Lecture 1: On Plagiarism

Introduc6on

Integrity has been in ques0on especially when teaching pla6orms have shi9ed to online brought about by
worldwide quaran0nes because of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Now that schools have opened and classes are
conducted onsite, another issue that educators face is the emerging media specifically AI (Ar0ficial
Intelligence) systems and enormous online resources that students might use in accomplishing their academic
requirements.

In the past, it was difficult to detect similari0es in papers, and it was challenging for teachers and editors.
Nowadays, detec0on tools like Turni0n, Grammarly and others can be used; however, with the limitless online
resources and stringent academic requirements, employment, and professional requirements for publica0on,
plagiarism has dras0cally increased; therefore, academic and ethical standards must be emphasized for
students to know and understand the viola0ons and corresponding consequences of their ac0ons and to
reduce problems related to plagiarism and copyright infringement.

According to Usta and Koçak (2021), plagiarism refers to expressing an idea, a text, or any work of someone
else without acknowledging the original source.

They classified plagiarism into text plagiarism and idea plagiarism. Text plagiarism may include copying of
graphics, images, figures, photos, tables, graphic cap0ons, and others while idea plagiarism is quo0ng idea
which is hardest to detect.

Merriman (2010) stated that to plagiarize is “to steal the ideas of another person”. Merriman further said that
using another person’s work and misrepresen0ng the work and source is unethical and breaks both the author
and the publica0on’s rights.

Usta and Koçak iden0fied other Reasons for the Increase in Plagiarism, Types of Text Plagiarism, Examples of
Similarity Detec<on Tools and Their Web Addresses, and Sources for Ethical Training on Plagiarism.

A. Reasons for Plagiarism:

1. Insufficient knowledge about plagiarism. Writers and researchers may have limited knowledge about
wri0ng and publica0on ethical standards.

2. Lack of linguis6c proficiency. Effec0ve wri0ng requires language facili0es. A researcher may lack the
language skills, thus, plagiarizes.

3. Inadequate plagiarism policies and sanc6ons. Some ins0tu0ons and publica0ons may lack clear
guidelines and at the same 0me sanc0ons.
4. Fastest strategy. Researchers may consider plagiarizing a work because it is the easiest and fastest way
to wri0ng.

5. Time constraint. Because researchers may not have ample 0me to collect, analyze, and interpret data,
they tend to plagiarize.

6. Habitual. For some, copying has become a habit that cannot be outgrown.
 7. Lack of detec6on tools. Because plagiarism checkers are expensive or there are no available tools,
researchers submit papers that are poorly wricen.

B. Types of Text Plagiarism

1. Text recycling, self-plagiarism or duplicate submission (Usta & Koçak, 2021). A writer or researcher uses
his/her own previous work to produce another or when an author reuses his own work to write for a client
(Kramer, 2022). Self-plagiarism can discredit one’s professional and moral reputa0on. Self-plagiarism is also
called recycle plagiarism (Henson, 2023).

2. Transla6onal self-plagiarism. The author(s) translate some part(s) or en0re own ar0cle from another
language without acknowledgment or proper cita0on (Usta & Koçak, 2021).

3. Complete and Direct Plagiarism (Kramer, 2022). A writer or researcher copies the en0re work (e.g. text,
graphs, figures, tables and cap0ons of an earliest work (complete plagiarism). It is also called Copy en6re
text by Usta and Koçak (2021) when the author copies the paper without copyright agreement or proper
acknowledgment of the source.

Direct plagiarism is copying a specific sec0on of a text, a table, or a figure from earliest work without proper
credit and copyright agreement (Kramer, 2022).

For instance, a student commits complete plagiarism when he/she submits an ac0on plan, paper or
engineering blueprint or topology that was previously submiced by a friend or a sibling who took AHELECT,
PCOM or Engineering subjects. This type is related to text recycling or duplicate submission when the previous
author (original source) allows the present author (client) to reuse his work.

It is a direct plagiarism or patchwork plagiarism or mosaic plagiarism (Kramer, 2022; Henson, 2023)) when a
writer copies some words or a sentence from a source and incorporate them into his/her paper without proper
paraphrasing and cita0on.

4. Transla6onal plagiarism. This type of plagiarism is a viola0on of the copyright law when any writer or
author interprets some or an en0re paper or ar0cle of another author/s work from a different language
without cita0on or agreement with the original source (Usta & Koçak, 2021).

5. Word plagiarism. According to Usta and Koçak (2021), word plagiarism is commiced when writers copy 6
consecu0ve words of a sentence or figure legend, or more than 80% of a sentence, or more than 80% of a
paragraph. Copyright law may not have specific number of words or text that can used, but it is becer to ask
the original source’s permission or use own words and acknowledge the source.

