: h-ell.o-

killi " actio· • rican hellebo..•o boin.G 't' o mst e o ... t .... three,
l st taxi •

t hello ...:oat 5. 00 porcont concentration.

,"oee f'or - .ioriccm helloboro

c-en eon.cent a.tion•

4
~

..., opard (1939 ) tatoc ' biolO";iC

JX)sod or th-e ovaluatio ,._ o--'~ m,-rot, w.J-. Dilutions O- alcoholio ~trocts
 15

r p~'l.-ctt.r 1 in , t.02" , .v n n ""-pliod to .( , is ru.":l.icis Linn., o. ~ tho

suitablo :or t110 tostinr; ot hort cultmnl sp:~ a. O her ncthods, tho roozt

:vol ·oo. tho spra ~1nc or

...,10 el1e: c l u.ood for ui.uo tosto, · ;tl.3 tuenm to ono alooholie

trac'tc. .:uc e:.::.ult..:: oi:rt.ni:noc.. ero: a lOO ..,:ioro nt r:o.r tality itll 1. 00
solution., nd. tho oo1culatlYl r.El'i iun lo.,v done was obtaino With

0 . 058 -· ont co~centration.

- ·· e · s anothor pl , t doriv.ati: ro t mt bas boon sueeeo.;,:t'.Jll.y

usod una.er iolrl cond.itions to obtuin~at:1sonnblo poJul-tion re uctio ..

110 COl\.)OJ-ition ot . . no l)!'O'luct tw 1 in t.hc t ...ots

·- 3 3.lso unlaiown , so rat'llol" t1 an l1ot the data h ·oh ;oul., ba ~1r.1cu1t

... 10 chc.: · cal 1l.SG~ v s " ..... ot .i;.od dor::ri:, czt-1. ct . 6, contn1ni~... 5. 00
.. cent dor:>is oxtrac.ts fur ·shoe by tho ..nit-ire .coco.:::ch Oorpc;?"tior:..

- i,c tos..,o _ vcciod that a 5.. 00 po:r,eont JOluti.on ';'1l-; mlff'ioicnt to 1 ll

all t,he l'.l.rv e ., 1d that o. O. 075 J)Orcent s lut.ion pro .uoed ealeulo.tod
50 _ ·_cent rortali t'I".

~--~·
e:'teoti o

ton or the c .CDical er tos:t t

Tho c!1enico.l used for f i va tosts 1 s Lotl ano . .3, 4 n 1'urn · ;.J1od by tho
n- ut.. l aa!'b-itol th1oc"' n..'10.t.O and k(Looene. REmu1ts obto. · necl -rore e 100

p rccnt mrta11t at 1.-00 po~oont aoncon.tr tion, on.... a calcul tod. wd "

lot.1ru. , one t 0.093 -re·~:. coneuntr, tion•

•'.,.enothiazi no . Cnr.i.!)boll, .fill EJ:_.. (1934) o.rA · ink, £1 al. {19,3.':;) ...olllld

t_ tone l?(lrt por !lillion killod culieiuc 1· ae in 16 bo'Ul:'s. llan,sbo::iry

" I ic.hn:r· son {1936) obt · ined a ncdi' n lot dose 1ith 1 . 12 6

.i.ounc that a O. l gi·.. • _ or .!:iloci.~"' of bo y .f(,i 1:rt 'e to oattlo rov ,11to 1

ho ;..,.._ oo (1,39) st t "' ••t;:..o

foeos. 11
ln one test , thio cho.r;:ic.. l ~s inei'f'octiv o.r; illSt. ' use fly l rva.e. 0

~::cdJ."'n lct.h.ctl. dose "Jas caJ.culetoo i"-"1 0. 31 • .;rcent concottrnt1o ,

i.le 5.00 l.)O'rc nt cot coutration killed only 65. 67 percent of th la..""Vo.o.

~ lo 2 . lists tho ninv c~o.!:J.ic..'11.s tos~od, in tle crde_ o~

thoir to icity to house i'ly l..<U.vc.o c.s found by the utho1·. 1 Bluek- lo f

40" "' tho o.J.y cha"lical O.i. ti io c . u.. e ..ual to boro...."'C in toxicity to tho

houco .ly .trctllJ.'· · and lethano /:/34 pro 1 •1ced lo ea.lcul too.
l.; ~ ian lothal donco , but roquiroo 1 . 00 p-s-<L. nt 001.c n-trutior...s to kill ull

t o 1 a.o., :i:. o _o.:JainiDc:; sb: cha ~ c ls wtLa loos offeotive _or control

of ·he houoe .:s.'17 J.o.rvao.

 17

• blo 2 . .oln.ti "O t ::icit-;;r of tho plu.. t

do-ivativo and rolo.t&.1 corJ.pound as "'ound.
mth houtio 1:r la....-vac.

OJ cruc :unbo-£' 100 ercent z

an
of tests :001.--ta.lit ~ lovel lethol. dooo**

" lac-- lem 4011 5 0 .. 50 0.065

~
ot.ll: m1 9 l . 00 0. 05s
Lotll:mo _:334 5 1 ..00 0.095
..,oric011 hell 'bore 2 1. 00 0.133
t itc ollobo_ 2 5. 00 O.ff/4
f1
texod do....-ri.;i" 5 5.00 o.oc7
in oil 2 ; .oo O. li-55
la.el: holl....oo.ro 2 ----* 0.275
--· onothinzin.C l _,....._._* O.JlO

* il to Jl"O.:ucc n l J.JO- eont LD:t. tel1. t"· wit' a 5 ._oo .. rcont co:ncentra-
t1o
concentration ~-oor s'Kll'Y to p:rodueo a c culat.ed ....ian lethal.
 Int:..o1uction. vor.. pro...""!isin.13 ~ up of ....,__s n • .ccl. sub ...tit 1to-a ia

i! eluded ~n t va...-->ious ::..'! u !ne eo.trp0und:1 ; they are soluble noush to

be e · ctivo ...n.so .ioideo, but arc , hotroii·o1. , usuall:- too solublo .i..or

uso on liv . ~ l)lants . :'our 0.1. t.1iu c;:rouv ~ere toat.., l.\_,ai:ist 'ouae ly

ltu n.e bi.J .... -0 nut' r .

