Internn

MVJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU – 560067
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and communication Engineering
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
“Railway Signal Designing (Outdoor Particulars)
And OSI Model”
Submitted by
ABHAY GOWDA M D
1MJ21EC002
Under the guidance of
Prof. Lakshmi Priya C V
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
MVJ College of Engineering
In Partial fulfillment for the award of degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATON ENGINEERING
2023-24
MVJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU- 560067
(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the internship titled “Railway Signal Designing (Outdoor Particulars)
And OSI Model” was carried out by ABHAY GOWDA M D (1MJ21EC002), in
partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics
and Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all corrections/ suggestions
indicated during the internal assessment have been incorporated in the internship
report deposited in the department library. The internship report has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of internship work prescribed by the
institution for the said degree.
Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Prof. Lakshmi Priya C V Dr. Sajithra Varun S Dr. Suresh Babu V
Assistant Professor Head of the Department
Principal
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE
MVJ college of
MVJ college of MVJ college of Engineering
Engineering
Engineering Bangalore - 560067
Bangalore - 560067
Bangalore - 560067
DECLARATION
I, ABHAY GOWDA M D (1MJ21EC002) student of Sixth Semester B.E.,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MVJ College of
Engineering, Bengaluru-560067, hereby declare that the internship titled “Railway
Signal Designing (Outdoor Particulars) And OSI Model” has been carried out by
me and submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering in during the year 2023-
2024.
Further I declare that the content of the report has not been submitted previously by
anybody for the award of any degree or diploma to any other University.
Place: Bengaluru
Date:
Name Signature
ABHAY GOWDA M D (1MJ21EC002)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am indebted to our guide, Prof. Lakshmi Priya C V, Assistant Professor,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for her whole hearted
support, suggestion and invaluable advice throughout the Internship and also for the
help in the preparation of this report.
My sincere thanks to Dr. Sajithra Varun S, Professor and Head of Department,

Electronics and Communication Engineering MVJCE for her support and
encouragement.
I express sincere gratitude to our beloved Principal, Dr. Suresh Babu V for his
appreciation towards the internship.
I thank all the technical and non-technical staff of Electronics and Communication
Engineering department, MVJCE for their help.
ABSTRACT
Railway signal designing, particularly focusing on outdoor particulars, is essential for the
safe and efficient operation of train networks. This field involves the meticulous
placement and configuration of various signals—such as stop, caution, and proceed
signals—that guide train movements and prevent collisions. The OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model, a seven-layer conceptual framework for standardizing
telecommunications and computing functions, can significantly enhance the design and
operation of railway signaling systems. In the railway signaling context, the OSI model's
layers can be mapped as follows: the Physical Layer involves the hardware infrastructure
of railway signals, ensuring robust and reliable physical connections; the Data Link Layer
focuses on establishing reliable communication protocols between signaling hardware;
the Network Layer ensures the correct routing and switching of control messages between
different signaling devices and central control systems; the Transport Layer is responsible
for the reliable transmission of control data, ensuring accurate and sequential delivery of
messages for synchronized signal and train operations; the Session Layer manages
interactions between different signaling systems, coordinating signal changes and train
operations; the Presentation Layer ensures that data communicated between signaling
systems is correctly formatted and translated; and the Application Layer interfaces with
railway signaling control software, allowing operators to monitor and manage signal
statuses, schedule train movements, and respond to emergencies. Integrating the OSI
model into railway signal designing provides a structured and scalable system
architecture, enhancing the ability to diagnose and resolve issues, supporting the adoption
of new technologies, and improving overall communication and coordination within the
railway network. This integration results in a more reliable, efficient, and safe signaling
system, ultimately contributing to the smooth operation of railway services.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.
Abstract
List of figures
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Literature 4
1.2 Motivation 7
1.3 Objectives 9
1.4 Methodology 11
1.5 Overview of Organization 14
CHAPTER 2 TASK PERFORMED 15

2.1 Learning Experience 16
2.2 Knowledge Acquired 19
2.3 Need of Network system 20
CHAPTER 3 NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 21

3.1 OSI Model 22
3.2 Layers of OSI Model 23
CHAPTER 4 SIGNAL DESIGNING 28

4.1 Software and Signaling 29
4.2 Control Panel 31
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 32
5.1 Conclusion 33
Appendix 34
LIST OF FIGURES
SI. NO. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

3.1.1 OSI Layers 22
3.1.2 Physical Layer 23
3.1.3 Data Link Layer 25
4.1 Sample signal design 1 30
4.4 Control Pannel 31
South Western Railways Bangalore Division
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Department of ECE 2023-2024 Page | 1

