Differentiation and Optimisation

DIFFERENTIATION
1.DERIVATIVE
1.1 “FIRST PRINCIPLES FROM MATRIC”
The definition of thederivative of f (x )is
f (x+ h)−f ( x)
f ' (x)=lim .
h→0 h
By means of the definition of the derivative

determine f ' (x)∈each case if f (x)=¿
( a ) 3 x +7(b) 2+8 x−5 x 2
1
(c ) (d ) √ 3 x+ 1
( x−2 )
1.2 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION:

n
1.2 .1 POWER RULE : If f ( x )=x
n−1
then f '(x )=n x .
20 19
For example if f ( x)=3 x → f ' ( x )=60 x .
1.2.2 PRODUCT RULE :
D x [ f (x)g (x) ] =f (x )g ' (x)+ g(x )f ' (x ).
For example if
h ( x )=( x +1 ) ( 2 x2 +8 x−5 ) find h' (x)
3
1.2 .3QUOTIENT RULE :

Dx [ ]
f (x ) g(x )f ' (x )−f (x) g '(x )
g(x )
=
[ g (x) ]
2
2 { g(x )≠ 0 }
3 x −x−2
eg if h( x)= 2
find h' (x )
4 x +5
EXTENDED EXAMPLES
POWER RULE → PRODUCT /QUOTIENT RULES
1. h( x)= √( 8 x −5 x ) ( 13 x + 4 ) , find h ' (x ).
2 2
√ ( )
1
4 x2 4 x2
2. If h ( x ) = 3 = 3
, find h ' (x ).
( 3 x−1 ) ( 3 x−1 )
EXERCISE
1. DIFFERENTIATE :
3
(a)f (x)=( x −3 x +8 )
2
−5
(b) g(x )=( 8 x−7 )
1
(c ) p(s)= 10
( 8−5 s +7 s2 )
(d ) f (w)=( 2 w 2−3 w+1 ) ( 3 w +2 )
4
( )
2 2
3 x −5
(e )f (x)= 2
2 x +7
√( )
2 7
4 x −7
(f ) h(x )= 3
x +1
(g) f (x )=[ ( 2 x+1 ) +1 ]
10 10
7 x ( x 2+1 )
(h) N (x)=
( 3 x +10 )4
3. Calculate the points on the graph :
3.1 of f ( x )=x 2 where the slope of
the tangent line is−2 .

the tangent line is12 .

3
1
3.3 of f ( x )= x + x 2 wherethe slope of
3
4
1
3.4 of f ( x )= x wherethe slope of
4
4. Calculate the points on the graph :

1
the normal line is−
4
.
4.2 of f ( x )=−x3 where the slope of

1
the normal line is
27
.
3
1
4.3 of f ( x )= x + x 2 wherethe slope of
3
the normal line is 1 .
4
1
3.4 of f ( x )= x wherethe slope of
4
the normal line is−1 .
MORE TANGENTS and NORMALS

Find equation of theTANGENT LINE :
3
1 1 2
3.1 ¿ the graph of y= x + x , x >0 ,
3 2
that is∥¿ the line 4 x−2 y+ 6=0.
3
1
3.2 ¿ the graph y= x that passes
3
thru ' the point P (3 ; 9 ) .
3.3 ¿ the graph y =√ 3 x −3 , x <0 ,

2
that is perpendicular ¿ the

line 3 y + x=0.
4. Find an equation of the NORMAL LINE :
3
2
4.1 ¿ the graph of y=4− x at the
9
point P (−3 ; 2 ) .
1
4.2 ¿ the graph of f ( x )= 3
, x >0 ,
x
having a slope of 27.
2
4.3 ¿ the graph of y=( x−2 ) which
is∥¿ theline 12 x−3 y=36.
dy
5. DETERMINE dx IF :
3 2
(a) y=u ∧u=x +1.
(b) y=√ u ∧u=5 x −4 x + x +2.
4 7 3 2
5
(c ) y = ∧u=√ x + 2 x −9 x +2 .
3 2
u
7 3 2
( d ) y= 3 ∧u= ( x 2 +1 ) .
√u
√
8 6
; u=( x + x + 1 )
3 2
( e ) y= 4
√u 3
11
(f ) y=
u
8
4 4
√
; u= ( 4 x +3 x + 11 x )
2 3
6. DETERMINE THE THIRD

DERIVATIVE FOR EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING
(a) H (s)=√ s (b) g(z )=√ 3 z +1