:io of tho very ro ~ oonous Ja., · ~ta.l acJ. to ,:..ich r..111 b-.r co .)J.1.a-

tio o tho protei. •"tont o:f tho 001 wore test i . Also inclurlo in

nl zinc )'osphide.
niae .or insect contro1.
··c..J.lister and Van Icour."Cn (1930) obt

95 .7 prcent t.10_ tality "th ~ 10. 0 ~con.t ust u.,:;uinst coul nc .lOt.

ao. · Cm tc... {19:33) ~ · llJ'il tha t..~o .. .1.0th l doa e fol'

0 . 12

c1· nic";l unod · o. or tochnic 1 tra o. .. ie i"O.., lt o_ f'ivo test

&ro: o e "'loulatod ..tedian l.ot.' l douo \'ii th O "50 pcrecnt oon:co t1· tion.,

e.nd 5. 00 DQrcout cone ntr~tio 'llcrl a.11 the le.~ ac ,

e .L L.lill(,3 :.. the ario .o~koro ith this chemic l

 19

Tablo J. 'lh.e g!'a.rJ.S per i'..ilo<;,.n.m. of' ooc1 ~ 100. :,ht

noocssary to p..:·odu.co a ;nor inn lot' dooo tor
various inaecto ..

Jorkors Insect. use ..~... iOJJ. lethal

a.ose

Richard n • 19)2 o.16

0. 07
IIr:xmtria ouno..1. D:rul:"'J 0. 45
i°l-'lticarsie. Q · tilia Ilb 0 . 17
0.42
Pieris r-.J.~e Lir.n. o.68

*o - a 86 norcent ,iti.zturo . s UDed

.. iv tosts eavo l~tod di· l.othal dose v:ith 0.475 IX)rc-ent c ..1-

c nt.ration, tile 5. 00 porcont concentration ~·uea. i l l tho larvae.

f luoride. H::L

to Pieri 1nrv l:dllod a.11 larv o in nino da:-n t that a O 5 percent

sto killed 6. 67 percent or the lorve.e in nir..e d~ s . l cl llisto... o:nd

Vc.n Lo irron {19.30) o tainod a 6o,., 7 1)0rcent efficicnc · aco.i:cst codling

moth lnrvao ' en tLCJ'J us d a 10 percon1.1 du t .

mn chonleal used ,, s of a. P. zrado. .dvo toots f!."' ·e a calculo.t&l
ian lethal ose ·t.ien 0 . 515 percent oonoo::r'v?' tion was "ed; fuilo
5. 00 l:)Ot'Oent cone nt:'8.tion c;a.vo 0Z1"l r :;t) .• 86 t:0:.•'tality.

ciuz fluori e .. F..a:i: cave'" ( 1924) ftn.Uld tba n 0 . 5 porcont _ ste

not to:de to Pieris lo.rvo.o in tbo ll ct~ aft r edinet but if .:.e<

a tr.o rcent piote, all. ro kille i;... th eo days.

ell.nical ado cl:lomi 1 , us a. in five tests, and did not a ct

 20

tho rcont concentration.

"" e author ooul.i 1 ind no ov:tdenco t mt t .._ s c' o..•

ical ooon used in to:dcolo0 ic 1 ~ ... _.: 1. ,~en• controlloo co·Jdi tion..,.

tc 1 and. Fl.inti (1939) s .... ¥- ", ;it it is u ....0 1

ir, p::,iso · srroot bait:, for

fliea and. mt 0 •

lal'i o .:mr1 1y or t i reL.ical, toclmicoJ. u, ado, · s avail blo, oo

fivo tasta .. o co. _lato · • t ..lat 0 . 515 :pe... c-.,..it cor.cent3:·ation

"' icisnt to obt in .ho e lcu.latod di!ll1 l t 1 l ~ ::;o ,, and t '2t: •

5 ..00 percent eoncentrntio;... t)l."Oducod c. 100 . rccnt ~ taliu....

Tarter e otic. Dtu: ottc (1934) uood t

0 pour.-: s of tho <1.'lonicul. end

50 aallow of containine an invert rr "' syru.p. to attr...ct ult

He.liothi.s obooloto. 'ab. , ut the poison ao too slo: t be of ooti ~.

Oil!.ioro c.n, 1... (1933) found t-hat tu..~ e •.otie could JO w:m in tne

~iold to rod: c _ pulation 0£ tobacco~ x

aoxta .Tohn. ... td. _ • .....:;;.;;;;;;:.i...;;.;;;. _ _ __ !{olson (l93C) stateo
1 co~:binatio_ o var'te: o.oetic rutl bro ~uanr are not injurious to ela -
iolus folia.go, &ult in thl~ins control e~unl to that obtn:L"led with

vcri.o grooD - d bi"<Y: s ar and have IIO dolctoz ious off · ct upon no
co:rn p. duction. "
me chonical used o or technical ..,,re. ..ill · obtainc· n
tr:, to3t.s ro that a 0 . 5 3 :pore it ccntr :tion prooucod o. c lculatod
50 po cont crtcl.ity and 5 . 0-0 rcent comontra.t1 n was nocc"'o ..... to kill

cl.l hrvno.
nctic .,_ ·lo ... · .ro .. oco .~.•cndine t· is c 1 tor the
contr· l. ot the house f'ly larv-o.o o""se t cir ra.ctionn upon tile wor..: of Cook

~ &· (1914} in ·: icll · 10 eco,,;.;,10nded o.n upplicn1> n o:!' 0 .. 6"" rx>un::l. per

10 cubic feet o :n.nm~e. ~l.J.liotor l'Uld Von Lemmen ( 1930) obtainod a

1n a ton percent du.at.

Parai'orw.aldewz~. llar.grea'\i"OO (19~1.,} :found that a or..o pciic-ent :paste

tod to • ioris J.arvae f'ailEYJ. to kill in the soven days allo rod. ll:l.rnore

Tublo 1.. Tho gr~ per kilogr.at.s of body woi,£',ht

necessar-J to 9roduce e. ;o pe::ccnt .mo-rtalit;,l' mth
·z inc phosphide for i.1'fil•iouo iI1S.ecto.

Ued..ia:o.
lethal dose

0 ~52

Hansbe-.n.~y and Riehar:.lson,, 0.47

1936
(),.87

Pieric ~a.nae Lima ..

 'licll ...a.., :n en... ei "'o_le (19.38} 10.tcu this chouic l as hicW-y to-xie

to •·· lanonluo
ii-
r,,...
-
c~no.s (J :uasuro) , pro· ucinc; 9.3 to l 1)3 c nt m::-t 1 ...
ity.

