Working Model:

Schematic Diagram

Mode of Operation:
1. Zero Detector circuit:

A zero-crossing detector circuit is explained in detail, featuring a bridge rectifier and an optocoupler.
The bridge rectifier is used to limit the current to the optocoupler. The optocoupler then drives a
transistor based on the signal from the bridge rectifier. When the LED is off, the transistor is off, and
the interrupt pin is pulled high due to the pull-up resistor. Like this we will be getting a logic zero
 and logic high depending on the situation we are applying at opt optocoupler’s input using this
bridge rectifier.

2. Switching TRIAC:

The TRIAC is triggered using an optocoupler, MOC3021. The MOC3021 is driven by the
interrupt pin of the Arduino. When a pulse is detected at the interrupt pin, a high signal is sent to
the optocoupler, turning on the TRIAC. This allows AC current to flow to the load. When there is
no pulse, the TRIAC remains off, and the AC current is blocked from the load.

In the diagram, as we can see the 220V AC waveform with a 20ms time period, indicating a
frequency of 50Hz. The output of the bridge rectifier shows that every 10ms, we get a zero-
crossing. To detect this, we use the zero-crossing detector circuit. When the output of the bridge
rectifier is non-zero, the LED is on, turning on the transistor and grounding the interrupt pin.
When the output of the bridge rectifier is zero, the LED turns off, turning off the transistor, and
the interrupt pin is pulled high. This setup allows us to detect every zero-crossing, generating a
pulse at the interrupt pin. We use this pulse to trigger our TRIAC to drive the AC load.

After detecting a zero-crossing, we can send a signal to the TRIAC to control the load. For
example, sending a high signal immediately after a zero-crossing will allow full AC to the load,
making the bulb fully bright. Delaying the signal by a few milliseconds will chop off part of the
AC waveform, dimming the bulb.
Open-Loop Control System Concept:
An open-loop control system operates without feedback. The control action is based solely on the input
commands, with no monitoring of the output to adjust the control actions.
 Command Reception: The Arduino receives a command from the Bluetooth module, which is
sent from a phone specifying the desired brightness level.
 Firing Angle Adjustment: Based on the received command, the Arduino adjusts the firing angle
of the TRIAC.
 Power Regulation: The TRIAC regulates the power delivered to the bulb, thereby controlling its
brightness.
 Lack of Feedback: There is no feedback mechanism to check the actual brightness of the bulb
and make adjustments accordingly.

Advantages:
 Simple Design and Implementation: The system design is straightforward since it does not
require additional components for feedback. Easier to program the Arduino as it only needs to
interpret and act on the input commands.
 Lower Cost: Fewer components are needed, such as sensors and additional circuitry for
feedback. Reduced complexity leads to lower manufacturing and maintenance costs.

Disadvantages:
 No Compensation for Variations: The system cannot adjust for variations in the power supply.
Any changes in the bulb's characteristics over time (such as aging) are not accounted for.
 Less Accurate Control: Since there is no monitoring of the actual brightness, the system may
not achieve the desired brightness precisely. External factors like changes in ambient light or
voltage fluctuations are not corrected, leading to potential inconsistency in bulb brightness.
 Results and findings
V¿ ( Firing Load Simulated Result Theoretical Calculation Experimental
V rms ¿ Angle Resistance Values
Volts α(degree) (ohm) (V rms )
(Volts)
Load Load Output Load (V rms ) (Volts) Output
current voltage Power current Power

230 0 500
(I O )(A ) (V rms )

0.46
(Volts)
228.4
¿)
(Watt)
105.06
(I O )(A )

0.46
V o =V s
230
√ 1
π
[ ( π −α
¿)
)+ sin 2 α ]
(Watt)
105.8
2
188.1
230 18 500 0.45 228 102.6 0.44 218.4 96.1 174.4
230 36 500 0.44 223.5 99.2 0.41 206.1 84.5 160.1
230 54 500 0.42 212 89 0.39 192.8 75.2 149.6
230 72 500 0.38 191.5 72.77 0.36 178.4 64.2 124.6
230 90 500 0.32 162.9 52.128 0.33 162.6 53.7 83.5
230 108 500 0.25 127.9 31.98 0.29 145.2 42.1 66.6
230 126 500 0.19 89.61 18.74 0.25 125.4 31.4 42.9
230 144 500 0.10 52.35 2.54 0.2 102.2 20.4 25.6
230 162 500 0.05 23.7 1.19 0.14 72.2 10.10 10
230 180 500 0.04 17.4 0.7 0 0 0 2.508

MATLAB Results:
Block Diagram
 α=0

α=36 α=54

α=90
α=126

α=144 α=162

α=180