FINAL REVIEW

Submitted By

Muthu Baabu, 20BLA1021

K.R. Sarada, 20BLA1110
Althab Riyaz, 20BLA1008
Shakthi Samiya, 20BLB1082

Submitted To

Prof. Arun D Raj

VITSOL
Understanding the Dynamics: Impact of Climatic Changes on Migratory
Birds in India

Abstract:

This article provides a succinct overview of the significance of migratory birds in India, the
detrimental effects of climate change on their habitats and migration patterns, and the
imperative conservation measures required to mitigate these impacts. Migratory birds serve
as vital components of India's ecosystems, contributing to biodiversity, pest control, and
cultural heritage. However, climate change-induced alterations in temperature, precipitation
patterns, and habitat availability pose severe threats to their survival. To address these
challenges, conservation efforts must focus on habitat preservation, sustainable land-use
practices, international cooperation, and community engagement. By implementing effective
conservation strategies, we can safeguard migratory birds and ensure the resilience of India's
avian biodiversity in the face of climate change.

Introduction:

Migratory birds represent a captivating and integral component of India's rich biodiversity,
traversing vast distances across continents and embodying the marvels of avian migration.
Their presence not only enriches the landscape but also plays a pivotal role in maintaining
ecosystem balance and functionality. From the majestic Siberian Crane to the colourful Amur
Falcon, these avian nomads grace Indian skies, signalling the arrival of seasons and
captivating the imaginations of bird enthusiasts and scientists alike.

However, amidst their awe-inspiring journeys lies a narrative of profound vulnerability.

Climate change, with its relentless march of warming temperatures and shifting weather
patterns, poses unprecedented challenges to the habitats and migration patterns of these avian
travellers. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation regimes, habitat degradation, and sea-
level rise threaten to disrupt the delicate balance that sustains migratory bird populations
across their annual journeys.

In light of these challenges, this article aims to delve into the intricate relationship between
migratory birds, climate change, and conservation efforts in India. By exploring the
significance of migratory birds in India's ecosystems, assessing the impacts of climate change
on their habitats and migration patterns, and delineating conservation measures to mitigate
these effects, this article seeks to shed light on the urgent need for concerted action.

Through a comprehensive examination of these topics, this article endeavours to provide

insights into the multifaceted dynamics shaping the fate of migratory birds in India. By
elucidating the importance of preserving their habitats, understanding the complexities of
climate change impacts, and advocating for proactive conservation measures, we strive to
foster a deeper appreciation for the invaluable role of migratory birds and galvanize efforts to
ensure their survival in a rapidly changing world.

Research Objective:

1. Regional Variation: Explore how climate change affects different regions of India and
how these variations impact migratory bird species that traverse these areas.

2. Key Migratory Routes: Highlight the significance of India as a critical stopover and
wintering ground for numerous migratory bird species and discuss how changes in climate
patterns influence their migration routes and timing.

3. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Investigate how habitat loss, degradation, and
fragmentation due to climate change, as well as human activities such as deforestation and
urbanization, threaten the availability of suitable habitats for migratory birds in India.

4. Water Bodies and Wetlands: Discuss the impact of climate change on India's wetlands,
lakes, and other water bodies, which are vital habitats for migratory birds, and examine how
alterations in water levels, quality, and availability affect bird populations.

5. Conservation Challenges and Initiatives: Address the conservation challenges faced by

migratory bird species in India due to climate change, including policy gaps, inadequate
protection of key habitats, and lack of awareness, while also highlighting successful
conservation initiatives and strategies being implemented.

6. Cultural and Economic Significance: Emphasize the cultural and economic significance
of migratory birds in India, particularly in terms of ecotourism, traditional practices, and
ecosystem services, and discuss how climate change impacts these aspects.
By focusing on these specific aspects within the Indian context, the article can provide
valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with mitigating the impact
of climate change on migratory birds in the country.

Research Methodology:

This research paper is both doctrinal and non-doctrinal.

Doctrinal- we are going to collect documents and reports from governmental and non-
governmental organisations and also from government and private websites.

Non-doctrinal- we are going to conduct a survey on this issue by targeting a group which
includes common people, students, NGO people and government officials as well by way of
questionnaire.

Migratory Birds in India:

Overview of Migratory Bird Species Found in India and Importance in Ecosystems:

India's diverse landscapes, ranging from lush forests to arid deserts and coastal wetlands,
serve as critical habitats for a plethora of migratory bird species. These avian travellers
undertake remarkable journeys spanning continents, arriving in India during different seasons
in search of suitable breeding, feeding, and wintering grounds. Their presence not only
enriches the natural beauty of the landscape but also plays a crucial role in maintaining
ecosystem health and functionality.

Migratory birds contribute to ecosystem dynamics in various ways, serving as key

players in essential ecological processes:

1. Pollination: Many migratory bird species, such as sunbirds, hummingbirds, and certain
waterfowl, play a vital role in pollination by transferring pollen between flowers as they
forage for nectar or feed on floral resources. This process is integral to the reproduction of
numerous plant species, including those of agricultural and ecological significance.

2. Seed Dispersal: Migratory birds aid in seed dispersal by ingesting fruits and seeds and
then transporting them over long distances before excreting them in new locations. This helps
in the regeneration of plant populations and facilitates the colonization of new habitats,
contributing to biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.

3. Pest Control: Many migratory bird species are voracious insectivores, feeding on a wide
range of insects and other invertebrates. By preying on pest species, migratory birds help
regulate insect populations, thereby reducing the risk of crop damage and controlling the
spread of disease vectors.

4. Nutrient Cycling: Migratory birds contribute to nutrient cycling by depositing guano (bird
droppings) rich in nitrogen and phosphorus onto the soil, which enhances soil fertility and
promotes plant growth. This nutrient input is particularly significant in habitats such as
coastal wetlands and estuaries, where large concentrations of migratory birds congregate.

The presence of migratory birds in India not only sustains ecosystem services essential for
human well-being but also supports cultural and recreational activities such as birdwatching
and ecotourism. Furthermore, migratory birds serve as indicators of environmental health,
with changes in their populations and distribution patterns often reflecting broader ecological
shifts and habitat alterations.

In essence, migratory birds are integral components of India's ecosystems, contributing to

pollination, seed dispersal, pest control, and nutrient cycling. Recognizing and conserving the
habitats essential for these avian travellers are imperative not only for their own survival but
also for the resilience and sustainability of ecosystems and the myriad benefits they provide
to both humans and wildlife alike.

Climate Change and Its Impacts on Migratory Birds:

Explanation of climate change and its drivers

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global or regional climate patterns, driven
primarily by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial
processes, agricultural practices, and transportation. These activities release greenhouse gases
(GHGs) into the atmosphere, trapping heat and leading to warming of the planet. This
warming results in various environmental, social, and economic impacts, necessitating
concerted efforts to mitigate emissions and adapt to the changing climate.
Discussion of how climate change affects migratory bird habitats, migration patterns,
and breeding behaviour

Climate change affects migratory bird habitats by altering their availability and suitability,
leading to disruptions in migration patterns and breeding behaviour. Rising temperatures,
changes in precipitation, and habitat degradation threaten critical sites for resting, foraging,
and breeding. Shifts in temperature cues may mistime nesting activities, impacting
reproductive success. Additionally, habitat loss, fragmentation, and increased competition
further stress migratory bird populations. Conservation efforts must focus on habitat
protection, restoration, and adaptive management to mitigate these impacts and ensure the
survival of migratory bird species.

Case study:

1. Bar-headed Goose in Ladakh:

The Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) undertakes one of the most remarkable migrations,
flying over the Himalayas to winter in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the high-
altitude wetlands of Ladakh. However, this iconic migratory bird is facing challenges due to
climatic changes impacting its wintering grounds.

Habitat Changes: Rising temperatures in Ladakh are leading to the melting of glaciers and
changes in the hydrology of wetlands, affecting the availability of suitable habitats for Bar-
headed Geese. Additionally, altered precipitation patterns may impact the abundance of
aquatic vegetation, a key food source for these birds.