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Railway Signal Designing (Outdoor Particulars)
Railway signal designing, particularly for outdoor applications, is an essential component

of railway operations. The primary purpose of railway signals is to ensure the safe and
efficient movement of trains across the railway network. Signals provide critical
information to train operators about track conditions, speed limits, and potential hazards,
thereby preventing collisions and optimizing traffic flow.
Importance of Outdoor Signal Design
1. Safety: Railway signals are pivotal for the safety of train operations. They convey
vital instructions that enable train operators to make informed decisions and avoid
accidents.
2. Efficiency: Efficiently designed signals help maintain a smooth and timely train
schedule, minimizing delays and enhancing the overall flow of rail traffic.
3. Reliability: High reliability is crucial in railway signalling to prevent operational

disruptions. This involves the use of durable materials and technologies that can
withstand various environmental conditions.
Components of Railway Signal Design
1. Signal Posts and Gantries: These structures support the signals, ensuring
visibility to train operators from a distance. The design must account for factors
such as weather conditions to maintain visibility.
2. Signal Lights: Signal lights use different types of bulbs, such as LEDs or
incandescent bulbs, to display various signal aspects (stop, caution, go). LEDs are
commonly used due to their longevity and energy efficiency.

3. Control Systems: These systems manage signal changes in response to train

movements and other conditions, including interlocking systems that prevent
conflicting train movements.
4. Communication Networks: Reliable communication networks are essential for

signals to transmit data quickly and accurately to central control systems and other
signals.
OSI Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to

standardize the functions of telecommunication or computing systems. It consists of
seven layers, each responsible for specific network functions, ensuring seamless data
exchange across a network.
Layers of the OSI Model
1. Physical Layer: Manages the physical connection between devices, including

transmission of raw data bits over mediums like cables or radio frequencies. In
railway signalling, it involves hardware such as signal posts and communication
cables.
2. Data Link Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer between two directly connected
nodes, handling error detection and correction. It ensures accurate data
transmission from signals to control systems.
3. Network Layer: Responsible for routing data from one node to another,
determining the best data paths. It manages communication paths between signals
and control centers.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures complete data transfer with error checking and flow
control, crucial for reliable command transmission in railway signals.
5. Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications, establishing and

terminating connections as needed. It handles continuous data exchange between
signalling devices and control systems.

6. Presentation Layer: Translates data between the application layer and the
network format, ensuring readable data for the application layer. It formats data
from signalling devices for control software.
7. Application Layer: Interfaces directly with end users, providing network

services. It includes software used by operators to monitor and manage signal
statuses and train movements.
Application in Railway Signal Designing
Integrating the OSI model into railway signal designing offers several benefits:
1. Structured System Architecture: Provides a clear framework for organizing

signalling system components, facilitating management and upgrades.
2. Enhanced Interoperability: Standardizes communication protocols and data

formats for seamless operation of different signalling devices and systems.
3. Improved Reliability and Safety: Each OSI layer includes mechanisms for error
detection, correction, and data integrity, essential for safe railway operations.
4. Scalability: The OSI model's modular nature allows for easy system expansion
and integration of new technologies without disrupting existing systems.
1.1 Literature
The design and implementation of railway signals have evolved significantly over the
years, driven by the need for safer and more efficient railway operations. Numerous
studies have focused on different aspects of railway signal designing, particularly
outdoor signalling, to address the challenges and improve the systems.
Historical Development of Railway Signalling
Early railway signals were manually operated and relied on simple mechanical
devices. The introduction of electric signals marked a significant advancement,
providing more reliable and visible signalling options. According to Cooper (2003),
the transition from mechanical to electric signalling systems dramatically improved
the safety and efficiency of railway operations.

Technological Advancements
Recent advancements in technology have further enhanced railway signal design. The use
of LED lights, for instance, has become prevalent due to their long lifespan and energy
efficiency. LED signals provide better visibility in various weather conditions, as
highlighted by Smith et al. (2011). Additionally, the integration of microprocessors and
advanced control systems has enabled more sophisticated signal management and
automation.
Communication Networks
Effective communication networks are essential for the seamless operation of railway
signals. Recent studies have explored the use of wireless communication technologies to
enhance signal connectivity and reliability. According to Patel et al. (2016), wireless
networks offer a flexible and cost-effective solution for managing signal data
transmission, especially in remote or challenging environments.
OSI Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, established by the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, has been widely adopted as a framework
for understanding and designing network protocols. Numerous studies have analysed the
application and impact of the OSI model in various fields, including telecommunications
and computing systems.
Historical Context and Development
The development of the OSI model was driven by the need for a standardized approach to
network communication. Early research by Tanenbaum (1981) provided a comprehensive
overview of the model's seven layers, each responsible for specific network functions.
The model's hierarchical structure facilitated the development and integration of
compatible network protocols.

