SOLUTION : 1.

28
Now, ponding
Therefore ratio
The = The EXAMPLE
coefficient
Carter's Ratio slots
Gap Carter's the Gap above Width No. FluxAirgap Pole Gross Slot Slot from
contraction to : of
where,
contraction ratio Kgs = thËs from may Slo t arc the 1:
opening of per opening pitch
length
coefficient length
gap slot ventilating polelength =
= 1.258 = ratio the openi
be ng/Gap cach 18
width
duct 4.3 Kb,T,- fol owi=Dentgermine
bË n L= lengthgap used = = cm of = 4.3
- factor Kes given 2.1
= = factor 0.42 4.3
ventilating 0.056 0.6 core
ducts cm the
th No. GroSs for = for cm
x for 0.42
curve length cm = particulars
of for ducts 0.6 2.1 ducts = Wb 48 MMF
2.1 duct 8
of
ducts core ducts, slots data, = cm
t Kod 0.6 21.2 3.5 als0. required
length =
Kgd = the
where, 0.15 1.2
0.28 Carter's 1 cm for
=
oingba the
b, t, 0.28 airgap
2
L = = coefficient
Width Slot
0.37 of
pitch | 3
a
of machine
slot for
= 0.41 3.4
4.3 slots
= with
2.1 cm con 0.4 De
SOLUTION : : EXAMPLE
General
Aspects
Design
MMF= from Flux
31.4
per Stacking = Real Width
Permeability Number Gross Slot Tooth the AT, MMF Bg
=density Total
X 31.4 2
106metre flux widthfollowing : 4145 =
A = = 0.648 T
=
of length width gap 1.05932 =
x Calculate 8000008O0000required 18 pole at 48-
factor of
H/m 10 duct = × the contraction
esponding density= ducts arc
of of 1 =data 10 flux/pole 0.28
= 1.2 for pole
=H/m tooth core cm the
× KB 0.056 × 48
0.9 1 = cm : 1.3326 the x core ×
1.9 cm 4
apparent g 48 centre 8
material = airgap factor, x
25 × length 1.2
to T × 102
real cm 0.648 Kg
corresponding flux
flux 1.3326 = = =
density x 1.05932
1.258 x
density, 0.6 Kg
x X
particular 10-2 Kgd
Breal to
real
=
1.9 flux at
T a
and density section
ermeability
of
a 1.29
tooth
 General Desig Aspects
1.30 1.31
1.9 SOLUTION:
B
H=
31.4x106
4 Given :
H= 60510 ngb) Gross core length, L = 0.10 m = 100
L; = K; (L - mm
ofcore, Number of ducts, na = 1
Net iron length core length
where, L= Gross Width of duct, b = 10 mm
of ducts
nË = No. Slot pitch, T, = 24 mm
width
b, = Duct Slot width, b, = 12 mm
1)
L; = 0.9 (25 - 4 x Carter's Coefficient for slots, Kes = 0.3
= 18.9 cm
Carter's Coefficient for ducts, Ked = 0.3
Slot pitch, t, = b, + b, Gap flux density at pole centre, B, = 0.65 T
slot
where, b, = Width of
of tooth Gap contraction factor for the slots
b, = Width

Tse =I+ 1.2 Ts - Kesb,

= 2.2 cm
24
24 - 0.3 x 12
K, = b, Li
24
2.2 x 25 20.4
=
1.2 x 18.9
= 1.17647
= 2.425
Gap contraction factor for ducts
Apparent flux density Bapp = Breal + 4n X 107 H (K, - 1)
L
= 1.9 + 4n X 10-7 x 60510 (2.425 - 1) Kgd L- Kangba
= 2.0 Wb/m?
=
100
100 0.3 × 1x 10
EXAMPLE3: Determine the airgap length of ad.c. machine from the
Gross core length = 0.10 m following ou = 1.03