Migration Patterns: Studies using satellite telemetry have shown shifts in the migration
routes and timing of Bar-headed Geese, possibly in response to changing environmental
conditions along their migratory corridor. These changes in migration behaviour may have
implications for the connectivity of populations and their ability to access suitable habitats.

Conservation Implications: Conservation efforts focusing on protecting and restoring high-

altitude wetlands in Ladakh are crucial for the long-term survival of Bar-headed Geese. These
efforts may include habitat restoration, community-based conservation initiatives, and
research to monitor population trends and migration ecology.
2. Siberian Cranes in Bharatpur:

Bird Sanctuary, also known as Keoladeo National Park, is a Ramsar wetland of international
importance and a key wintering site for Siberian Cranes (Grus leucogeranus) and other
migratory waterbirds. However, climatic changes are posing significant challenges to the
ecosystem and the migratory birds it supports.

Altered Hydrology: Changes in precipitation patterns and water availability, exacerbated by

climate change, have led to fluctuations in the water levels of wetlands in Bharatpur. This has
affected the availability of suitable foraging and roosting sites for Siberian Cranes and other
waterbirds during the winter months.

Habitat Degradation: Anthropogenic activities such as encroachment, agriculture, and

pollution have further degraded the wetland habitat in Bharatpur, reducing its capacity to
support migratory bird populations. These habitat changes pose direct threats to the survival
of species dependent on the sanctuary.

Conservation Efforts: Conservation measures aimed at restoring and maintaining the

ecological integrity of Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary are essential for the conservation of
migratory birds, including Siberian Cranes. These efforts may involve habitat restoration,
water management strategies, and community engagement to mitigate the impacts of climate
change and human activities.

3. Amur Falcons in Nagaland:

Nagaland, located in northeastern India, is a crucial stopover site for Amur Falcons (Falco
amurensis) during their annual migration from Siberia to southern Africa. However, climatic
changes and human-induced habitat alterations are threatening the survival of these long-
distance migrants.

Habitat Fragmentation: Deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and land-use changes in

Nagaland have reduced the availability of suitable stopover sites and roosting areas for Amur
Falcons. Loss of forest cover and degradation of habitats may disrupt their migratory journey
and impact their ability to rest and refuel.
 Community Conservation: Community-based conservation initiatives in Nagaland, such
as the Amur Falcon Conservation Week, have played a crucial role in raising awareness about
the importance of protecting the habitats of migratory birds. These efforts involve local
communities in monitoring and safeguarding key roosting sites and promoting sustainable
land-use practices.

International Cooperation: Given the transboundary nature of migratory bird

conservation, international cooperation is essential for the conservation of species like the
Amur Falcon. Collaborative efforts involving governments, conservation organizations, and
local communities across migratory flyways are necessary to address the threats posed by
climate change and habitat loss.

4. Painted Storks in Gujarat:

The Khadir region of Gujarat is renowned for its breeding colonies of Painted Storks
(Mycteria leucocephala) and other waterbirds. However, climatic changes are impacting the
breeding success and population dynamics of these charismatic birds.

Water Scarcity: Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns have led to water
scarcity in wetlands and ponds in the Khadir region, affecting the availability of food
resources for breeding Painted Storks. Reduced water levels may limit the availability of
suitable nesting sites and impact chick survival rates.

Human-Wildlife Conflict: Competition for water resources between humans and wildlife
in the Khadir region has intensified due to climatic changes and increased anthropogenic
pressures. Conflict over water use and habitat degradation may exacerbate the challenges
faced by breeding Painted Storks and other waterbirds.

Conservation Challenges: Addressing the conservation challenges faced by Painted Storks

in Gujarat requires a multi-faceted approach, including habitat restoration, water
management, and community engagement. Efforts to conserve wetland ecosystems and
mitigate the impacts of climate change are essential for the long-term survival of breeding
populations of Painted Storks in the region.

These case studies highlight the intricate interactions between migratory birds and their
habitats, as well as the challenges posed by climate change and human activities. Effective
conservation strategies must address these challenges holistically, integrating scientific
research, community participation, and policy interventions to safeguard migratory bird
populations and their ecosystems.

Contribution of climate change to habitat loss and degradation in India, including

deforestation, wetland degradation, and urbanization

Climate change exacerbates habitat loss and degradation in India by increasing temperatures,
altering precipitation patterns, and intensifying extreme weather events. This contributes to
deforestation through forest dieback and increased susceptibility to wildfires. Wetlands suffer
from reduced water availability and increased evaporation, leading to habitat loss for aquatic
and avian species. Urbanization, amplified by climate change, leads to habitat fragmentation
and loss of green spaces. These combined effects threaten biodiversity, including migratory
birds reliant on these habitats, necessitating integrated strategies for conservation and
sustainable development.

Implications for migratory bird populations and ecosystem functioning

Habitat loss and degradation due to climate change threaten migratory bird populations and
disrupt ecosystem functioning. Reduced habitat availability and altered migration patterns
lead to population declines and biodiversity loss. This affects ecosystem services such as
pollination and pest control, impacting human well-being. Conservation efforts must focus on
mitigating climate change impacts, preserving critical habitats, and promoting sustainable
land-use practices to safeguard migratory birds and ecosystem resilience.

Altered Migration Patterns:

Climate change is causing significant shifts in migratory routes, timing, and distances
travelled by migratory birds, with consequential effects on bird populations, breeding
success, and survival rates:

1. Shifts in Timing and Routes:

Earlier Migration: Warmer temperatures are prompting earlier migration for many bird
species, with birds arriving at breeding grounds sooner than in previous years.
 Changes in Routes: Alterations in wind patterns and the distribution of food resources
are leading to adjustments in migratory routes, with some birds deviating from traditional
paths to optimize their journey based on changing environmental conditions.

2. Extended Migration Distances:

Longer Journeys: Climate change-induced alterations in habitat availability and quality

may necessitate longer migration distances for some species. Birds may need to travel further
to find suitable breeding, wintering, or stopover sites, expending more energy in the process.

3. Effects on Bird Populations:

Population Dynamics: Changes in migration patterns can impact population dynamics,

including breeding success and survival rates. Species facing challenges in adapting to new
migration routes or timing may experience declines in population size.

Fragmentation: Alterations in migratory routes can lead to habitat fragmentation, isolating

populations and reducing genetic diversity, which can further exacerbate population declines.

4. Breeding Success:

Mistimed Breeding: Changes in migration timing can result in mismatches between peak
food availability and breeding cycles, affecting reproductive success. Birds arriving too early
may face food shortages, while those arriving too late may miss optimal breeding conditions.

Nesting Site Availability: Climate change-induced habitat loss and degradation may reduce
the availability of suitable nesting sites, further impacting breeding success.

5. Survival Rates:

Increased Vulnerability: Birds facing challenges such as habitat loss, food shortages, and
extreme weather events during migration may experience increased mortality rates. Species
with limited adaptive capacity or those reliant on specific habitats are particularly vulnerable
to these changes.
 Habitat Degradation: Climate change-induced habitat degradation, such as wetland loss or
deforestation, reduces the availability of essential resources and shelter during migration,
leading to decreased survival rates.

Phenological Shifts and Breeding Behaviour:

Climate change influences the timing of seasonal events, or phenology, for migratory birds in
various ways, with significant impacts on reproductive success, population dynamics, and
species interactions:

1. Shifts in Phenology:

Earlier Spring Arrival: Warmer temperatures associated with climate change are causing
migratory birds to arrive at their breeding grounds earlier in the spring. This can result in
mismatches between peak food availability and the timing of breeding activities such as egg-
laying and chick rearing.

Advancement of Breeding Events: Changes in temperature cues prompt some migratory

birds to initiate breeding activities, such as nest-building and egg-laying, sooner than in
previous years. However, if food resources are not yet available or weather conditions are
unfavourable, early breeding attempts may fail.