6. Guest authorship. This type of plagiarism happens when an author uses the names of known authors to
increase publica0on rate of work. (Usta & Koçak, 2021).

7. Accidental Plagiarism (Kramer, 2022). This happens when an author misses to cite the original source
uninten0onally. Forgeong to cite your sources in your work, not ci0ng your sources correctly, or failing to put
quotes around cited informa0on are forms of accidental plagiarism.

8. Source-based plagiarism and Improper A^ribu6on. This includes making up sources and ci0ng incorrect
sources. There are 0mes when a researcher copies the source/s of a secondary source or acknowledges either
the primary source from which the secondary source is acquired or cites the secondary source without giving
credits to the primary source.

9. Paraphrasing plagiarism. Paraphrasing plagiarism usually happens when a writer reuses someone’s work
and changes a few words or phrases. Students may not even realize it because of the belief that the
informa0on is reworded. Whether quo0ng a short idea or rewording ideas, it is right to credit the original
source with proper cita0on.

C. Consequences of Plagiarism
Plagiarism is a serious offense. Depending on the type of plagiarism and the guidelines set by an educa0onal
ins0tu0on, any writer who plagiarizes may face any but not limited to the following consequences: failure in
the specific assignment or work, failure of the course or subject, suspension, academic proba0on, or dismissal
from the program of the university that will lead to damage of both academic and professional reputa0on.

D. Plagiarism Preven6on

To prevent plagiarism, use a combina6on of the following ways:

1. Know and Understand of Plagiarism: Know the different forms of plagiarism and understand plagiarism.

2. Use Correct and Proper Cita6on and Documenta6on. Use the format set by your instructor or ins0tu0on.

3. Quote Properly, Paraphrase and Summarize Appropriately. Use quota0on marks when directly quo0ng a
source, cite sources properly when rewording and summarizing a text.

4. Plan your Research and Take Notes. Be careful with the informa0on that you collect and list down your
sources me0culously. Do not procras0nate when conduc0ng a research, wri0ng a project proposal or an
academic paper. You may likely to commit plagiarism when you rush.

5. Seek Author/s’ Permission. This is especially true when using a copyrighted work beyond fair use.

6. Seek Guidance. Students may likely to commit plagiarism if not properly guided. As students, read about the
standard format in wri0ng and cita0on, ask a friend who’s familiar with wri0ng and source acribu0on, or seek
your teacher or professor’s help.

7. Use Plagiarism Detec6on Tools: Use various tools or so9ware to check your work. These tools help you in
iden0fying plagiarized materials and correc0ons to further revise your work.

8. Write with integrity. No macer how difficult a research, a project, or an academic paper is, always write
honestly, accurately, appropriately, and meaningfully by adhering to standards, guidelines, and other ethical
wri0ng prac0ces.
E. Examples of Similarity Detec6on Tools and Their Web Addresses
You may check and try any of these tools by Usta and Koçak (2021)

Sohware Name Website

iThen0cate hcps://www.ithen0cate.com/
The CrossCheck Portal hcps://crosscheck.ieee.org/crosscheck/
Turni0n hcps://www.turni0n.com/
Grammarly hcps://www.grammarly.com/
Ouriginal hcps://www.ouriginal.com/
Dupli Checker hcps://www.duplichecker.com/
PaperRater hcps://www.paperrater.com/
PLAGIARISM hcp://plagiarisma.net/

F. Sources for Ethical Training on Plagiarism

To learn more about ethical wri6ng and plagiarism, you may read ar6cles from the following sites by Usta &
Koçak (2021):
Name: Interna0onal Standards for Editors and Authors
Source: COPE
URL: hcps://publica0onethics.org/resources/resources-and-further-reading/interna0onal-standards-
editorsLinks to an external site.and-authors

Name: Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors

Source: ICMJE
URL: hcp://www.icmje.org/recommenda0ons/browse/roles-and-responsibili0es/defining-the-role-of-
authors-and-contributors.htmlLinks to an external site.

Name: Service Avoiding Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism, and Other Ques0onable Wri0ng Prac0ces: A Guide to
Ethical Wri0ng
Source: ORI
URL: hcps://ori.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/plagiarism.pdfLinks to an external site.
Lecture 2: Plagiarism versus Copyright Infringement

Plagiarism versus Copyright Infringement

Plagiarism and Copyright infringement involve using another author or authors’ work without permission.

Plagiarism is using someone else's work, ideas, or content without proper acribu0on or permission, regardless
of whether the work is copyrighted. Plagiarism is an ethical viola0on and can damage one's reputa0on.