Number of ducts = 01 Total gap contraction factor, Kg = Kgs X Kgd

Width of duct = 10 mm = 1.17647 x 1.03
Slot pitch = 24 mm = 1.2117
Slot width = 12
mm MMF required for the airgap
Carter's cient for slots
Gap flux Coeffi Al = 3800 - 600
and ducts = 0.3
density at pole
Field MMF per pole = centre = 0.65 T
= 3200 A

MMF required for iron 3800 A MMF required for the airgap
parts of AT, = 800000 KB,l,
magnetic
1.3 32 AT, General Design Aspects
800000x K,B, 1.33
airgap, 4=
Lengthof 3200
1.2117x 0.65 = 144 x
4T x 10 x 1200
8x 10 x
= 1910A
= 0.005 m
h =5mmAns. Now, magnetizing current,
50H:
stampingshavinga
core of asingle
relative
phase, 230V,
permeability of 1200. transformer
is made
The length of flux pahiy
Al
V2T
EXAMPLE4: The 1O-3 m' and
core is 2 x
the
and
crosS-sectional area of
bas 400 turns.
the

magnetizing current of the

primary wi Im =
1910
V2 x 400
the
Calculate maximum
stacking factor =
fluxand
0.9.
transformer. As In = 3.376A Ans,

EXAMPLE 5: Determine the specific slot permeance of a parallel sided semi enclosed
SOLUTION : 10-3 slot having the following dimensions (all in mm) :
= 0.9 x 2 x
Net iron area of the core, A; Slot width = 10
= 1.8 x 10-3 m
Slot opening = 3
E = 444 fo, T, Height of conductor portion= 25
= 4.44 f BAT, Height above conductor and below wedge = 1
E Wedge height 3.5
B, = 4.44 x 50 x 1.8 x 10x 400 Lip height = 1
= 144 Wb/m? SOLUTION :
Given:
Maximum flux in the core,
Slot width, b_ = 10 mm
Oa = BA
= 1.44 x 18 x 103
Slot opening, bÍ = 3mm
Height of conductor, h, = 25 mm
= 2.59 x 10-3 Wb
Height of conductor and below wedge (Insulation), h, = 1mm
=2.59 mWb Ans.
Wedge height, h, = 3.5 mm
Magnetizing MME, Lip height, hå = 1
AT = flux x
reluctance For parallel sided slot, the specific slot permeance

2h, +
|3b, bs b, + b, bo
= BA X 25 1 2x3.5
s= 4T X10-7 +
3x 10 10 10 +3
s= 22.7 x 10 Ans.
BmB
 Electrical
Elements of
pole per
Desig General Design Aspects 1.35
slots per phas
induction motor has 3 turns per phase
SOLUTION :
50Hz, 4-pole number of stator using
EXAMPLE 6: A3-0, 0.14m and the motoris parallel sida Hysteresis loss per kg, PH = k, f B W/m²
core length is winding. The
stator :
has a single layerfollowing
The dimensions The hysteresis loss = 10 Wkg at f = 50Hz and B, = 1T
220. The machine core having the 10 = kh X 50 x (1)² x 7600
stator
slots fot the
10 mm
Slot width = 10
mm kh =
Slot opening = 3 50 x 1x 7600
= 30 mm
Height of
conductor wedge = lmm = 26.3 x 106 Ans.
conductor and below
Height above
Now, PH = k, f B² × 7600
Wedge height = 3.5 mm
mm PH = 26.3 x 10-6 x 60 x (1.2) x 7600
Lip height = 1 reactance per phase.
Determine the stator slot leakage PH = 17.27 W/kg
SOLUTION :
Therefore, the hysteresis loss per kg at f = 60 Hz and Bm = 1,2T will be
permeance, PHo = 17.27 W/kg.
specific slot
For parallel sided slot, the
2h, h, EXAMPLE 8:Calculate the iron losses in the core of transformer having the following
h, h, + data:
b, + bo b
bs Volume of the core = 0.055 m³
1 2x3.5 Density of iron steel = 7600 kg/m
[ 30 +
= 4n X 10-7 3x 10 10 10+3 Specific iron loss at flux density 1.5T = 2 Wkg.
SOLUTION :
= 24.78 x 10-7
per phase Total weight of the core = Volume x density
The stator slot leakage reactance = 0.055 x 7600
= 418 kg.
X= 8ntT; L| Total iron loss in the core = Specific iron loss (Wkg) × Weight of core
= 2x 418
(24.78 x 10 = 836 W Ans.
= 8t x 50 x (220)² x 0.14 4x3
EXAMPLE 9 : A salient pole de machine has a core length of 0.32m including four
= 1.762 Ans. ducts of 10mm each, pole arc 0.19m, slot pitch 65,4 mm, slot opening 5mm, air
gap length Smm and a flux per pole 52 mWb. Assume Carter's coefficient of
EXAMPLE 7: The hysteresis loss in a sample of iron was found to be 10 WA 0.18 for opening/gap = land 0.28 for opening/gap =2, Calculate the mmf required
at a frequency of 50Hz and maximum flux density of 1 T. for the air gap. (GTU, Dec, 2015)
(a) Calculate the hysteresis coefficient in the
expression, P = k, f Bm W SOLUTION :
and
Slot opening 5mm
(b) Calculate the loss per kg at f =60Hz and The ratio =
The density of iron is 7600 W/m. flux density Bm = 1.2 T. Gap length 5 mm