2. Impacts on Reproductive Success:

Mismatched Phenology: Mismatches between the timing of breeding events and peak food
availability can lead to reduced reproductive success. Birds that lay eggs before food
resources are abundant may struggle to provide sufficient nourishment for their offspring,
resulting in decreased chick survival rates.

Nest Predation and Climate Extremes: Changes in phenology may also influence
interactions with predators and exposure to climate extremes. For example, earlier nesting
may coincide with periods of increased nest predation or extreme weather events, further
impacting reproductive success.
3. Population Dynamics:

Changes in Population Size: Climate-induced shifts in phenology can alter population

dynamics, including changes in population size and distribution. Species that successfully
adapt to earlier breeding may experience population increases, while those unable to adjust
may face declines.

Genetic Diversity: Altered migration timing and breeding phenology can lead to changes in
gene flow and genetic diversity within populations, affecting their ability to adapt to changing
environmental conditions and increasing vulnerability to environmental stressors.

4. Species Interactions:

Cascading Effects: Changes in the timing of migratory bird phenology can have cascading
effects on species interactions within ecosystems. For example, shifts in the timing of peak
food availability may disrupt predator-prey dynamics or alter competitive interactions among
species sharing the same resources.

Synchronization with Resources: Migratory birds depend on the availability of specific

resources, such as insects or fruit, during critical stages of their annual cycle. Changes in
phenology may disrupt the synchronization between migratory birds and their food sources,
leading to shifts in species interactions and ecosystem dynamics.

Conservation Challenges and Strategies:

Key Conservation Challenges Facing Migratory Birds in India:

1. Habitat Loss and Degradation: Rapid urbanization, agricultural expansion, deforestation,

and infrastructure development are leading to habitat loss and fragmentation, threatening the
availability of critical breeding, wintering, and stopover sites for migratory birds.

2. Climate Change: Climate change is altering migratory bird habitats and migration
patterns, leading to mismatches between resource availability and bird needs, disrupting
breeding success, and exacerbating other threats such as habitat loss and degradation.

3. Poaching and Illegal Trade: Migratory birds are often targeted for hunting, trapping, and
illegal trade, particularly in areas where they congregate in large numbers during migration or
wintering. Poaching can significantly impact bird populations, particularly for species already
facing other threats.

4. Pollution: Pollution from sources such as pesticides, industrial effluents, and plastic waste
poses significant risks to migratory birds and their habitats. Pollution can contaminate water
bodies, degrade habitats, and harm bird health through ingestion or exposure to toxic
substances.

Governmental Organisation

Review 1: Chennai flyways: birds, biodiversity, and ecological decay.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/25148486221142491

The Pallikaranai marshes in Chennai serve as a critical habitat for migratory birds, forming
part of the Central Asian flyway. Despite legal and political interventions, the wetlands are
under immense threat due to urban development and land grabbing. The loss of wetlands
across southern India reflects broader issues of landscape transformation driven by the state-
capital nexus. Historically, wetlands in the region have been vital for storing monsoon rains,
supporting agriculture, and sustaining local ecosystems. The pre-modern landscape was
characterized by a complex network of interconnected ecosystems, deeply integrated into
socio-cultural practices. The degradation of these wetlands poses a significant threat to the
survival of migratory bird species, including the near-threatened spot-billed pelican and
black-headed ibis.

This article explores the degradation of hydrological landscapes in southern India,

particularly focusing on Chennai's peri-urban interface. Scholars like Pushpa Arabindoo and
Lindsay Bremner highlight the rapid transition towards globalized urbanism and the
implications of flood events as indicators of "state-propelled urbanization of disaster." Malini
Ranganathan and Amita Baviskar contribute conceptual frameworks that intertwine urban
political ecology with assemblage theory and Deleuzian philosophy, emphasizing the
dynamic relations between human and non-human actors in shaping urban landscapes.
This article also introduced the concept of "ecological decay" as a lens to understand the
multifaceted processes contributing to environmental degradation, with specific attention to
the impacts of colonial and post-colonial transitions and capitalist urbanization.

The article discusses the intersection between migratory flyways and urbanization,
highlighting the shifting temporalities of global environmental change. Using Chennai's
Pallikaranai wetlands as a case study, it explores the concept of ecological decay in the
context of urban political ecology. Furthermore, it examines the evolving relationship
between ornithology and cultural perceptions of nature in Chennai and reflects on the
ecological dimensions of speculative urbanization on the urban fringe.

The passage provides insight into the significance of migratory bird flyways, with a focus on
India's role as a crucial transit area for several global flyways. It emphasizes that these
flyways are not just geographical pathways but intricate intersections shaped by evolutionary
complexity and behavioural adaptation over time. The disruption of migration routes poses
threats not only to birds but also to the broader ecological and cultural landscapes associated
with their presence.

Historically, migratory birds have played essential roles in ecosystems, such as providing
fertilizer through their excreta. However, contemporary threats, including habitat destruction,
energy infrastructure development, and climate change, endanger the integrity of migratory
routes and the survival of bird populations. The destruction of wetlands, estuaries, and littoral
zones exacerbates vulnerability to hunting, predation, and disturbance.

Climate change further compounds these challenges, leading to phenological mismatches and
alterations in migration patterns among bird species. Some birds are abandoning or altering
their traditional routes in response to changing environmental conditions. As a result, avian
flyways are increasingly fragmented, with vulnerable remnants facing spatial displacement
and temporal disorientation.

This article provides a detailed account of the degradation and transformation of the
Pallikaranai wetlands in Chennai, shedding light on its ecological, socio-economic, and
political dimensions. The wetlands, once sprawling across thousands of hectares, have been
drastically reduced due to various factors including illegal water abstraction, dumping and
burning of refuse, urban development, and infrastructure projects. This degradation has led to
severe ecological consequences, including habitat loss and fragmentation, impacting not only
biodiversity but also public health and flood protection measures.

Despite efforts by civil society organizations and legal interventions, the marshlands continue
to face threats from speculative urbanization and encroachment. The discourse around
encroachment often stigmatizes marginalized communities, such as the Adi Dravida and
other land-dependent groups, who have historically relied on the wetlands for their
livelihoods. The intersection of caste-based inequalities further exacerbates the socio-
economic disparities in land acquisition and urban development processes.

The article also touches upon the ecological management efforts, including the proposal for
an ecological exclusion zone, and attempts to restore native vegetation to combat invasive
species. However, the challenges of implementing conservation measures within an urban
context, amidst competing interests and developmental pressures, remain significant.

Overall, the narrative paints a complex picture of the Pallikaranai wetlands' decline,
highlighting the urgent need for holistic approaches to conservation that address ecological,
social, and political dimensions while considering the intertwined fates of both human and
non-human inhabitants, including migratory birds.

The narrative explores the growing interest in birdwatching in Chennai and its implications
for urban nature conservation. It highlights the transition from an elite pursuit to a more
inclusive engagement with nature, facilitated by factors such as rising incomes, technological
advancements, and the emergence of citizen science initiatives. Birdwatching has become a
popular activity, contributing to the formation of a digital public sphere and fostering a sense
of community involvement in conservation efforts.

Part of this engagement involves the designation of parts of the Pallikaranai wetlands as
birdwatching reserves, reflecting a populist approach to conservation. However, the history of
birdwatching in India dates back to pre-colonial times, with notable contributions from
various cultural and historical contexts. The narrative also discusses the evolving landscape
of environmental activism in Chennai, characterized by diverse organizations with different
approaches to conservation and engagement with the state.
The emergence of grassroots organizations like Suzhal Arivom demonstrates a more
interventionist stance towards conservation, including efforts to protect migratory birds from
poaching and habitat destruction. These initiatives signal increased awareness and vigilance
over urban nature, particularly in the face of ongoing environmental threats.

Furthermore, the narrative reflects on the complex socio-political dynamics surrounding

nature conservation in Chennai, including issues of class, caste, and nostalgia for a vanishing
past. It highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of environmental activism,
acknowledging the diverse perspectives and motivations driving conservation efforts.

