P S Y C H O L O G Y 3.

behavioral – focuses on observable behavior Nerve impulse – 200-225,000 mi/s

4. Cognitive – how people understand & think about the Excitatory & inhibitory messages
“psyche” (mind) and “logos” (study)
world Reuptake – reabsorption of neurotransmitter by the
Previously a branch of philosophy
5. humanistic – people can control their behavior & they synaptic vesicles
Overt behavior – behavior directly observed (extrinsic)
naturally try to reach their full potential Electrochemical (dendrites-chemical; axon – electrical)
Covert behavior – intrinsic, mental processes,
RESEARCH METHOD Threshold – minimum # of stimulation to trigger the neuron
physiological
1. scientific method to fire
HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY
a. identify questions of interest All-or-none principle
Nativism (Plato) – humans enter this world w/ an inborn
b. formulating explanations Synaptic vesicles – produces neurotransmitter
store of knowledge & understanding reality
c. carry out designed research Neurotransmitters
Introspection – mental self-analysis
2. research Endorphin – natural pain killer
Empiricism (Aristotle) – knowledge is acquired through
a. descriptive – systematic acquisition Acetylcholine – excitatory
experience & interaction w/ the world
archival – research in w/c existing data examined to test Norepinerphine – regulates mood levels; brain –
Innate ideas – God, space, time, infinity, perfection
hypothesis neurotransmitter, bloodstream – hormone
SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY
naturalistic observation – observes some naturally Dopamine – produce intense feeling of pleasure
Wilhelm Wundt (1879, psychological lab in Leipzig,
occurring behavior (schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease)
Germany) – human behavior is subjected to scientific
survey – sample population are asked a series of questions Serotonin – mood regulation, regulation of sleep & appetite
analysis
case study – in depth, intensive investigation of an Glutamate – memory
Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Bradford
individual/group of people GABA (Gamma-amino butyric acid) – eating, aggression,
Titchener) – analysis of mental structure
correlation – relationship b/w 2 sets of variables is sleep
Elements of conscious experience – sensation, affection, &
examined ((+) positive, (-) negative, (o) illusory) The Brain
anger
b. experimental – cause-effect relationship Brain Stem
Functionalism (William James & students John Dewey,
independent variable – variable manipulated by the a. Medulla – regulates unconscious functions
Harvey Carr, & James Angell) – function of conscious
experimenter b. Pons – involved in sleep & arousal; acts as a
experience
dependent variable – variable measured & is expected to transmitter of motor info, coordinating muscles &
Behaviorism (John B Watson, 1924) – study of behavior;
change integrating movement b/w the L&R halves of the brain
S-R (stimulus-response)
experimental group – group that receives a treatment c. Cerebellum – controls bodily balance
Gestalt psychology (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, &
control group d. Reticular formation – network of fiber; activate other
Wolfgang Kohler) – German “gestalten” (pattern, form,
3. ethical principle – informed consent parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal;
configuration); the whole is greater than the sum of all its
4. experimental bias “arousal system of the brain”; acts as a filter of sensory
parts; closure (incomplete figure seems to be complete &
Demand characteristics/ experimenter expectations formation
became a whole
Evaluation apprehension/participant expectations Limbic System – “animal brain”
Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) – emphasized the role
NEUROLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR a. Amygdala – responsible for emotion w/c triggers
of unconscious experience; free association (saying
Neuron – functional unit of the nervous system automatic response; emotionally-labeled memory;
whatever comes to mind no matter how silly or irrelevant it
Dendrites – receive info from another cell & transmits personal memory
may seem to be; slip of the mind/pen, mannerism)
message to the body b. Hippocampus – cognitive memory
PERSPECTIVES
Cell body – nucleus, mitochondrion, other organelles c. Olfactory bulb – promotes distant awareness for
1. Neuroscience – views behavior from the perspective of
typical of eukaryotic cells survival purposes; olfaction – act of smelling
biological functions
Axon – conducts message away from the cell body d. Thalamus – relay station for information about the
2. Psychodynamic – believes behavior is influenced by
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM senses (except smell)
inner unconscious forces over w/c a person has little
Receptors – sense organ e. Hypothalamus – maintains homeostasis, a steady
control over
Connectors – nervous system internal environment for the body; regulates basic
Freud’s – instincts: (eros – life, biological behavior;