1an leuhn.l c1oso o 0 .. 0:W , am ll lt:rv e rere killed 1th

o . 10 ree.:lt co e~ trati n.

let. al o ....e of t.u li• r-i 1'or r!"tt!J to ho 25 .· c og:"'"' r kilo,:;~ w:i of body

woic;ht . .t icllnrdson d Sci:forle ( 1933) r: t cd this che!:Jic as I:iOdera.toly

toxic (77 _ ~cont

1 e cu:' · cal u.so" .. o O. P. er· do. !our teat.. c~- e o. orileulo.tod

.ll"'.odi n lethul doso ri th 0 . 056 pa cent concontroti n , 1..i1-o 0 . 50 concon-

trntion killccl nll t10 lurvae.

Tl.10 o.uthol" could. i'ind no li tor ture doaline , th

this c cnic l ino cticido. TL.o chemical use1 to_ 'our testo .~
c . P. a.do .. ¥ calculatod n · o.n let4 1 d.oso ~us obtuinod mth 0 .. 095
cont concentro.t ·on, 1. 00 C:.i""'contru.tion illcd all tl' l:::u: no .

ic . ne oli 1t].y to:""io ( 15 to 21> pcrcont · rt

The c.::ll.culatod. - dian lethal dose s s' rm 'ITJ our tosta 10..s O. OO'{i
parccnt concont.,.. tio , nd tho l:2-rv·.,o , 1~0 all · ncu ;i th 0. 10 rce-nt
concontr tion.
u!'ereuric chlorir~o. t!c.:~ista::.- nni Von Loeu n (19.30} found thut

, .1en ppl.ied as a 10 :percent dust , it eavo a 65 .. 6 :po.1..eo:nt etficioncy

iruJt codl. ,. _ r.nth l ae.
'!he c:10:niotl used .10.s o.,. o.P. grado , and ··our tests slowed tho cal-
c tcd .tedia.n l thal. dose to be 0.057 porcont oonee,_trotion 1 am th t
all the 1 no ro ,:illocl with 0. 50 percent concontr· tion..

Table 5. list t.!1e various che ica.ls f +· i croup, tested

by tho c.uthor in the order of thoil' to: icit:; to liou o ~i., l ae.
:orcmic a .lo::.•i o aril _7..inC :pl osphida wo o ,.. ch bette... thon borax,

an illod nil 1· . th a 0 .. 10 per-cont co eo... t:ration. 'fu 1:0us sul-

o.nd J.lS ~hlOI.'ido were oq o.1 to orax ao 0. killing zont "or

!10 eiu. rt chc::n.icru.o 01: this [;l'Ott 1cr0 not

as tone as bor- •
 Ta.blo 5. o t i ci.t:, oz so. ·to n c Poisons,
l.on-. ""'.Jc1ucal Inorganic ~ 'Ma to ho e ly
ln::r.rae ., f una. by tnc 1.: tbor

I:W:· o.r o "

tests
100 >Ol"'COnt ~icd.ian
Hort· llty level lot doso
**

~ curie cl1.lcrido 4 0 . 10 0.0078

Zine p..'ws. ido 6 0 . 10 0 . 0180

oun sul.l}ho.to 4 0 .,50 0.0560

us chloride /., 0. 50 0 . 0570

8 0 . 50 0 . 2500

4 1. 00 o. 50
Jt:L.1um tluooilleate 5 5. 00 0. 3500
'T'ium ehlorido 5 5. 00 0 . 5.300

Tartar or..otic 2 5. 0 .,5330

3 5 .. 00 0. 7610

!> 0. 4750
~iur.i fluori o 5 - * 0. 52:0
Cal.cium 1'luoridG 5 --- a

---***

* .ail co pro uo~ a l.00 poroo:ut r.ior~..lit ntn a 5. "'O pe1•oer! conQcnt.i.:ation
**Pa cont conoent.ration u.i ao:Jsm ~ to ;11:.u uce a oalcul.utoa !OOc..i l lethal doso
*** 5.. !)O... cont concentruti n did not roduco a e culntod · i,erc-c_ :t
rt l i
'
 26

e .e~ · • 1 ,t ·.J. ..o...o (c: .... '.l!J per kiloe -

of l ... "d araon to as foillld by oriouo
, igl t )
t.iror -~oro for ~ L "o= nt inscets

Insect used

Ric 1.lI"doon n..n,.:i I aEl , 1931 0. 30

.g:QX' , 1932 Cerato ·a cutru.nr>o :Joisd. 0. 062

o.16
0 . 09
1.CUla 1'>00:$ i C' la (', • " 0.07
lloliotlli s obaolvta. .:Jab,. 0 .17

0 . 25
~ oini tra Dru.• 0. 05

0 .06

Caines, l93C
-----
Vo.n.e30.... Cc®ui Linn. 0.16

0. 02

0 . 10

rcont o.rcenatc o... lead. '· .L.. o ro ...ulto of four tos s (.,"a e co..lculat · d
di l.ot oso of o. 3J. • rcont co ontro.tiou. and all re.i.:e killed dth
0. 50 :percent co e1~ tion.

tho o ic uit.h ious species or ins-cets.

 Tablo 7.. ru.o .,UYJie.n lotl:.al. dose ( c·· ""S per ..:iloo= .
of oo~ ~icht} of caloiun m:o ...nato o.s !.OWl by va:r-
ous \: rkorn for dif oront iru;ects

Insect ·u.so·i

IInnsbc:i.T:-; ~ n~ ci.:l.:ll lson, DoD1>1:t .E!?.tl Linn.

l.93{)

~ nos ., 1938 0.12

0 ... 50
0 . 11

2 . 00

u ...od cotton rlu.sti

con : 1.ninc 1$ :>m: cent incro io.nt;:.. •. u~ result o: tiv L 3ts g ve
onleufute<l ·Lan l t l doso t ·..9 rco.rtt o.....co.ntrc.ti<>n, o.n o.t
5,0 po:.-co t con-cont ti ?J. 93 :iorcont of tho larv o wo o killod.
4

m:so. to
--
ot cl. ( 1939} fo
e • . of.... cctivo .....s -Cid lea1 a.room o o~ ea.t.cim: nraonato.
that be.sic co_

io eo.p:)r arsomto containinf; 95 ie co -.c s nate

,.c,,S uaa 1n our t sts. u.l larvno \:JOre killed ~r.i.th 0 . 50 !)O:"cont conce:n-

t. tion, .i. ,,.o cal.cul ic • letllDJ. ..:lose ~ o •od • i 'i O. OJ:',

:.Jotcru..r ·

lubl.e .o~n of ar.:.onieal 1 ich ounrot be "1.1nod i'o s_ ayin:; t foliage

0.L pla;.--its . It iu U..;Od in ::oison bai'ts and. fol.' makiz r other

i otici o~· . foid ot &· (1934) .;,.'ound t~..n.t. 0 . 001 pc:rc • t eoncontrr.1tion

l:~l ;o t.o
1 ...... an 100 porcant of t o te · · tes used •

.1.. o eL0:.:"U.cal used in sovon tests was of C. P. &Tndo. l'ho results ob-

;it_ 0 . 10 p cel).t conconvr tion.

k-0 results oi' toxicolo::Y studies couplet .11th this

c .. eLico.1 by v .,..ious t !' ro.. z uro co _ i.lo· in r. hle S .