In summary, the narrative portrays birdwatching and urban nature conservation as dynamic
and evolving fields, shaped by a complex interplay of social, cultural, and environmental
factors. It underscores the importance of community engagement and grassroots initiatives in
protecting migratory birds and preserving urban biodiversity. The narrative explores the
growing interest in birdwatching in Chennai and its implications for urban nature
conservation. It highlights the transition from an elite pursuit to a more inclusive engagement
with nature, facilitated by factors such as rising incomes, technological advancements, and
the emergence of citizen science initiatives. Birdwatching has become a popular activity,
contributing to the formation of a digital public sphere and fostering a sense of community
involvement in conservation efforts.

The narrative discusses the evolving landscape of environmentalism in Chennai, particularly

focusing on the loss of wetlands like Pallikaranai and its implications for urban ecology and
biodiversity, including migratory birds. It examines the conceptual frameworks used to
understand urban environmental challenges, such as the modernist hydrological imaginaries
and post-colonial counter-narratives like eco-restoration.

One key aspect highlighted is the tension between different environmental discourses,
including the emphasis on novel urban ecologies in the global North versus the harsh realities
of ecological devastation in the global South. The narrative underscores the need for
expanded frameworks like urban political ecology to elucidate the causes and consequences
of environmental degradation, spanning colonial legacies to contemporary socio-ecological
formations.
Furthermore, the narrative explores the implications of an "ornithological bias" in studying
urban nature, noting the importance of considering other forms of biodiversity and their
socio-ecological complexities. It suggests that a conceptual dialogue between urban political
ecology and multispecies urbanism could offer better analytical tools for understanding and
addressing contemporary urban environmental challenges, including the protection of
migratory bird habitats like Pallikaranai.

Overall, the narrative highlights the urgent need for comprehensive and inclusive approaches
to urban environmentalism that recognize the interconnectedness of human and non-human
life and address the complex socio-political dynamics shaping urban landscapes and their
ecosystems, including those critical for migratory bird.

Review 2: Projected shift in bird distribution in India under climate change

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369156625_Projected_Shifts_in_Bird_Distrib
ution_in_India_under_Climate_Change

With an emphasis on resident species, the introduction that is presented provides a thorough
summary of how climate change is affecting bird species in India. But in order to improve the
migrating birds' context within this framework, a few things might be taken into account:

1. Habitat Suitability and Availability Along Migration Routes: The suitability and
availability of habitats along migratory routes may change as a result of climate
change. For example, alterations in temperature and precipitation can have an impact
on wintering grounds, breeding grounds, and stopover locations. Changes in
distribution patterns, possible conflicts with human activity, and habitat degradation
may result from this.

2. Ecological Relationships: It is important to take into account how migratory birds are
related to other species with which they come into contact. With downstream impacts
on ecosystems, changes in migratory patterns brought on by climate change have the
potential to upset ecological linkages like those involving plant-animal interactions,
pollination services, and predator-prey dynamics.
 3. Conservation Challenges: It's critical to discuss about the particular conservation
issues that climate change presents for migratory birds. These obstacles could include
the requirement for international collaboration to maintain habitat along migration
routes, the creation of protected areas that include important rest stops, and the
mitigation of hazards such habitat deterioration and fragmentation.
4. Data Sources and Monitoring: It is essential to highlight the value of strong
monitoring initiatives and global partnerships in order to track migratory bird
populations. To understand how migratory birds are responding to climate change and
develop successful conservation strategies, citizen science programs, remote sensing
technologies, and international cooperation are essential.

5. Policy Implications: It is important to deal with how climate change may affect
migratory bird conservation policies. This involves supporting laws that encourage
habitat connectivity across borders, incorporate climate adaption measures into
conservation planning, and fund studies on the biological and socioeconomic effects
of climate change on migratory birds.

The review is able to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how climate change
affects resident and migratory bird species in India, as well as the consequences for their
management and conservation, by incorporating these factors into the discussion.

With an emphasis on resident terrestrial bird species, the procedure’s part gives a thorough
explanation of how species occurrence data were gathered and processed for modelling
species distribution patterns in India.

1. Migratory Species Inclusion: Explain the procedure used to identify and include
migratory bird species to the dataset. Compared to resident species, migratory species
frequently exhibit distinct seasonal occurrence patterns, which might indicate for
extra data processing stages or temporal considerations.

2. Temporal Extent of Occurrence Data: Talk about how migration patterns were taken
into consideration while adjusting the temporal extent of occurrence data. Throughout
the study period, migratory birds may have varying seasonal distributions, thus it is
 important to carefully choose the temporal ranges to appropriately record their
occurrences.

3. Migratory species data quality and bias correction: Take into consideration any
potential biases and constraints related to data on migratory bird occurrences. Because
they move over different seasons, migratory species may show distinct sample biases
or have fewer records of occurrences. For this reason, specialized bias correction
procedures that are adapted to migratory patterns are required.

4. Migratory Routes and Stopover Sites: Take into consideration the way in which data
on migratory routes and stopover sites was included into the analysis. The accuracy of
species distribution models for migrating birds can be improved by include spatially
detailed data on migratory patterns and important stopover spots.

5. Integration of Climate Change Effects on Migration: Talk about how the modelling
framework took into consideration the effects of climate change on migratory routes,
timing, and stopover locations. Future distributions of species should take climate
change into consideration as it might affect the phenology of migratory species and
impact the availability of suitable habitat along migration routes.

The incorporation of 29 environmental factors, which include topography, bioclimatic, and

ENVIREM data, offers a thorough framework for forecasting species distributions in the
context of migrating birds. In order to effectively simulate their distributions, it is imperative
to incorporate a wide range of environmental cues and habitat characteristics that migratory
birds frequently rely on along their migration paths. Although less common in species
distribution modelling (SDM), the inclusion of topographic and ENVIREM variables is
warranted due to their potential to serve as proxies for significant ecological parameters
impacting the selection of habitat by migrating birds. The study provides insights into the
possible effects of climate change on migratory bird ranges in India by using General
Circulation Models (GCMs) under various Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs).

An evaluation of future changes in suitable habitats is made possible by the analysis of

climatic scenarios for both the present and the year 2070. This is especially important for
migratory species that encounter dynamic environmental circumstances on their migration
paths. The study offers a nuanced understanding of potential climate change impacts on
migratory bird populations, assisting in the formulation of conservation strategies tailored to
mitigate these effects and ensure the long-term viability of migratory bird populations in
India. The study examines two scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, which represent moderate
and high greenhouse gas emissions trajectories, respectively.

Results
The outcomes of the model evaluation demonstrate the durability and dependability of the
species distribution models, which cover both migratory and resident bird species found in
India. Effective prediction abilities are indicated by the high AUC values obtained for both
training and validation datasets, demonstrating that the models are able to discriminate
between occurrence and background locales efficiently. There is an excellent balance
between model fit and generalization, as evidenced by the small difference between
AUCTRAIN and AUCVAL and the low omission rates. The models outperform chance when
the pAUC Ratio is greater than 1, which supports the models' predictive accuracy.

Also, the high continuous Boyce Index values for the training and validation data show that
the model performed exceptionally well in capturing the observed bird species distribution
patterns. These findings highlight the methodology's usefulness in precisely projecting the
possible distribution of migratory bird species in India under various climate scenarios,
offering insightful information for management and conservation plans designed to lessen the
effects of climate change on avian biodiversity.

