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    Bio Notes Class X Dps

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    Yousuf Azmain

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    Bio Notes Class X Dps

    Uploaded by

    Yousuf Azmain
    9 views2 pages

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    bio notes class x dps

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    9 views2 pages

    Bio Notes Class X Dps

    Uploaded by

    Yousuf Azmain

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    1.

    Types of Reproduction

    A. Asexual Reproduction

     Definition: Reproduction without the involvement of gametes (sex cells).

     Methods:

    o Binary Fission: Single-celled organisms (e.g., bacteria) divide into two identical cells.

    o Budding: New organisms grow from a part of the parent (e.g., yeast, hydra).

    o Fragmentation: Organisms split into fragments, each of which can develop into a
    new individual (e.g., starfish).

    o Vegetative Propagation: New plants grow from parts of the parent plant (e.g.,
    runners in strawberries).

    B. Sexual Reproduction

     Definition: Involves the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in offspring with
    genetic material from both parents.

     Process:

    o Meiosis: Formation of gametes (sperm and egg) with half the number of
    chromosomes as the parent cell.

    o Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote with a complete set of
    chromosomes.

    2. Sexual Reproduction in Animals

    A. Reproductive Systems

     Male Reproductive System: Produces sperm and delivers it to the female. Key structures
    include testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and penis.

     Female Reproductive System: Produces eggs, provides a site for fertilization, and supports
    fetal development. Key structures include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

    B. Reproductive Cycles

     Menstrual Cycle: Monthly cycle in females involving ovulation, menstruation, and


    preparation for potential pregnancy.

     Estrous Cycle: Reproductive cycle in some mammals, including heat periods when females
    are fertile.

    3. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

    A. Flower Structure

     Male Parts: Stamens (anther and filament) produce pollen.

     Female Parts: Pistil (stigma, style, ovary) contains ovules.

    B. Pollination
     Definition: Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

     Types:

    o Self-Pollination: Pollen transfers within the same flower or between flowers of the
    same plant.

    o Cross-Pollination: Pollen is transferred between flowers of different plants.

    C. Fertilization

     Process: Pollen germinates on the stigma, grows down the style, and fuses with the ovule in
    the ovary to form seeds.

    4. Development and Growth

    A. Animal Development

     Embryonic Development: Zygote undergoes cleavage, forming a blastula, which then


    develops into a gastrula and further differentiates into various tissues and organs.

     Gestation: The period of development in the uterus from fertilization to birth.

    B. Plant Development

     Seed Germination: Activation of the seed and growth into a seedling.

     Growth: Involves the development of roots, stems, and leaves, as well as flowering and seed
    production.

    5. Genetic Variation

    A. Importance of Variation

     Genetic Variation: Essential for evolution and adaptation. It arises through processes like
    crossing over during meiosis and random fertilization.

    B. Inheritance Patterns

     Mendelian Inheritance: Patterns of inheritance described by Gregor Mendel involving


    dominant and recessive traits.

     Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Includes incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple


    alleles.

    6. Reproductive Strategies

    A. r-Strategy

     Definition: Organisms produce many offspring with little parental investment (e.g., insects,
    fish).

    B. K-Strategy

     Definition: Organisms produce fewer offspring with significant parental investment (e.g.,
    mammals, birds).

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