TOPIC 2

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN 18th CENTURY

1.0 CONCEPT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND CAPITALISM

What is capitalism?

Capitalism: is the fourth mode of production which characterized by private

ownership of major means of production. However capitalism is a socio-economic
and political system whereby the major means of production such land, industries
and transportation systems, are owned by individual people (rich people). Therefore
capitalism is the fourth mode of production in human history but is the third mode of
production based on exploition of man by man where the rich people (employers)
exploit the poors (workers or employees) by paying low wages and long Woking
hours.

STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE

Normally the development of capitalism in Europe passed three major stages which
were:-

i. Mercantilism/Commercial capitalism (1450 – 1750) or mercantilism

ii. Competitive capitalism / Industrial capitalism (1750 – 1850)

iii. Monopoly capitalism/ Imperialism (1850 up to dates).

FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPITALISM

Qn: Critically examine six characteristics of caipitalism agressive to the marxist point
of view.

Normally capitalism has the following characteristics or features:-

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1. Private ownership of capital: Capitalist economy based on private ownership of
property. Normally individual accumulate property for his will interst. Government
protects the right to property. After the death of every person his property goes to his
successors.

2. Free competition: it characterised by free competition because entrepreneurs

compete for highest profit.

3. It based on profit maximization: It based on buying cheapest and selling dearly their
hope is to earn the highest profit.

4. Existence of antagonistic classes: the society is normally divided into two classes
the “haves” and the “have-not”. Conflict between labour and employers.

5. Existence of exploitation of man by man: The peasants were exploted by employers.

6. Advancement of science and technology: capitalism it characterized by application

highly advanced scientific and technical equipments in production like the use of
tractors, combined harvesters, artificial insemination, crossbreeding, and so on.

THE CONCEPT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What is induatrial revolution?

Industrial revolution: were the series of technical changes and innovation that
transformed industrial production from cottage to the factory system. It normally
involved complex process of that brought fundamental social, political, economic and
technological changes in human history. period of shifting from the use of cottages
(locally traditional) industries to the use of sophisticated industries. Normally it was the
perio when machine was discovered in Europe whereby machine was replaced human
labour. The first European countries to undergo industrialization was a Britain in 1750-
1850. The industrial revolution in Europe brought the fundamental social, political,
economic and technological changes in human history.

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FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. Existence of free trade: During this period the role of the state was minimal, this was
because of the belief of free trade, and this sometimes was called “laissez faire policy”.

2. It characterized by competion in production: Most of the enterprises were small and

competitive in nature hence there was no monopoly in market, area for investment,
getting labor and monopoly of getting raw materials because each enterprise was
competing with another to get economic motive.

3. Existence of trade protectionism: The tariff policies (trade barriers) were still
protective in nature because each nation was still protecting her home market in order
to allow merchants to involve in trade at home without any competition from outside
merchants.

4. Development of financial institutions: Banks were not controlling production but they
were only the agents of payment where by banks provided capitals, loans and credit to
the merchants to continue involve themselves in trade for development of capitalism
but not these banks but not these bans were involved in production.

5. It featured by industrial revolution (mechanization): Competitive capitalism was

characterized by the growth of industries where by industries grew specifically for
producing manufactured goods which were needed and sold by industrial capitalist in
Europe (Britain).

6. Presence of two classes: These include industrial owners or capitalists and workers
or producers (poor).

7. It featured much by Export of commodities to the poor countries and import of raw
materials: By that time capitalists exported much their commodities to the non
industrialized countries and imported much raw materials from those non industrialized
countries.

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8. The rise of working class movement: This period is featured by the emergence of
workers reaction fighting for their rights. Example: Luddite movement, Chartism and
trade unionism in Britain, and The aparice commune in 1871. However these movement
contributed to the development of democracy. Example: In Britain the working class
movements led to the establishment of British labour Party (BLP) in 1900, Social
Democratic labour party (SDLP) in Germany in 1867.

PHASES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

The industria revolution historically were categorized in to sevwral phases each face is
featured by having uniqueness features with respect to the technological advancements.
Moreover in main categories the industrial phases were categorized in to two phases
which are:-

A. FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE (1750's–1840'S)

This first phase was featured by initial innovation and expansion of cottages. The
industries of this phase based on production of consumer goods. Example: Textile
industries, flour mills, beef canning.

THE COTTAGE SYSTEM (PUTTING-OUT SYSTEM)

Cottage industries: Were the small scale industries with light machines which applied
simple technology. They usually employed low number of labour force especially family
labour. However they featured by low production and this was guided by the number of
labour force. Cottage system was the early industrial system which were depending on
human hands on making different goods and services. The term "cottage industry"
refers to the period when a skilled craftsmen and Artesians crafted goods within within
their cottages, utilizing their own equipments and resources.

FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTAGE INDUSTRIES

i. They were primitive local industries.

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ii. They usually employed low number of labour force.

iii. They featured by low production. The production based on Man's hands .

iv. They used simple light machines.

v. They made up of simple technology.

vi. They were much concentrated in urban centres.

vii. They based on production of consumer goods.

TRANSITION FROM COTTAGE TO FATORY SYSTEM (840'S –1870'S)

Transition from cottage to factory: Was the priod of shifting from the local (simple)
industries to the application of heavy complex industries among the European nations
particularly in England. This transition was caused by technological advancements.
During this period there was establishment of heavy industries due to the improvement
of technology. It involved the innovation of sophisticated complex industries.

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Qn: Explain six factors that led to transition from cottage system to factory system.

1. Growth of population: There was a rapid increase in population especially in Britain

at the end of the 15thC; this increase was caused by better medical facilities and early
marriages. In 1485 AD, Britain had three million people. This increase in production
contributed to the rise of capitalism by providing a ready market for manufactured
goods and cheap labor in industries. Also increased population facilitated cheap labor
in industries, leaving rural areas hence decline of feudalism and rise of capitalism.

2. Growth of towns: The Growth of towns for example Manchester and Liverpool
contributed to the rise of industrial capitalism. These towns attracted many people who
undertook trade and commerce which contributed to the demise of feudalism.

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3. Agrarian revolution: The improvement of agriculture contributed significantly to the
collapse of feudalism. The changes in agriculture for example crop rotation and the use
of machines led to increase in production. The Increase in production led to acquisition
of wealth which was used to finance the industrial revolution hence rise of capitalism.

4. Political revolutions: Political revolutions e.g. the English revolution of 1640 and the
French revolution of 1789 contributed to the rise of capitalism. These revolutions
destroyed feudalism and put the major means of production in the hands of capitalists
hence leading to the rise of capitalism.

5. Commercial revolution: Refers to fundamental changes which were characterized by

the development of international trade and the rise of merchant class. Through
international trade, European countries especially Britain acquired a lot of capital which
was used to finance the industrial revolution, thus the rise of capitalism.

6. Monetization of the economy: The Introduction of money as a medium of exchange

played a great role in the rise of capitalism in Europe. Money formed the basis of
capitalism by financing the industrial revolution, thus the rise of capitalism.

7. The Hundred years war: The war was fought between the British and the French,
during the course of the war British plundered French towns and enriched themselves.
This was a form of primitive accumulation of capital which contributed significantly to
the rise of capitalism.