Effectors – muscles & glands biological needs/endocrine system
thanatos – death)
Cerebral Cortex – white (inner, transmit), gray (outer, FSH (Follicle stimulating) – has something to do w/ sex Qualitative – change in quality/structure (metamorphosis,
process) cells language development, locomotion)
a. cortex – bark (as of a tree); outer layer; responsible for LH (Luteinizua) – activates the sex glands Heredity – genes, maturation (unfolding of hereditary
high mental processes Prolactin – milk production potentials)
b. corpus callosum – band of fibers that connect the 2 Somatotropin (Growth) – lengthening of bones & muscles Environment – learning
hemisphere of the brain Gigantism – overproduction of GH in childhood Phylogenetic skills (universal skills) – skills that are
right hemisphere – images; artistic skills Dwarfism – low production of GH in childhood common to people; product of heredity
left hemisphere – analytical skills; language; math b. Posterior Ontogenetic skills – skills that are unique to people;
c. Broca’s area – speech center; motor/speech production Vasopressin (antidioretic) – balance secretion of water product of learning (w/ maturity & willingness)
(frontal lobe) Oxytocin – release of milk; triggers uterine contraction; Period of the Ovum/Zygote (fertilization - end of 2nd
d. somatosensory cortex – bodily sensation; responsible love week)
to the body senses (parietal lobe) 2. thyroid gland: thyroxine, triodothyronine; metabolism, Zygote (23 pairs of chromosomes)
e. visual cortex – where visual info are processed growth, oxygen consumption Mitotic division
(occipital lobe) 3. parathyroid gland: parathormone – blood & bone calcium Blastocyst
f. auditory cortex (temporal lobe) (lack – tetany) Period of the Embryo (end of 2nd week – end of 2nd
g. Wernicke’s area – speech comprehension 4. Adrenal gland month)
Spinal Cord a. cortex: corticoids (mineral low – water, salt), Development of the organs
Spinal nerve: dorsal root (back, sensory); vental root (front, glucocorticoids – sugar/glucose Life supporting structures (amniotic sac, amniotic fluid,
motor) b. medulla: adrenaline (stress hormone; raises blood placenta, umbilical cord)
Reflex arc pressure) & noradrenaline (increase sugar in the blood) Teratogenic – birth defects
Types of neuron according to function: 5. pancreas: pancreatic juice to aid digestion Period of the Fetus (end of 2nd month – birth)
a. sensory/afferent – transmits info from sense organs to 6. Islets of Langerhans (w/in the pancreas): insulin (sugar Viability – the baby can live & survive if born prematurely
CNS to glucose; permeability of cells to glucose) & glucagon Lanugo – fine downy hair that covers the skin/body of the
b. interneuron/connector neuron – transmits info w/in CNS (glycogen to glucose) baby
c. motor neuron/efferent – carry outgoing signals from the 7. Gonads (sex glands) Vernix caseosa – lubricant that sticks to the skin
CNS to effector organs (muscles, glands) a. male (testes): testosterone – stimulates the male sex Laws of developmental spreading over the body:
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM characteristics 1. Cephalocaudal – head to tail
main pathways: primary – production & growth/maturation 2. proximodistal – central axis to extremities
1. cranial (skull) nerves (12 pairs) – sesory & motor secondary – physical appearance Human Development
functions of the head; olfactory, optic, occulomotor, b. female (ovaries): estrogen (stimulates the female sex Infancy (neonate) – 0-3
trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, characteristics), progesterone (sustains pregnancy) First 2 weeks after birth – adjustments to postnatal life
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal 8. Thymus gland – immunity
Reflexes – unlearned, involuntary responses that
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 9. penial gland – melatonin; regulates body clock/rhythm
Glands: High androgen (female) – Female androgenital syndrome occur automatically in the presence of a certain
A. Endocrine gland – secretion is directed inside the body Low androgen (male) – Testicular feminization syndrome stimuli
through the bloodstream, secretion is called HORMONES DEVELOPMENT – a process that produces a progressive Rooting, sucking, babinski, startle/moro, papillary
1. Pituitary – master gland; essential to growth & series of change which are orderly and coherent w/c lead (blinking), stepping, swimming, palmar/grasp
production, secretes hormones that control other gland’s & end to maturity Developmental milestone
activity Prenatal Period (Gestation) 1. attachment – positive emotional bond b/w mother &
a. Anterior lobe Types of change: child
ACTH (Adrenocoticotropic) – activates the adrenaline Quantitative – measurable through numbers (height, 2. social interaction
gland weight, age) Human orienting response
TH (Thyrotropic) – activates the thyroid gland
Habituation – decrease in response to a stimulus that 4. uninvolved – detached emotionally (child becomes 8. late adulthood – (65 y/o and up) ego-integrity vs.
