Chapter # 3

1. Pressure remaining constant at which temperature the volume of a gas will become twice of what it is at 0 0C:
(a) 5460C (b)2000C (c)546k (d)273k
3
2. The number of water molecules in one dm of water is close to:
(a)6.02/22.4*1023 (b)12.04/22.4*1023 (c)18/22.4*1023 (d)55.6*6.02*1023
3. Which of the following have the same number of molecules at STP?
(a)280cm3 of CO2 and 280cm3 of N2O (b)11.2dm3 of O2 and 32 g of O2
3
(c)44g of CO2 and 11.2dm of CO (d)28g of N2 and 5.6 dm3 of oxygen
4. If absolute temperature of a gas is doubled and the pressure is reduced to one half, the volume of the gas will:
(a) Remain unchanged (b)increase four time (c)reduce to 1/4 (d)be doubled
5. The molar volume of CO2 is maximum at:
(a) STP (00C and 1 atm) (b)1270C and 1 atm (c)00C and 2 atm (d)2730C and 2 atm
6. The order of rate of diffusion of gases NH3, SO2, Cl2 and CO2 is:
(a)NH3>SO2>Cl2>CO2 (b)NH3>CO2>SO2>Cl2 (c)Cl2>SO2>CO2>NH3 (d)NH3>CO2>Cd2>SO3
7. Equal masses of methane and oxygen are mixed in an empty container at 25 0C. the fraction of total pressure
exerted by oxygen is:
(a)1/3 (b)8/9 (c)1/9 (d)16/17
8. Gasses deviate from ideal behavior at high pressure. Which of the following is correct for non ideality:
(a)At high pressure, the gas molecules move in one direction only
(b)at high pressure, the collision between the gas molecules are increased manifold
(c)at high pressure, the volume the gas becomes insignificant
(d)at high pressure, the intermolecular attraction becomes significant
9. The deviation of a gas from ideal behavior is maximum at:
(a)-100C and 5.0 atm (b)-100C and 2.0 atm (c)1000C and 2 atm (d)00C and 2.0 atm
10. A real gas obeying Van der Walls equation will resemble ideal gas if the:
(a)Both a and b are large(b)both a and b are small (c)a is small and b is large (d)a is large and b is small
11. Normal human body temperature is:
(a)370C (b)98.60C (c)370F (d)273K
12. The S.I unit of pressure is:
(a)Torr (b)mmHg (c)Nm-2 (d)pound per square inch
13. Mathematically Boyle’s law is shown as:
(a)PT=k (b)VT=K (c)PT=k (d)PV=K
14. The gas law giving relationship between volume and pressure of gas is:
(a)Dalton’s law (b)Charles’s law (c)graham’s law (d)Boyles’s law
15. The constant factor in Charles’s law is:
(a)Volume (b) Temperature (c)pressure (d)all of these
16. The value of general gas constant R in S.I units is:
(a)8.3143kjK-1mol-1 (b)8.3143NmK-1mol-1 (c)0.0821dm3atmk-1mol-1 (d)62.4dm3torrk-1mol-1
17. At 1000C a gas has 1atm pressure and 10 dm3 volume. Its volume at STP would be:
(a)10 dm3 (b)less than 10dm3 (c)more than 10dm3 (d)cannot be predicted
18. The absolute zero is:
(a)Attainable (b)may be attainable (c)unattainable (d)may not be attainable
19. The formula for density of a gas at a given temperature and pressure is:
(a)d=P/RT (b)d=PM/RT (c)d=nP/RT (d)d=M/V
20. The spreading of fragrance of scent in air is due to:
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 (a)Effusion (b)diffusion (c)osmosis (d)density
21. Rate of diffusion of CO and N2 are same at room temperature due to reason, that:
(a)Both are diatomic molecules (b)both have same multiple bond in them
(c)Both have lone pair in them (d)both have same molar masses
22. Partial pressure of oxygen in lungs is:
(a)760torr (b)320torr (c)159torr (d)116torr
23. To accommodate the non-ideal gas, who has given an equation:
(a)Boyles’s law (b)Charles’s law (c)Vander Waals (d)Arrhenius
24. If the value of a and b are zero for certain gas, then the gas is:
(a) Ideal (b)non-ideal (c)real (d)any diatomic gas
25. How much part of universe is made up of plasma?
(a)90% (b)95% (c)99% (d)100%
26. Plasma was first identified by:
(a)Dalton (b)William Crookes (c)Van der Waal (d)J.J Thomson
27. The presence of intermolecular forces of attraction in gases like Cl2 and sO2:
(a)No change in “a” factor (b)varying “a” factor
(c)decrease in the “a” factor (d)increase in the “a” factor
28. Neon has low critical temperature and pressure as compared to other gases due to:
(a)It is manoatomic gas (b)it has small size
(c)it has low polarizability (d)it has forces of attraction
29. Which of the following gases diffuses quickly:
(a)N2 (b)NH3 (c)CO2 (d)Cl2
30. For real gases zero volume is impossible at very low:
(a)Temperature (b)pressure (c)density (d)none of these
31. The partial pressure of oxygen in air is?
(a)149 torr (b)169 torr (c)159 torr (d)116 torr
32. The pair of gases which do not obey Dalton’s law of partial pressure?
(a)H2 and O2 (b)H2 and He (c)NH3 and HCl (d)He and Ne
33. The spreading of fragrance of scent is due to?
(a)Diffusion (b)Effusion (c)Osmosis (d)Density
34. The temperature of natural plasma is:
(a)10000oC (b)20000oC (c)5000oC (d)1000oC
35. The gases show more deviation at:
(a)Low temperature and low pressure (b)High pressure and low pressure
(c)High temperature and high pressure (d)Low temperature and high pressure

Short Questions:

1. Why is the Boyles’s law applicable only to the ideal gasses?

Answer: Boyle’s law is applicable to those gases which have no forces of attractions among the molecules, such gases are
ideal. If the gases have forces of attraction and can be liquefied then Boyle’s law is not applicable then gases are non-
ideal. So Boyle’s law is only applicable to only ideal gases. Its formula is PV=K when n and T are kept constant.
2. When a gas obeys the Boyles’s law, the isotherm for the gas can be plotted. How is it true?
Answer: When a graph is plotted between pressure of the gas on x-axis and volume on y-axis, by keeping temperature and
number of moles constant a curve line is obtained, this curve is called isotherm. This condition is only fulfilled by Boyles
law. The word isotherm means same temperature. (Draw the graph)
3. The product of pressure and volume at constant temperature and number of moles is a constant quantity.
Why?
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Answer: According to Boyles law
V α 1/P or k=PV (If quantity of gas ‘n’ and temperature ‘T’ is kept constant)
If we plot a graph between P and PV for a fixed quantity of a gas at constant temperature then a straight line parallel to
pressure axis is obtained. This straight line indicated that the product of PV is always a constant quantity. (Draw the
graph)
4. Why do we get a straight line when pressure is plotted against inverse of volumes? This straight line changes
its positions in the graph by varying the temperature. Justify it?
Answer:if a graph is plotted between pressure on y-axis and inverse of volume 1/V on x-axis at constant temperature, we
get a straight line which shows that pressure and inverse of volume 1/V are directly proportional to each other.
Hence, P α (1/V)
this straight line meet at the origin, which means that when pressure is very close to zero, then
volume is so high and its inverse is close to zero. Now increase the temperature of same gas from T1 to T2, again kept the
pressure constant T2 and varying the pressure. The graph of P and 1/V will again give a straight line and this straight line
is at temperature T2 is closer to pressure axis.
5. Define atmospheric pressure and give various units of pressure?
Answer: Atmospheric pressure:the pressure of air that can support 760 mmHg or 76 cmHg column at sea level is called
one atmosphere. It is the force exerted by 760 mm or 76 cm long column of mercury on an area of 1cm 3 at 0oC. Various
Units of pressure: 1atm=760mmHg as 1mmHg= torr
The S.I unit of pressure is expressed in Nm-2. 1atm=101325Nm-2. 1Nm-2=1pascal
So, 1atm=101325 pa=101.325Kilopascals (kpa is another unit of pressure)
The unit pound per square inch (psi) is used most commonly in Engineering work, and 1atm=14.7psi.
6. Greater the temperature of the gas closer the straight line of P versus 1/V to the pressure axis. Justify it.
Answer:when the temperature of the same gas is increased for the constant number of moles then the volume increases at
the same pressure. The inverse of volume decreases at the same pressure. So, the straight line lies to the pressure axis.
(draw the graph).
7. Do you think that the volume of any quantity of a gas becomes zero at -273.16 oC? is it not against of law of
conservation of mass? Deduce idea of absolute zero from this discussion.
Answer:Law of conservation of mass: Mass can neither be created nor destroyed although it can change from one form
to another form”.If a gas could have zero volume at -273.16 oC, then its mass become zero which is against the law of
conservation of mass. So, volume of any quantity of gas is never equal to zero at absolute zero temperature. All the ideal
gases changes into liquid at this temperature.
Absolute Zero:A hypothetical temperature at which the volume of given amount of a gas becomes equal to zero.
Absolute zero is -273.16oC. It is a theoretical value.
8. Charles’s law is not obeyed when the temperature is measured on Celsius scale. Justify it.
Answer: consider a gas having volume of 566cm 3 at 10oC, if its temperature is increased to 100cm 3 its volume becomes
746cm3.Now, applying the Charles law, Temperature is taken celcius scale.
V1/T1=V2/T2 566/10=746/100
These two sides are not equal. So Charles law is not obeyed in Celcius scale.
Now the temperature is taken in kelvin scale.
T1=10+273=283K T2=100+273=373K.
Again applying the Charles law
V1/T1=V2/T2 566/283=746/373 2=2
Both sides are equal. So, Charles law is obeyed in kelvin scale.
9. What is absolute zero? What happens to real gases while approaching it?
Answer:Absolute zero:A hypothetical temperature at which the volume of given amount of a gas becomes equal to zero.
Absolute zero is -273.160C. It is a theoretical value.
All the real gases are converted into liquid while approaching at this temperature. So, -273.160C is unattainable.
10. A gas occupies 100dm3 at 283k. What will be its volume at -273.160C at constant pressure?

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Answer:All the gases are converted into liquid state at -273.16 0C. its means that the gas is liquid at this temperature and
the volume of liquid never becomes equal to zero. So, the volume at -2730C of a gas cannot be predicted.
11. Throw some light on the factor 1/273 in Charles’s law.
Answer:Quantitative definition of Charles law: “At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas increases or
decreases by 1/273 of its original volume at 0 oC for every 1oC rise or fall in temperature respectively. The factor 1/273 is
introduced in mathematical form of quantitative definition of Charles law.
The equation is Vt=Vo(1+t/273)
Where Vt=volume of a gas at any temperature Vo= volume gas at 0oC t=temperature of gas.
The above equation is used to calculate the volume of the gas at any temperature. The equation shows that if V o is known
for a gas, then an increase or decrease in temperature by 1 oC results in increase or decrease of its volume by factor
1/273Vo. So, 1/273 factor is very important to explain Charles law and helpful in evaluation of absolute zero.
12. Justify that the volume of given mass of a gas becomes theoretically zero at -2730C.
Answer:According to Quantitative definition of Charles law. : “At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas
increases or decreases by 1/273 of its original volume at 0oC for every 1oC rise or fall in temperature respectively.
Vt=Vo(1+t/273) when temperature is taken -273.16oC then, Vt=Vo(1+273/273)=0
0
13. What are various scales of thermometry? Convert 80 C to Fahrenheit.
Answer:There are three scale of thermometry,
Centigrade or Celcius scale Fahreheit scale Absolute or Kelvin scale
o o o o
C=5/9( F-32) F=9/5( C)+32 k=oC+273
o
F=9/5x80+32=144+32
o
F=176
14. How the value of general gas constant R can be derived with the help of Avogadro’s law?
Answer:According Avogadro’s law, the volume of one mole of all the ideal gases at standard temperature and pressure is
22.414dm3. Temperature is 273k, pressure is 1atmand number of moles is 1mole. Putting the values in equation
R=PV/RT
The value of general gas constant R is:
R =1atmx22.414dm3/1molex273.16k=0.0821dm3atmk-1mol-1.
15. How the density of an ideal gas doubles by doubling the pressure or decreasing the temperature on kelvin
scale by 1/2?
Answer:we know that
d=PM/RT
when pressure is double then density should be doubled because these are directly proportional to each other. Similarly
when temperature is half then density is also double. As density and temperature are inverse to each other.
d=2PM/RT
Similarly, d=PM/R(T/2)=2PM/RT
16. Calculate the S.I unit of R.
Answer: The SI units of pressure are Nm-2 and volume is m3. By using Avogadro’s principle:
n=1mole T= 273.16 K V=22.414dm3 = 0.0224 m3
P= 1atm = 101325 Nm-2
PV 101325 Nm−2 x 0.0224 m3
R= = = 8.314NmK-1mol-1.
nT 1 mole x 273.16 k
R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1
17. What is Avogadro’s law of gases?
Answer: Equal volume of all the gases at same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
This hypothesis explains that all the ideal gases at standard temperature and pressure occupy a volume of 22.414dm3.
1mole of gas=22.414dm3 of an ideal gas at STP= 6.02x1023

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 1dm3 of an ideal gas at STP=6.02x1023/22.414=2.68x1022
This statement means that there are only ideal gases at 0 oC, 1atm pressure and having 1dm 3 of volume, and then they will
have 2.68x1022 molecules.
18. Justify that 1 cm3 of H2 and 1cm3 of CH4 at STP will have same number of molecules. When one molecule of
CH4 is 8 times heavier that of hydrogen.
Answer: According to Avogadro’s law, equal volume of all the gases at same temperature and pressure contain equal
number of molecules.
1cm3 of H2 and 1cm3 of CH4 at STP will have equal number of molecules.
No doubt, the molecules of methane is eight times heavier than hydrogen, but the size and the masses of gas molecules
does not affect the volume occupied at standard temperature and pressure because one molecule of gas is 300 times away
than its diameter.
19. Can we determine the molecular mass of an unknown gas if we the pressure, temperature and volume along
with the mass of that gas?
Answer:yes, we can determine the molecular mass of an unknown gas as following.
PV=nRT where, n=m/M
Putting the value of n in general gas equation
PV=mRT/M
So, arranging the above equation M=mRT/PV
Hence, we determine the molecular mass of an unknown gas if we the pressure, temperature and volume along with the
mass of that gas
20. Why pilot feel uncomfortable breathing at high altitude?
Answer:at higher altitude, the pilot feel uncomfortable breathing because the partial pressure of oxygen in the
unpressurized cabin is low as compared to 159 torr, where one feels comfortable breathing. Therefore pilots cabin are
pressurized to maintain the partial pressure of oxygen to 159torr.
21. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures. Give its expressions:
Answer:Dalton’s law of partial pressures:“The total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the
sum their individual partial pressure.”
Let there be mixture of gases
P=PH2+PCH4+PO2
Pt=ntRT/V where n=nH2+nCH4+nO2
22. How do you say that the pressure of the dry gas is equal to the difference of total pressure and aqueous
tension of H2O?
Answer:some gases are collecting over water in the laboratory. The gas during collection gathers water vapours and
become moist. The pressure exerted by this gas is therefore the sum of partial pressure of the dry gas and the water
vapours. The pressure exerted by water vapours is called aqueous tension.
Pmoist=Pdry+Pwatervapours
Pmoist=Pdry+aqueous tension
So the pressure of dry gas can be calculated from moist gas
Pdry=Pmoist-aqueous tesnion
23. Lighter gases diffuse more rapidly than heavier gases. Give reason.
Answer:Graham’s law of diffusion: “Rate of diffusion and effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of
its densities at constant temperature and pressure”.
Rate α 1/√d
We know that at constant temperature and pressure dαM
Graham’s law can be written as following:
Rate α 1/√M

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According to this lighter gases having less molecular mass will diffuse more rapidly than heavier gases having high
molecular mass.
24. Why do feel comfortable in expressing the densities of gases in units gdm -3 rather than gcm-3, a unit which is
used to express the densities of liquids and solids?
Answer:in gases particles are very far away from each other as compared to solids and liquids. So, appreciable mass a gas
is not present in a smaller volume i.e., 1cm 3. Therefore densities of gases is expressed in bigger unit of volume i.e., gdm -3
instead of gcm-1.
For example: CH4 has a density 0.7138 g dm -3 at 0oC, if it is expressed in gcm -3 then it would be 0.0007136gcm -3, which is
very small value.
25. How do you justify from general gas equation that increase in temperature or decrease in pressure decrease
the density of a gas?
Answer:According to general gas equation:
PV=nRT where n=m/M
PV=mRT/M
Arranging the equation PM=mRT/V where d=m/V
PM=dRt or d=PM/RT
So, dαP
and d α 1/T
So, density of a gas increases with the increase in pressure and decreases with the increase in temperature.
26. Do you think that 1 mole of H2 and 1 mole of NH3 at 0oC and 1 atm pressure will have Avogadro’s number
of particles?
Answer:According to Avogadro’s law: “Equal volume of all the gases at same temperature and pressure contains equal
number of molecules.”
Both the gases occupy equal volume and they have same number of particles.
1 mole of H2 = 22.414dm3 = 6.02x1023 molecules
1 mole of NH3 = 22.414dm3 = 6.02x1023 molecules
As we know that size and mass of gas molecules does not affect the volume occupied by gas molecules because each gas
molecule is 300 time away from its diameter.
27. Gases deviate more from the general gas equation at 0oC and deviate to less extent at 100oC. Why?
Answer: Gases deviate more from the general gas equation at 0 oC and deviate to less extent at 100 oC because at 0oC the
forces of attractions are dominate and gases becomes non-ideal. At high temperature 100 oC the attractive forces becomes
less dominate and gases behaves ideally.
28. Hydrogen and helium are ideal at room temperature, but SO2 and Cl2 are non-ideal. How do you explain it?
Answer:if a gas is non-polar, having less molecular mass, it means that the gas is behaving ideally (the values of ‘a’ and
‘b’ are small for that gas).
Hydrogen and helium have smaller size and are non-polar having least polarizability behaves ideal at room temperature
(the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ are small for these gases). While Cl 2 and SO2 have larger size and greater polarizability, so
intermolecular forces are present which increases their ‘a’ factor making them non-ideal.
29. How the critical temperature is an essential criterion to be considered for the liquefaction of gases?
Answer:Gases can be liquefied at low temperature and high pressure. The temperature of gas should reach the critical
temperature on or below that temperature to make a gas liquid. Gases can never be liquefied, how much pressure is
increased if the gas has temperature above than the critical temperature.
30. In joule Thomson effect sudden expansion of the gas molecules needs energy. Why?
Answer:In a highly compressed state there are significant attractive forces among the gas molecules. When a gas is
suddenly expanded, the energy is required to overcome the intermolecular forces. Moreover, the molecules need extra
energy to go far from each other in vacuum.
31. Joule Thomson effect is operative in the Lind’s method of liquefaction of air. How?
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Answer:In Lind’s method the gas is compressed to 200 atmospheric pressure. These compressed gases are suddenly
allowed to expand through a nozzle. This sudden expansion to area of low pressure is the consequent of cooling which
Joule Thomson effect and this effect is operative in Lind’s method of liquefaction.
32. Why the gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressure and low temperature?
Answer:When the temperature of the gases is low, the attractive forces dominate and gases don’t obey the gas law and
deviate from ideal behavior. At high pressure the collision between gas molecules is more frequent and forces of attraction
are created between gas molecules. Moreover, the actual volume of gas molecules is no more negligible as compared to
the volume of vessels.
33. Water vapors do not behave ideally at 273k. Why?
Answer:“Gases behaves ideally at high temperature and low pressure”
Water vapours are highly polar molecules, when the temperature is decrease 273k or 0oC the kinetic energy of water
molecules is significantly decreased. Due to which motion of molecules becomes slow and very strong forces of
attractions are produced between gas molecules. Therefore, the water vapours don’t behave ideally.
34. Give two causes for deviation of gases from ideality?
Answer:the two causes for ideality are given below.
(i) Actual volume gas molecules is negligible as compared to volume of vessel
(ii) There are no forces of attraction among the gas molecules.
35. SO2 is comparatively non-ideal at 273k but behaves ideally at 373k. Why?
Answer:“Gases behaves ideally at high temperature and non-ideal at low temperature”
SO2 is a polar gas and having strong intermolecular forces due to greater size and large polarizability. At273k (0 oC)the
temperature of gas is very low and gas behaves as non-ideal due to strong intermolecular forces among the molecules.
While at 327oC (600k) the temperature of SO2 is very high, due to high temperature the forces of attraction between gas
molecules are completely broken and SO2 behaves ideally.
36. Why the volume correction is done by Vander Waal?
37. Why the volume correction is done by Van der Waal?
38. Why hydrogen and helium cannot be liquefied by Lind’s method?
Answer: H2 and He cannot be liquefied by Lind’s method because these gases consisting of very small molecules and
least polarizability, their critical temperature is extremely low. Intermolecular forces are created even at very low
temperature. Such a low temperature is not achieved by Lind’s method. For the Liquefaction of these gases Claude’s
method is used.
39. What is the physical significance of van der Waal’s constant “a” and “b”?
Answer:In Vander Waals equation ‘a’ is called co-efficient of attraction or attraction per unit volume. Its value is constant
for a particular real gas. Higher the value of ‘a’ stronger the intermolecular forces and more deviation from ideal behavior.
In Vander Waals equation ‘b’ is excluded or effective volume of a gas. Its value depends upon the size of gas molecules.
Greater the size of gas molecules higher the values of ‘b’ and more deviation from ideal behavior.
40. Dalton’s law finds its application in the breathing process. How?
Answer: Dalton’s law finds its application in the process of respiration. The process of respiration depends upon the
difference in the partial pressures. When animal inhales air then oxygen moves into the lung as the partial pressure of
oxygen in the air is 159 torr, while partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is 116 torr. CO 2 produced during respiration
process moves out in the opposite direction as its partial pressure is more in lungs than that in air.
41. Why deep sea divers take inert gas in their cylinders?
Answer: Deep sea divers take inert gases in their cylinders say He along with oxygen and adjust the partial pressure of
oxygen according to the requirement. Actually at every 100 feet depth there is 3 atm increase in pressure. So, normal air
can’t be breath in depth of sea. Moreover the pressure of N2 increases in the depth of sea and diffuses into the blood.
42. Dalton’s law of partial pressure is only obeyed by those gases which don’t have attractive forces among their
molecules. Explain it?

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Answer:Pressure exerted by the gas is due the collision of the gas molecules per unit area. So the pressure is directly
proportional to the number of molecules of gas.
Pt α n t
In order to obey the Dalton’s law, it is necessary that molecules behaves individually in the mixture. So, they exert
individual partial pressure. If gases react together then the forces of attractions are created between gas molecules and
they cannot exert their individual partial pressure on the walls of vessel and hence the Dalton’s law is not obeyed.
43. Why polar gases can be easily liquefied than non-polar gases?
Answer:Non polar gases have low polarizability and weak intermolecular forces. For example “Ar” have critical
temperature 150k (-122oC). Hence it must be cooled at very low temperature for the liquefaction.
While polar gases have greater polarizability and strong intermolecular forces among the gas molecules. For examples
NH3 and H2O vapours. So they can be easily liquefied.

44. Why gases do not settle down in a vessel?

45. What are the characteristics of plasma?
46. Differentiate between diffusion and effusion.
47. Where is plasma found?
48. What are the applications of plasma?
49. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal gases.
50. What Avogadro’s law of gases?
51. Derive Boyle’s law from kinetic molecular theory of gases.
52. Derive Avogadro’s law from kinetic molecular theory of gases?

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