Important environmental factors influencing the distribution of resident and migratory bird
species in India are shown by the analysis of variable contribution and importance.
Significant determinants of habitat appropriateness for avian species include variables like
elevation, precipitation seasonality, temperature seasonality, terrain ruggedness index, and
terrain wetness index. These results imply that a combination of topographic characteristics,
climatic variability, and habitat variation throughout their range influences migratory birds
just as resident species do. Elevation and the Terrain Wetness Index are probably going to be
important factors in determining the habitat preferences and resource availability for
migrating birds, which will affect their distribution patterns at various stages of their yearly
cycle.
Seasonality and precipitation-related variables, on the opposite hand, emphasize the
significance of climate variability in selecting appropriate habitats for migratory birds along
their migration paths. Understanding the roles played by these environmental factors offers
important insights into the ecological needs and preferred habitats of migratory bird species
in India. This helps to devise focused conservation initiatives and adaptable management
plans that lessen the effects of climate change on avian biodiversity.

Discussion
The study examines how climate change may affect the distribution of bird species in India
and finds a worrying pattern of rising habitat threats over the next 50 years. It emphasizes
how vulnerable migratory birds are, given their predicted range reductions or northward
shifts owing to changing climate conditions. Both resident and threatened bird species are
under severe threat, and many are at risk of having their ranges reduced, which could result in
local extinctions. The study shows that bird ranges are shifting northward in line with
worldwide projections and that species richness is increasing at higher elevations, especially
in the Western Ghats and the Himalayas. Significant hazards to endemic and high-elevation
species exist in these locations due to climate change consequences such as changing
agricultural seasons, shifted species composition, and glacial melt. Despite its shortcomings,
the study recognizes the growing significance of citizen science datasets for ecological
research and emphasizes the necessity of adaptive conservation measures in light of climate
change's dynamic character.

Limitation and future directions

The study recognizes the inherent limitations of its technique, which are typical of studies
involving many species and the use of species distribution models. Because these models
function on the premise that organisms are in balance with their surroundings, they may miss
important climate variables as well as outside influences like habitat loss or overexploitation.
Furthermore, complex interspecies interactions that are crucial to determining a species'
persistence or ability to colonize new areas are ignored by the models since they depend on
the independence of species reactions to climate change. In light of these drawbacks, future
studies ought to aim for more thorough models that take into consideration a wider variety of
factors and intricate ecological relationships in order to offer a more precise picture of how
climate change affects the distribution of bird species.
The study concludes by emphasizing how crucial it is to thoroughly validate Species
Distribution Models (SDMs) before using them in decision-making procedures. It emphasizes
MaxEnt as a useful instrument for assessing the possible effects of climate change on species
distributions, providing information on the possible responses of different bird species to
future temperature scenarios. The study highlights the consistent changes in the distribution
ranges of 1091 terrestrial bird species in India under projected climate changes, as well as
their geographic heterogeneity, by evaluating data from these species. By leveraging citizen
science programs and growing databases for more thorough analysis, this research represents
a substantial advancement in our understanding of bird populations in India.

Non-Governmental Organization

Review 3: Migratory birds during the climate change in India

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/wildlife-biodiversity/how-important-are-
migratory-birds-in-an-era-of-climate-change-75588

This comprehensive overview provides a detailed understanding of the significance,

challenges, and conservation aspects related to migratory birds.

1. Significance of Migratory Birds: The description emphasizes the positive impacts of

migratory birds, highlighting their role as seasonal guests that contribute to ecosystem
health and dynamics. The large influx of birds from various countries into India
underscores the importance of the country as a crucial stopover and wintering ground
along migratory routes.

2. Challenges Faced by Migratory Birds: The narrative effectively outlines the

impediments confronting migratory birds, such as habitat loss, climate change,
overexploitation of natural resources, and population pressure. Accelerated habitat
loss, particularly in critical areas like wetlands and natural grasslands, poses a
significant threat to migratory bird populations.
 3. Importance of Conservation Efforts: The discussion underscores the urgent need for
new approaches to address the adverse impacts and altered migration patterns of
migratory birds. It emphasizes the role of migratory bird species as indicators of the
health of the flyway region and the importance of preserving habitats and ecosystems
critical for their survival.

4. Identification of Important Sites: The identification of specific sites in India, such as

Pallikaranai, Pulicat Lake, Chilika Lagoon, Keoladeo National Park, and Khijadia
Bird Sanctuary, highlights the importance of these areas for migratory birds. These
sites serve as vital stopover points and wintering grounds, attracting diverse bird
species from different regions.

5. Examples of Migratory Bird Species: The narrative provides examples of migratory

bird species, including passage migrants like the spotted flycatcher and rufous-tailed
scrub robin, as well as notable species like the Amur Falcons and Siberian Cranes.
This illustrates the diversity and global significance of migratory birds passing
through India.

In summary, the review offers a comprehensive perspective on the importance, challenges,

and conservation implications associated with migratory birds, emphasizing the need for
concerted efforts to protect and conserve these avian species and their habitats.

Challenges

The challenges outlined highlight the multifaceted threats faced by migratory birds across
their habitats and migration routes, emphasizing the urgent need for conservation and
mitigation measures:

1. Illegal Poaching and Hunting: The poaching and hunting of migratory birds for eggs
and meat pose a significant threat to their populations. Lack of awareness among
locals about the importance of migratory birds exacerbates this issue, leading to
unsustainable practices driven by cultural or culinary preferences.
 2. Loss of Habitat and Nesting Sites: Habitat loss, including the degradation of water
bodies and wild habitats, reduces the availability of suitable nesting sites and foraging
grounds for migratory birds. The dwindling of minor habitats near human settlements
further compounds the problem, depriving birds of critical refuge areas.

3. Artificial Light Pollution: Increasing illumination at night disrupts migratory patterns

by disorienting birds, affecting their ability to navigate accurately. This interference
with natural cues can lead to birds becoming lost or exhausted during migration, with
potentially fatal consequences.

4. Environmental Degradation and Pollution: Degradation of the environment and

elevated pollutant levels pose significant threats to migratory birds. Pollution of water
bodies with pesticides and heavy metals can lead to improper hatching, reduced
reproductive success, and mortality among bird populations.

5. Food Availability and Quality: Encroachment and human interference in natural

habitats can lead to decreased availability of food resources for migratory birds.
Additionally, the accumulation of toxins and pollutants in prey species, such as fish
and insects, poses health risks to birds feeding on them, further compromising their
survival.

Addressing these challenges requires coordinated efforts at local, regional, and global levels
to implement conservation measures, raise awareness about the importance of migratory
birds, and mitigate anthropogenic impacts on their habitats. Protecting key habitats, enforcing
wildlife protection laws, promoting sustainable land use practices, and reducing light
pollution are essential steps in safeguarding migratory bird populations and ensuring their
continued survival for future generations.

Implementation

These proposed interventions offer a comprehensive approach to addressing the challenges

facing migratory birds, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts and sustainable
practices:
1. Long-term Monitoring Programmes: Implementing monitoring programs to track
migration trends and diseases in birds can provide valuable data for conservation
efforts and help identify potential threats to bird populations.

2. Education and Awareness: Educating the public, especially school children and youth,
about the significance of bird migrations and their impacts can foster a culture of
conservation and garner local support for bird nesting and conservation initiatives.

3. Regulation of Fishing Activity: Temporarily restricting or banning fishing activity in

critical habitats during migration seasons can reduce disturbance and mortality among
migratory bird populations.

4. Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture: Encouraging farmers to adopt sustainable

organic agriculture practices can minimize chemical contamination of water bodies
and prey base, ensuring a healthier environment for migratory birds.

5. Sustainable Landscape Management: Encouraging sustainable land use practices that

support migratory bird habitats and ecosystem services is essential for maintaining
healthy populations of migratory birds.

6. Conservation of Critical Habitats: Protecting and conserving wetlands, grasslands,

natural habitats, and forests with native species provides essential roosting and nesting
sites for migratory birds.

7. Plastic Pollution Control: Enforcing bans on single-use plastics and preventing the
dumping of plastics in water bodies can reduce the risk of ingestion and entanglement
for migratory birds.

8. International Cooperation: Strengthening rules, regulations, acts, and treaties among

nations and ensuring strict adherence to conservation measures can promote
coordinated efforts for the protection of migratory birds across their range.
 9. Use of Technology: Utilizing modern technologies like drones for monitoring and
tracking poachers can help deter illegal activities in areas where birds converge.