· lo 8 . 1n.e !.Odio.
lothc.l zo (c: , }?Or
' lOO"T"&'l of t°'O • weir;ht) o.Z 'Mis creon
owld b· .,.ious tlOI'la'.ll's 1:0... different insect

l:i.woot used

~ ich .rd.son an nae.a,, 1931 LOPti:notOl'.'sa doce!llino ta 0 . 10

Say.

0 . 19

flan3berr:t P,.r,.d le 1--dson, 0 .04

1.,36
0 . 01

Cot· orei of' ct."1. u:nkno .u1. co .100.... ition ·~:!D usc<'l . The re-

.i:ru.lts or six tosto r:101·c : Johe oolc 1 t0<l I~' i.e.•• lot:ial do e t 0 . 016 por-

cont coneont... tion. and a 100 .)oroont oorto.lity ~t 0 ..05 vcrcent concor.•
tr tion,.

their toxicity to 1ou ·e fly la!'Vae~ ns found b,f the uth?• •

\10~0 re toxic to
to:::icity...
 bln 9. 1ma .. lativc taxi.cit~- of the
i
,..oonieal co U!lC.S as found by tho
o: t or wi t.i tLe house fly 1 no

·ru:wor of l.00 norc... t :red.ian

tests ~1" ·"'J.l~r. lsvel lot', - uoso *
1m. sonito 8 0 . 05 0 ..015
,
~ ..i.s , n t> 0.05 o.o
Co}.J!,'11.)r senato 6 0 . 0.5 . 0. 0:3.3
Sodi · cm..'lte 7 0 . 10 0. 022

Lead -~s nate 4 0 . 50 O. Jl

Calci l ar... ei~.atc 5 --* 0 .925

* 5. 0 cm~t eaneontro.tion faUod to ..,ro....uce ... 100 J.)C!'Cont mort lity.

"J

**Poreent conceutr....tiOll neceoS"'""Y to ...roduce n ctll.cu tod 1odian lot' o.l

dooo.
 UIIDS

=..,;:.;.=.J;.;;a;;;.;:r';.; ;"";;;;oo_. ii~c '10.., (1924} oUlhl that a 1 . 00 • :-cont ,. sto ... ed

ist-r and

lfru; Lo --;,cn ·{l9JO} · una. it to :ve a ) . O percent of'i.'"ei ... n,c.: ·cair..st
cod.l · -' moth lax ..... • icb.o.rd.son and ei "orlc {19.3::; } r t this ch · c.<ll

"' sl:.gh .. ~- to..,. · o (15 co m :. ·-::.-c~:nt nor-ttlit- ). 7 ,lv:l:, E.t & · {1939}

t t t:..io co:i:rc-w...: r,rovoz:t~ ·• ' do. clo _mo....,. o:.. t. youn_.:; st."lgos of
t•
U... i ~ ordcul o:f' tee, cn.l (,"Z'.....dc C~ o:. te t , t·"'.-0 utll.or foi.llld

it quite inc "eati e ins ho f .,. . 1.~-..,0. 5. 00 -~cont conc,ntro.-

t1on killed. onlv f:l:>.. 67 pcrcc 1.t o ... t o 1~rvao , o..nd 3. 960 oo_eon.t concen-
t: ution i.lo o.

ouui . tostod .ore i't mi.shed by t e

United ut.."l.t..., ':..'.:J.0 eo,1r,os1t1on of thoso : ;,, ... mt b on

vctl.led t t _O'i:o7or , sevo~al. o.,. thooo provod to bo hic:il-

toxic to . OU.Sv 1y lE.r.r o. J.J.,C ... dm: io :..Orl"O- to '!-ablo 10. for the

de.ta co oorn.inc tllcso l4 c o:liools. co.,,,,psiti on of thos c :.l und.s

dll - i~loo.sorl b o.i'to tho putcnts !'Ml .., boo1 obtaine1.

In.eluded 1n t.: is table is cl onical kxlot • s 7 -5o , the COl!q)()Si-

tio. of - ie i also un1m:mn. It ·ms furnished. by t·· Cb.cmco.l

Compary.
 3l

ble 10. :.~10 r · lativo to:;ici,,

lll:Ccllancous con.pour a na _o·
houoo fly leri o

- :.-or of _.ed.-'
CnC!Jical '
tosts ro~l ~rc;mtel
t _w lot. . uu <loso u

l4 5 0.075 0 . 013

'102 6 O.<Y/5 0 . 025

15 7 0 . 500 0. 005
___......,_.
,·250 2 · 1 .. 000
•f
5 2 1... 000 -.... . - *
.;244 2 1. 000 0 .713
1326 2 5 . 000 .. __....._*-

6 2 5. 000 0. 342
Dot1 lt- 5G 2 5.000 0. 392
{/)Jl 2 5 • ..,00 0. 450
..24 2 5. 000 0.560
11 2 5. 000 0 . 690
tr.300 2 - -** O. v32

Di pb.ocyl.nni l --*"' 3.96o

343 2 ._ _ _.,.._, .................
'l'JZ'/ 2 ---•* --- **

* t uaod in co.nceu't.:.nvion :.!ilu'·c enoUGh to ,ivo 50 percent oortality

**Di oot ~ ll all the la..""Vuo iith a 5 . 00 :percent eonco tr tio
'**... 5. 00 ~ ere n~ co* centratio id not 1u'Oduce a 50 !JOroo:::t . rt l ty
" rco:at conco.ntration nceessu..."7 t praduco a calculate :.~edian let _o.l
C..0
 32

D CUSSIOI!

Vo:riou.., soil · ..,c.nts h vc 1) n us&. or other il.U3,.,."'0ts succoa ,

and thout '"'or1ouc objections conco..."!lin;'_; t.l.Cir t,.::, icity to platta.