Layer Functions and Protocols
Each layer of the OSI model has been extensively studied to understand its functions and
associated protocols. For example, the Physical Layer, responsible for the physical
connection between devices, has been explored in terms of various transmission mediums
such as copper wires, fiber optics, and wireless communication (Kurose & Ross, 2013).
Similarly, the Data Link Layer, which ensures reliable data transfer, has been examined
through protocols like Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
OSI Model in Network Design
The OSI model has been instrumental in designing and analysing network systems.
According to Stallings (2017), the model's layered approach allows for modular design,
where each layer can be developed and tested independently before integration. This
modularity has proven beneficial in both academic research and practical applications.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite its widespread adoption, the OSI model has faced criticism and challenges. Some
researchers argue that the model is overly complex and not always practical for real-
world applications. For instance, in the field of Internet protocols, the simpler TCP/IP
model is often preferred due to its more straightforward and efficient design (Comer,
2000). However, the OSI model's comprehensive framework continues to be valuable for
understanding and teaching network concepts.
Application in Modern Technologies
The principles of the OSI model remain relevant in the context of modern technologies.
With the advent of new communication technologies such as 5G and the Internet of
Things (IoT), the model provides a foundational understanding for designing and
implementing these advanced systems. Recent studies have explored how the OSI model
can be adapted to address the specific requirements and challenges of these emerging
technologies (Zhao & Sun, 2019).

1.2 MOTIVATION
The motivation behind the design and implementation of railway signals, particularly
outdoor particulars, stems from the need to enhance the safety, efficiency, and reliability
of railway operations. Several factors drive this motivation:
Safety Concerns:
 Railway safety is paramount, and signals play a critical role in preventing

accidents and collisions. The primary motivation for improving railway signal
design is to ensure the safety of passengers, train operators, and railway
infrastructure.
 Historical accidents due to signal failures have underscored the importance of
robust and reliable signalling systems. For instance, the tragic rail accidents
caused by signal misinterpretations have driven the development of more
advanced and fail-safe signalling technologies.
Operational Efficiency:
 Efficient railway signal design directly impacts the punctuality and smooth flow
of train services. Signals help manage train traffic, prevent bottlenecks, and ensure
timely arrivals and departures.
 The motivation to optimize signal placement and functionality is driven by the

need to handle increasing rail traffic volumes and complex railway networks
without compromising safety or efficiency.
Regulatory and Compliance Requirements:
 Adherence to national and international safety standards and regulations is a

significant motivator for improving railway signal design. Compliance with these
standards ensures that railway operations meet the highest safety and performance
benchmarks.
 Regulatory bodies often mandate periodic upgrades and maintenance of signalling
systems, driving continuous improvement and innovation in signal design.

OSI Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model serves as a foundational framework for
understanding and standardizing network communication protocols. The motivation for
utilizing and studying the OSI model is multifaceted:
Standardization and Interoperability:
 One of the primary motivations behind the OSI model is to standardize network
communication protocols, ensuring interoperability between different systems and
devices. By providing a common framework, the OSI model allows diverse
hardware and software components to work together seamlessly.
 Standardization reduces complexity and facilitates the integration of new
technologies into existing systems, promoting a more cohesive and efficient
network infrastructure.
Enhanced Security:
 Understanding the OSI model is crucial for developing robust network security
strategies. Each layer presents unique security challenges and opportunities, and a
comprehensive understanding of these layers enables the design of effective
security measures.
 The motivation to study the OSI model is driven by the need to protect sensitive
data and ensure the integrity and confidentiality of network communications.
Modular Design and Development:
 The OSI model promotes a modular approach to network design and

development. Each layer can be developed, tested, and upgraded independently,
facilitating innovation and flexibility.
 This modularity enables network engineers to adopt and integrate new

technologies without overhauling the entire system, ensuring that networks remain
up-to-date and capable of meeting evolving demands.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives of railway signal designing, particularly for outdoor applications,
revolve around enhancing safety, efficiency, and reliability in railway operations. One of
the foremost objectives is to improve safety by preventing accidents through the design
and implementation of signalling systems that provide clear and reliable instructions to
train operators. This involves enhancing signal visibility in all weather conditions and
integrating fail-safe mechanisms that ensure signals default to a safe state in case of
malfunctions or power failures.
Increasing operational efficiency is another critical objective. This includes optimizing

traffic flow to reduce delays and congestion on the railway network, implementing
advanced control systems that automate signal operations to minimize human error, and
establishing real-time monitoring capabilities to track signal status and train movements
for prompt issue resolution. Improving the reliability and durability of signals is also
essential, which can be achieved by using weather-resistant materials, developing systems
that facilitate easy maintenance and diagnostics, and utilizing long-lasting components
such as LED lights.
Modern technology integration is a key objective as well. This includes the

implementation of wireless communication networks to enhance connectivity and
reliability of signal data transmission, the use of advanced sensors to detect train presence
and track conditions accurately, and employing data analytics to analyse signal
performance and track usage patterns for continuous improvement. Ensuring compliance
with national and international railway safety standards and regulations is also a crucial
objective, along with promoting the use of standardized components and protocols to
ensure interoperability between different signalling systems and equipment.
The objectives of utilizing the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model in network
communication are centered around standardization, interoperability, and systematic
design and troubleshooting of network systems. One key objective is to provide a
standardized framework for developing and implementing network protocols, ensuring
consistency and compatibility across different systems. This framework facilitates the

creation of new protocols adhering to the OSI model’s layered structure, promoting
innovation while maintaining compatibility.
Enhancing interoperability is another significant objective, ensuring that network devices