8. Scientific and technological revolutions: The Scientific revolution refers to major

technological changes that took place in Europe and paved the way for the rise of
capitalism. The Revolution led to the expansion of commodity production which led to
the development of internal trade that contributed to the industrial development thus
the rise of capitalism.

WHY BRITAIN WAS THE FIRST NATION TO INDUSTRILIZE IN EUROPE

Qn: Why Britain was the first country to industrialize in Europe? Give six points.
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The industrial revolution begun in Britain on a large scale for the first time, later spread
to other countries such as France, Germany, Spain and Belgium. During this period
Britain was referred to as the “ workshop of the world ” . The causes of the industrial
revolution are classified into internal and external factors:-

INTERNAL FACTORS

1. The success in mercantile trade: The British accumulated huge capital during the
mercantile trade especilly by the mid of 17th century in different parts of the world wich
invested for the industrial revolution. British accumulated huge capital during the
mercantile trade through slave trade by measns of unequal exchange.

2. Presence of cheap transport systems: There was improvement in the transport

system through the construction of roads, railways and canals. The good transport
system supported the industrial revolution by providing cheap and reliable transport.
The Britain had good habours, canals and big rivers which enabled the development of
marine system. This enabled Britain by the 1820's to have 40℅ of shipping companies
in the world especially companies operated by the British East Indian and British West
India. This enabled Britain to accumulate a lot of raw materials.

3. Good government support: The British government pursued the favourable trade and
economic development policies which positively supported British rapid
industrialization. The government supported much the interests of merchants by
removing trade tariffs. Also the government enacted several law as to make sure that
her internal and external markets are remains stable. Example the introduction of
Navigation acts or laws by Britishbparliament vetween 1652's and 1660 enabled much
British to collet capital. Furthermore the government ensured political stability.

4. Free trade system: Britain had the largest free trade unity in Europe completely
unhampered by the local tariffs system. Almost each part of Britain produced
something and traded with others. The absence of internal tariffs encouraged industrial
activities thus leading to industrial revolution.

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5. Presence of many natural resources: Britain had many natural resources which
stimulated industrial revolution. There was existence of coal and iron minerals. The coal
mining was important in coastal shipping and provision of cheap fuel and later rail road
construction. The existence of these two natural resources generated more
technological innovations that enabled Britain to undergo the industrial revolution.

6. Geographical position: Moreover the tendency of being an island enabled Britain to

be isolated from many wars from other European nations since other European nations
were nearby each other. This opportunity enabled Britain to concentrate on production
of goods and expanding capital.

7. Technological advantages: Britain was the first country to undergo technological

advancement in various aspects. There were various discoveries that took place in
Britain which facilitated the industrial revolution. In 1776, James Watt discovered the
steam engine and in 1775 Miller Cromb discovered the water frame. These discoveries
contributed to the scientific revolution and finally the industrial revolution.

8. The impacts of agricultural revolution: This was the another reason which enabled
Britain to be the first country in Europe to under go industrialization by themid of 18th
Century. The agricultural revolution contributed to the high availability of raw materials
through adaptations of good farming methods through enclosure system. The agrarian
revolution through enclosure system contributed to the availability of labour force and
raw materials.

9. The cluster of invention and innovations: The British government invested on

innovation by advancing new machines and production methods. Especially by the mid
of 18th the textile industrial sectors received high innovation by introducing new
spinning methods. Also another field that experienced technological transformation is
iron extraction sector. Example by the 1873 and 1784 the puddling and rolling iron
method were introduced where coal were used as a source of power instead of using
charcoal. Hence this contributed to the rapid industrial revolution.

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10. The contribution of early scientists: The contributions of key individual scientists
like the James Watt and Richard Arkwright they contributed to the industrial revolution
in Britain by inventing new machines of production. Example: By the 1760 James Watt
discovered separate condensers that prevented the loss of steams. Moreover Richard
Arkwright invented the Water frame, the spinning machine powered by water. Therefore
also this contributed to industrial revolution in Britain.

11. Rapid development of financial institutions: The British government established

financial institutions that played veryvimportant role to the industrial revolution in Britain.
The financial institutions provided loans to the capitalists also enabled the government
to invest enough capital towards the industrial revolution. Example: Barclays Bank,
Standard Chartered and insurance companies like the House of Liyoid.

12. The role of demographic revolution: The population expansion in England played
the important role to the industrial revolution by providing cheap labour for different
capitalist sectors. Moreover demographic revolution contributed to the technological
advancements and improvement of agricultural production which resulted in to
availability of raw materials. In additional demographic revolution contributed to the
growth of towns which later on become the trading centres.

EXTERNAL FACTORS

1. International links: The paramount cause of the industrial revolution was the Trans
Atlantic slave trade. British companies traded with all countries in Europe but most
important was trade with Asia and North America. The most profitable business
acquired huge profits which were used to build many industries.

2. Existence of many colonies: Britain had so many colonies in Africa, America and Asia.
These colonies provided raw materials and ready markets for industrial products,
therefore contributing to the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution led to drastic

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economic and social changes in the lives of the British people. It replaced agriculture as
the main source of wealth and was responsible for the scramble for the control of the
rest of the world.

THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE FROM BRITAIN TO OTHER EUROPEAN

COUNTRIES (WORLDWIDE)

QN: In six (6) points explain how the industrial knowledge shifted from England to
other European countries and world at large?

1. The great London exhibition of 1851: Normally by the 1851 England invited other
European countries to see the technological and economic achievement, hence this has
led to the spread of knowledge of industeial revolution toother countries through
imitation.

2. The impact of British overseas trade: Historically British conducted trade contact
with many out side countries in Europe with high knoledge of adopting technological
inovation where through this many European countries adopted different industrial
knowledge.

3. The British foreign investment: British historically was invested to many European
countries either by means of colonization of external investment where through this
other countries adopted industrial knowledge. Example America, China, etc.

4. Labour mobility: normally this involves movement of labour from one either Britain to
other countries or hiring cheap labour from other countries to England hence through
labour mobility enabled the spread industrial knowledge to other countries.

5. Scientific research and technology: normally by the 19yh Century many European
countries engaged much on scientific research which resulted in to invention of new
modern industrial knowledge. Example Germany and USA were highly invested on this.

6. Presence of abundant resources: Normally presence of many resources to some

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European countries like Belgium, Germany, USA, France and Japan were much endowed
with many potential resources like coal and iron ore which supported rapid
industrialization.

7. High caoital investment: Normally by the 19 many European countries like Holland,
spain, Portugal and USA were highly invested enough capital obtained from
mecerntilism which encouraged rapid industrialization.

8. Impact of state unification: Normally after Germany and Italy unification bright rapid
industrialization because of high demand for improving national economy and
superiority worldwide.

BRITAIN AS THE WORLD WORKSHOP

Qn: Why Britain was referred to as the workshop of the world.

Between 1750s and 1870s Britain was referred to as the workshop of the world by other
European countries because all the commodities of the world were being produced in
Britain, during the period of Victoria, the entire world depended on high quality products
from Britain. There are various reasons to why Britain was called the workshop of the
world, these included the following:-

1. The impact of industrial revolution: Britain was the first country to undergo the
industrial revolution in 1750 AD and then it spread to other countries such as German
and France. The British people regarded themselves as the source of world civilization
and their country was a model to other countries.

2. Presence of advanced technology: Britain was the source of technology in the world.
Most of the inventions in technology took place in Britain e.g. the steam engine that was
discovered in 1776 by James Watt and the maritime technology that started in Britain. It
was Britain that set the pace for the industrialization of other countries.

3. Presence of many colonies: Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. It

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controlled at least a quarter of the world’s population. It had colonies in Asia, America
and Africa. These colonies provided a ready market for British manufactured goods and
raw materials that contributed to the industrial revolution.

4. Huge economy: Britain had the largest economy between 1750 AD and 1870 AD; its
economy was worth 540 million pounds the largest in Europe and it was followed by
France which had 250 million pounds. The possession of the largest economy explains
why it was called the workshop of the world.

5. Leading exporter of industrial goods: Britain was the leading exporter of the
industrial products by that time and she monopolized the export of high quality
industrial goods, this enabled her to control the world market and obtain higher profits
this situation made Britain to be referred to as the workshop of the world.

6. Political stability: The monarchy in Britain provided a stable and predictable

government in the country. Peace and security provided a conducive atmosphere for
massive investment thus enabling Britain to have the largest economy in the whole
world.

7. Geographical advantage: Britain had an added advantage in natural resources which

stimulated the industrial revolution. The existence of coal and iron in plenty was a
crucial factor for the industrial revolution. Coal mining was important in the provision of
fuel and later in railway road construction.

8. Existence of a fairly developed banking system: The development of financial

institutions accelerated the industrial revolution in Britain. The banks provided loans to
capitalist investors which made it possible for them to invest in various sectors of the
economy, this massive investment enabled Britain to have the largest economy.

9. Good transport system: There was a fundamental improvement of transport system

through the construction of roads and railways. The good transport system encouraged
industrial activities by providing the cheap and reliable transportation system.

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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE RISE OF WORKING CLASS MOVEMENT IN
BRITAIN

According to the marxist point of view, workers or proletarians: are people who are not
own any means of production such as factories, machines, land, mines, buildings or
vehicles.

The Working class movement: Is a form of collective counsciousness involving a group

of wage earners who fighting for their common interests against workers exploitation
and oppression in their working places. The industrial revolution in England brought
various problems like unemployment, pollution, long working hours, child labour, low
wages, poor living condition. Therefore this led to the rise working movements to
struggle for their rights in a collective forms.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TO THE RISE OF WORKING CLASS

MOVEMENT

On: In six points relate the induatrial revolution and the rise of working class
movements in Britain.

1. Poor working conditions: The poor working conditions in industrial countries

contributed to the rise of working class movements. The workers were subjected to
long working hours, poor working conditions forced the workers to form working class
movement.

2. Intensive exploitation of workers: The workers in Britain were exploited through low
wages, unemployment, taxation, long working hours.

3. Environmental pollution: The members of luddism fought there was very catastrophe
of polluion caused by the invented machines. This include water, air, land and noise
pollution.

4. Discrimination in job opportunities: The workers in Britain were working in very poor

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conditions. The job opportunities are provided in terms of biasness and favaraitism.

5. Poor social welfare: The invented machine contributed to the poor provistion of
social services, therefore the movement was formed in order to fight for accessibility of
social services and workers welfare like pensions, medical fees and insurance. These
services were important because the workers were paid low wages.

6. Women and child labour: The industrial revolution led to the introduction of child and
women labour which occurred after the invention of machinery.

7. Introduction of unfair laws by the 1799 to 1800: There were unfair laws that were
introduced by British government which forbidden worker to form any trade union for
the aim of fighting for their rights. These laws made all combines to be illegal and those
who acted against were punished.

A. LUDDISM/LUDDITE MOVEMENT (1811 – 1817)

Luddism/Luddite movement: was the first working class to the British history which
was stimulated by the impact of industrial revolution. Also known as the Luddite
movement This was the first industrial working class movement in Britain. The word
“luddism” came from an imaginary figure “General Ned Ludd” who was believed to be
mythical leader of the movement. This movement dominated the early faces of the
industrial revolution at the beginning of the 19th C. the movement concentrated on
breaking machines because the members thought that their exploitation and
oppression was due to the machines.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LUDDISM

1. It consisted of many illiterates members

2. It has suffered much from poor economic base.

3. It was dominated the first phase of industrial revolution.

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4. It was traditional working class movement.

5. It has led by leaders with bad ideologies.

6. It was suffered from strong government measures.

REASONS FOR THE RISE OF LUDDISM

1. The economic depression of 1811 to 1812: The economic depression was caused by
by different reasons like Napoleonic wars which affected the British economy and
resulted in to rise of poor economic hardship particularly to the poors through
provisions of social services rise of prices of goods. During the France blocked British
trade with continental in Europe. Also the great depression was caused by USA
economic embargo of 1807 and non-intercourse policies in 1809, these two USA acts
closed the USA trade with Britain, hence the rise of economic depression to Britain, the
USA economic embargo contributed British to lost some of goods in USA.

2. Intensive exploitation of workers: The workers in Britain were exploited through low
wages, unemployment, taxation and long working hours. All these economic
exploitation to workers were caused by economic depression.

3. Crops failure: The crops failure raised the prices of food varieties like bread due to
shortage of wheat flours in the country especially by the 1801 to 1813 and resulting in
to poor living conditions and the rise of Luddite movement. Also the shortage of foods
especially bread caused by Russian economic embargo to Britain which restricted
Britain from importing wheat flours from Russia. Therefore the higher price of foods
affected much workers which result in to workers movement.

4. The structural changes in the British economy: This was caused by emergence of
factory system which come to replace cottage industries where artesians and
craftsmen become jobless and result in to poor living conditions, hence workers wanted
to restore their previous conditions.

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5. Discrimination in job opportunities: The workers in Britain were working in very poor
conditions. The job opportunities are provided in terms of biasness.

6. Poor political rights: The members of luddism fought against lack of right for
political recognition in the government like right to vote and be voted.

7. Poor living conditions: The luddite members fought for accessibility of social
services and workers welfare like pensions, medical fees and insurance. These services
were important because the workers were paid low wages.

8. Women and child labour: The members of luddism fought against women and child
labour which occurred after the invention of machinery.

MEHODS USED BY LUDDISTE MOVEMENT

1. They used big harmers called Enoch Tylor to destroy machines.

2. They applied salt in the machinery parts.

3. They were organized during the night.

4. They used threatening letters. The letter signed by general Ned Ludd.

5. They used boycotts, riots, strikes and mass destructive demonstrations.

THE IMPACTS OF LUDDITE MOVEMENT

QN: Assess six impacts of luddism in England.

The movement brought both negative and positive impacts to the English econmy.

1. It promoted awereness and consciousness to the workers: The workers became

aware of their exploitation and oppression by the capitalist class hence they started to
act as a class by taking the action of breaking the machines, this reaction forced the
capitalist’s class to respond positively by increasing wages.

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2. It has led to the formation of chartism: It was an important catalyst in the
development of working class movements in future, when luddism failed another
movement known as Chartism was established which used some of the principles of
luddism.

3. It promoted unity and solidarity to the workers: The movement contributed to the
unity of workers by bringing together different workers from different walks of life under
one movement, luddism. It is this unity which later contributed to the formation of
Chartism.

4. It led to the improvement of workers conditions: The movement was contributed to

the improvement of some working conditions these were such provision of holidays,
high wages, job protection, job compensation and reduction of working hours well as
prohibition of child and women labour in industries.

5. It has provided lesson to the capitalist government: Luddite movement provided

good lesson to the capitalist governments particularly British government that workers
conditions and demands should be considered.

6. Destruction of properties: The movement contributed to the destruction of properties

like industries and infrastructures.

7. Emergence of socialist ideology: Luddite movement planted seeds for the

emergence of socialist ideology especially utopian socialism. Which focused on
improvement of workers conditions and creating happful societies based on equality.

8. Separation of families: The movement resulted in to separation of families because

of strong government measures.

9. Decline of British economic supremacy: This is due the fact that British government
spent a lot of resources on fighting againd Luddite movement, moreover the movement
contributed to the destruction of properties and improvement of workers conditions like
high wages.
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THE SUCCESS OF LUDDISM IN BRITAIN

1. It promoted awereness and consciousness to the workers: The workers became

aware of their exploitation and oppression by the capitalist class hence they started to
act as a class by taking the action of breaking the machines, this reaction forced the
capitalist’s class to respond positively by increasing wages.

2. It has led to the formation of chartism: It was an important catalyst in the

development of working class movements in future, when luddism failed another
movement known as Chartism was established which used some of the principles of
luddism.

3. It promoted unity and solidarity to the workers: The movement contributed to the
unity of workers by bringing together different workers from different walks of life under
one movement, luddism. It is this unity which later contributed to the formation of
Chartism.

4. It led to the improvement of workers conditions: The movement was contributed to

the improvement of some working conditions these were such provision of holidays,
high wages, job protection, job compensation and reduction of working hours well as
prohibition of child and women labour in industries.

5. It has provided lesson to the capitalist government: Luddite movement provided

good lesson to the capitalist governments particularly British government that workers
conditions and demands should be considered.

6. Emergence of socialist ideology: Luddite movement planted seeds for the

emergence of socialist ideology especially utopian socialism. Which focused on
improvement of workers conditions and creating happful societies based on equality.

FAILURES/ PITFALL/SHORTFALL/ WEAKNESSES OF LUDDISM/LUDDITE MOVEMENT

Qn: In six points elaborate the reasons contributed to the failure of the first English

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workers movement.

1. Failure to identify the true enemy: The members of luddism failed to identify their
real enemy that is they could not distinguish between machines and the capitalists. The
luddites believed that they were getting low wages because of the machines that are
being introduced, yet the fact was due to the capitalists who wanted to maximize profits
by giving the workers low wages.

2. Presence of high illiteracy: The members of luddism were not educated thus they did
not present any program for reform because they lacked a clear ideology. Due to the
absence of clear ideology, the movements lacked massive support for the people which
later contributed to its decline.

3. Application of wrong methods: The methods used by luddites were wrong. The act of
breaking machines did not gain any sympathy from employers or the government. The
government was determined to use force to suppress the movement hence contributing
to its failure.

4. Disunity among members: The luddites were not united in the sense that some of the
members preferred to use violent means that is destroying machines but some wanted
to use peaceful methods that is engaging in dialogue with the employers for increased
wages and better working conditions.

5. Absence of committed leadership: The movement lacked strong leadership because

it was based on an imaginary figure called Ned Ludd. The absence of strong leadership
made it difficult to unite all the workers and fight against one common enemy, the
capitalists.

6. Poor economic base among the members: The movement faced the problem of
inadequate funds thus it failed to run and coordinate its activities effectively in the
struggle against the capitalists. It should be noted that the capitalists had a lot of
resources at their disposal to sustain the struggle against the luddites.

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7. The movement was urban based: The movement was not large in scope; it
concentrated in urban industrial centers thus as a result it lost massive support in the
country side. This factor contributed tremendously to the decline of the movement.

8. Strong measures from the British government: Because the movement was violent
based then British government introduced strong measures to deal with machine
breakers by arresting and imprisonment of some Luddite members. Example by the
1812 the British government introduced the law of providing strong punishments to the
machine breakers.

9. Low experience among workers: The movement conducted by workers with low
experience on how to protest against capitalist evils. This means that most Luddites
they had low level class consciousness and resulted in to disunity.

2). THE CHARTISM/CHARTIST MOVEMENT 1830 – 1850

Chartism: was a nationalwide and the second British workers movement based on
parliamentary reforms to achieve socio-political demands of industrial workers in Britain.
The movement formulated to fight for political rights. The movement got its name from
the people's charter that listed the six political demands which include, universal
manhood suffrage, equal electoral districts, voting by secret ballot, annual elected
parliaments, and payments for members of Parliament. Chartism was the political
based working class movement formed in 1830- 18350. It was a first typical working
class movement and it was national in scope and political based in Britain. The
movement was the political oriented movement formed during second phase of
industrial revolution. The leaders of chartism were such as William Lovert, and O'Connor.

PHASES/STAGES OF CHARTISM DEVELOPMENT

The chartism development was categorized in to three broader phases which are:-

i. Formative phase in 1829– 1937: In this period the movement lacked many people it
was the period when the ground of movement was formed.
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ii. The popular phase in 1838–1842: This it was the period when the movement gained
momentum and the number of people were increased.

iii. The decline and disintegration phase in 1843–1850: This was the period when the
movement gained and failed to achieve some of its demands. It was the period of
collapse of chartism and give rise another workers movement known as trade unionism.

TACTS/METHODS USED BY CHARTISM

The workers movement used different tactics or techniques to fight for their rights.
These tactics included the following:-

i. Presenting petitions to the parliament: The movement presented three (3) petitions to
the parliament inboder to achieve some of its demands. However all three petitions
were rejected (not accepted). Example: The first petition was presented to the
parliament in June, 1839 with over 1.25 milions signatures, the second petition was
presented to the parliament in May 1842, this petition was signed by over 3 millions
wokers but rejected, the last petition was presented in April 1848.

ii. The use mass political meetings: The Chartist members used different campaign
meetings in the England cities like London, Manchester and Liverpool.

iii. The use of mass media: These were done through cheap newspaper, pamphlets.
The leaders of the chartist movement organized big political meetings were they
discussed all their problems thus making the people aware on what they were fighting
for.

iv. Strikes and demostrations: The movement also used strikes; this is where the
workers stopped production aiming at making losses to the employers in the attempt of
forcing them to make changes.

v. The use of riots: Example the riot of 1839 in Birmingham which pressed the
government to accept the petition of 1848.

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vi. The use of open trade unions: The chartist members sometimes they practiced open
trade unions so as to convey message to the government. Example the union of all
spinners in United Kingdom and the general post union.

THE CHARTIST SIX PROGRAMMES FOR POLITICAL REFORMS

Qn: In six points assess the six popitical prograames proposed by the political
oriented workers organization for political reforms in England.

The chartist political reforming programmes sometimes were knowns as six political
demands. By the 1835 the establishment of workers organization in London and the
Northern industrial Districts inspired radical association to struggle for workers rights.
The leading individual of this association was Irish Man Feargus O'Connor. However in
1836 the London working Men's Association (LWMA) and William Lovert become the
Secretary of the Association. Most members of this association were artesans and they
worked in collaboration. Reviving of the Birmingham political union (BPU) in 1837,
Normally the Birmingham political union was revived under the leadership of Thomas
Atwood, he was a banker who fought for currency freedom for the aim of solving
economic problems in the country (Britain). Thomas Atwood fought much for political
reforms. Both LWMA and BPU contributed to the establishment of six programs for
political reforms. The following were the six programs proposed for political reforms in
England.

1. The universal suffrage of man hood: Members of chartism they wanted all men aged
to 21 years to have right to vote and be voted in the national Assembly (Parliament).

2. The annual Parliamentary election: The members of chartism they wanted to have
general election for every year so as to increase and have government with more
transparency and accountability. Because the government become very corrupt,
autocratic and extravagant. However this demand was not achieved.

3. Vote by secret ballot: The chartist members wanted to have right of voting without

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fear or intimidation caused by government with interests of promoting bourgeoisie.
Therefore the chartist members they wanted to abolish the system of voting by open
ballot.

4. Payment of members of Parliament: Because the government allowed much vote to

be accessed by rich people the parliament consisted only rich people hence the
members of Parliament were not paid. Therefore the movement wanted the members
of Parliament to be paid.

5. Abolition of property qualification: The government introduced the principle of voting

or to be voted as a leader must have some property to own like the industriy, land and
earning not less than 40 pounds per year. Hence chartist members wanted to abolish
this system because the system excluded many industrial workers to fail to vote and be
voted but the system become favourable to the capitalists.

6. Equal electoral districts: The members of chartism (workers) they wanted the
government to set equal size of electoral districts (constituencies) which will enable
them to have good representation, this is because the government allowed the small
areas especially those with bourgeoisie to have many constituencies for much
representation for their interests.

FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF CHARTISM

The basic reasons for the rise of Chartism was industrial capitalism, however various
factors can be identified that had contributed to the rise of the chartist movement in the
womb of capitalism and these were:-

1. The poor law amendment act of 1834: These were the amendments made made in
the British Parliament. The poor laws stemmed to be oppressive and humiliative to the
poor workers. These poor laws restored the past laws passed in 1597 to 1601 by Queen
Elizabeth I to deal with the old people. The poor law gave high priority to the capitalist
interests and ignored the poor people. However the poor laws removed the so called

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“ dole system ” which were relief funds to supplement the low wages of the workers.
Moreover the law made capuatlis to chache the rate of money by rising price of goods
and services. With respect to the poorlaws Anglo – French war of 1795, the parliament
amended the act whereby the government would only assist the aged people but not the
exploited workers.

2. Economic depression of 1830 – 1838: The economic foundation of Chartism was

the economic depression of the late 1830s. This period was characterized by a decline
in production which led to a rapid increase in prices and shortage of food. It also led to
massive unemployment in Britain. The economic depression was caused by poor law
amendments, protectionism policies and frequently Napoleonic wars. Example during
the Napoleonic wars the national debt had risen to 902,000,000 million pounds in 1816.

3. Collapse of the Grand National trade union: The Grand National trade union was
formed by Robert Owen. Its main aim was to absorb all different trade unions and use
general strike as a weapon to achieve the goals of the workers. This trade union was
suppressed by the government by sentencing the leaders to jail. The collapse of the
union meant that the workers remained without a movement to express their grievances,
thus the formation of Chartism.

4. The impacts of British reform act of 1832: Normally in the two years campaign for
reforming bill from 1830 to 1832 caused chartist members to be collaborated with Whig
Party which represented the interests of bourgeoisie against the Tory Party which
represented the interests of old feudal lords. However the reforming bill excluded
bourgeoisie interests in the Parliament to the extent that bourgeoisie they lacked
political powers to fight for their economic interests. According to the bill for one to be
elected he/she should have land and earning not less than 40 pounds per year, this law
discriminated many workers to be voted because they possessed nothing. Also the bill
refused to repeal the newspaper Stamp act in 1819. The duty tax was increased to the
published newspapers for workers expression, hence this restricted workers freedom of
press, hence the rise of Chartism.

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5. The coercive and oppressive nature of the British government: DThe British
government increase oppression to the poor workers by imposing high and unfair taxes,
increase in prices of goods and services. Moreover the government enacted laws that
suppressed all trade unions and imprisoned all people who leading the trade unions.
Hence the rise of workers movement.

6. The impact of protectionist policies of 1815's: The British government passed the
corn law between 1815 and 1846 under the Tory Prime minister of Lord Liverpool. The
protectionism policy based on restricting the importation of food varieties particularly
wheat, oats and Barley from the outside countries especially France. The protectionism
policy aimed at protecting capitalist markets. However the policies contributed to the
increase in food prices and economic depression to the poors and result in to workers
movement (chartism).

7. Intensive exploitation of workers: The industrial workers and members of Parliament

they could not paid satisfactory wages. The industrial workers were highly exploited
through payment of low wages, long working hours, poor working condition, imposition
of indirect taxes. Moreover the members of the Parliament they could not paid at all.

HOW THE REFORMING BILL CONTRIBUTED TO THE RISE OF CHARTISM

Qn: Why the chartist members were not happy with reformed bill? Six pointsi.

Qn: Relate the reforming bills and the rise of Chartism in England. Six points.

i. Eradication of voting rights to the workers: The bill did not promoted voting right to
the workers, but brought the so called property qualification, where voting was allowed
to the rich people.

ii. It brought inequality in opportunities: The bill promoted much bourgeois interests
where bourgeois did not fight for the workers condition. The bourgeois enforced the
Parliament to strengthen their capitalist interests than the rights of their workers.

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iii. The bill undermine vworkers association: The bill undermine and prohibited workers
to form organizations or strikes or any peaceful demonstration for their representation
of their demands in the Parliament.

iv. Prohibition of workers in political issues: The bill forbidden workers to join and
participate with and political matters which may led to the occurrence of opposition to
the government.

v. It brought exploitation of workers: This was due to the fact that the bill gave
bourgeois high political power in the Parliament. Hence the bourgeoise used their
political power to intensify exploitation to their workers through payment of low wages,
long working hours, poor working conditions and reduction of job position.

vi. Poor provision of social services: The bill restricted some relief to the poor people
and more over increased prices of goods and services in the country which had side
effect to the workers.

HOW THE POOR LAW AMENDMENTS CONTRIBUTED TO THE RISE OF CHARTISM

Qn: Why the chartist members were not happy with law amendment? Six points.

QN: In six points relate the so called poor law amendment and the rise of Chartism in
England.

QN: Assess in six points the side effects of poor law amendment to the workers in
England.

i. It brought poor provision of social services: The poor law amendment brought poor
provision of social services to the workers especially poor housing services.

ii. Separation of families: The law restricted people from high birth rate which resulted
men were encouraged to be separated from their wives.

iii. Intensive exploitation of workers: The poor law amendment contributed to intensive

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exploitation to the workers through payment of low wages, unemployment since many
workers were pulled out from their working position in different sectors due to reduction
of expenditures, long working hours and poor working conditions.

iv. Increase in economic harship: The poor law amendment like Corn law contributed to
the increase in food price like Bread in England. The corn law was passed to restrict the
importation of serial food grains from the outside countries particularly from Russia in
oder to promote bourgeois interests.

v. Violation of human rights: The law seriously led to the human right abuse like
introduction of child labour something which led to the rise of Chartism to fight against
child labour.

vi. The law neglected members of parliament from payment: Normally the law did not
considered the interests of members of parliament from be paid because the law
assumed them as rich people, hence members of parliament fought for their rights.

SHORTFALLS/DEFICITS/OBJECTIONS/WEAKNESSES AND FACTOR FOR FAILURE OF

CHARTISM

Qn: Assess six factors for the pitfall of the political based English workers movement.

1. Revival of the economy: One of the major factors that contributed to a decline of the
chartist movement was economic depression of the late 1830s. During the 1850s, the
economy was revived, trade increased and more people were employed. This prosperity
made the workers to abandon the movement thus contributing to its decline.

2. Disunity among the leaders: Some members propose violent method while other
suggest peaceful. Example: William Lovert suggested peaceful discussion while Fergus
O'Connor suggested violence. Disunity between the leaders and their followers
contributed significantly to the collapse of the chartist movement. The leadership and
their followers could not agree whether or not to turn the movement into a full
revolution and overthrow the government so as to set up the peoples’ republic, some of
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the workers wanted to use peaceful means by negotiating with their employers.

3. Financial diffuculties: This made the movement to relay on charity and contributions
from the poor's. Due to financial problem caused the movement to fail to implement its
program. Example: By the 1839 when the Parliament refused to accept the petition the
movement planned to have biggest boycott but the plan was unsuccessful because of
financial problem.

4. The strong government measures: The government contributed significantly to the

decline of Chartism. It used troops and laws to suppress the movement, some of the
leaders were imprisoned while others were killed thus causing a decline of the
movement.

5. Hostility of the capitalists: The capitalists aimed at maximizing their profits and
therefore were determined to suppress the movement. The capitalists were always
suspicious about the intention of the working class thus they opposed whatever the
workers were demanding.

6. Lack of permanent members: Chartism faced the problem of absence of permanent

members to support the movement. The organization had no clear regulation and
principles to be followed by the members the members were free to join and leave the
movement if they wished. The absence of permanent members had a big role to play in
the fall of the chartist movement.

ACHIEVEMENTS/SIGNIFICANCE OF CHARTISM TO THE RISE OF WORKERS

CONSCIOUSNESS

1. It has promoted sense of cooperation to the workers: The chartists movement

cultivated the spirit of cooperation in the minds of the industrial workers as they joined
together for a common course that is to fight against exploitation and oppression.

2. It has led to the formation of trade union: The chartist movement laid the foundation
for the formation of another working class movement which was the trade union. The
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movement demonstrated the importance of working class voice which contributed to
the formation of trade union that built their principle and objectives on the failure of
Chartism.

3. It has led to the development of democracy in England: Due to the pressure

mounted by the chartist, the government in Britain decided to give workers
representation in the parliament. The owners were given equal opportunities like other
people in political, economical and social affairs. Britain was among the first countries
to practice real democracy.

4. It has promoted socialist ideology in England: The movement contributed to the

introduction of socialist ideologies in Britain because it claimed that the exploitation
and oppression of the workers was due to capitalism. The leaders of Chartism such as
Robert Owen used the ideas of Karl Marx to oppose capitalism.

5. It has led to the formation of the labour party: The chartist movement laid the
foundation for the formation of a new independent labor party in Britain which later
became a prominent political party. The spirit of unity introduced by Chartism was the
one used to form labor party.

6. It has provided awereness to the workers: The movement awakened the workers by
making them aware about the nature of capitalism, i.e. it is associated with exploitation
and oppression of the workers. The leaders of Chartism argued that the workers were
been exploited because the capitalists wanted to maximize profit by paying them low
wages.

7. It has achieved some basic demands: Some of the demands of the chartist
movement were achieved; Example the payment of the members of parliament, voting
through secret ballot, the abolition of corn laws as well as implementation universal
suffrage of manhood by the 1867 and 1884.

3. TRADE UNIONISM/ NEW MODEL UNION FROM 1850 TO 1870

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The trade union: This was the workers association consisted of people of the same
profession and common intereats and needs. New model trade union formed to
improve workers living conditions by increased wages and better working condition,
better housing, reducing working hours and all forms of exploitation. These union came
to be known as new model trade unions because they formed by skilled and
professional workers like engineers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc. The movement was
formed by William Allan. One of the examples of the trade unions in Britain was the
Amalgamation society of engineer (ASE). However by the 1852 to 1875 other workers
groups were firmed, these were such amalgamated societies of carpenters, iron
founders, tailors and compositors.

OBJECTIVES OF NEW MODEL TRADE UNIONISM

Normally the new Model Trade Unionism was formed to fight for the following
objectives:-

1. High wages.

2. Better social services like housing.

3. Reducing working hours.

4. Improving working conditions.

5. Fighting for pension after retirement.

METHODS USED BY TADE UNIONISM

1. Collective bargaining: This is where the trade unions bargained or negotiated with
their employees so that their demands can be met. These demands included better
wages, reduced working hours and better working conditions.

2. Use of strike: The most powerful weapon of the trade unions is a strike after the fail
of collective bargaining. The workers believed that if they asked for the same thing and

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refused to work unless they get it, they would be in a good bargaining position with their
employers.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW MODEL TRADE UNIONISM

1. It was national in scope: Trade unions were national in scope because they
combined all workers from different fields in the country. Example: Amalgamated
society of Engineers accommodated all engineers of Britain.

2. It was peaceful in nature: Trade unions were characterized by the use of peaceful
methods when demanding for their rights. They discouraged the use strikes without
consent of all national members. A strike which is greatest weapon is used a last resort.
The members of the trade unions were paid fees in order to sustain a long strike.

3. It featured by having committed leaders: Trade unions have regional or district

officers and national headquarters with full time secretaries. They are also run by full
time officials who are paid salaries. Trade unions also have a clear constitution.

4. It consisted of workers with well economic base: The trade unions were financially
sound due to reliable annual contributions made by the members. The fees paid
enabled the trade unions to sustain a long strike thus putting pressure on the employers.

5. It achieved permanent membership: The new model trade union was unlike the
previously movements, it consisted of permanent membership.

6. It consisted of highly skilled workers: Normally the new model trade unionism
consists of skilled workers from different fields. These include teachers, engineers,
doctors, carpenters, lawyers just to mention some few.

FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF NEW MODEL TRADE UNIONISM

1. Technological revolution (second industrial revolution): The emergence of new

heavy industries contributed to the rise of powerful labour aristocracy like engineers
who had sound to their employers. Therefore the highly skilled labours wanted new
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economic reforms like payment of better wages.

2. The mid-victorian economic prosperity: The improvement of economic prosperity by

the mid of 1850's reduced unnecessary frincyions between workers and employers
because of good working conditions, high wages and high profit to the
workers.Therefore this led to the emergence of new workers organization to fight for
unpleasant conditions.

3. The weakness of chartism: The movement was formed after the collapse of
chartism. The movement formed to correct the weaknesses left by chartism. Chartism
had proved failure to achieve some of its goals because of the use of poor or wrong
methods like too many demonstration and strikes, hence this led to the emergence of
new workers organization (new model trade unionism).

4. Poor working conditions: Despite of being the phase of mid economic Victorian but
still exist the elements of poor working conditions.

5. Exploitation of workers: The capitalists exploited workers as usually by pay low

wages and long working hours ascwellbas reduction of workers.

6. The rise of workers consciousness: The rise of trade unionism contributed by the
increase in worker's awarenesses on dealing with their rights.

ACHIEVEMENTS/IMPORTANCE OF NEW MODEL TRADE UNIONISM

Qn: Discuss in six points the suitful of the new model trade unionism.

1. It has promoted unity and solidarity to the wirkers: The trade unions contributed to
the introduction of unity and solidarity among the workers. There was an amalgamation
of trade unions, the process made it easier by the trade union acts of 1964. Workers
were drawn from different parts of the country.

2. Improvement of workers conditions: The trade unions protected and defended the
rights of the workers; the workers were educated to make their labour expensive
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through common effort and unions against their employers. Standard salaries were set
that enabled the workers to get basic needs.

3. It has led to the formation of a political party: The spirit of unity that was introduced
by the trade unions contributed to the formation and consolidates political party for the
workers, this party was known as Labor Representation Committee (LRC) which after
the general elections of 1906 it became the labor party.

4. It has fought for women’s rights: The trade unions played a leading role in advancing
the interests of women. The women had been subjected to exploitation and oppression
in industries. Women trade unions were formed in textiles and tobacco industries. There
was also a formation of the “women’s trade union league”.

5. It has led to the emergence of skilled workers: The trade unions consisted of skilled
workers from different sectors of the economy, this encouraged workers personal
advancement so as to acquire more skills. The trade union membership in Britain had
reached 53.4%.

6. It promoted awareness and consciousness to the workers: The trade unions

managed to promote workers awareness on both political and economic and social
awereness on dealing with their rights.

7. It has provided the foundation of political stability in England: The trade unions were
using non violent methods in advancing their interests, they depended on the use of
collective bargaining were they negotiated with their employers for better wages and
improved working conditions. They tried as much as possible to avoid the use of force.

8. It has encouraged professionalism: The trade unions urged the workers to respect
their professions. The unions set standard salaries that would enable the workers to
meet their basic needs. Due to trade unions, the number of skilled workers increased in
Britain while that of manual workers decreased.

DEFICITS/OBJECTIONS/WEAKNESSES OF NEW MODEL TRADE UNIONISM

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1. The movement was too selective: This is because the movement consisted of many
skilled and semi-skilled labourers and neglected unskilled labourers were excluded who
were majority suffering from capitalist evils.

2. It was focussed much on economic reforms: The movement was much focused on
economic interests and little emphasis on social and political aspects.

3. It was opportunistic in nature: It did not fight for general human rights but on
focused on dealing with profit gaining.

4. It focused much on negotiations/peaceful means: This delayed much to achieve

some of its goals because capitalists were impressive.

5. Some violent methods were somehow employed: The movement sometimes

combined both peaceful and violent methods like strikes and demonstration which
created force.

6. The movement was suited much in the stable economic system: This is true
evidence that the movement cannot be practiced in the less economic system. A good
evidence is that by the 1873 the new model trade unionism lost its direction due to
economic depression in England.

THE SECOND PHASE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1840'S –1870'S

The second industrial revolution phase: Was the period of shifting from the simple
industries to the complex, heavy and sophisticated industrial technology. Normally the
first industrial revolution phase in Europe particularly in Britain took place between
1840's and 1870's. The second industrial revolution phase laid down the foundation of
modern industries in the world. This phase is featured by the invention of sophiscated
complex industries, Rapid technological advancement, global economic expansion. Also
it is the period where the industrization knowledge started to shift from Britain to other
European nations and worldwide. Example of some European countries which adopted
industrial technology by that time were such as Belgium, Germany, Italy, France, Sweden
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just to mention some few.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE

1. The rapid advancement of science and technology: The cond industrial revolution
phase is featured much by rapid advancement of science and technology on inventing
new machines and production of goods. The second industrial revolution phase is
featured by intensive collaboration among the scientists, entrepreneurs and government
officials of driving high innovations. However this has led to the invention of some
industries like iron and steel industries, chemical industries, textile industries and other
forms of industries.

2. Decline of free trade: It was the period of decline of free trade because high
production each nation imposed trade protectionism policies in order to protect her
internal markets. However this was ensured through imposing high tariffs to the
imported goods from the outside countries.

3. Great economic depression of 1873's: It was also the period of emergence of

economic depression among the European nations due to high production caused by
high industrialization. The depression started from 1873 to 1876.

4. Shifting of industrial technology from Britain: Normally the second industrial

revolution phase is featured by spreading of industrial technology from Britain to other
European nations caused by different factors like labour mobility, the impact of Great
London exhibition in 1851, transportation of goods and impact of British investments in
the world.

5. High competition in production and investment: The second industrial revolution

phase is featured by the existence of high competition on production and investments.

6. Emergence of monopoly capitalism: The first industrial revolution phase is featured

by the transition from the competative to monopoly capitalism. Due to the presence of
intensive competition among the European nations on production some capitalists
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decided to combine their capital and crossed border towards other countries for further
investments .

7. Integration of scientific knowledge in to industry: The first industrial revolution

phase is featured by integration of scientific knowledge in to industrial knowledge. With
respect on this aspect the governments invested much on scientific discoveries where
different institutions like universities, colleges and research institutes were established.

8. Advancement of transportation systems: The second industrial revolution phase is

featured much by the advancement of transportation systems among the European
nations. Normally in this period different transportation means were established, this
include better road, railways, airport, canals. Also transport facilities were invented like
ships, powerful vessel, cars and other transport facilities.

COMPARISONS BETWEEN BRITISH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND BELGIUM,

FRANCE, GERMANY AND USA

Normally British dominated the whole first phase of industrial revolution. The British
government in oder to ensure only industrial nation in Europe in the first phase, the
government prohibited export of industrial technology outside by prohibiting exportation
of machines, skilled workers and production technologies. However other western
European countries attracted to visit and learn about British industrial technology which
result in to spread of industrial knowledge to other European countries.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BELGIUM

Belgium was the second European bnation to adopt industrial knowledge through
British scientist John Cockerill investment by opening machine shops at Liege by the
19th Century and become the first point for Belgian industrialization.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN FRANCE

In France, industrial revolution took long time because since the time of British

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industrialization France was in the revolution, again after the revolution France entered
in to Napoleonic wars which brought unfavourable condition for Frence industrialization.
More over there was weak bourgeois class which failed to support rapid industrial
revolution in France. However the French industrial revolution took place in 1848 but
was still lagging behind of Britain.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN GERMANY

In Germany industrial revolution took long period because the country was so divided in
to numerous provinces under the control of external countries. Germany was subjected
to the external control at different time. Germany was under domination of France under
Napoleon Bonaparte I and after the collapse of Napoleon Bonaparte was subjected to
the Austrian domination under Mettanich. However this condition hindered the
industrialization in Germany despite of having many resources like coal and iron
minerals. The industrialization in Germany started in 1871 after the unification where
the German government supported rapid industrial revolution by investing enough
capital and ensured political stability. However by the 1890 Germany become the
leading producer of steel in Europe more over she had many heavy chemical industries.
Moreover by the late of 19th C and 20th C. Germany had become one of the major
industrial power in the world competing with USA.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN USA

In USA industrialization took long time because the country never experienced feudal
relation which is base for industrialization in Europe. The industrial revolution in USA
took place in 19th century after the American civil war (1861 – 1865). The war
encouraged the country to invest on technological advancement. During the war some
American capitalists like John D. Rockefeller owned Standard Oil Company in 1870, J. P.
Morgan owned USA steel in 1901, Cornelius Vanderbilt owned American Shipping and
Railroad company in 1860's and 1870's. However this contributed to the rapid industrial
revolution in USA. However by the 1890's the country transformed from competitive to
monopoly capitalism while most European countries transformed since 1870's.
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FACTORS CONTRIBUTED TO THE AMERICA INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. Presence of many abundant resources: These were so many natural resources

which contributed to the America industrial revolution. These include fertile land, water,
iron and coal.

2. Presence of high population: this helped availability of cheap labourers, markets and
high need for goods and services. The high population was causes by immigrants from
European countries especially Britain.

3. The largest of the country: Geographically USA is the largest country dominated by
different landscapes which need fastestmens of transportation system, hence this
contributed to the American industrial revolution.

4. The role of union government: Due to the high need to simplify administrative
activities between North America and South America has necessitated high need
fastest means of transportation which contributed to the industrial revolution.

5. The impact of American civil war in 1861–1965: he war encouraged the country to
invest on technological advancement.

6. Presence of many investors: During the war some American capitalists like John D.
Rockefeller owned Standard Oil Company in 1870, J. P. Morgan owned USA steel in
1901, Cornelius Vanderbilt owned American Shipping and Railroad company in 1860's
and 1870's.

IMPACTS/EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

Normally the industrial revolution in Europe brought several impacts both positive and
negative impacts in all aspects of life such as follows:-

1. Growth of towns and cities: The industrial revolution contributed to the development
of industrial towns such as Lancashire, Birmingham, London, Manchester, Liverpool and
Derby shire in Britain. Development of these towns was due to the industries which
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were established near the markets and source of raw materials that attracted a number
of people to settle in those areas thus leading to the development of towns.

2. Environmental degradation: The industrial revolution contributed to environmental

degradation in Europe such as pollution, soil erosion, deforestion and loss of soil fertility.
It led to chemical contamination in water bodies and air pollution. Moreover these
environmental degradation contributed to the eruption of diseases.

3. Development of free trade policy: The industrial revolution contributed to the

introduction of free trade policies in Europe. Free trade is an economic policy that
allows free transfer of goods and services between countries without strictly economic
barriers or tariffs. This policy was influenced by the production of large quantities of
industrial goods that required overseas markets. The policy was initially introduced by
British as the first industrial nation in Europe

4. It contributed to the rise of proletariat/ working classes movement: The industrial

revolution contributed to the development of working class in Europe. The mmbers of
the working class did not posses anything except their labour. They sold their labour to
the owners of the industries who in turn they were paid low wages and were forced to
work under poor conditions. Their exploitation led to the formation of various
movements such as Luddism, Chartism and New Model Trade unionism.

5. It contributed to the rise of democracy: It contributed to the collapse of absolute

monarchies that had existed in Europe during the feudal period. In France there was the
bourbon monarchy where all French kings right from Louis XIV were despotic. The
monarchy in Britain was also despotic, the kings believed in the “divine right of the king”
whereby the king was not answering to any man except God. The industrial revolution
replaced absolute monarchies with parliamentary system.

6. It brought economic depression: In Europe the industrial revolution contributed to the

emergence of great depression in 1873's caused by over production and trade
protectionist policies among the capiltlist countries.

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7. It contributed to the over population in the cities: The industrial revolution
contributed to the population growth in different European countries especially in Britain
due to the expansion of good social services which attracted many people to visit
England cities. Moreover the population caused rural to urban migration.

8. Improvement of social services: The industrial revolution in Europe contributed to the

improvement in provision of social services due to the production different goods and
services from the industries. These include health services, banking system, education
services, water supply, electricity supply and housing services.

9. Development of capitalism: The industrial revolution in Europe contributed to the

development of capitalism due to the expansion of markets, expansion of
infrastructures and improvement of production in different sectors like in agriculture
due to the use of better working tools such as reactors.

10. Advancement of science and technology: The industrial revolution in Europe

contributed to the expansion of technology due to the intensive research invested by the
governments for more technological innovations.

11. It contributed to the stablishment of colonialism: The industrial revolution in Europe

contributed to the establishment of colonial empires in different partsvof the world
specifically in Africa and Asia due to need of raw materials, areas for investment,
searching for cheap labourers and searching for cheap markets.

12. Abolition of slave trade: The industrial revolution contributed to the abolition of
slave trade due to high need for markets, cheap labourers, raw materials and areas for
investment.

13. Emergence of social classes: The industrial revolution contributed to the

emergence of social classes. These include industrial owners and industrial workers
(proletariats).

14. Manufacturing of military weapons: The industrial revolution especially the second
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industrial revolution phase contributed to the militarism among the European countries
due to the need of defending wealth (industries).

IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN AFRICA

However the industrial revolution in Africa has led to both negative and positive impacts
such:-

1. It contributed to the abolition of slave trade: The discovery of machine has replaced
the human labour, the use of machine in productive activities like application of tractors
in agriculture has made slaves to be unprofitable again. Hence the abolition of slave
trade.

2. Stagnation of African technology: Due to the importation of manufactured goods in

to the colonies.

3. Intensive exploitation of African resources: Due to high demanding for raw materials
like crops such as sisal, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, palm oil, minerals and so many
African resources for feeding their industries contributed to intensive exploitation.

4. Emergence of European trading companies in Africa: Normally the industrial

revolution in Europe has led to the establishment of various trading companies in the
Afeica which could organize trading activities. Example Imperial German East Africa
Company (IGEACO), Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEACO), British South Africa
Company (BSACO), Royal Niger Company (RNC) in west Africa.

5. Destruction of African culture: Due to the importation of European manufactured

goods like clothes, foods, and other many items.

6. Penetration of colonial agents in Africa: The industrial revolution in Europe resulted

in to coming of the agents of industrial capitalism or colonialism in Africa. The colonial
agents were such asTraders, missionaries and Explorers who set from their mother
countries to pave the way for colonization of Africa.

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7. It contributed to the olonization of African societies: Due to high needs for industrial
demands like areas for investment, cheap labourers, cheap markets, and need for cheap
raw materials.

NICE STUDY

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