3
(c )k (r )=( 4 r +7 )5 (d)f (x)= √ x 2

3
( e ) y=√ x3 (f ) y=√ x 4
5 3
2. MARGINAL FUNCTIONS IN
ECONOMICS
A.
(i)Cost Function ,C (x ): Normally defined as
x
a function of given restricted domain .
a
(ii)Marginal Cost Function , C '(x ): Rate of change of Cost Function .
C(x )
(iii) Average Cost Function: C(x )=
x
(iv) Marginal Average Cost Function:C ' (x)
B.
(i)Demand equation : p=f (x ),
normally given .
(ii)Revenue Function : R(x )= px=xf (x )
(iii) Marginal revenue Function: R ' (x)
(iv)Profit Function: P( x)=R (x)−C (x )
C.
−pf ' ( p)
Elasticity of Demand : E( p)=
f ( p)
(i)E( p)>1 : Demand is elastic ≡
↑ p → ↓ R (x)↔↓ p → R( x)↑
(ii)E ( p)=1 : Demand is unitary ≡
↑ p → R( x )¿ remain constant . ( R '(x )=0 ) .
(iii) E( p)<1 : Demand is inelastic ≡
↑ p → ↑ R (x)↔↓ p →↓ R(x )
EXAMPLE:
1. Consider C(x )=200 x +300 000
¿ p=−0 , 04 x+ 800 x ∈ [ 0 , 20 000 ]
(a) DETERMINE :
(i)C ' (x)
(ii) C(x )
(iii)C ' (x)
(iv)R ( x)
(v) P(x)
(vi) R '(x )
(b)(i)ind the elasticity of demand E( p)ur result . i¿ Find the elasticity of demand E ( p)
(ii)Compute∧interpret :
E(300), E(400)∧E(600)
2. Consider∈rands
3 2
C (x)=0,000002 x −0 ,02 x + 120 x +60 000
¿ p=−0,006 x+180 x ∈ [ 0 , 30 000 ]
(a) DETERMINE :
(i)C ' (x)
(ii)C(x )
(iii)C ' (x)
(iv)R (x)
(v) P(x)
(vi) R '(x )
(b)ind the elasticity of demand E ( p)ur result .i ¿ Find elasticity of demand E( p), compute
¿ interpret E(60), E(90)∧E(120)
2. DIFFERENTIALS
(i)Increment ∈ x : ∆ x=x 2−x 1
(ii)Increment ∈ y : ∆ y=f (x+ ∆ x)−f (x )
as x changes ¿ x ¿ x+ ∆ x .
(iii)differential dx of x :dx=∆ x
(iv)differential dy of y :
dy =f '(x )∆ x=f ' (x)dx
EXAMPLE
2.1 . Find the increment ∈ x as x changes
¿ 4 ¿ 4,025.
2
2.2 . Let y=x . Find ∆ x∧∆ y as x changes
¿ 1 ¿ 0 , 99.
3
2.3 . Let y=x .
(a) Find the differential dy of y .
(b) As x changes ¿1 ¿ 0 , 99 :
(i)Use dy ¿ approximate
the change ∈ y , ∆ y .
(ii) Find the actual change

¿ y.
2.4 . Use differentials ¿ approximate

(i) √ 37 , 5
(ii) √26 ,5
3
(iii) √ 17
4
(iv) √ 21 , 5
(v) √ 66 ,5
3
(vi) √ 79
4
3. OPTIMISATION - DERIVATIVE TESTS:

3 2
3.1 .1 f ( x ) =x −3 x −24 x+ 32
By using the appropriate Derivative Tests

determine:
(a) the intervals for which f increases/decreases
(b) the relative extrema
(c) the concavity
(d) the points of inflection
(e) the absolute extrema on [−2 ,5 ] .
2
3.1.2 f ( x )= 3 x −2 x −6 x +4
3 2

determine:
(c) the concavity
(e) the absolute extrema on [−3 , 3 ] .
1
3.1.3 f ( x )= 3 x − x −3 x + 4
3 2

determine:
(c) the concavity
(e) the absolute extrema on [−3 , 3 ] .
3.2 For each of the following pairs of price-demand
and cost equations determine
(a). the revenue function and x for which the
maximum revenue is realised as well as the
corresponding price
(b). the profit function and x for which the profit is
maximised and this maximum profit with its
confirmation
(c). the value of x for which the marginal revenue
equals the average cost and this minimum average
cost
(d). Determine the elasticity of demand and the
value of p for which the elasticity of demand is
perfectly elastic.
3.2 .1. p=−0,00035 x +14
2
C ( x )=0,0001 x +5 x+16 200
3.2 .2. p=−0,00025 x +10

2
C ( x )=0,00025 x +4 x+7 680
3.2 .3 . p=−0,0004 x +8
2
C ( x )=0,0002 x +4 x +1 440
3.2 .4 . p=−0,000125 x +6
C ( x )=0,0001 x 2 +2 ,5 x +5 600
3.3

Differentiation and Optimisation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Differentiation and Optimisation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Differentiation and Optimisation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DIFFERENTIATION

By means of the definition of the derivative

1.2 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION:

1.2 .3QUOTIENT RULE :

3. Calculate the points on the graph :

3.1 of f ( x )=x 2 where the slope of

the tangent line is−2 .

the tangent line is12 .

4.1 of f ( x )=x 2 where the slope of

4.2 of f ( x )=−x3 where the slope of

MORE TANGENTS and NORMALS

3.3 ¿ the graph y =√ 3 x −3 , x <0 ,

that is perpendicular ¿ the

6. DETERMINE THE THIRD

(a) H (s)=√ s (b) g(z )=√ 3 z +1

(c )k (r )=( 4 r +7 )5 (d)f (x)= √ x 2

(ii) Find the actual change

2.4 . Use differentials ¿ approximate

3. OPTIMISATION - DERIVATIVE TESTS:

By using the appropriate Derivative Tests

By using the appropriate Derivative Tests

By using the appropriate Derivative Tests

3.2 .2. p=−0,00025 x +10

You might also like