LNMIIT/B.Tech.

/IC/2023-24/Even/MT121/ET

The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur

Department of Mathematics
MT121-Linear Algebra & Complex Analysis
2023-24 Even Semester
End Term Examination

Max.Marks: 50 Date: May 10, 2024 Duration: 3 Hours

Total Questions Total Marks CO 1 CO 2 CO 3 CO 4 CO 5
10 50 Q1 Q2 Q3-Q6 Q7-Q10
5 5 20 20
CO weightage: = 10% = 10% = 40% = 40%
50 50 50 50
Note:
Instructions:There are 10 qusetions. Attempt all questions. No marks will be awarded without proper
justifications/steps. Please make an index showing the question number and page number on the front page of
your answer sheet in the following format:

Question No. 1 2 3 4 ——
Page No.

1. Consider the real vector space R2 . Let u = (u1 , u2 ) and v = (v1 , v2 ) be vectors in R2 such that u1 v1 + u2 v2 = 0 and
u21 + u22 = 1 = v12 + v22 . Prove that {u, v} is a basis of R2 . [5]

Solution:
  
0 0 −2
2. Consider the matrix A =  1 2 1 
1 0 3
(i) Find the eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and eigen spaces corresponding to each eigenvalue. Further, find the basis and
geometric multiplicity for eigen spaces corresponding to each eigenvalue. [4]
(ii) Is the matrix A diagonalizable? If yes, then find an invertible matrix P such that P −1 AP is a diagonal matrix. [1]

Solution: The characteristic equation is given by

p(λ) = λ3 − 5λ2 + 8λ − 4 = 0

and the eigen values are λ = 1, 2, 2. [0.5]

    
−1 0 −2 x1 0
For λ1 = 1, consider the equation (A − λ1 I)x = 0 i.e.  1 1 1   x2  =  0 .
1 0 2 x3 0
   
−1 0 −2 1 0 2
The coefficient matrix  1 1 1  has row reduced form  0 1 −1 . So x1 , x2 are basic variables and x3 is free
1 0 2 0 0 0
variable. The solution space or eigenspace or null space of (A − λ1 I) corresponding to λ1 = 1 is given by

{(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 = −2x3 , x2 = x3 , x3 ∈ R}.

[1]
By taking x3 = s ∈ R, we rewrite the eigen space as

{(−2s, s, s) : s ∈ R} = {s(−2, 1, 1) : s ∈ R}.

So {(−2, 1, 1)} is a basis for the eigenspace corresponding to λ1 = 1 and hence G.M. is 1 here. [0.5]
    
−2 0 −2 x1 0
For λ2 = 2, consider the equation (A − λ2 I)x = 0 i.e.  1 0 1   x2  =  0 .
1 0 1 x3 0
   
−2 0 −2 1 0 1
The coefficient matrix  1 0 1  is equivalent to row reduced matrix  0 0 0 . So x1 is basic variable and
1 0 1 0 0 0
x2 , x3 are free variables. The solution space or eigenspace corresponding to λ2 = 2 is given by

{(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 = −x3 ; x2 , x3 ∈ R}.

[1]
By taking x2 = s ∈ R and x3 = t ∈ R, we rewrite the eigen space as

{(−t, s, t) : s, t ∈ R} = {s(0, 1, 0) + t(−1, 0, 1) : s, t ∈ R}.

So the basis for N (A − λ2 I) is given by {(0, 1, 0), (−1, 0, 1)} and hence GM (2) = 2. [1]
−1
(ii) Is the matrix A diagonalizable? If yes, then find an invertible matrix P such that P AP is a diagonal matrix. [1]

Solution: Since
 AM (λ1 = 1) = GM (λ1 = 1) = 1 and AM (λ2 = 2) = GM (λ2 = 2) = 2, the matrix A is diagonalizable.
−2 0 −1
By taking P =  1 1 0 , we get
1 0 1  
1 0 0
P −1 AP =  0 2 0 
0 0 2
. [1]
3. Find all the roots of the equation z 4 + 4 = 0. Using their exponential form exhibit them geometrically on a circle with
center 0. Use them to factor z 4 + 4 into quadratic factors with real coefficients. [4]

Solution: z 4 = −4
z 4 = 4eiπ [0.5]
√ π+2kπ
So zk = 2e 4 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3 are the four roots of the given equation. [1]
z0 = 1 + i, z1 = −1 + i, z2 = −1 − i, z3 = 1 − i. [0.5]

[1]

Note that z 4 + 4 = (z − z0 )(z − z1 )(z − z2 )(z − z3 )

= (z − (1 + i))(z − (1 − i))(z − (−1 − i))(z − (−1 + i))
= (z 2 − 2z + 2)(z 2 + 2z + 2) [1]
4. Find all the points where the function f (z) = xy 2 + 2 + iy is differentiable. Is f analytic on those points? Justify your
answer. Find f ′ (z), whenever exists. [5]

