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    Network Layer - Part 1

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    sasongko wardhana
    Teaching Presentation Network Layer 1

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    Network Layer - Part 1

    Uploaded by

    sasongko wardhana
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    Teaching Presentation Network Layer 1

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    Network layer - Part 1

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    Teaching Presentation Network Layer 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views43 pages

    Network Layer - Part 1

    Uploaded by

    sasongko wardhana
    Teaching Presentation Network Layer 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 43

    NETWORK LAYER

    By
    Abdul Ghofir, M.Kom
    Ref: Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking
    Logical Addressing

    • Communication at the network layer is host-to-host (computer-to-


    computer); a computer somewhere in the world needs to
    communicate with another computer somewhere else in the
    world.
    • For this level of communication, we need a global addressing
    scheme; we called this logical addressing.
    • The Internet addresses are 32 bits in length; this gives us a
    maximum of 232 addresses.
    • These addresses are referred to as IPv4 (IP version 4) addresses or
    simply IP addresses.
    IP Addresses

    • Assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)


    • Addressing system is divided into IPv4 and IPv6
    • It consists of 32 bits for IPv4 and 128 bits for IPv6
    • Using the binary and decimal number systems
    International Institution for IP Management

    • America :America Registry for Internet Number (ARIN)


    • Europe : Reseaux IP Europeens (RIPE)
    • Africa :African Regional Internet Registry Network Information Center
    (AFRINIC)
    • Asia Pacific :Asia Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC)
    IP Address Category

    1. Private IP
    • IP Address with a special network address that is used for addressing in the local
    network.
    • To find out the Private IP is by typing “IPCONFIG” at the Command prompt
    ➢ Class A : 10.0.0.0 –10.255.255.255
    ➢ Class B :172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
    ➢ Class C : 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
    2. Public IP
    • It’s an IP Address used on the internet, provided by the ISP
    • The way to find out a public IP is by using a particular website.
    For example: www.ipsaya.com
    IP Address Implementation

    1. Static IP
    • It’s an IP address that is permanently owned by a computer system.
    • It sets manually by Network Admin.
    2. Dynamic IP
    • An IP Address on a computer system that always changes according to the
    use of the IP Address in the network at that time, which is set by the DHCP
    (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server.
    IP Address Implementation on Windows
    IPv4 Addresses

    • An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines


    the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a router) to the
    Internet.
    • The address space of IPv4 is:

    232 or 4,294,967,296.
    IPv4 Addresses

    There are two prevalent notations to show an IPv4 address: binary


    notation and dotted decimal notation.
    • Binary notation:
    01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010
    • Dotted decimal notation
    117.149.29.2
    IPv4 Addresses
    Example 1:

    Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary


    notation to dotted-decimal notation.

    Solution
    We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal
    number and add dots for separation.
    a. X . Y . Z .T
    b. X . Y . Z . T
    19.12
    Example 2:

    Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal


    notation to binary notation.

    Solution
    We replace each decimal number with its binary
    equivalent

    19.13
    Example 3:

    Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.

    19.14
    SUBNETTING
    Subnet Mask

    • Subnet mask is a special technique to divide a computer network


    become subnetworks with smaller sizes.
    • This activity is called subnetting and it can only be done on IP
    addresses consisting of classes A, B and C only.
    Binary Conversion to Decimal

    11000000 . 10101000 . 00001010 . 00000001

    10 1
    0 0
    1 0 0
    1 0 01 0
    N = 0 – 7 (8 Bit) 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
    Result 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

    Sum
    Conversion for Decimal to Binary

    5 digit

    8 digit 8 digit 7 digit

    128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
    192 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
    168 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
    100 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
    20 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
    Classful Addressing
    and
    Classless Addressing

    19.19
    Classful Addressing

    • IPv4 addressing, at its inception, used the concept of classes.


    • In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five
    classes: A, B, C, D, and E. Each class occupies some part of the
    address space.
    Finding the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
    Example 4:

    Find the class of each address.


    a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
    b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
    c. 14.23.120.8
    d. 252.5.15.111

    19.22
    Classful Addressing
    Classes and Blocks

    • One problem with classful addressing is that each class is divided


    into a fixed number of blocks with each block having a fixed size
    as shown in Table:
    Classful Addressing
    Classes and Blocks

    In classful addressing, a large part of the


    available addresses were wasted.
    Classful Addressing
    Netid and Hostid

    • In classful addressing, an IP address in class A, B, or C is divided


    into netid and hostid.
    • In class A, one byte defines the netid and three bytes define the
    hostid.
    • In class B, two bytes define the netid and two bytes define the
    hostid.
    • class C, three bytes define the netid and one byte defines the
    hostid.
    Classful Addressing
    Mask

    • Although the length of the netid and hostid (in bits) is


    predetermined in classful addressing, we can also use a mask (also
    called the default mask), a 32-bit number made of contiguous 1s
    followed by contiguous as.
    Default masks for classful addressing
    Classful Addressing

    Classful addressing, which is almost


    obsolete, is replaced with classless
    addressing.
    Classless Addressing

    • To overcome address depletion and give more organizations access


    to the Internet, classless addressing was designed and
    implemented.
    • In this scheme, there are no classes, but the addresses are still
    granted in blocks.
    Classless Addressing
    Address block

    • In classless addressing, when an entity, small or large, needs to be


    connected to the Internet, it is granted a block (range) of
    addresses.
    • The size of the block (the number of addresses) varies based on
    the nature and size of the entity.
    • For example, a household may be given only two addresses; a
    large organization may be given thousands of addresses.
    • An ISP, as the Internet service provider, may be given thousands or
    hundreds of thousands based on the number of customers it may
    serve.
    A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization
    Classless Addressing

    In IPv4 addressing, a block of


    addresses can be defined as
    x.y.z.t /n
    in which x.y.z.t defines one of the
    addresses and the /n defines the mask.
    Classless Addressing

    The first address in the block can be


    found by setting the rightmost
    32 − n bits to 0s.
    Example 1

    A block of addresses is granted to a small organization. We


    know that one of the addresses is 205.16.37.39/28.
    a. What is the first address in the block?
    b. What is the last address in the block?
    c. Find the number of addresses in the block!
    Solution

    The binary representation of the given address is:


    11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111

    a. If we set 32−28 rightmost bits to 0, we get:


    11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000

    or
    205.16.37.32
    Classless Addressing

    The last address in the block can be


    found by setting the rightmost
    32 − n bits to 1s.
    Solution

    b. If we set 32 − 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get:


    11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111
    or
    205.16.37.47
    Classless Addressing

    The number of addresses in the block


    can be found by using the formula
    232−n.
    Solution

    c. The value of n is 28, which means that number


    of addresses is 2 32−28 or 16.
    A network configuration for the block 205.16.37.32/28
    The first address in a block is
    normally not assigned to any device;
    it is used as the network address that
    represents the organization
    to the rest of the world.
    Task

    1. In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of one


    host is 25.34.12.56/16. What are:
    a. The first address (network address)
    b. The last address (limited broadcast address) in this
    block?
    c. The number of address above!
    Task

    2. In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of one


    host is 182.44.82.16/26. What are:
    a. The first address (network address)
    b. The last address in this block?
    c. The number of address!

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