The Carter's coefficient for slots corresponding to this ratio, K = 0.18

 Eleme Si

1.36 General Design Aspects 1.37

factor for slots

Gap contraction MMF required for the airgap
AT, = 800000 k, B, l,
= 8 X 10 × 1.05 × 0.855 x 5x 10-3
Kgs , -kb, mnm
pitch = 65.4
Where, T, = Slot = 3591A
slot = 5mm
b. = Width of QUESTIONS
65.4 (1) State the similarities and differences between electric and magnetic circuits.
65.4 -0.18 x 5
(2) Discuss laws of magnetic circuits.
= 1.014
3) Explain leakage flux and leakage coefficient.
duct width 10 mm
(4) Explain fringing effect of flux across an airgap in a magnetic circuit. How it differs
= 2
Now, the ratio gap length 5 mm
from leakage flux.
= 0.28
Carters coefficient for ducts Kol
ducts, (5) What is mean by magnetization curve ? Explain its importance and uses in magnetic
Gap contraction factor for circuits.
L
(6) Derive an expression of reluctance of an airgap in d.c. machine. Explain clearly
the effects of (i) Slotting and (ii) Ventilating ducts.
Where, L=Gross core length = 0.32m
(7) Derive an expression for the MMF required for the airgap in the case of slotted
n = No. of ducts = 4 armatures.
by = Width of duct = 10mm
(8) What do you understand by the term "gap contraction factor" ? Explain its physical
0.32 meaning.
.. Ked =
0.32 0.28 x 4 x 10 x 10
(9) Distinguish between »apparent flux density' and 'Real flux density' in highly saturated
= |.036 armatures.
Totalgap c»ntraction factor, K, = Kg X Kgd
= 1.014 x 1.036
(10) Define Real' and Apparent' flux densities in the tooth of d.c. machine armature
and give difference between them. Also derive relation between them.
= 1.05
Flux density at the pole centre (11) State and explain various methods for calculating MMF required for the teeth in
d.c. machine.
B, = flux/pole
Pole arc x core length (12) What is the Carter's fringing curve ? Why it is used ?
52 x 10 (13) Define "Field form factor" for d.c. machine. Explain the procedure of evaluating
0.19 x 0.32 form factor by drawing field form for given configuration of pole with specific
= 0.855 Wb/m portion using Carter's fringing curve. Assume smooth core.
airgap of an
(14) Explain the effect of slot opening on the distribution of flux in the