and systems from different manufacturers can communicate seamlessly, thereby reducing
integration challenges. The modular design promoted by the OSI model allows for
independent development, testing, and upgrades of each layer. Improving network
reliability and security is also vital, achieved through systematic troubleshooting using
the OSI model to isolate and resolve network issues efficiently, and implementing layered
security measures to protect against various cyber threats and vulnerabilities.
Facilitating education and understanding of network communication is another important

objective. The OSI model provides a clear and structured framework that simplifies the
complexity of network systems, making it easier for students and professionals to grasp
and apply networking principles. Supporting future network developments is also a key
objective, ensuring the OSI model remains adaptable to emerging technologies and
scalable to accommodate growing data traffic and expanding network infrastructure.
Finally, promoting efficient network management is essential. The OSI model helps
optimize network performance, ensuring efficient data transmission and minimizing
latency, while facilitating effective resource allocation and management by providing a
clear framework for understanding network requirements and capabilities. By focusing on
these objectives, railway signal systems can ensure safe and smooth train operations,
while the OSI model provides a robust foundation for developing and managing network
communication systems.
The objectives of railway signal designing (outdoor particulars) and the OSI model are
geared towards enhancing safety, efficiency, reliability, and interoperability. By focusing
on these objectives, railway signal systems can ensure safe and smooth train operations,
while the OSI model provides a robust foundation for developing and managing network
communication systems.

1.4 METHODOLOGY
The methodology for railway signal designing, particularly for outdoor applications,
involves a comprehensive approach that includes planning, design, testing,
implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is crucial for ensuring the safety,
efficiency, and reliability of the railway signalling system.
Planning and Requirements Analysis:
 Site Survey: Conduct thorough site surveys to understand the geographical and
environmental conditions where the signals will be installed.
 Requirements Gathering: Identify and document the specific requirements of
the railway network, including traffic density, train speeds, and operational
constraints.
 Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that the design meets all relevant national and
international safety standards and regulations.
Design and Specification:
 Signal Placement: Determine the optimal placement of signals based on the site
survey and requirements analysis. This includes deciding the distances between
signals, visibility considerations, and line-of-sight requirements.
 Technology Selection: Choose appropriate technologies for the signals, such as
LED lights for visibility and longevity, and microprocessor-based control systems
for automation and reliability.
 Interlocking Systems: Design interlocking systems to prevent conflicting train
movements. This involves creating a detailed plan for how signals will interact
with track switches and other signalling equipment.
 Power Supply: Design a robust power supply system for the signals, including
backup power options to ensure continuous operation in case of power failures.
Operation and Maintenance:

 Monitoring: Establish continuous monitoring systems to track the performance of

the signals and detect any issues in real time.
 Routine Maintenance: Develop and implement a routine maintenance schedule

to inspect and service the signals regularly, ensuring their ongoing reliability and
performance.
OSI Model
The methodology for applying the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model in network
communication involves a structured approach to designing, implementing, and managing
network systems. Each step ensures that the network operates efficiently, reliably, and
securely.
Requirements Analysis and Planning:
 Network Requirements: Identify and document the specific requirements for the
network, including the types of data to be transmitted, expected traffic volumes,
and performance criteria.
 Layered Approach: Plan the network design using the OSI model’s seven layers:
Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
Each layer will be designed to handle specific functions and protocols.
Design and Specification:
 Physical Layer Design: Determine the physical medium for data transmission,
such as copper cables, fiber optics, or wireless technologies. Specify the hardware
components required, including routers, switches, and network interfaces.
 Data Link Layer Design: Design the data link protocols to ensure reliable data
transfer between adjacent network nodes. This includes selecting protocols such
as Ethernet or Wi-Fi and configuring MAC addresses and VLANs.
 Network Layer Design: Develop the network layer to handle data routing and
addressing. This involves choosing IP addressing schemes, routing protocols, and
designing the overall network topology.

 Transport Layer Design: Specify the transport layer protocols, such as TCP or
UDP, to manage end-to-end communication and data flow control. Configure port
numbers and establish quality of service (QoS) parameters.
 Session, Presentation, and Application Layers Design: Design the higher layers
to manage sessions, data representation, and application-specific protocols. This
includes setting up session management mechanisms, data encryption, and
application interfaces.
Implementation and Integration:
 Hardware Installation: Install the physical hardware components according to

the design specifications. This includes setting up routers, switches, and network
cables.
 Software Configuration: Configure the software components for each OSI layer.
This involves setting up network protocols, security measures, and application
services.
 Integration: Integrate all layers to ensure seamless communication and

interoperability. Test the integration to verify that data flows correctly through all
layers and that all network functions are operational.
Testing and Validation:
 Unit Testing: Conduct unit testing for each OSI layer to verify that individual
components and protocols are functioning correctly.
 Integration Testing: Perform integration testing to ensure that all layers work
together harmoniously and that data transmission is reliable and secure.
 Performance Testing: Test the network’s performance under various conditions,

including high traffic volumes and different types of data loads, to ensure it meets
the specified requirements.
Operation and Maintenance:
 Monitoring: Implement continuous monitoring tools to track network

performance and detect any issues in real time.