occurs after repeated presentation of the same indifferent) despair
stimulus; an indication of learning and memory Cognitive development – a child’s understanding of Disengagement theory – change in activities
Development of Senses the world changes as a function of age & experience Activity theory – maintain the interest & activities they
Eyes – 3-4 fold improvement in visual acuity & 1. sensorimotor stage (0-2) – gains understanding by had during their middle age
perception in the 1st year coordinating sense impression & impulse to action Puberty – stage of sexual maturation; sexually
Ears – fully matured at birth; recognizes mother’s Object permanence – realization that things continue mature if capable of reproduction
voice (3 days old); native language (2 days old) to exist even when no longer present to the senses Primary sex characteristics – maturation of sex
Taste – matured fully at birth, prefers sweet over 2. preoperational stage (2-7) – language development organs (menarche & spermarche)
other taste qualities & represent objects by words & images; a child can’t 2ndary – changes in physical characteristics
Smell – knows the mother by smell yet think in operation (mental routine for separating, Adolescent egocentrism – state of self-absorption
Development from Infancy to middle childhood combining, & transforming info in a logical manner) SENSATION & PERCEPTION
Physical development – elem years (growth gap Egocentric thought – self-centered point of view Receptors – receiver of the messages perceived by
years); need adequate nutrition for energy & Animistic thinking – imagining inanimate objects the senses
strength having life & mental processes Transduction
Psychosocial development Conservation – knowledge that quantity is unrelated Characteristic:
Harlow’s experiment on rhesus monkey to the arrangement & physical appearance of 1. selectivity – respond vigorously to one stimulus &
Attachment style by Ainsworth objects, thoughts are irreversible weak or not at all to others
1. securely attached – mother as home base; 3. concrete operational (7-12) – child can now 2. adaptation – adjustment in sensory/sensitivity when
explores independently but returns to the mother perform operations but are limited to real and exposed to constant unchanging stimulus
occasionally concrete objects Classification: exteroceptors, interoceptors
2. avoidant – do not cry when the mother leaves, 4. formal operations (12 and up) – abstract concepts, (visceroceptors), proprioceptors
avoids her when she returns symbolic reasoning Sense of Sight
3. ambivalent – shows anxiety before the mother Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Stimulus: light
leaves but avoids her when she returns 1. infancy – trust vs. mistrust Organ: eyeball
4. disorganized – shows inconsistent & often 2. toddler – autonomy vs. shame & doubt Receptors: rods & cones
contradictory behavior 3. early childhood – initiative vs. guilt Visible spectrum – 400-700 millimicron
Relationship w/ peers – serves 2 purposes 4. middle/late childhood - (6-12 y/o) industry vs.
(enjoyment & competent social interactions) inferiority
Parenting styles 5. adolescence – (12-about 20 y/o) identity vs. role
1. authoritarian – rigid, punitive, & strict standards confusion; a time of major testing to determine one’s
(child become withdrawn & unsociable) unique qualities; establish a solid self-identity;
2. permissive – lax, inconsistent, & undemanding identity – distinguishing character of the individual
(child becomes immature, moody, & low self-control) who each of us is, what our roles are & what we are
3. authoritative – firm, sets limits & goals, uses capable of
reasoning, encourages independence (child 6. young adulthood – (20-40 y/o) intimacy vs. isolation
becomes likeable, self-reliant, independent, good 7. middle adulthood – (40-65 y/o) generativity (leaving
social skills) a legacy continuing to the next generation) vs.
stagnation