Solution: Here u = xy 2 + 2 and v = y.

ux = y 2 , uy = 2xy, vx = 0, vy = 1 [0.5]
The CR equations are ux = vy and uy = −vx .
The CR Equations hold true at (0, ±1). [1]
Since ux , uy , vx , vy are continuous at (0, ±1), the function is differentiable at (0, 1) and (0, −1). [1]
Since every neighborhood (0, ±1) contains some points on which f is not differentiable, f is not analytic at (0, ±1) [1]

f ′ (z) = ux + ivx [1]

So, f ′ (0, 1) = f ′ (0, −1) = 1. [0.5]
5. Show that sin(z1 + z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 + sin z2 cos z1 . Further show that f (z) = sin z is an unbounded entire function. [5]

Solution: sin z1 cos z2 + sin z2 cos z1

eiz1 − e−iz1 eiz2 + e−iz2 eiz2 − e−iz2 eiz1 + e−iz1
= . + .
2i 2 2i 2
i(z1 −z2 ) −i(z1 +z2 )
e i(z1 +z2 )
−e −e i(−z1 +z2 )
−e + ei(z1 +z2 ) + ei(z1 −z2 ) − ei(−z1 +z2 ) − e−i(z1 +z2 )
=
4i
ei(z1 +z2 ) − e−i(z1 +z2 )
=
2i
= sin(z1 + z2 ). [1]
Since ez is an entire function, and composition of two entire function is entire, eiz and e−iz are entire function. Hence,
iz −iz
sin z = e −e2i is an entire function. [1]
Now, sin z = sin(x + iy)
= sin x cos iy + sin iy cos x
= sin x cosh y + i sinh y cos x [1]

So,
| sin z|2 = sin2 x cosh2 y + sinh2 y cos2 x
= sin2 x cosh2 y + sinh2 y(1 − sinx )
= sin2 x(cosh2 y − sinh2 y) + sinh2 y
= sin2 x + sinh2 y [1]

So, | sin z| ≥ sinh y. Since sinh y is an unbounded function, sin z is an unbounded function. [1]
6. Find all the points where the function f (z) = Logz, z ̸= 0 is differentiable. Find the largest domain on which f is analytic.
Find f ′ (z), whenever exists. [5]

Solution: Let z = reiθ , θ = Arg(z). Then

Logz = r + iθ

So, u=r and v = θ.

N = {z = x + iy : x ≤ 0, y = 0}
Since, v is not continuous on N , f is not differentiable on N . [1]

For all the points in C \ N , we have

ur = 1, uθ = 0, vθ = 1.vr = 0.

So the CR equations rur = vθ and uθ = −rvr are satisfied. [1]

Also, uθ , ur , vθ , vr are all continuous. Hence f is differentiable on all the points in C \ N . [1]

Since f is differentiable on C \ N and C \ N is open, f is analytic on the domain C \ N . [1]

f ′ (z) = e−iθ [ur + ivr ] = z1 . [1]

[Some students surprising using derivative of Log to find derivative of Log]
 (z 2 + 3)eiz Log(z)
Z
π
7. Without evaluating the integral, find an upper bound of dz , where C : z = 2eiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 3. [5]
C z2 − 2

π π
Solution: Note that |Logz| = ln |z| + iArgz ≤ ln 2 + 3 as 0 ≤ Argz ≤ 3 [1]
iz ix −y −y
|e | = |e e | = |e | ≤ 1 as y ≥ 0 on C [1]
z 2 +3 |z 2 |+|3| 7
z 2 −2 ≤ ||z 2 |−|2|| ≤ 2 [1]

(z 2 + 3)eiz Log(z) 7 π 7
≤ .1. = π = M (say) [0.5]
z2 − 2 3 3 9
Z π3
2π
The length of C is L = 2|ieiθ |dθ = [0.5]
0 3
(z 2 + 3)eiz Log(z)
Z
7 2π 14 2
Hence by ML-Inequality, we have 2−2
dz ≤ π. = π . [1]
C z 9 3 27
 ez
Z
8. Using the (generalized) Cauchy integral formula, evaluate dz where C : |z − 2| = 4 in the counter-clockwise
C z 2 (z − 4)
direction. [5]

ez
Solution: Let f (z) = z 2 (z−4) . Now, f is not analytic only at z = 0 and z = 4.
Now, note that both the points lies interior to C. [0.5]

So let C1 , C2 be the closed contours as shown in the figure.