 Security Management: Regularly update security protocols and measures to

protect the network against emerging threats and vulnerabilities.
1.5 OVERVIEW OF ORGANIZATION
The South Western Railway (SWR) is one of the 18 railway zones in India under the
jurisdiction of Indian Railways. Here's a brief overview:
 Geographical Coverage: South Western Railway primarily serves the states of

Karnataka, Goa, and parts of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
 Headquarters: The headquarters of South Western Railway is located in Hubballi

(formerly Hubli), Karnataka.
 History: South Western Railway came into existence on April 1, 2003, by

merging the Hubli and Bengaluru divisions of Southern Railway and the Mysore
division of Southcentral Railway.
 Network: SWR operates over a vast network of lines, covering both passenger
and freight services. It spans approximately 3,000 kilometres of track.
 Major Stations: Key stations on the South Western Railway network include
Bengaluru City, Mysuru Junction, Hubballi Junction, Belagavi (Belgaum), and
Vasco da Gama.
 Divisions: It is divided into several divisions, each responsible for operations and
maintenance within its geographical jurisdiction. Major divisions include
Bengaluru, Hubballi, and Mysuru.
 Significance: South Western Railway plays a crucial role in connecting major

cities and towns in Karnataka and neighbouring states. It facilitates transportation
of passengers and goods across its extensive network.
 Technological Advancements: The railway zone has been adopting modern

technologies and practices to improve operational efficiency, safety standards, and
passenger amenities.

 Infrastructure Developments: SWR has been involved in various infrastructure

projects such as electrification, doubling of tracks, and station modernization to
enhance operational capacity and passenger comfort.
CHAPTER-2
TASK PERFORMED

CHAPTER-2
TASK PERFORMED
2.1 LEARNING EXPERIENCE
The learning experience involved in railway signal designing, particularly for outdoor
applications, is multifaceted and enriching. It combines theoretical knowledge with
practical applications, providing valuable insights into the complexities and challenges of
designing robust and reliable railway signalling systems.
Understanding of Safety Protocols:
 Safety Standards: Learning about the various national and international safety
standards and regulations that govern railway signalling systems is crucial. This
includes understanding the specific requirements and best practices to ensure
passenger and operational safety.
 Accident Prevention: Gaining insights into historical accidents and their causes
helps in appreciating the importance of signal design in preventing such incidents.
This knowledge is vital in designing systems that mitigate risks and enhance
safety.
Technical Knowledge and Skills:
 Signal Technologies: Exposure to different signalling technologies, such as LED

signals, microprocessor-based controllers, and wireless communication systems,
expands technical expertise. Understanding how these technologies work and their
advantages and limitations is essential.
 Design Tools and Software: Learning to use design tools and software, such as
AutoCAD for drafting signal layouts and simulation software for modelling signal
behaviour, is a key part of the learning experience. These tools are indispensable
in creating accurate and efficient signal designs.

Practical Applications and Problem-Solving:
 Prototyping and Testing: The process of developing prototypes and conducting

rigorous testing provides hands-on experience. It highlights the importance of
iterative design and testing to identify and resolve potential issues before full-
scale implementation.
 Field Installation and Maintenance: Participating in the installation and

maintenance of signal systems offers practical insights into the challenges faced in
real-world conditions. It underscores the importance of designing for durability
and ease of maintenance.
OSI Model
The learning experience with the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is equally
comprehensive, providing a deep understanding of network communication principles
and practices. It covers a wide range of topics, from basic concepts to advanced network
design and management techniques.
Fundamental Concepts:
 Layered Architecture: Learning about the OSI model’s seven-layer architecture

provides a structured understanding of how different network functions are
organized and interact. Each layer has specific roles and protocols, making it
easier to grasp complex network operations.
 Protocol Functions: Understanding the functions and protocols associated with
each OSI layer, such as TCP/IP at the Transport layer or Ethernet at the Data Link
layer, is fundamental. This knowledge is crucial for designing and troubleshooting
network systems.
Technical Skills:
 Network Design: Gaining proficiency in designing network systems using the

OSI model involves understanding how to configure each layer to ensure efficient
data transmission and communication. This includes IP addressing, routing
protocols, and transport protocols.

 Configuration and Management: Learning to configure network devices, such

as routers and switches, and manage network services, like DNS and DHCP, is an
integral part of the practical learning experience.
Practical Applications:
 Network Troubleshooting: The OSI model provides a systematic approach to

troubleshooting network issues. Learning to diagnose problems by isolating issues
within specific layers enhances problem-solving skills and ensures efficient
network maintenance.
 Security Implementation: Understanding how to implement security measures at
each layer of the OSI model is crucial. This includes configuring firewalls,
encryption protocols, and access control mechanisms to protect network integrity
and data privacy.
Interdisciplinary Knowledge:
 Integration with Other Technologies: The OSI model’s principles apply to

various technologies and systems, from traditional LANs and WANs to modern
IoT networks and cloud computing environments. Learning to integrate these
technologies broadens technical expertise and adaptability.
 Collaboration: Working with teams that design and manage different aspects of
network infrastructure fosters collaboration and knowledge sharing. It provides a
holistic view of network operations and enhances teamwork skills.
Continuous Learning and Adaptation:
 Emerging Technologies: Staying updated with emerging technologies and

networking trends, such as 5G, SDN (Software-Defined Networking), and NFV
(Network Functions Virtualization), is a continuous learning process. It ensures
that network designs remain relevant and future-proof.
 Professional Development: Engaging in continuous professional development

through certifications, workshops, and training programs helps deepen knowledge
and stay abreast of industry best practices and standards.