:r eta just co :plotod. i icoto th t th .y a to:xie as bor to hoUSG

fly o , el!d it w beliorJ"ed that t· .cy could be succosstully uso• to

rep c bo • Tr.;.0 uorte.lity curves o t c ehor · cals of thia croup · -~ ich

are ro torlc than are .Gho OJ. Plate 1. '1!10 rtalit:7 curv O-

the vo.rious soi1 gent 1ich m:·e U!l1 to ' o ox in toxic1ty era r own

on Plato II.

Joritl of tho plant uc:."ivatives and .. ol tcd co!!J:!)Ounds vero not

highly toxic. no rol:ltiv:ily _i•j oost an' t o ~act tho.t they a::.-e un-

reliable iuJ.d tend to place t' in t. · w:dosirahlo crou~ • :i:ri.o • rt li.-

ty curvoo o ... tho ve.r1ouo oh .deal. of tllis group P.iioh pravce to oe re

t ....ic to ouoo t l.::u'vrw tllC!l borcx CU?O ho· ;n on 1 to ! , nd ti1ose

tal to boi"ex on ... l to II.

Of t e wr:.- ~scnicel inorgru ic sto." ch poisons toot -~ , oni·~ "ine

'lO nhido, t'.'io rcu tho t ~.lliu: oalto 10ro vct!';j· tozic ..

c.uth.or is of tho opinio- t II th • oo • r:..etal m: lts · :nuld prove too

toxic to !)lant gro th for CO!:] ion usago.- Zinc .i. '·· s:p.."lidc ha shotm oo

thoro··o• tootin~. l L rtnlity curv or the vario s ehemic r of this

GJ.'O p aich ~ OV! to bo noro toxic to house f'l

' wn on Pl.a.to I , a.nd t os o ua.l to borax on Plate II.

.:...er0 · are vnrbbl~s mich 1.1USt be considered 1n cormoction 111th
t araoniccl . 3.brr1s and ..., ..:lo (192"7} l70!'kine witb ua:nd eultu.i.~s,
fo ~- that mo. in d.1lut1oru of one to one 'llion. o.rs nico.la reduc d

tho t pu tion o! plant"', t that difi'orent crops varied .;1th re"'

to t · eir tol-0ranco o-:r t e ci1or:rical .rr Cooper et .!!.· (1931
that c;roy oUt.. lm in: rcaet1vo iron rore sensitive

cium. arsona:to ; ·lior "' the dark soils rel- tivoly ,.,. in \,- etiv-0 iron

r r1 an::'t choool-~t.o ils !'O vor-· tolor· :t ol' c· ei· .:1C""' :ta, because

in tho torz.::.ation o:f insoluble iron omt in t!..o il. uOil "Cidity
o cLle~· (1927 )

shouo th t tho a.rsonite... uro fro uontl.s' ton tk-s as to:;:ic no tho er-
so ta .
_:i-i., it . ould a ...

tio:n o1t. or for or u · .;.;St t o u,..o of ,., neniculs wuld. be hjoct to

questio do ,._. upon tha sovoral fo.ctor~ ·.rr;oJ.vo.-J. The a.utLor bo-

liovos , ho.;ovor 1 thut nith tho data obtaine or..i tho oovo par · :-nph, that
odiun ersenate nic;l1t be used as a l.a....-nvicidc. It is ro oftoctivo v

bo~ ,. probably uld b.e 1. ""~ toxic to the plant3 if t ..0 t:r-oatod

both voey tox:ie~ b:1t it i belie od t: at -t oy m>ul.d hindor plru:rt

gro h too ooh ii' t '"°' • •O oorto.li t..,. Cll.l'VOu O t O arsenic 1S to ho

... 1;; lcu.·1~ o a.re ~nom1 on Ploto r.

J.nclud d in tho nurfuor oo ;powi wo. 13 tll... oo thioh rero ~· r to.xie

il'.100 thoir CO!l!)Osition ia lllJkno ;n, it in -1.:::vloes to spoeu-

to ec to t cir to:dcity to lento, . . 1ich uld in tu...""n decide t:h.eir uz;

I is the holier o tho author " t the C:100 i-o 11 conti"Ol of horu;e fly

er ordiDO. y co itio i 1:practicubl, but if ~~eo.:x>nrY , it

can be ~ceo.l'l}?li"l od. uc r sul s obt :tncd ... L. t!m test"' just ~omi;:lotod
(. ~ ,J :.. .. : " • .. .)

G the I' lati O tox.ici vY' tho vn... lous C~· .:.ticul.ei to '-·.rt'LHJ~i<!

' ..
'
. ... .
_:,.

..- .. ' . .
... .... .. -. .
...
·- .
' ,
... • .,. ! : • • ..
• j,. • • • •

"
.. " . i. ' ~ • • •
• r • • • • • r
 :34

but ·m.ethor t!loy rill give the sauo Nu<1lts men used in nuro in o. a1f':f-
or nt 01c-·

'l'ho roador cnn obtain o-.>~-.;).ote ,.. clca:r.' picture of tho rta.lit

os of nll. the c7:le:-1calo "Lich 'tero ;x, toxic to ho '"'O fly larvao

than is bor . by rofo.,., ... i ,.. to Plate 1. P to II, sho s t. o vt......iot\9

rtality c-..1rvos of tho cl". miccl.n ttlic .ore equally toxic •1 borex to

t c i'l.y l.arvao O sho m bJ the tost..., co leted.

 35

The toxicity of 58 mterials other t "' bor - to house f:I.y la..""17

'fuo tests w .. e conduct d in r.oc th tl:.e ari net o· a ot

t ,,
... .. ifi by -'!'! lo....o.... .. 'n1 toxic nater.ial s tho!'-

di -
tributior.... ! tot o 23 ,900 ooco , imtar la:t"Vne rere in 239 tests
tho

ror just con-pl ...od a....e listoo. as folio ..