10. Reduction of Night Lights: Minimizing artificial light pollution along migration paths
can reduce disorientation and disturbance to migratory birds during their journeys.

11. Community Engagement: Promoting eco-clubs and citizen initiatives for awareness,
conservation, and protection of migratory birds and their habitats can foster a sense of
ownership and responsibility among local communities.

In summary, these interventions, when implemented collectively and effectively, can

contribute significantly to the conservation and protection of migratory birds and their
habitats, ensuring their continued survival and well-being for future generations.

REVIEW 4: IMPORTANCE OF MIGRATORY BIRDS IN AN ERA OF CLIMATE

CHANGE

Importance of migratory birds in an era of climate change - Optimize IAS

The presence of migratory birds in India adds a vibrant dimension to the rich avian
biodiversity of the country. With 1,349 recorded species of birds, India serves as a crucial
destination for many migratory species, with as many as 29 countries contributing to this
annual phenomenon. The arrival of these seasonal guests, typically during September-
October, marks the onset of migration, bringing with it not only a spectacle of nature but also
significant ecological benefits.

The fact that 78 bird species are endemic to India underscores the importance of the country's
diverse habitats in providing refuge and sustenance for various avian species. Moreover, with
212 species being globally threatened, India's role in conserving these birds becomes all the
more critical. Migratory birds, by traversing vast distances across continents, also play a
crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and contributing to various ecosystems they
inhabit or pass through.
However, while the influx of migratory birds signifies a positive aspect of nature's rhythm, it
also highlights the need for concerted conservation efforts. The threats faced by migratory
birds, such as habitat loss, climate change, and illegal hunting, underscore the urgency of
preserving their habitats and ensuring safe passage during migration.

In summary, the presence of migratory birds in India not only enriches its biodiversity but
also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across borders. Recognizing the
significance of these avian visitors is crucial for promoting conservation efforts and ensuring
the continued survival of both migratory and resident bird species.

Implementation

The impediments outlined significantly impact the survival and well-being of migratory
birds. The loss of suitable nesting places and food sources due to accelerated habitat loss is
particularly concerning. Migratory birds rely on these habitats not only for breeding but also
for resting and refuelling during their long journeys. The reduction in areas such as water
bodies, wetlands, natural grasslands, and forests directly affects the availability of critical
resources for migratory birds, making their survival more challenging.

Moreover, overexploitation and unsustainable use of natural resources exacerbate the

problem by further degrading habitats and reducing available food sources. Population
growth and urbanization contribute to habitat fragmentation and degradation, limiting the
spaces available for migratory birds. Climate change and increased weather variability further
compound these issues, affecting migratory routes, timing of migration, and availability of
resources.

The cumulative effect of these factors disrupts the entire life cycle of migratory birds, from
breeding and nesting to migration and wintering grounds. It increases the vulnerability of
these birds to extinction and threatens the overall biodiversity of ecosystems they inhabit or
pass through.

Addressing these impediments requires comprehensive conservation strategies that focus on

habitat restoration, sustainable resource management, and climate change mitigation.
Collaboration among governments, conservation organizations, and local communities is
essential to safeguarding migratory bird populations and ensuring their continued existence
for future generations.

Central Asian Flyway

The Central Asian Flyway (CAF) serves as a crucial migratory route for numerous bird
species, spanning across 30 countries, including India. This flyway encompasses diverse
biomes and habitats, ranging from the Arctic Ocean to the Indian Ocean, and includes
important wetland areas. Migratory birds utilizing the CAF face various challenges along
their journey, making them valuable indicators of the health and condition of the flyway
region.

The timing of migration along the CAF is influenced by environmental cues such as daylight
duration and food availability at breeding sites. As daylight decreases and food becomes
scarce in their breeding grounds, migratory birds initiate their journey towards wintering sites
in the South, including regions in India. The return migration typically begins in March or
April, allowing birds to navigate back to their breeding grounds for the next reproductive
season.

Migration itself serves as an adaptation mechanism for birds to cope with adverse weather
conditions and food scarcity in colder regions. By moving between breeding and wintering
grounds, birds can access resources and suitable habitats throughout the year, enhancing their
chances of survival and reproductive success.

The significance of bird migrations extends beyond the individual species, playing a crucial
role in maintaining the health and functioning of ecosystems along the CAF and beyond.
Birds contribute to various ecological processes such as seed dispersal, pollination, and
nutrient cycling, making them integral components of these ecosystems.

Protecting and conserving the habitats and resources along the Central Asian Flyway is
essential for the continued survival of migratory birds and the overall health of the
ecosystems they inhabit. This requires international cooperation, habitat restoration efforts,
and sustainable management practices to ensure the long-term viability of migratory bird
populations and their habitats.
These mentioned sites serve as crucial stopover points and wintering grounds for migratory
birds, attracting a diverse range of species from various parts of the world. Pallikaranai in
Chennai, Pulicat Lake on the Tamil Nadu-Andhra border, and Chilika Lagoon in Odisha are
renowned for hosting large congregations of migratory birds, including flamingoes, ducks,
and waders. These sites provide essential habitats and resources for birds during their
migration, offering feeding and resting areas vital for their journey.

Similarly, Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, and Khijadia Bird Sanctuary in
Jamnagar, Gujarat, are notable destinations for birdwatchers and conservationists due to their
significance as wintering grounds for migratory birds. These sites provide protected areas
where birds can find refuge from threats such as habitat loss and hunting, making them
crucial for the conservation of migratory species.

The examples of migratory birds provided, such as the Spotted Flycatcher, Rufous-tailed
Scrub Robin, and European Roller, highlight the diversity of species that migrate through
India. These birds undertake long and arduous journeys, traveling across continents to reach
their wintering grounds in Africa. The presence of species like the Amur Falcons and
Siberian Cranes further underscores India's importance as a stopover point for migratory
birds, particularly during the winter months.

Overall, these sites and species exemplify the interconnectedness of migratory bird
populations across different regions and the importance of preserving habitats and
ecosystems along their migration routes. Protecting these sites and implementing
conservation measures is essential for ensuring the continued survival of migratory birds and
maintaining biodiversity.

Importance of Migratory birds

The importance of migratory birds in ecosystems cannot be overstated, as they play diverse
and critical roles that contribute to the health and functioning of natural environments.

1. Pest Control: Migratory birds that raise broods often act as natural pest control agents
by consuming insects and other organisms harmful to the environment and crops.
 Their presence helps regulate insect populations, thus mitigating the risk of pest
outbreaks.

2. Disaster Prevention: The absence of migratory birds can lead to ecological

imbalances, contributing to disasters such as locust attacks. Birds play a crucial role in
controlling insect populations, which, when left unchecked, can result in widespread
agricultural damage.
3. Seed Dispersal: Migratory birds aid in the dispersal of seeds as they travel along their
migration routes. This contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity by facilitating
the spread of plant species across different habitats.

4. Transport of Fish Eggs: Ducks, among other migratory bird species, can inadvertently
transport fish eggs in their guts to new water bodies during their migrations. This can
help populate new habitats with fish, enhancing aquatic biodiversity.

5. Fertilization: The droppings of migratory birds, known as guano, are rich in nitrogen
and serve as organic fertilizers, enriching the soil and promoting plant growth.
Additionally, eggshells discarded by birds contribute essential minerals such as
calcium to the soil.

6. Ecological Impact: Migratory birds form both prey and predator bases in ecosystems
seasonally, influencing food webs and ecosystem dynamics. Their presence and
activities contribute to the balance and resilience of ecosystems.

7. Environmental Monitoring: The prevalence of migratory birds in an area can serve as

an indicator of the state of the environment. Changes in migratory patterns or
populations may reflect alterations in habitat quality, climate conditions, or the
presence of pollutants.