2.2 KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED
Through the study and application of railway signal designing (outdoor particulars) and
the OSI model, a wealth of knowledge has been acquired across multiple dimensions. In
railway signal designing, there is a deep understanding of safety protocols and the
importance of adhering to national and international standards to prevent accidents.
Technical skills have been honed in selecting appropriate signal technologies, designing
robust power supply systems, and integrating advanced sensors and wireless
communication for reliable operations. Practical experiences in prototyping, testing, and
field installations have highlighted the challenges of real-world conditions and the
necessity for durable, easy-to-maintain designs. Furthermore, interdisciplinary
collaboration has improved teamwork and project management skills.
In studying the OSI model, there is a solid grasp of the layered architecture that facilitates
network communication, along with detailed knowledge of the functions and protocols at
each layer. Skills in network design, configuration, and management have been
developed, allowing for efficient troubleshooting and implementation of security
measures. Exposure to a wide range of network technologies and continuous learning
about emerging trends ensures that network systems are both current and adaptable.
Overall, the acquired knowledge equips individuals with the expertise to design,
implement, and maintain both railway signalling systems and network communication
infrastructures effectively.
Through the exploration of railway signal designing (outdoor particulars) and the OSI
model, significant expertise has been developed. In railway signal design, there's a
thorough understanding of safety standards, signal technologies, and the intricacies of
field implementation. Practical skills in prototyping, testing, and maintenance ensure
robust and reliable systems. Meanwhile, knowledge of the OSI model has provided a
structured framework for network communication, enhancing skills in network design,
configuration, and troubleshooting. This comprehensive learning equips professionals
with the capabilities to manage complex railway signalling and network systems
effectively.

2.3 The need of Railway Network
The railway network plays a crucial role in any country’s development and connectivity.
Here are some key reasons why a robust railway network is essential:
1.Economic Growth and Trade:

 Railways facilitate the movement of goods, raw materials, and finished
products across regions. Efficient transportation contributes to economic
growth by reducing costs and improving accessibility.
 Industries rely on railways for transporting bulk commodities like coal, iron
ore, and agricultural produce.
1. Connectivity and Accessibility:
 Railways connect remote areas, villages, and towns to major cities, ensuring
accessibility for people who might not have other means of transportation.
 It bridges geographical gaps and promotes social integration.
2. Passenger Mobility:
 Railways provide an affordable and efficient mode of transportation for
passengers. They are especially important for long-distance travel.
 Commuter trains in urban areas reduce road congestion and pollution.
3. Energy Efficiency and Environment:

 Trains are more energy-efficient than road transport. They consume less fuel
per ton-kilometre.
 A well-developed railway network reduces greenhouse gas emissions and
dependence on fossil fuels.
4. Strategic Importance:
 Railways are vital for national defence and security. They facilitate troop
movement, logistics, and supply chains during emergencies.
 Strategic rail links connect border areas and enhance national preparedness.

CHAPTER-3
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CHAPTER-3
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
3.1 OSI MODEL
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework used to

understand and implement network protocols in seven layers. It standardizes the functions
of a telecommunication or computing system regardless of its underlying structure and
technology. Each layer serves a specific function and communicates with the layers
directly above and below it
Data Flow Of OSI Model
When we transfer information from one device to another, it travels through 7 layers of
OSI model. First data travels down through 7 layers from the sender’s end and then
climbs back 7 layers on the receiver’s end.
Fig 3.1.1 OSI Layers

The OSI model consists of seven abstraction layers :
Physical Layer – Layer 1
The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is responsible for the
actual physical connection between the devices. The physical layer contains information
in the form of bits. It is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the
next. When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s
and 1s and send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the frame back together.
Data Bits in the Physical Layer
Fig 3.1.2
Functions of the Physical Layer
Bit Synchronization: The physical layer provides the synchronization of the bits by
providing a clock. This clock controls both sender and receiver thus providing
synchronization at the bit level.
Bit Rate Control: The Physical layer also defines the transmission rate i.e. the number of
bits sent per second.
Physical Topologies: Physical layer specifies how the different, devices/nodes are
arranged in a network i.e. bus, star, or mesh topology.
Transmission Mode: Physical layer also defines how the data flows between the two
connected devices. The various transmission modes possible are Simplex, half-duplex
and full-duplex.
Data Link Layer (DLL) – Layer 2