2. Thoso produci ,.. a 100 ..,er-cont tO:ttality vm.o used in a 0. 075

percent concent:r tion ror JU.. _d iJ 102 (t". 3 . nubbe-r Co.

o l:tylo.uo chlo hya.:tin, zi c phos1 ido,.

curie chlori< e mtl uo1ium nrscnato killed all 19.rvae

v.'hon i ed in n con.cont... ~ :.ion of O. lO ::,m.>cont.

t J.ous sul.fo:tc,

dinitro

olll.oride,. 1 d. ar"Omt , carbon d sulphide. nd 15

(U. s. . ober C • :r.,.ur-.hor) rorc . . of""ective as borax,

killi s.ll l.erv: o .m. n UGed. in a. conco tra.tion o 0 .. 50

porcci...t.

o elle. ,icnls te->tod. -mich .,.rrov d to be loss o f cti.vo + bor

e a.a :t'ollo ..
l. n ooo dllin."" al.J. l.urvao ~10 used in a. 1. 00 :pore nt eonco -
 tr tion ro : o.. tno ichlorobci,.zonc, ol:b .,.l -co.ptan.

oonzon d1oro ·de, thal.lot cotnto , :pj"T'ot (20- 1} •

"Leth 3..,4 • . ri c hollobo c , 1250, ~:305 , nnd 2/.4

(U., • ·b.., :r Co. nur.J>crs) .

2. T1ID eh icalo reauir· n 5.•00 T1 reent conoent ntion to kill

nil ao o: Carbon tctrnc· 'Tide,, t:i:•..i.ch!o1"0otllyl o •

no, h chlorobe zeno, anth...onaeeno, . 1te holle-

001.-0, ''protoxed. derrL.. , " :pi.no oil bari f·l uosilic....te,

b cl.loriac, tart ei.otic , _ ~ oh o, ~326,

1,'-96s h- .5 , 331. , 24, an~ ,;u (U. s. -· bb.or Co.

m :morn)

3. ;:;o! of tl o e:1 ·1ic lo tooted f"' · 1 d to d:u.oo 100 pore nt

mo ·· it.. t 1 .i ·• o 1· 5. 00 OO!.t co.....c ntrution.

Tho a...""C s follo .s: "Ore.,..:rlic .::~cid 1 " blc.e - loll bo:ro,
_·.011ot·1 1o.zino, ccyolito. b( iun fluo:-ido , c "oit. fluo-

ride , calciun ars.omte, diphonol. nine , 3 , 34'.3, a.nd

.r3'Z7 (U. o. ... bbar Co . n• rs) .

Ko attonpt hao beon r· ~e to utili2JS of t s· 1xiteri1... l.o n-

tionod in the o. v paragr _hs in a pructical. ~ -. .i.:UO results herei

1: r,ortod do l stric~1·· 1th too i ective "S 'f t o co~ pounds for vho
I,Jrevention or ev o .:cnt o.i: ouao :r larvae ~ eJ: th

COD.Ut1ons or the oo: imo:nt •

 i .. ikJI'!IX

'-'• I>aris gret.m.

.3,. Sodiu.:1 ars:arli te

4. Soditun arsenate
;;. 0-oppor arser..ate
6, t'thylooo dichloride
7,, Ethyl,ene oolorohydr1n
8. Zinc phosphide
9,. l~rct\t'OU.s chloride
10-.. /}102 {U. S . Rubber CO . )

ll. f·'J.4 (U., s.. R'tlhber Co. j

 100 I ::a=- - - - - if ~» I I

'.,
I
I
I
I
I I I/
' I I I
80 I I
I
I
I I
I
/ I I
/ I
I,

~
~
+' 60 ~
•rl H
rl
c.u
+'
H
0
~
+'
~
<1)
C)
H
40 1. ____
<1)
p., ,/ 2. ___ _
/ , I 3. __ _
/, / I 4 . _ - ---
I 5. _ _ _ _

20
I
( I
6. __ _
7. ___ _

t
/I
8.----
9.---
,. 10. - - - -
I, 11. - - -
o......_________...,__________._________ ...J..._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. . __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. . __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.......__ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ . __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--1

0 . 005 0 . 01 0 . 025 0 . 05 0 . 075 0. 1 0. 5

Percent Concentration
~
 l. Bor"~

2. :Pa.:ra•dicllloi-aobonzane
3.. n-mrt:rl mor:c:aptan
4. T".aa1loua sultsto
5 •. Dinitl"0-0-cyelob.e:xjlp1ierol

6.,, nniack l.eaf'- 40 n

7. l.'!ereurou.o chlor'ide
$. !'..ea.cl arsenate

9.. Ca!'bon disulph11'.e

10... #15 fU., S,, Rubber O'.)_. }

 40

PLATE II

!, I I I I
: ,!

.1 .1 . .: .I .I .I . . .
--- ------ ---·-, rl r.-.:1 t0 '<fl lO tO c:-- CD O> 0
rl

\
\ \
\
\
q

\
\
0
\ •n
.µ
\
' \
co
\ l[)
0
. H
.µ
q
(!)

"--.. C)
i:::
0
0
.µ
"- I{)
s:l
(!)
C)
C\J H
(!)
I).;

~ rl
0

'' 0

''
'
''
' ', l[)
0
0
.
0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 (X) t.O tj! (\1
rl
 lo dest
et 1 '

zy.i:10un .. 19.32. ,..f ct or rocnite or oo,., ... on ho e y , f"" oto. .ue.

o .. •

bor . ~. 1925. .Jly control b , cans of tho ly- larr...J. t:;-up nanu:o
or. clos o. Jour. ~i . rcy~ _.€)(.' ., Corps. L;;:J.J.,.,-452.

1•le~ > • 1913. distrizionc dell.o. .. 1 ca d.onest.ic ' rodin" IlI

t~ 2 "f1!)• 462-472.
rl ->0 • - • 1926. ~ do.: otica,,. r toio di lotta pr tico od
o:.'f icaeo. Jom: . R v . · ~ ic. 31: 131-133.

Doy • ......l.. , ¥.ag:r, I . Ii'., PorwiDe, c.o... n1 en, J . .. . l '39 . Stu i

,ith dinitro - e:reloh(JXj lphonol. Jou..r. con• ..•,...:t. 32:432-1.so.
l 'Z/ . Irio.i-ean1e t po ODS and stimul.mit • 2trl ed.
esa.
)ruco, . G. 1939. The use of nh rot.hi zino in tho .. i:.:.ication of cattle
for c .::;.trol of horn fli "' • J'cu:::·. eo 1 .. -=..t, 32:704- 706.

pu.,i .;.umu.u.u, 192<) . ·;e..:..te...~ un.ter:..-uc:..