Copyright infringement happens when someone uses, reproduces, or distributes copyrighted materials
without permission.

Copyright which literally means "right to copy is a legal concept that grants a writer, author or creator exclusive
rights to an original work (Salao, 2012).

Copyright infringement is a legal issue that can result in legal ac0ons and penal0es such as cease-and-desist
lecers, fines, and even lawsuits, whereas plagiarism deals with academic and ethical consequences such as
failure, suspension, expulsion, and others. As a result, anyone who u0lizes copyrighted material without
authoriza0on or appropriate acribu0on may face academic, professional, or legal repercussions; therefore,
when using someone else's crea0ve work, it's crucial to follow legal and ethical standards.

In the Philippines, the Copyright law protects original works of authorship, including literary, ar0s0c, scien0fic,
technological inven0ons, and others.

The Republic Act No. 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines” provides the implemen0ng
rules and regula0ons to secure the exclusive rights of scien0sts, inventors, ar0sts, and other talented ci0zens
of their intellectual property and crea0ons, especially when they are beneficial to the people. Also, the State
has a policy of streamlining the registra0on on technological transfers, administra0ve processes for registering
patents, trademarks, and copyright, and improving the enforcement of intellectual property rights in the
Philippines (Salao, 2012).

The policy also recognizes the concept of "fair use," which allows limited use of copyrighted material for
cri0cism, comment, news repor0ng, teaching, scholarship, or research (Salao, 2012; “Copyright Guidelines”,
2023).

Below are the components of the “Intellectual Property Rights” of the Republic Act No. 8293 of the
Philippines:

Sec. 4, 4.1 - The components of the "intellectual property rights" (NBSI Editorial Staff, 2000):
1. Copyright and Related Rights;
2. Trademarks and Service Marks;
3. Geographic Indica0ons;
4. Industrial Designs;
5. Patents
6. Layout- Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits; and
7. Protec0on of Undisclosed Informa0on
Based on the RA 8293, ORIGINAL WORKS include (NBSI Editorial Staff, 2000; Salao, 2012):
SEC. 172. Literary and Ar0s0c Works.
1. Books, pamphlets, ar0cles, and other wri0ngs;
2. Periodicals and newspapers;
3. Lectures, sermons, addresses, disserta0ons prepared for oral delivery, whether or not reduced in
wri0ng or other material form;
4. Lecers;
5. Drama0c or drama0co-musical composi0ons; choreographic works or entertainment in dumb shows;
6. Musical composi0ons, with or without words;
7. Works of drawing, pain0ng, architecture, sculpture, engraving, lithography or other works or art;
models or designs for works of art;
8. Original ornamental designs or models for ar0cles of manufacture, whether or not registrable as an
industrial design, and other works of applied art;
9. Illustra0ons, maps, plans, sketches, charts, and three-dimensional works rela0ve to geography,
topography, architecture, or science;
10. Drawings or plas0c works of a scien0fic or technical character;
11. Photographic works including works produced by a process analogous to photography; lantern slides;
12. Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works produced by a process analogous to
cinematography or any process for making audio-visual recordings;
13. Pictorial illustra0ons and adver0sements;
14. Computer programs; and
15. Other literary, scholarly, scien0fic, and ar0s0c works.

DERIVATIVE WORKS (NBSI Editorial Staff; Salao, 2012)

SEC. 173. The following deriva0ve works have copyright protec0on, but this protec0on doesn't affect the
exis0ng copyright of the original works, and it doesn't imply that the creators of the new works have addi0onal
rights over the original works or can extend the copyright term of the original works through these new
crea0ons.

1. Drama0za0ons, transla0ons, adapta0ons, abridgments, arrangements, and other altera0ons of literary

or ar0s0c works; and
2. Collec0ons of literary, scholarly, or ar0s0c works, and compila0ons of data and other materials which
are original by reason of the selec0on or coordina0on of or arrangement of their contents.

Difference between Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement

EXAMPLES
PLAGIARISM INFRINGEMENT
1. A student copies verba0m a sentence or
1. A teacher collects ac0vity and assessment samples from
paraphrases a short text from an ar0cle for his
different sources and uses the same in his book for use and
research in PCOM or AHELECT subject but
publica0on without permission from the original authors
misses to acknowledge or improperly cites the
2. A writer copies a poem or essay and includes this in his
original author
book for publica0on. Even if the writer cites the main
2. A student submits an assignment (research
source, he/she infringes the original author’s rights under
paper) from one class to another class without
copyright law
instructor’s knowledge and permission
3. Uploading to a webpage a copyrighted material (book,
3. A student paraphrases the en0re library
ar0cles, songs etc.) without the permission of the author
research of his friend and submits his work to
his instructor