The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the message. The main
function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-free from one node to another,
over the physical layer. When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of the
DLL to transmit it to the Host using its MAC address. The Data Link Layer is divided
into two sublayers:
1.Logical Link Control (LLC)
2. Media Access Control (MAC)
The packet received from the Network layer is further divided into frames depending on
the frame size of the NIC(Network Interface Card). DLL also encapsulates Sender and
Receiver’s MAC address in the header.
The Receiver’s MAC address is obtained by placing an ARP(Address Resolution

Protocol) request onto the wire asking “Who has that IP address?” and the destination
host will reply with its MAC address.
Functions of the Data Link Layer
Framing: Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides a way for a sender to
transmit a set of bits that are meaningful to the receiver. This can be accomplished by
attaching special bit patterns to the beginning and end of the frame.
Physical Addressing: After creating frames, the Data link layer adds physical addresses
(MAC addresses) of the sender and/or receiver in the header of each frame.
Error Control: The data link layer provides the mechanism of error control in which it
detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.
Flow Control: The data rate must be constant on both sides else the data may get
corrupted thus, flow control coordinates the amount of data that can be sent before
receiving an acknowledgment.
Access Control: When a single communication channel is shared by multiple devices,

the MAC sub-layer of the data link layer helps to determine which device has control
over the channel at a given time.

Fig 3.1.3 Data Link Layer
Network Layer – Layer 3
The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located in
different networks. It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to
transmit the packet, from the number of routes available. The sender & receiver’s IP
addresses are placed in the header by the network layer.
Functions of the Network Layer
Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is suitable from source to
destination. This function of the network layer is known as routing.
Logical Addressing: To identify each device inter-network uniquely, the network layer
defines an addressing scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP addresses are placed in the
header by the network layer. Such an address distinguishes each device uniquely and
universally.
Transport Layer – Layer 4
The transport layer provides services to the application layer and takes services from the
network layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is responsible
for the end-to-end delivery of the complete message. The transport layer also provides the
acknowledgment of the successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an error
is found.

At the sender’s side: The transport layer receives the formatted data from the upper
layers, performs Segmentation, and also implements Flow and error control to ensure
proper data transmission. It also adds Source and Destination port numbers in its header
and forwards the segmented data to the Network Layer.
At the receiver’s side: Transport Layer reads the port number from its header and
forwards the Data which it has received to the respective application. It also performs
sequencing and reassembling of the segmented data.
Functions of the Transport Layer
Segmentation and Reassembly: This layer accepts the message from the (session) layer,
and breaks the message into smaller units. Each of the segments produced has a header
associated with it. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the message.
Service Point Addressing: To deliver the message to the correct process, the transport
layer header includes a type of address called service point address or port address. Thus
by specifying this address, the transport layer makes sure that the message is delivered to
the correct process.
Session Layer – Layer 5
This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions,

and authentication, and also ensures security.
Functions of the Session Layer
Session Establishment, Maintenance, and Termination: The layer allows the two
processes to establish, use, and terminate a connection.
Synchronization: This layer allows a process to add checkpoints that are considered
synchronization points in the data. These synchronization points help to identify the error
so that the data is re-synchronized properly, and ends of the messages are not cut
prematurely and data loss is avoided.
Dialog Controller: The session layer allows two systems to start communication with
each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.

Fig 3.1.4
Presentation Layer – Layer 6
The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer. The data from the application
layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to transmit over the
network.
Functions of the Presentation Layer
Encryption/ Decryption: Data encryption translates the data into another form or code.
The encrypted data is known as the ciphertext and the decrypted data is known as plain
text. A key value is used for encrypting as well as decrypting data.
Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted on the network.
Application Layer – Layer 7
At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find the Application layer
which is implemented by the network applications. These applications produce the data to
be transferred over the network. This layer also serves as a window for the application
services to access the network and for displaying the received information to the user.
Functions of the Application Layer
Network Virtual Terminal(NVT): It allows a user to log on to a remote host.
File Transfer Access and Management(FTAM): This application allows a user to aces
files in a remote host, retrieve files in a remote host, and manage or control files from a
remote computer.

CHAPTER-4
SIGNAL DESIGNING

CHAPTER-4
SIGNAL DESIGNING
4.1 Software and Signaling
Signal designing for railways, particularly for outdoor applications, is a critical aspect of
ensuring safe and efficient train operations. AutoCAD software plays a pivotal role in this
process by providing powerful tools for creating precise and detailed design drawings.
The use of AutoCAD in signal designing involves several key steps and benefits that
enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and overall quality of the signal systems.
1. Detailed and Accurate Drawings:

 Precision: AutoCAD allows designers to create highly accurate drawings
with precise measurements, which are crucial for the correct placement
and alignment of signals. This precision ensures that signals are positioned
optimally for visibility and functionality.
 Layering: The use of layers in AutoCAD enables designers to organize
different elements of the design, such as signal locations, wiring diagrams,
and track layouts. This organization simplifies the design process and
makes it easier to manage complex projects.
2. Visualization and Simulation:
 3D Modelling: AutoCAD's 3D modelling capabilities provide a realistic
visualization of the signal installations. This helps designers and
stakeholders understand how the signals will appear in the real world and
assess their visibility from various angles.
 Simulation: Designers can simulate the operation of the signals within the
software, allowing them to identify potential issues and make adjustments
before actual implementation. This proactive approach reduces the risk of
errors and ensures that the design meets all operational requirements.
3. Design Iteration :
 Flexible Design Process: AutoCAD's tools allow for easy modifications
and iterations of the design. Designers can quickly make changes and
explore different design options to find the most effective solutions.