• dio :irkt " von
l?tJrGt.hrurapulvern auf die i:.:Iuscid z. ~1nro1t . 21:1-2.
Durdottc, - .c. 193 iosulto o.: t y, ur ' vio .k .Titn l o.tt-""'otiv;
o for corn r.._ r.ioth (::oliot. is oosolot.o. al>. ) . Jou:r . co
Z'/ : 213- 217 .
Ca....:.. • • • 192] . Flie... their e udic tion. u... J.:a: • • Dull.
25 ~523- 542.
eru.-.t ·r, . _ . • 1( J9. .u10 u.so f fluorine
insocticid.os , u ""ovi.cw ·fith c.nnotatod.
blicatio~ , ~ 466 .
Car;.pboll , • · , vulli ant . • !., it1 , L . 1934.
Insooticids.1 t'"'sto or rr.l • teoos
of su.1 ronrx,un.a~ ac;ai a-t cul1cine Jou:-. con.
~ :t. Z :117 5.
o:r f 11 a a.n1 t.. ir control

cud..
,
..:, . .
1-- \o ia'f.1e ~11t District.

Cook, • • , Etttc son, 1..H. , and !:.,cnl.ou, 1 •.~. 19 • ;,er -nts ir4 the
destJ.'Uc ... ion of "l.y lo....-...v ·e in hOl'De ,.:;.:mur.... . U,. u . Dept . of ie . Bull..
To. llL, .
 42

OkT, -•C•; u, ... - •

.u.Uvcn1..,on, ...•• ,, • , --·' wCC..&.6
.;Ji.I_
., > ·• ,. "n1r:
.t..,1 ;, . rthor o;,. rim.ants
i th ~eet ·ctio i' ... ly' iru.~vn.e in -oroo . iantU: • U,.o .• Dopt .. or
r,ric . i.tll. :o. 21.5 .
Coo-, F. c . nnd nutc .ison, R.H.. 1916. ~J?O.:.i!'1onts 'tu:inc 1915 in tho
dcsti•u.ction of i'J· lnrvao in ho!'so m .......0 . U. S. :pt. of .Agric . Bull.•
..o. 4 . ..
Coo ,d.cr., . •-u, .'all ,, .... ".:. '
• 1931. l.,L,.tll _~a]?Ort o ..
pp. 2:1- 36.
Cooper, 1·. 1,., don, t .n., Pull, . . . . , JJ..bort ,. . • 3 ., • £-O.s. 11 :.:n., nna.
..,il.e , J . : • _932. 45th report of t' e ~uth cm: llna
ta.tion. 1'.U>· 23- 27 .
Cope , ..., .. • 1 16. nt1on o: ,. ·- b-r - ,....i!JS in horse lancet
W+lt l.182- l 4.

1 akott,. .n. l' 15 . ·1chlorobonz-one a.a insect rue ·cruit. u.s.

Do Jt . f A::;ric . Io . 167 ..

:r..oto on re .... 1ng h use flios .

"' ton, lt .-L. 1935 . Eoro i n roil o.nr1 1r:-icuti n rr:rt.m:s 1d its offect
on plru:1tz. U• .J. Dopt. of \&t'1C. Tech . ;ill. :::o .. 11$ .

fil.l.1so , t .o. and o;{ t . • • • • 193fl. T-oxic1t·· o... ...,ev~"'Ul t?.ke - :poison
insoctieid to ~our opocioo of lopi dopto: us l.a...-vue. Jour. ;;co
...:on JJ.: 65- 1 ' •
l!. ... ::::ic a.ctio
----- l J'our. ..;c9.u.

F · , D... t "' t:!1 , • ~··, Vi -J'io.n, n . 1.. , a Clo.born, n . r .. 1933. 'DY.deity

t-0..,ts ,nth S"'Jnthotic organic cot!!X>unda. a!m;t eulicino r.n uito
lcrv o. Dur . of nt. 3!.!il P. .. blieo.tion,. . '-t 5.
1936. me effect of' a .i.O' to:r.:ic su tancos u n the total
count in tho cookroaol:1, Blo.tt· . o_ iontuli s IJ..t.n. ., t . Soc •
•
29 :335-340.
F.lenir.. ,, ' . • 1925. ~ o co • ativo value o.. carbo disu.L. ide r
orc.J.nie c ·1J)01IDdo a ooi l 1nsect.icidos .:or control or t,
be tlo. : .:r. ~ ic . l>• .... ta. Dull. lio .. J.,J.O.

• 1926. A hoznoeor.., u3 car:.on d1aulph1de Clll.Ulsion. Jo •

P..o" . 33 :17 ...20 ..
F.l.e!..lin::a t • and. Ih!ror ,
.J,;j . •~• 1931~· Tosti.11$ cont~ot insact1ci'es on the
Japruic..-.c be tla, romllts with so o f'.Odi nnd pOt<'> sit! . ..,o :ps.
.Tour. J\l';rie. .ten . 49 :2!)-JC •
enton, - . l... 1939. Chenic~l c n-t:rol of houac
Unpubli.she.c! , road bot'oro Tax :nt. ooc.,
 43

~cnton, F•. • nd Diebe dorf, G.A. 19J . · -- control on , • '-"n.d «. tar ,

dti ter, Okla!lo · • Jour.. ~con • t . 29 !lOOJ- l.008.
::or ' ... . .. and. ........~ . ·t ~ G. ~ . 191 • Inv tiw t ous on t o pr
vontion o_ nui ,.,isi ~ fro - lios c.n~ pU"',.; ii'aetiooo. Jour.
IT-·£;iene. 16:109- 226 .

oxicit o. ten arse1'ical roironc to i'if i.....star

J. ·r: .. -con,. t .. Jl:659- 662.

Gil!. ro • J' .. U.. and iiilun 1 J .. 193.3. 1et.ric s a JX)i· on ..

to :i.cco om uo:i:.... ths , e. :prol , i ~:...... ropo-r-t. JoUI'.. :con. •
26•2••,1- 233.
rodotzl:::11 , A. •• J.Ld SU!mova, . I . 1936. 1 er. po:ioons .:.o:- tho d.eDtruc ion
or 1.r. . turo st s o: :t1 · s . ed. Parnsitol. 5:3.
Ra.nob J , T. .. . iohm:' son, c.: • 193~ . •\b::ticit.y o certain sto~ ch
poi.so to several co:llinn l.Opido:pterouo l.a.rvn.o.. J'our. con. t.
29~1160-1166.
.c o ct.ton '!: sono · ia o:>.mpoWY a i:. on use a
01· C"te_ ilbrs. t • . ~. 15:51-56.