Then we have
ez ez ez
Z Z Z
2
dz = 2
dz + dz
C z (z − 4) C1 z (z − 4) C2 z 2 (z− 4)
[1]
Marks to above step are given only if the contours are shown properly in the figure with correct labels.
ez ez
R
To calculate, C1 z2 (z−4) dz, let g(z) = z−4 . [0.5]
Since, g(z) is analytic on C1 and inside C1 by the Cauchy integral formula, we have

ez
Z
10
dz = 2πi.g ′ (0) = − πi
C1 z 2 (z− 4) 9
[1]
Full marks are given only if the integral is correctly evaluated over the contour C1 .
ez z
dz, let g(z) = ze2 .
R
To calculate, C2 z2 (z−4) [0.5]
Since, g(z) is analytic on C2 and inside C2 , by the Cauchy integral formula, we have

ez
Z
1
2
dz = 2πi.g(4) = e4 πi.
C2 z (z − 4) 8
[1]
Full marks are given only if the integral is correctly evaluated over the contour C2 .
Hence,

ez ez ez
Z Z Z
10 1
2
dz = 2
dz + dz = − πi + e4 πi.
C z (z − 4) C1 z (z − 4) C2 z 2 (z− 4) 9 8
[0.5]
 1
9. Find the Laurent series expansion of f (z) =
z(z − 1)
(a) in powers of z, and
(b) in powers of (z − 1).
in all possible domains. Using the Laurent series expansions, find the residues of f at z = 0 and z = 1. [5]

Solution: The function is not analytic at z = 0 and z = 1. Both are isolated singularities.
Also

1 1
f (z) = −
z−1 z
(a) The function f has the Laurent series expansion in power of z in the domains {z : 0 < |z| < 1} and {z : |z| > 1}.
The Laurent series of f in the domain {z : 0 < |z| < 1} is [0.5]

1 1
f (z) = −
z−1 z
∞
X 1
=− zn − [0.5]
n=0
z

So the residue is f at z = 0 is −1. [0.5]

The Laurent series of f in the domain {z : |z| > 1} is [0.5]

1 1
f (z) = −
z−1 z
1 1 1
= 1 −
z1− z z
∞
1X 1 1
= − [0.5]
z n=0 z n z

(b) The function f has the Laurent series expansion in power of z − 1 in the domains {z : 0 < |z − 1| < 1} and
{z : |z − 1| > 1}.
The Laurent series of f in the domain {z : 0 < |z − 1| < 1} is

1 1
f (z) = −
z−1 z
1 1
=− −
1−z 1 − (1 − z)
∞
1 X
=− − (1 − z)n [1]
1 − z n=0

So the residue is f at z = 1 is −1. [0.5]

The Laurent series of f in the domain {z : |z − 1| > 1} is [0.5]

1 1
f (z) = −
z−1 z
1 1 1
=− + 1
1−z 1 − z 1 − 1−z
∞
1 X 1
=− + [0.5]
1 − z n=1 (1 − z)n
 ∞
x2
Z
10. Using the contour integrals, evaluate dx. [6]
−∞ (x2 + 4)(x2 + 9)

x2
Solution: Note that f (x) = (x2 +4)(x2 +9) is an even function.
2
z
Let f (z) = (z 2 +4)(z 2 +9) .
Note that f (z) has no zeros on the real axis.
The function f (z) is not analytic at z = ±2i and z = ±3i.
The only singularities above the x-axis are 2i and 3i.
Choose positive real number R as shown in the figure.

Let C be the closed contour consisting of CR and L as shown in the figure. Then
Z
f (z)dz = 2πi [Resz=2i f (z) + Resz=3i f (z)] [1]
C
Z Z
⇒ f (z)dz + f (z)dz = 2πi [Resz=2i f (z) + Resz=3i f (z)]
L CR

Z R Z
⇒ f (x)dx + f (z)dz = 2πi [Resz=2i f (z) + Resz=3i f (z)]
−R CR

Z R Z
⇒ lim f (x)dx + lim f (z)dz = lim [2πi [Resz=2i f (z)] + Resz=3i f (z)]] [1]
R→∞ −R R→∞ CR R→∞

Note that z = 2i is a pole of order 2. So

Resz=2i f (z) = lim (z − 2i)f (z)
z→2i
z2
Resz=2i f (z) = lim
z→2i (z + 2i)(z 2 + 9)

Resz=2i f (z) = 15 i [1]

Note that z = 3i is a pole of order 1. So
Resz=3i f (z) = lim (z − 3i)f (z)
z→3i
z2
Resz=3i f (z) = lim
z→3i (z + 3i)(z 2 + 4)
3
Resz=3i f (z) = − 10 i [1]
Z 2
z R2
lim 2 2
dz ≤ limR→∞ πR (R2 −4)(R 2 −9) = 0.
R→∞ CR (z + 4)(z + 9)
Hence,

z2
Z
lim dz = 0
R→∞ CR (z 2 + 4)(z 2 + 9)
[1]
R∞ RR
Since f (x) is an even function, we have −∞
f (x)dx = limR→∞ −R
f (x)dx = 51 π. [1]