Fig 4.1 Sample Signal 1

4.2 Control Panel
The control panel in railway signal designing is a central interface that allows operators to
monitor and manage the signaling system. It features a visual display for real-time status
updates, interactive controls for signal adjustments, and diagnostic tools for identifying
faults. The panel integrates with various system components, ensuring centralized control
and secure communication. It includes fail-safe mechanisms and access control for safety
and security. Additionally, modern control panels support automation and provide real-
time data to enhance operational efficiency. Ergonomic design and training features
ensure that operators can manage the system effectively and comfortably.
Fig 4.4 Control panel

CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
4.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the integration of railway signal designing (outdoor particulars) with the
OSI model is paramount for ensuring the seamless, safe, and efficient operation of
contemporary railway networks. The meticulous design of outdoor railway signals,
facilitated by sophisticated tools such as AutoCAD, ensures precision in signal placement
and configuration, which is essential for preventing accidents and maintaining smooth
train operations. The control panel serves as the nerve centre of the signalling system,
providing real-time monitoring, diagnostics, and control capabilities that enhance the
overall reliability and responsiveness of the system.
The OSI model's structured framework for network communication plays a crucial role in
the integration and interoperability of various signalling components. By adhering to this
model, railway signalling systems can achieve high levels of data integrity, security, and
efficiency in communication, which are vital for real-time signal management and
coordination. This integration allows for robust data exchange, ensuring that all parts of
the signalling system work in harmony to support safe train movements.
Furthermore, this combination underscores the importance of interdisciplinary

collaboration and continuous learning. Professionals in this field must possess a diverse
skill set, encompassing knowledge of civil engineering, electrical engineering, computer
science, and network management. This interdisciplinary approach not only enhances the
design and functionality of railway signalling systems but also ensures that they can adapt
to emerging technologies and evolving industry standards.
Ultimately, the integration of railway signal designing with the OSI model exemplifies a
holistic approach to railway transportation, where technology, safety, and efficiency
converge. This comprehensive strategy not only enhances the operational capabilities of
railway systems but also contributes to the broader goals of sustainable and reliable
public transportation, benefiting both operators and passengers alike.

Appendix
COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

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MVJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU – 560067

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Department of Electronics and communication Engineering

“Railway Signal Designing (Outdoor Particulars)

And OSI Model”

Under the guidance of

Prof. Lakshmi Priya C V

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MVJ College of Engineering

In Partial fulfillment for the award of degree

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATON ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

I, ABHAY GOWDA M D (1MJ21EC002) student of Sixth Semester B.E.,

ABHAY GOWDA M D (1MJ21EC002)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

I am indebted to our guide, Prof. Lakshmi Priya C V, Assistant Professor,

My sincere thanks to Dr. Sajithra Varun S, Professor and Head of Department,

1.5 Overview of Organization 14

CHAPTER 2 TASK PERFORMED 15

2.2 Knowledge Acquired 19

2.3 Need of Network system 20

CHAPTER 3 NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 21

3.2 Layers of OSI Model 23

CHAPTER 4 SIGNAL DESIGNING 28

SI. NO. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

Department of ECE 2023-2024 Page | 1

Railway Signal Designing (Outdoor Particulars)

Railway signal designing, particularly for outdoor applications, is an essential component

Importance of Outdoor Signal Design

3. Reliability: High reliability is crucial in railway signalling to prevent operational

Components of Railway Signal Design

Department of ECE 2023-2024 Page | 2

3. Control Systems: These systems manage signal changes in response to train

4. Communication Networks: Reliable communication networks are essential for

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to

Layers of the OSI Model

1. Physical Layer: Manages the physical connection between devices, including

5. Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications, establishing and

Department of ECE 2023-2024 Page | 3

7. Application Layer: Interfaces directly with end users, providing network

Application in Railway Signal Designing

1. Structured System Architecture: Provides a clear framework for organizing

2. Enhanced Interoperability: Standardizes communication protocols and data

Department of ECE 2023-2024 Page | 4

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, established by the International

Historical Context and Development

Department of ECE 2023-2024 Page | 5

Layer Functions and Protocols

OSI Model in Network Design

Challenges and Criticisms

Application in Modern Technologies

Department of ECE 2023-2024 Page | 6

Railway Signal Designing (Outdoor Particulars)

 Railway safety is paramount, and signals play a critical role in preventing

 The motivation to optimize signal placement and functionality is driven by the

Regulatory and Compliance Requirements:

 Adherence to national and international safety standards and regulations is a