Hor= , i. B. 191 • .Io 'l to control tl10 co · n house .ly. C li1' .. ot to

c.rd o!: ea.1th ll. l:o. "

R1owt n1 • . ~. 1932. Pro. .cssive pmaly.:.i.. of t o oorrous G'Jotc1. o

lOUSO l.ies b'J .1.or..tald.ohyde Ji anosthotics. Proc. ln"ia:nu ,ooi.
J.Ci • 41:433-437.
......,..,..,,...,.......,~ ,, ... ,. . Ha.-r,rison. .s. 1934,. .1.no bui'f'or · :po ,or of ..,ho c~n-
tont-3 04,. tho entriculU3 of tho .1.oneybee o. · its ori'oet u:pon the
to:doity of sonic. JoU!·. Econ. '"'-·t • 28 :924 42.

1911. u 'O -1Y- Ji ea · ea:rri .. ederick 1.10 ·• s

oo., -..O Yor •

Control o~ .t'lios in rural :.1 • triots. O"'fioo Stoto

Cire . JJ.
Jaeknon, A.c. o....'"'ld M)f'roy, H. ~.. 191?.. ~- f ~ noioon& for outdoor nd
lO DitoJ. USO • Bull.. t . Rea. 7:327- 335.
Y..o~oi1 , C. i-•, Li ... t , 3 •• •• •t':'.>r.ru:..·, .... O., :and.all, . • 1• • • ~
Do 1934. .J... ."lites und tor ·to oontrol. 0 £ C lif',.
~kcloy.

1930. the tozicity of para: ichl ..i. be "'Oto

naph. ·• one :Clo~ beetle (_::... ibolim:. c o ~ D. ).
• ~co:o:. "mt ..

ett. .v. n ~ R.F . 1917. To ic vo.J.uo"' nd ""illing etfiei ncy

of' Jour. ..,... ic.. -~o • 10: 199- .207.
 treovitohs ·_. and ''1:ihony •
o:. ~ect i C!l.CSO 0
t_ ll~'J the · O\
21., :.~so- 496.
·r • O-
tho
It . .. .

ta , c .. r and .-!lint. : .1). 1939. l insects,,

theiz ha.bits ru oontrol. 2nd. ad .. c •, l!otv Yer •

i;.!itchell,. . C. 1915 .. Pr!l.ctical .!J.vico on t\o i-'l question. Z ol. '"' c .

-®n• • uo t .

~r:•is . :U. • nd o ·- lo , D~· . l9'Z"/. lnjur:r to sr-o· in: crop cruse by

~. o n!l_lio tion of ors nic 1 co · o -"' to tho ..,oil. Jo· . • •.,.>ic .
34:59-78.
brsoJ .. P. l!JlO. Carbon totruc 1£.ml.pui~o. .Toll:' ..
. con. · t . 3 :1~4 .
Iunch, J . C. 3lld oil ~, J . 19Jl .. J..Ue ' ... :-~co.lo l and it·
uco 1.'1 ~ ont control. u. o . Dept . OI . """" iO. Tech. Bull. b . 23,J ..

lister, .c. , E.. • 1?30.. oornto_ry tests of

.. l!oeol.lanoous ;e.ixt tho oouu~,z .):) -1 . Jo ..,,.. con. ~t •
2.3:907 22 ..
k , R. c. a..r.ti soo~-, 11. L. 193 • , biblioGJ,·a1iw of
illsoctici lal ooes o" nico1.1ino e.nd tobacco.
• ?u.blicati on 2

113''1. ~..:U-tsr el:letic 'S i t the gldiolus

Jon:r. con. ~t... 3l: 20'J- 2lO ..

Pm:::' utj VJ J . A. 1929. o"'cm~c. s il L:.seet to ioology.

Into~m.tl. t . Core:.·.. ( l72J) , l>?• S57 ·64.
?io.. !ont. ,.••
snr :.; .

Pil t , 1.t. 1935. .u.hn, lo:,ical _ soaro!Ws into t 'C --cti~u of i.J'l.socticid G
0 t e intc~rt tubo o:f insects . Dull • .:.nt • .u.es . .26 :165-l.SO.

, c ~ • 1915 . ... ~ cont1"0-l on tho oolle-e "

.J o.. ..._:?t. to_ 1914, rn. ~2- 399 .
.. ic. lies .s sts in Io .•

ie':o.r· son, 0 , :-. ) L. '• 19Jl. o toxicity _ ..... 01 le ars ,- to

to t. e '.!."VOO or t1 o c· lo ... :c../ 0 ,. tato
1 o tle . Jour. '001 • ........:.t . '24.732-736 .
 45

s, L . ·;. 1932. ..10 o o.lootion o sto.nch poi.so

Jour. · oo F.it!ti, 25 :lO?fJ- •
t ~. J . l$J..~. repellent !>l'O... :.--tios
c and cre....n.:c eor.11.10 • ·"•·-··-o·s in ,.....shoppsr
: ic .. ·"os . 57:423- 4)2.
10;1 ..,, !l~ .1... 1933. ... ,..,~tnar st· ie::. o... t.1ie; _ J.o.tive
taiicit as ,O:!.)!JC 1 to. J'our. " on. t . 26:494- 499 ..
ction ct auto- st- oti .n po.1• l lie ... do c oval
c. _•. lI.ebdoo .. J\J! . &ci . 161:325- .;;27.

'f!1;J inVCSvi,:;nt1o~ rO*}.).tS, lllVCu~iS tions into

fli13s oodo durinc tho
o~1 ty 0£ London,. ~oc. 1• .JOO.

£ •.:r. 19.39. The o' o..:.dotr,1 and to. ic'Jlo o ineect.:.ci.1es.

u. co. llinnc polis, .,
, 1.:.1:.. tlDtl Car-to:-, ..R. 1933. J.' reur:.i e to~:iciti of eo
fluor e ~ ..... 1..U1!iD , o ,..to ch i r;ectioide"' •. :ro ..· •. e0n. ...,nt • .26:'}lJ.
J:

oiv~.er ' '. ":. ~ ii_..:r, £'. und '::.:i th , • ;.,. To:.icity or ce... t 1n
rcan4c "'ez icile::; to cooline a:rt 1n 1. uarato to ts .
u . J .. Dept . o ·• Aerie . Cir. : • 52J.

Jd.tL, L . • 1937. Tho n in.scctici~e. U s.

De_·!;.. of' '. ..;,.1o.. Dur .. :;- 399 .

" PP, 0.,I. 19)3. ocont o.... inw-rts ~ith eth.ylon "iclllorido mu.lsion
11.' 'Chbo r con 1.. J'OUJ.' • n.. t. )1:'{25-7Z/.
•' .t~.
.4. t~1:....... 193;• .bflllic co•• ~r , onnte-
lncect!cide. 32:J..44-146 ..