File 14

TOPIC
CONCEPT OF NATIONAL INCOME

Sub Topic
1-National Income
2-DEFINATION
3-MEASUREMENT
FOR
B.A. (2) YEAR (ECONOMICS) ARTS
PREPARED BY
DR. SARASWATI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (ECONOMICS)

GOVT. DEGREE COLLEGE BHOJPUR , MORADABAD
[email protected]
E CONTENT (TEXT)
Concept of National Income
National income means the value of goods and services produced by
a country during a financial year. Thus, it is the net result of all
economic activities of any country during a period of one year and is
valued in terms of money. National income is an uncertain term and
is often used interchangeably with the national dividend, national
output, and national expenditure. We can understand this concept by
understanding the national income definition.
Browse more Topics under National Income
 Measurement of National Income

 The concept of Consumption, Saving, and Investment
 Economic Growth
 Economic Fluctuations
Concept of National Income

The National Income is the total amount of income accruing to a
country from economic activities in a years time. It includes
payments made to all resources either in the form of wages, interest,
rent, and profits.
The progress of a country can be determined by the growth of the

national income of the country
National Income Definition
There are two National Income Definition
 Traditional Definition
 Modern Definition
Traditional Definition
According to Marshall: “The labor and capital of a country acting

on its natural resources produce annually a certain net aggregate of
commodities, material and immaterial including services of all kinds.
This is the true net annual income or revenue of the country or
national dividend.”
The definition as laid down by Marshall is being criticized on the

following grounds.
Due to the varied category of goods and services, a correct
estimation is very difficult.
There is a chance of double counting, hence National Income cannot

be estimated correctly.
For example, a product runs in the supply from the producer to

distributor to wholesaler to retailer and then to the ultimate
consumer. If on every movement commodity is taken into
consideration then the value of National Income increases.
Also, one other reason is that there are products which are produced
but not marketed.
For example, In an agriculture-oriented country like India, there are

commodities which though produced but are kept for self-
consumption or exchanged with other commodities. Thus there can
be an underestimation of National Income.
Read more about Income and Expenditure Method here in detail
Simon Kuznets defines national income as “the net output of

commodities and services flowing during the year from the country’s
productive system in the hands of the ultimate consumers.”
Following are the Modern National Income definition
 GDP
 GNP
Gross Domestic Product
The total value of goods produced and services rendered within a

country during a year is its Gross Domestic Product.
Further, GDP is calculated at market price and is defined as GDP at
market prices. Different constituents of GDP are:
1. Wages and salaries

2. Rent
3. Interest
4. Undistributed profits
5. Mixed-income
6. Direct taxes
7. Dividend
8. Depreciation
Gross National Product
For calculation of GNP, we need to collect and assess the data from
all productive activities, such as agricultural produce, wood,
minerals, commodities, the contributions to production by transport,
communications, insurance companies, professions such (as lawyers,
doctors, teachers, etc). at market prices.
It also includes net income arising in a country from abroad. Four

main constituents of GNP are:
1. Consumer goods and services

2. Gross private domestic income
3. Goods produced or services rendered
4. Income arising from abroad.
GDP and GNP on the basis of Market Price and Factor Cost
a) Market Price
The Actual transacted price including indirect taxes such as GST,

Customs duty etc. Such taxes tend to raise the prices of goods and
services in the economy.
b) Factor Cost
It Includes the cost of factors of production e.g. interest on capital,

wages to labor, rent for land profit to the stakeholders. Thus services
provided by service providers and goods sold by the producer is
equal to revenue price.
Alternatively,
Revenue Price (or Factor Cost) = Market Price (net of) Net Indirect
Taxes
Net Indirect Taxes = Indirect Taxes Net of Subsidies received
Hence,
Factor Cost shall be equal to
(Market Price) LESS (Indirect Taxes ADD Subsidies)
Net Domestic Product
The net output of the country’s economy during a year is its NDP.
During the year a country’s capital assets are subject to wear and tear
due to its use or can become obsolete.
Hence, we deduct a percentage of such investment from the GDP to

arrive at NDP.
So NDP=GDP at factor cost LESS Depreciation.

The Accumulation of all factors of income earned by residents of a
country and includes income earned from the county as well as from
abroad.
Thus, National Income at Factor Cost shall be equal to
NNP at Market Price LESS (Indirect Taxes ADD Subsidies)
Question on National Income

Q. Enumerate the various methods of measuring National
Income?
Ans. There are various methods for measuring National Income:
1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

2. Gross National Product (GNP)
3. Net National Product (NNP)
4. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
5. National Income at Factor Cost (NIFC)
6. Transfer Payments
7. Personal Income
8. Disposable Personal Income
KEY WORDS:
1-GDP
2-GNP
3-NNP
4-NDP
5-NIFC
NOTES:
1-Dilard D – Keynes Ka Arthashastra
2-Ghosh Alak – Indian Economy
3-Growther G – An Outline Of Money
4-Samuelson P.A. – Economics
DECLERATION (I HAVE BY DECLARE THAT THE INFORMATION

GIVING IN THIS FORM IS TRUE AN CORRECT TO THE BEST
KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF)

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TOPIC

CONCEPT OF NATIONAL INCOME

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (ECONOMICS)

 Measurement of National Income

Concept of National Income

The progress of a country can be determined by the growth of the

National Income Definition

There are two National Income Definition

According to Marshall: “The labor and capital of a country acting

The definition as laid down by Marshall is being criticized on the

There is a chance of double counting, hence National Income cannot

For example, a product runs in the supply from the producer to

For example, In an agriculture-oriented country like India, there are

Read more about Income and Expenditure Method here in detail

Simon Kuznets defines national income as “the net output of

Following are the Modern National Income definition

Gross Domestic Product

The total value of goods produced and services rendered within a

1. Wages and salaries

Gross National Product

It also includes net income arising in a country from abroad. Four

1. Consumer goods and services

The Actual transacted price including indirect taxes such as GST,

It Includes the cost of factors of production e.g. interest on capital,

Net Indirect Taxes = Indirect Taxes Net of Subsidies received

Factor Cost shall be equal to

(Market Price) LESS (Indirect Taxes ADD Subsidies)

Net Domestic Product

Hence, we deduct a percentage of such investment from the GDP to

So NDP=GDP at factor cost LESS Depreciation.

Thus, National Income at Factor Cost shall be equal to

NNP at Market Price LESS (Indirect Taxes ADD Subsidies)

Question on National Income

Ans. There are various methods for measuring National Income:

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

1-Dilard D – Keynes Ka Arthashastra

2-Ghosh Alak – Indian Economy

3-Growther G – An Outline Of Money

4-Samuelson P.A. – Economics

DECLERATION (I HAVE BY DECLARE THAT THE INFORMATION

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