Overall, migratory birds play multifaceted roles in ecosystems, from regulating populations
and dispersing seeds to fertilizing soil and serving as indicators of environmental health.
Protecting and conserving habitats critical to migratory birds is essential for maintaining
ecological balance and biodiversity worldwide.
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, commonly

known as the Bonn Convention or CMS, represents a significant international effort to protect
migratory species, including birds, across their ranges. Here's a review of its relevance in the
context of migratory birds:

1. Global Conservation Framework: The CMS provides a comprehensive framework for

the conservation of migratory species on a global scale. By addressing the
conservation needs of terrestrial, aquatic, and avian migratory species, including
birds, it acknowledges the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the importance of
international cooperation in conservation efforts.

2. Protection of Threatened Species: The convention categorizes migratory species

threatened with extinction under Appendix I. Parties to the convention are committed
to strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring their habitats, mitigating
obstacles to migration, and addressing other factors that may endanger them. This
provides crucial protection for migratory bird species facing the risk of extinction.

3. International Cooperation: Migratory species listed under Appendix II of the

convention are those that require conservation and management, or would
significantly benefit from international cooperation. This includes many migratory
bird species whose conservation often requires collaborative efforts across national
boundaries. By facilitating cooperation among member states, the CMS promotes the
conservation of migratory birds throughout their migratory routes.

4. Legal Framework: The CMS establishes a legal framework for member states to work
together in conserving migratory species. It provides a platform for sharing best
practices, scientific research, and technical expertise related to the conservation and
management of migratory birds.

5. Membership and Governance: With 131 Member States as of September 2020, the
CMS has achieved widespread international participation. The Government of the
 Federal Republic of Germany serves as the depositary of the convention. This broad
membership underscores the global commitment to conserving migratory species and
highlights the importance placed on addressing transboundary conservation
challenges.

In summary, the CMS plays a crucial role in the conservation of migratory birds by providing
a global framework for cooperation, protection, and management. It serves as a vital
instrument for addressing the conservation needs of migratory species and mitigating threats
to their survival across their migration routes.

India with CMS

India's involvement with the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild
Animals (CMS) demonstrates its commitment to the conservation of migratory birds and their
habitats. Here's a review of India's engagement with CMS in the context of migratory birds:

1. Hosting CMS COP-13: By hosting the 13th Conference of Parties (COP) of the CMS
in February 2020 in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India showcased its dedication to
international cooperation in conserving migratory species. The choice of theme,
"Migratory species connect the planet and we welcome them home," highlights India's
recognition of the importance of migratory birds in global ecosystems.

2. Mascot - The Great Indian Bustard: The selection of Gibi, the Great Indian Bustard,
as the mascot for CMS COP-13 underscores India's focus on conserving critically
endangered species. The Great Indian Bustard, a migratory bird species, symbolizes
the broader conservation efforts aimed at protecting habitats critical for migratory
birds.

3. Legal Framework and Conservation Efforts: India's commitment to the conservation

of migratory birds is evident through its legal framework and conservation initiatives.
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, provides legal protection to migratory bird species
like the Great Indian Bustard, offering them the highest protection status under
Schedule I.
 4. Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs): India's signing of non-legally binding MoUs
with CMS on the conservation and management of various migratory species,
including Siberian Cranes, Marine Turtles, Dugongs, and Raptors, reflects its
proactive approach to international cooperation in migratory bird conservation. These
MoUs facilitate collaboration and coordination among countries for the conservation
of shared migratory species.

Overall, India's engagement with CMS demonstrates its recognition of the importance of
migratory birds and its commitment to conserving these species and their habitats. Through
hosting international conferences, adopting thematic approaches, and signing MoUs, India
contributes to global efforts aimed at safeguarding migratory birds for future generations.

Private sector

Review 5: The Effects of Climate Change on Birds and Approaches to Response

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1011/1/012054/pdf

The paper discusses the significant negative impacts of climate change on bird species, with a
particular emphasis on migratory birds. It highlights that birds are highly responsive to
climate perturbations and are facing increasing risks of extinction due to rising temperatures.
The research suggests that a 3.5-degree Celsius temperature increase by 2100 could lead to
the extinction of 600-900 bird species, with the majority of these extinctions occurring in
tropical regions. Captive birds with limited temperature variation and low metabolic rates are
identified as particularly vulnerable to climate change.

Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the vital roles that birds play in ecosystems and human
well-being, such as public hygiene, pest control, and plant reproduction. It mentions studies
on changes in bird behaviours, such as timing of egg-laying, distribution, population, and
migration patterns, which are attributed to climate change. Additionally, indirect effects of
climate change, such as impacts on food resources and disease transmission, are discussed as
exacerbating factors contributing to bird extinction.
In terms of mitigation strategies, the paper proposes solutions from various stakeholders,
including governments, enterprises, and the public. These solutions aim to address the
negative impacts of climate change on bird species through measures such as habitat
conservation, disease management, and promoting public awareness and participation in
conservation efforts.

Overall, the paper underscores the urgent need for collaborative action to mitigate the
detrimental effects of climate change on migratory birds and emphasizes the importance of
addressing this issue from multiple angles to ensure the protection and conservation of bird
species in the face of a changing climate.

Effects of climate change on Migratory birds

The article highlights the sensitivity of birds, particularly migratory species, to climate
change. It notes that satellite tracking techniques have revealed changing temperatures as the
primary driver of song crane migration. Research indicates a negative correlation between
average monthly temperature and the first arrival date of birds, suggesting that warmer
temperatures lead to earlier arrivals.

Furthermore, the paper discusses how climate change affects migration timing and wintering
site selection for migratory birds. It states that for some European bird species, spring
migration arrival times advance by two days for every 1°C increase in average temperature.
Long-distance migratory birds arrive approximately 13 days earlier on average, while short-
distance migratory birds arrive about 4 days earlier.

The text also mentions the Arctic amplification effect, wherein Arctic temperatures are
expected to rise more rapidly than the global average. This prompts migratory birds, such as
geese, to adjust their migration patterns by leaving wintering grounds and stopover sites
earlier. They extend their stay in the Arctic as a result.

Moreover, climate change is anticipated to impact the spatial distribution of habitats and
resources for migratory birds. Breeding and staging habitats are likely to shift northward as
temperatures rise.
Overall, the discussion underscores how climate change influences the timing, routes, and
duration of migration for birds, emphasizing the need for further research and conservation
efforts to address these challenges.

Climate Change

This article highlights how climate change is contributing to the increased risk of disease
transmission among bird populations. It discusses research findings that demonstrate the
redistribution of wild birds due to climate-induced habitat changes, leading to the spread of
avian diseases.

Furthermore, the passage mentions studies indicating that rising temperatures associated with
climate change are creating favourable conditions for disease transmission in higher altitude
regions, posing risks to bird species inhabiting these areas. In Hawaii, increasing
temperatures have expanded the geographic distribution of avian malaria transmission,
putting species at elevations between 1500 to 1800 meters at higher risk of infection.

The review underscores the complex interplay between climate change, habitat shifts, and
disease transmission among bird populations. It emphasizes the need for further research and
proactive measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change on avian health and prevent
disease outbreaks among both resident and migratory bird species.

Government Intervention

The passage advocates for government intervention to address climate change and its impact
on the distribution of migratory birds. It emphasizes the importance of developing effective
policies to maintain stable temperature conditions for migratory bird habitats.

One proposed solution is to reduce carbon emissions, which are identified as a significant
contributor to increased temperatures. The passage suggests that governments can achieve
this by enacting laws and regulations aimed at decreasing the use of fossil fuels, improving
energy efficiency, promoting the development of renewable energy sources, and controlling
methane emissions from water bodies and landfills.

Furthermore, the passage highlights the role of public awareness and education campaigns in
addressing climate change. Governments are encouraged to engage in publicity and
educational initiatives to increase public awareness of climate change issues, potentially
leading to greater support for policy measures aimed at mitigating its effects on migratory
bird populations.

