The Earth

THE EARTH
• Largest & heaviest terrestrial planet (diameter & mass)

• Called know as blue planet (due to water presence)
• Densest in all planet
• Circumference= 40232 km, diameter= 12756, Area= 510 million sq. km
• Avg distance from sun= 149 million km
• Perihelium→ nearest position from sun to earth, reach= 1january, distance= 147 million km
• Aphelion= farthest position, reach= 4 July, distance= 152 million km
• Oblate (चपटा)spheroid→ earth shape is very close (rounded shape with bulge around the equator)
• 43 km larger diameter than the pole to equator
• High→ mount Everest (8850m), deepest→ Mariana trench (10911 below sea level) (Pacific Ocean)
EARTH MOVEMENT
• Rotation or daily movement: -

o Spins imaginary axis from west to east in 23 hrs 56 min 40 sec
o Rotational velocity at equator = 1667 km/h
o Causation day and night
o 1 hr different two meridians which are 15 degrees apart (There is an hour difference on every
15° longitude. Thus, going from 0 to 180° east takes a period of 12 hours and it is 12 hours ahead
of Greenwich time. Similarly, going from 0 to 180° west gives 12 hours behind Greenwich time.)
o Change of direction of wind and ocean current
o Rise and fall of tides everyday
o Longer day in north hemisphere= 21 June, shorter day= 22 dec (visa-via south hemisphere)
o Day and night almost equal in equator
• Revolution or annual movement: -
o Earth motion in elliptical orbit around the sun
o Earth avg orbital velocity = 29.79 km/s
o One revolution=365 days 5 hrs 48 min 45 sec; leap year after 4 yrs
o Change of season
o Variation in the length of days and night at different times of the year
o Shifting of wind belts
o Determination of latitude
• Inclined Axis
o Imaginary line running from north to south & passed through centre of earth
o Inclined at 66.5 degree to the plane of earth orbit or tilted at 23.5 from line perpendicular to this
plane
o Axis always points in the same direction
o Inclined axis & earth movement combination result in varying lengths of days and night,
seasonality and change in altitude of sun at different times of the year
SEASONS
• Season= period in year (climate condition) (due to changes in duration and intensity of solar radiation)
1. Spring: - march 21, sun directly overhead the equator, northern hemisphere
2. Summer: - June 21, sun is directly overhead the tropic, northern hemisphere
3. Autumn: - sep 23, sun returns to equator, northern hemisphere
4. Winter: - dec 22, sun is directly in tropic of Capricorn, northern hemisphere
• Equinoxes: - day & night equal; sun shines directly over equator like march 21= vernal equinox, sep 23=
autumnal equinox
• Solstice: - length b/w days & night is largest; sun shines directly over tropics; June 21=summer solstice, dec
22= winter solstice
LATITUDE
• Imaginary line parallel to the equator

• Measured as an angle whose apex is at the centre of the earth (0 degree at equator)
• North pole=90-degree N, south pole= 90-degree S
• Tropic of cancer & Capricorn= 23 ½ degree N & S
• Artic circle & Antarctic circle= 66 ½ degree N & S
• Total no of latitude =181 included equator
• All line is parallel but not equal & toward pole reduce circle line so equator large circle & pole smallest
• Distance between two parallel circle is equal= approx. 111km
LONGITUDE
• It extended from north pole to south pole through equator called meridians
• Distance b/w any two meridians is not equal (decrease toward pole to zero) like 1 degree=111km, 30
degree= 96.5 km & so on
• Total no of meridian= 360
• 0 longitude= prime meridian, passing through royal observatory at Greenwich near London
• It divides into earth in to part: - western hemisphere & eastern hemisphere
• 180 longitude (opposite to 0 longitude) = international date line called= antipodal points
LONGITUDE AND TIME
• Earth is divided into 24 longitudinal zones, 15 degrees=1 hr, or 4min= 1 degree or 24 hrs=360 degree
• Earth rotates from west to east→ Greenwich east =sun rise earlier so again time; west=sun later so lose
time (east-again-add; west-lose-subtract)
• 0 degree=12pm, 15 degree east: -12+1=13 or 1pm; 15-degree west= 12-1=11 am;
• India location on east side= 180 degree so add 5hrs 20 min; London time= 12pm so India 12+5:30= 5:30
pm
• Each country has=standard time; but same large country like Russia, Canada, US have multiple time
zone; Russia=11 time zone, Canada & USA= 5
• International date line= 180 meridians; running over:- pacific ocean, deviating at Aleutian islands, Fiji,
Samoa & Gilbert islands
• West to east= repeat a day (Japan to USA); East to West= loss a day
ECLIPSES
LUNAR ECLIPSE
• Earth between sun & moon

• Occurs only on full moon day (but not every full moon day so do not occur every month)
• it can last up to 1 hr 40 min
• moon does not become completely dark during most lunar eclipse (many cases reddish because of
atmosphere scatters the other colour)
• earth atmosphere bends part of sun light around the earth and towards the moon
SOLAR ECLIPSE
• moon between sun & earth

• moon shape can be partial or total
• occur only on new moon day
• due to inclination of the moon orbit, , solar eclipse doesn’t occur on every new moon day
TIDES
• phenomenon of regular rise and fall of the sea water

• both sun & moon exert gravitational force on earth result tides
• moon by nature of its closeness to earth, has greater control over the timing of tidal rises and falls
• interval b/w two tides are 12 hrs 26 min
NEAP TIDE
• Lowest tide form due to opposite direction gravitation force of sun & moon
• Form a triangle
• This happen during phases of first and third quarter that is at half moon
• Small range tides called neap tide
SPRING TIDE
• Sun, moon & earth in straight line, so gravitation force too great
• Great range tide called spring tide
• Occur twice a month
• New moon= when sun & moon conjugation; full moon= when sun & moon opposite

The Earth

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THE EARTH

• Largest & heaviest terrestrial planet (diameter & mass)

• Rotation or daily movement: -

• Imaginary line parallel to the equator

LONGITUDE AND TIME

• Earth between sun & moon

• moon between sun & earth

• phenomenon of regular rise and fall of the sea water

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