Overall, the review emphasizes the need for proactive government action to combat climate
change and protect the habitats of migratory birds. It suggests a combination of regulatory
measures and public outreach efforts to address the underlying causes of climate change and
minimize its impact on bird migration patterns.

Role of Birds

This paper highlights the significant role of birds in maintaining ecological balance and
emphasizes the adverse effects of climate change on bird populations. It discusses various
impacts of climate change on birds, such as alterations in migration patterns, habitat
disruption, increased disease transmission risk, phenological mismatches, and changes in
food availability.

The paper also proposes measures to mitigate the impact of environmental change on birds. It
suggests that governments should develop policies to address climate change, while
companies should comply with relevant laws and regulations. Additionally, it advocates for
personal actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as adopting low-carbon travel
practices.

Overall, the review underscores the importance of raising awareness about the severity of
climate change's effects on birds. It suggests that increased awareness can lead to changes in
government policies and public behaviour, ultimately aiding in the protection of birds and the
preservation of species diversity.

Review 6: Climate change could deal body blow to migratory birds

https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2018/02/21/climate-change-deal-body-blow-migratory-
birds/
In the coastal state of Odisha, the midday temperatures in February in Chilika Lagoon soar to
34 degrees Celsius, causing the 0.9 million migratory birds that winter there to depart early.
This is in contrast to their usual pattern of staying to breed or linger to gain weight for their
return flights. According to S. Balachandran, an expert from the Bombay Natural History
Society, there has been a noticeable change in Chilika's winter temperatures, which are
currently 3–4 degrees Celsius higher than they were 20 years ago. This has interfered with the
migratory birds' gradual adaptation process, as some of them travel up to 11,000 kilometres
to reach the lake. This is made worse by climate change, which modifies rainfall patterns and
hence changes the salinity of brackish water and, in turn, the food sources available to
various bird species.

Endangered due to climate change

According to Bird Life International, there is a serious threat to the world's bird populations
from climate change, which exacerbates pre-existing conditions that put one in eight bird
species at risk globally. According to predictions, the effects of climate change might drive
out 15% to 37% of bird species by 2050; for every degree that temperatures rise, there is a
chance that 100–500 bird species could disappear. Many species' threshold for flexibility has
been surpassed by the present rate of climate change, severely jeopardizing their survival.
Changes in habitat and food availability brought on by climate change interfere with
important life cycles, such the timing of insect emergence, which affects bird nesting and
egg-laying habits.

Migratory disadvantage

Unlike resident species that may adjust more readily to changes in food cycles, migratory
birds are particularly vulnerable to the challenges posed by climate change. Flying in from
different countries to winter in places like Chilika, migrants must carefully coordinate the
date of their travel with the life cycles of the food sources at breeding and stopover sites.
With its varying effects on different places, climate change deprives migrating birds of
distinct cues, potentially leading to migration failure or fatality. Long-distance migratory
birds find it difficult to adapt; short- and medium-distance migrants may adjust by adopting
longer but more sustainable routes.
Research findings, such as the five-year BNHS study on the bird population in Chilika, show
that some wintering populations are partially migrating to areas further south, with some
species, such the Black-tailed Godwit, showing falling tendencies. With Chilika holding a
large body of water year-round, it is challenging to make precise generalizations due to the
difficulty of adaptation in the face of climate variability, as seen by changes in arrival times
and falling populations of specific species. Chilika's bird census shows a reduction in species
richness despite its significance as a perennial lake and an important habitat for many bird
species, underscoring the urgency of conservation efforts in the face of increasing climate
change consequences.

Ocean warming
Scientists caution that increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as heatwaves,
floods, and cyclones, along with ocean warming, would seriously alter ecosystems like
Chilika Lake by upsetting the food chain. As a result of climate change, sea level rise poses a
threat to engulf entire island ecosystems and coastal habitats that are vital to migrating birds,
possibly depriving them of food after thousands of kilometres of flight. Balachandran draws
attention to the likelihood that rising sea levels may cause Nalabana, a significant bird island
in Chilika, to sink in the ensuing decades.

According to 2016 conservation research, the Bay of Bengal has seen the greatest annual rise
in sea level along the Indian coast. Future predictions show that this may result in the
inundation of a sizable portion of Odisha's agricultural land, especially in areas like Puri that
are vulnerable. Furthermore, variations in water temperature may cause additional
disturbances to aquatic biodiversity, exacerbating the difficulties encountered by migratory
birds and the ecosystems they rely on.

Searching for a standby bird habitat

As the unique seasonal cycle of the bird sanctuary makes clear, finding an island for
migrating birds that has an ecological profile similar to Nalabana presents considerable
obstacles. During the monsoon, nalabana completely submerges itself; it then emerges during
winter and persists until late summer, affecting the growth and accessibility of food sources
that are essential for attracting visiting birds. Nalabana is a perfect bird habitat because of the
hydrological fluctuations that impact the survival and reproduction of insects and submerged
weeds.
But human actions like urbanization and development projects exacerbate the effects of
climate change by changing land use patterns and causing deforestation, which makes
migratory birds' struggles much more severe. Balachandran highlights the difficulty of
estimating these effects in the face of human interference in natural ecosystems and the
necessity of taking these anthropogenic variables into account in addition to climate change
when assessing their impact on biodiversity, including bird populations.

Research questionnaire:

1. Age:

- Under 18

- 18-25

- 26-35

- 35 and above

2. Gender:

- Male

- Female

- Non-binary / Other

3. Geographic Location:

- Urban

- Suburban

- Rural

- Coastal

- Other (please specify)

Knowledge of Migratory Birds:

4. How familiar are you with migratory bird species?

- Very familiar

- Somewhat familiar

- Not very familiar

- Not familiar at all

5. Have you ever observed or interacted with migratory birds in their natural habitat?

- Yes

- No

Climate Change Awareness:

6. How concerned are you about the impact of climate change on wildlife, including
migratory birds?

- Extremely concerned

- Moderately concerned

- Slightly concerned

- Not concerned

7. In your opinion, what are the primary factors contributing to climate change that
affect migratory bird populations? (Check all that apply)

- Temperature changes

- Habitat loss

- Changes in precipitation patterns

 - Pollution

- Other (please specify)

Observations of Migratory Birds:

8. Have you noticed any changes in the behaviour or migration patterns of migratory
birds in your area in recent years?

- Yes

- No

9. How do you think climate change affects the ecosystems that migratory birds rely on
during their migration?

- Positive impact

- Negative impact

- No impact

- Not sure

10. Are there any local or global conservation efforts in place to protect migratory bird
populations in your area?

- Yes

- No

- Not sure

11. What steps, if any, do you take personally to mitigate the impacts of climate change
on migratory birds or their habitats?

- Habitat conservation and restoration

- Bird friendly garden
- Reduce pollution
- Reduce global warming
- Donate fund for bird conservatories
- Other

12. Would you be interested in learning more about how you can contribute to the
conservation of migratory bird populations?

- Yes

- No

Additional Comments:

13. Is there anything else you would like to share about the impact of climate change on
migratory birds or any related topics?

Google forms: https://forms.gle/R5KgV2CJkGh6Tcp19

Survey report:
Is there anything else you would like to share about the impact of climate change on
migratory birds or any related topics?

 no
 yes
 government schemes
 government programs
 Migratory birds rely on environmental cues like temperature and daylight to time their
migrations.
 awareness programs
 lest bothered
 Awareness programs
 government action
 conservative measures
 conservative policies and sanctuaries
 conservative steps and government actions is needed
 no comments
 government schemes and awareness programs for conservation
 conservatives measures
 climate control is much need
 climate control and government attention
  climate control
 reduce pollution
 climate change alters habitats through factors like rising temperatures, changes in
precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events.
 policies and schemes
 Climate change can disrupt these cues, causing birds to migrate earlier or later than
usual, or even change their traditional migration routes.
 Warmer temperatures can expand the ranges of some bird species while contracting
the ranges of others.
 Climate change affects the availability of food sources for migratory birds, such as
insects, fruits, and seeds.

Conclusion: