8 Marks SR Inter Chemistry

1
Name of the chapter Page number No of Marks

questions
Electro chemistry and 01 08

chemical kinetics
P-block elements 01 08
Organic chemistry 01 08
choice 01 08
Total 02 16
ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

2
3(a) Electro Chemistry

1. What is electrolysis? State Faraday’s laws of electrolysis? 14(1), 20(1)
A: Electrolysis: The process of decomposition of the substance by passing electric current
is called electrolysis.
Faraday’s first law: During the electrolysis, the mass of the substance deposited at the
electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of the charge passing through
electrolyte is called Faraday’s first law.
m αq
mαCt(Cq)
t
m= eCt
But e GEW E
F F
mEct
F
But E 
GAW A
n n
m Act
nF
Where F= Faraday’s constant its value is 96,500 coloumbs/mole.
Faraday’s second law: When the same amount of current passing through different
electrolytes connected in the series combination the masses of substances deposited at the
electrodes are in the ratio of their equivalent weights is known as faraday’s second law.
m1:m2:m3 = E1:E2:E3
2. A solution of CuSO4 is electrolyzed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5 amperes.
What is the mass of copper deposited at the cathode? 14(1), 15(1) 18(2) , 20(1)
A: Mass of copper deposited at the cathode m=?
Current C= 1.5 ampere
Time t=10 minutes=10 60sec=600 sec
Faraday’s constant F =96,500 coloumbs/mole
Atomic mass of copper A=63.5grams/mole
CuSO4 Cu+2 + SO4-2
No. of electrons involved in the reaction n=2
According to Faraday’s first law m Act
nF
m 63.51.5600
296500
m 635156
296500
m0.296grams
m0.3grams (Approxima
tely)

3
3. State and explain Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions .Give its
applications? 15(1),16(2), 21(1), 21(2)
A: Kohlrausch’s law: The limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is equal to the
sum of limiting molar conductivities of anions and cations is called Kohlrausch’s law.
Applications:
1) It is used to calculate the limiting molar conductivity of weak electrolyte.
2) It is used to calculate the degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte.
α  o
c

Where c =molar conductivity at C concentration.
o = molar conductivity at 0 concentration
3) It is used to calculate the dissociation constant of weak electrolyte.
2
K  cα
1α
4) It is used to calculate the solubility of sparingly soluble salt.
4. What is the Galvanic cell? Explain the working of Galvanic cell with neat sketch
taking Daniel cell as example. 15(2), 18(1),21(1), 21(2)
(OR)
What are electrochemical cells? How are they constructed explain the working of
different Galvanic cells.
A: Electrochemical cells (or) Galvanic cells (or) Voltaic cells :
The cell which converts chemical energy into electrical energy by spontaneous
redox reaction is called electrochemical cell or galvanic cell.
Ex: Daniel cell.

4
Construction of Galvanic cell:

 Galvanic cell contains two half cells. They are
1) Oxidation half cell
2) Reduction half cell
 In the oxidation half cell zinc rod is dipped in ZnSO4 solution.
 Zinc rod acts as anode.
 Zinc rod undergoes oxidation reaction.
Zn Zn+2 +2e-
 Zinc rod is denoted by –Ve sign
 In the reduction half cell copper rod dipped in CuSO4 solution.
 Copper rod acts as cathode.
 Cu+2 ions undergo reduction reaction.
Cu+2 +2e- Cu
 Copper rod is denoted by +Ve sign
 The overall cell reaction is
Zns Cu2aq Zn2aq Cus
 According to IUPAC system the galvanic cell represented as the following.
Anode // cathode
Zn/ZnSO4//CuSO4/Cu
 Double vertical lines represent salt bridge.
 Salt bridge is an inverted U shaped tube ,it is filled with salts like KCl,
KNO3(or)NH4NO3
 The EMF of the cell can be calculated by using the formula.
Zn2
Ecell E0cell log10 
0.059 
n Cu2
 
5. The standard EMF of the cell is I.IV. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the
cell reaction. Zn(s)+ Cu+2(aq) Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) 15(2)
A: Standard Gibbs energy ΔG0=?
5
Zns Cu2aq Zn2aq Cus

No. of electrons involved in the reaction n=2
Faraday’s constant F =96,500 coloumbs/mole
Standard EMF of the cell E0
cell= 1.1 volt
ΔG0 nFE0
cell
296,5001.1
212300joul/mole
6. Give the construction and working of astandard hydrogen electrode with a neat
diagram?
A : Standard hydrogen electrode SHE (OR)NHE :
 It is used as a reference electrode.

 This electrode acts as a reversible electrode.
 It contains platinum electrode coated with platinum black.
 The platinum electrode is dipped in 1M aqueous HCl solution.
 H2 gas is bubbled through Platinum electrode at l atm pressure.
 On platinum electrode, H+ ions and H2 gas (at l atm) are in equilibrium.
H+ + 1e- ⇌
1H
2 2g



 It is represented as

Pts,H2 / Haq
(g)
 Its potential value is assumed to be zero volts at all temperatures.
7. State and explain Nernst equation with the help of metal electrode and non-metal
electrode?
A: Nernst equation: Nernst equation is the mathematical equation which gives the
relationship between electrode potential and ion concentration in the electrolyte.
For metal electrodes:
Mn ne M
6
EcellEo 0.059 P

cell n log10R
 Eo 0.059 1
cell  n log10[Mn]
Eo 0.059
cell n log10M  
n
Ecell Eo  0.059logC
cell n 10
For non -metal electrodes:
1 A ne An
2 2
EcellEo  0.059log P
cell n 10R
 Eo  0.059log [An]
cell n 10 1
 Eo 
cell n
0.059log An
10  
Ecell Eo  0.059logC
cell n 10
8. What are primary and secondary batteries give example for each? 19(1)
A: Primary batteries:
 Batteries which produce electric current by the chemical reaction are called
primary batteries.
 In primary batteries the chemical reaction occurs only in one direction.
 They can be dead over a period of time.
 They can’t be recharged and can’t be reused again.
 Ex: Dry cell, Mercury cell.
Secondary batteries:
 Batteries which stores electric current are called secondary batteries.
In secondary batteries electrical energy is stored in the form of chemical energy.
These are also called storage batteries (or) accumulators.
 In secondary batteries the chemical reaction occurs in two directions.
 They can’t be dead over a period of time.
 They can be recharged and can be reused again.
 Ex: Lead storage battery, Nickel –cadmium battery.
9. Give the different types of batteries and explain the construction and working of
each type of battery?
A: Primary batteries:
 Batteries which produce electric current by the chemical reaction are called
primary batteries.
 In primary batteries the chemical reaction occurs only in one direction.
 They can be dead over a period of time.
7
 They can’t be recharged and can’t be reused again.

 Ex: Dry cell, Mercury cell.
Construction of primary cell:

Dry cell:
 Zn vessel acts as anode.

 A carbon rod introduced at the centre of the Zn vessel.
 Carbon rod acts as cathode.
 Carbon rod is surrounded by a paste of (C+MnO2).
 The remaining space is filled with a paste of (NH4Cl + ZnCl2).
 The two pastes are separated by a porous sheet.
 Its EMF value is 1.5 V.
Electrode reactions:
Anode: Zn  Zn+2 +2e-
Cathode: MnO2 + NH4++ e- MnO(OH) +NH3
Secondary batteries:-
 Batteries which stores electric current are called secondary batteries.
In secondary batteries electrical energy is stored in the form of chemical energy.
These are also called storage batteries (or) accumulators.
 In secondary batteries the chemical reaction occurs in two directions.
 They can’t be dead over a period of time.
 They can be recharged and can be reused again.
 Ex: Lead storage battery, Nickel –cadmium battery.
Construction of secondary cell:
Lead storage battery:

8
 In this lead acts as anode.

 A grid of lead packed with lead dioxide (PbO2) acts as cathode.
 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as electrolyte.
Electrode reactions:
Anode: Pb(s)+ SO4-2(aq)  PbSO4(s) +2e-
Cathode: PbO2+ SO4-2(aq) +4H(aq)+ +2e- PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)
Overall cell reaction:
Pb(s)+ PbO2(s)+2H2SO4(aq) 2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)
10. What are fuel cells? How are they different from Galavanic cells? Give the
construction of H2 –O2 fuel cell?
A:
 The cell which converts combustion energy of fuels like hydrogen, oxygen
methane, methanol etc into electrical energy is called fuel cell.
 Fuel cells are used in the space program.
Differences between conventional Galvanic cells and fuel cells:
 Galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy by spontaneous redox
reaction.
 Fuel cell converts combustion energy of fuels like hydrogen, oxygen methane,
methanol etc into electrical energy.
Ex: H2 –O2 fuel cell

9
Construction:
 Porous carbon electrodes are used with finely divided Pd (or) Pt catalysts.
 H2 & O2 are bubbled through con. aq NaOH solution.
Cell reactions:
At anode (oxidation) : 2H2 + 4OH-  4H2O +4e-
At cathode (reduction): O2 + 2H2O +4e-  4OH-
Over all reaction: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
Uses:
1) Pollution free working.
2) High efficiency.
3) Continuous source of energy.

10
3.2 Chemical kinetics

1. Explain the following terms
1) Fast reactions
2) Moderate reactions
3) Very slow reactions
A: Based on the velocity of chemical reactions the reactions are classified into three
types. They are
1) Very fast reactions
2) Moderate reactions
3) Very slow reactions
1) Very fast reactions: The reactions which are completed within the fraction of
seconds are called very fast reactions.
Examples:
1. Neutralization reaction between strong acid and strong base.
2. Explosive reactions.
2) Moderate reactions: The reactions which are completed within the minutes (or)
hours are called moderate reactions.
Examples:
1. Hydrolysis of sucrose (sugar).
2. Combustion of hydrogen or coal at normal condition.
3) Very slow reactions: The reactions which are completed within very long time are
called very slow reactions.
Examples:
1. Rusting of iron in the presence of moisture.
2. Fermentation of sugar into ethyl alcohol and CO2
2. Define Average rate of a reaction? Write the equations for the rate of reactions in
terms of concentration changes of reactants and products for the following
reactions.
1) A+B C+D
2) A B+C
3) A+B C
A: Average rate of reaction: The decrease in the concentration of reactants or increase in
the concentration of products is called average rate of reaction.
Ex: For the reaction R P
rav Δ[R] Δ[P]
Δt Δt
1) A+B C+D
rav Δ[A] Δ[B] Δ[C] Δ[D]
Δt Δt Δt Δt
2) A B+C
rav Δ[A] Δ[B] Δ[C]
Δt Δt Δt
3) A+B C
rav Δ[A] Δ[B] Δ[C]
Δt Δt Δt
3. Define Average rate of a reaction? How is the rate of reaction expressed in terms of
change in the concentration of reactants and products for the following reactions?
11
1) 2HI H2+I2
2) Hg+Cl2 HgCl2
3) 5Br-+BrO3-+6H+ 3Br2+3H2O
A: Average rate of reaction: The decrease in the concentration of reactants or increase in
the concentration of products is called average rate of reaction.
Ex: For the reaction R P
rav Δ[R] Δ[P]
Δt Δt
1) 2HI H2+I2
Δ[H ] Δ[I ]
rav 1 Δ[HI]  2   2
2 Δt Δt Δt
2) Hg+Cl2 HgCl2
Δ[Cl] Δ[HgCl
2]
rav Δ[Hg]  2  
Δt Δt Δt
3) 5Br-+BrO3-+6H+ 3Br2+3H2O
-] Δ[BrO
Δ[Br
-]  Δ[Br] Δ[HO]
rav 1  3  1 Δ[H ]  1 2  1 2
5 Δt Δt 6 Δt 3 Δt 3 Δt
4. What is rate equation? How is it obtained? Write the rate equation for
1) 2NO+O2 2NO2
2) CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl
3) CH3COOC2H5+H2O H 

 CH3COOH+ C2H5OH
A: Law of mass action: ‘The rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the
product of active masses (molar concentrations) of the reactants at constant
temperature is called Law of mass action.
xA +yB Products
Rateα[A]x[B]y
Rate equation (or) rate law: The equation which shows the relation between rate of a
reaction and molar concentrations of the reactants is called rate equation or rate law.
It is obtained by law of mass action.
Ex: xA+ yB Products
Rateα[A]x[B]y
rateK[A]x[B]y
1) 2NO+O2 2NO2
rateK[NO]
2[O ]1
2
2) CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl
1
rateK[CHCl 1
3] [Cl2]
2
3) CH3COOC2H5+H2O H


 CH3COOH+ C2H5OH
rateK[CH
3COOC
1 0
2H5] [H2O]

12
5. Define and explain order of a reaction. How is it obtained experimentally?

A: Order of a reaction:
 The sum of powers of concentrations of the reactants in the rate equation is called
order of a reaction.
 Ex: xA+ yB Products
rateK[A]x[B]y
Order xy
 The order may be zero, positive integer, fractional or negative.
 Based on the order of the reactions, the reactions can be classified into different
types.
1) Zero order reaction:
Ex: Photosynthesis reaction
6CO2+12H2O sunlight
 C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
ratek[CO 0 0
2] [H2O]
Order=0
2) First order reaction:
Ex: SO2Cl2 SO2+Cl2
rateK[SO
2Cl2]
1
Order=1
3) Pseudo First order reaction:
Ex: C12H22O11+H2O H


 C6H12O6+C6H12O6
rateK[C 1 0
12H22O11] [H2O]
Order=1+0
=1
4) Second order reaction:
Ex: N2+O2 2NO
rateK[N2]1[O2]1
Order=1+1
=2
5) Third order reaction:

Ex: 2SO2+O2 2SO3
rateK[SO 2 1
2] [O2]
Order=2+1
=3
6) Fractional order reaction:
Ex: CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl
1
rateK[CHCl1
3] [Cl2]
2
1
Order=1+ 2

13
3
=2
7) Negative order reaction:
Ex: 2O3 ⇌ 3O2
rateK[O 2 1
3] [O2]
Order=2-1
=1
Order of reaction can be obtained by experiment. They are

1) Graphical method
2) Half life method.
3) Integrated method.
1) Graphical method:-
This method is used when there is only one reactant.
2) Half life method:

The time is required to reduce half of the initial concentration of the reactant is called
half life of a reaction.
Itis denoted by 1/2
t
t1/2α n11
a
Let tl is halflife for al concentrat
ion.
1/ 2
Let tll is halflife for all concentrat
ion.
1/ 2
tl
1/2 (all )n1
tll al
1/2
Where n=order of a reaction
Itis obtained
bysubstituti eof Let tl ,tll ,al ,all
ngknown valu
1/2 1/2
6. Derive integrated rate equation for zero order reaction?
A: consider a zero order reaction
R P
rateK[R]0
-d[R]K[R]0
dt
-d[R] K
dt
14
-d[R]Kdt
Integral on both sides
-d[R]  Kdt
d[R] Kdt
[R]KtI (1)
Att  0sec,[R][R]0
[R]0 K(0)I
I [R]0 (2)
Fromequation(1)&(2)
[R]Kt-[R]0
Kt[R]0 [R]
[R] [R]
K 0
t
This is integrated rate equation for zero order reaction.
7. Derive integrated rate equation for first order reaction?
A: consider a first order reaction
R P
rateK[R]1
-d[R] K[R]1
dt
-d[R]K[R]
dt
- d[R] Kdt
[R]
Integral on both sides
d[R]
 [R]   Kdt
 1 d[R] K dt
[R]
ln[R]KtI (1)
Att  0sec,[R][R]0
ln[R]0 K(0)I
I ln[R]0 (2)
Fromequation(1)&(2)
ln[R]Kt-ln[R]0
Ktln[R]0 ln[R]
[R]
Kt ln 0
[R]

15
[R]
Kt2.303log 0
[R]
[R]
K 2.303log 0
t [R]
This is integrated rate equation for first order reaction.
8. What is half life of a reaction? Derive half life of zero and first order reactions?
A: Half life of a reaction: The time is required to reduce half of the initial concentration
of the reactant is called half life of a reaction.
 Half life of one gram radium is 1620 years.
 Itis denoted by t1/2
For zero order reaction
[R]0 [R]
K
t
[R]
Att t1/2sec,[R] 0
2
[R]
[R]0  0
K 2
t1/2
2[R]0 [R]0
K 2
t1/2
[R]
K 0
2t1/2
[R]
t1/2 0
2K
For first order reaction
[R]
K 2.303log 0
t [R]
[R]
Att t1/2sec,[R] 0
2
[R]
K 2.303log[R]0
t1/2 0
2
2[R]
K 2.303log 0
t1/2 [R]0
K 2.303log2
t1/2
K 2.3030.3010
t1/2
16
K 0.693
t1/2
t1/2 0.693
K
9. Derive an integrated rate equation in terms of total pressure(P) & the partial
pressure PA, PB,PC for the gaseous reaction A(g) B(g) +C(g).
A: Let Pt= total pressure
Pi= Initial pressure of A
PA, PB, PC are partial pressures of A, B and C respectively.
A(g)  B(g) + C(g).
At 0 sec Pi 0 0
At t sec Pi-x x x
PA PB PC
According to Daltons law of partial pressures
Pt= PA+PB+PC
Pt= Pi - x+ x + x
x= Pt-Pi
PA= Pi-x
PA= Pi-( Pt-Pi)
PA= 2Pi - Pt
Integrated rate equation for first order reaction
[R]
K 2.303log 0
t [R]
P
K 2.303log i
t PA
P
K 2.303log i
t 2Pi Pt
10. What is molecularity of a reaction? Write the differences between them? Give one
example for gaseous bimolecular and one gaseous tri molecular reactions?
14(1), 16(2), 18(1), 19(2), 20(1), 21(1), 21(2)
A: Molecularity: The no. of chemical species (atoms, molecules (or) ions) involved in the
rate determining step is called molecularity of a reaction.
Order Molecularity
1) The no. of chemical species (atoms,
1) The sum of powers of concentrations of
molecules, ions) involved in the rate
the reactants in the rate equation is
determining step is called
called order of reaction.
molecularity of a reaction.
2) It is obtained by experiment. 2) It is obtained by mechanism.
3) It may be negative (or) zero (or) positive
3) It is always positive integer
integer (or) fractional.
4) It is applicable for both elementary and 4) It is applicable only for complex
complex reactions. reactions.

17
Examples for gaseous bimolecular reaction:

1) N2+O2 2NO
2) H2+I2 2HI
Examples for gaseous tri molecular reactions:
1) 2SO2+O2 2SO3
2) 2NO+O2 2NO2
11. Give a detailed account of collision theory of reaction rates of bimolecular gaseous
reactions? 14(2),16(1),17(1),17(2),18(2)
A: Collision theory of bimolecular reactions:
1) It was developed by Maxtrauz and William lewis.
2) According to this theory the reactant molecules are assumed as hard spheres.
3) Reactant molecules have some energy is called normal energy. It is not sufficient
to give the products.
4) Hence reactant molecules undergo collisions to increase their energy.
5) Minimum energy is needed for reactant molecules to give the products is called
threshold energy.
6) Threshold energy is higher than normal energy.
7) The difference between threshold energy and normal energy is called activation
energy. Ea=ET-EN
8) The molecules with threshold energy are called activated molecules.
9) The collisions between activated molecules are called activated collisions.
10) Activated collisions are effective to give the products.
A+A A*+A
A+A A*+A
A*+ A* Products
11) The number of collisions per second in one unit volume is known as collision
frequency.
12) Collision frequency is denoted by Z.
13) The relation between rate of a reaction and collision frequency Z is
Ea
RateZe RT
14) Proper orientation of the activated molecules gives the products while improper
orientation of the activated molecules does not give the products.
15) Whenever the proper orientation of the molecules considered probability factor
(or) steric factor is used.
16) Probability factor is denoted by P.
17) The relation between rate of a reaction and probability factor is
Ea
RateΡZe RT
Drawbacks:
In this theory the reactant molecules are assumed as hard spheres and ignore their
structural aspects.
18
12. Explain the following terms with suitable examples.

a) Activation energy
b) Collision frequency
c) Probability factor
A:
a) Activation energy: The difference between threshold energy and normal energy is
called activation energy
Ea=ET-EN
b) Collision frequency:
 The number of collisions per second in one unit volume is known as collision
frequency.
 Collision frequency is denoted by Z.
 The relation between rate of a reaction and collision frequency Z is
Ea
RateZe RT
c) Probability factor (or) steric factor:
 Proper orientation of the activated molecules gives the products while improper
orientation of the activated molecules does not give the products.
19
 Whenever the proper orientation of the molecules considered probability factor

(or) steric factor is used.
 Probability factor is denoted by P.
 The relation between rate of a reaction and probability factor is
Ea
RateΡZe RT
13. Explain the factors that influence the rate of reaction.
A: Factors affecting the rate of reaction:
1) Nature of reactants: The reactions between ionic substances are faster than the
reactions between covalent substances. Because in ionic substances there is
breaking of old bonds and formation of new bonds not takes place.
But in covalent substances breaking of old bonds and formation of new bonds takes
place.
2) Concentration of the reactants :
The rate of a reaction depends on the concentration of the reactants (Except zero
order reactions)
The rate of a reaction is directly proportional to concentration of the reactants.
Rate Cn
RateKCn
Forgaseous rate KPn
reactants
Where P=Pressure
3) Catalyst:-
 The substance which increases the rate of reaction without undergoing any
chemical change is called a catalyst.
 Ex: MnO2 is used as a catalyst in the thermal decomposition of KClO3
MnO
2KClO3  22KCl+3O2
 Catalyst catalyses only spontaneous reactions but not the non spontaneous
reactions.
 Catalyst alters
1. Rate of reaction.
2. Rate constant
3. Path of the reaction
4. Threshold energy
5. Activation energy.
 Catalyst does not alters
1. G
2. H
3. S
4. KC

20
4) Temperature: The rate of a reaction increases with increase of temperature.

Arhenius given a mathematical equation for the relation between rate constant and
temperature.
Ea
KAe RT
Where A=Arhenius factor
Ea=Activation energy
R=Ideal gas constant
T=Absolute temperature.
For every 100C raise in temperature, the rate constant is nearly doubled.
14. What is Arhenius equation? Derive an equation which describes the effect of rise
of temperature (T) on the rate constant of a reaction.
(OR)
15. Discuss the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. Derive necessary
equations in this context.
A: Effect of temperature on rate of a reaction:
The rate of a reaction increases with increase of temperature.
Arhenius given a mathematical equation for the relation between rate constant and
temperature.
Ea
KAe RT
Where A=Arhenius factor
Ea=Activation energy
R=Ideal gas constant
T=Absolute temperature.
Ea
KAe RT
Ea Relations
lnKlnAe RT KαT
Ea
Kα 1
lnKlnAlne RT Ea
E
lnKlnA a lne
RT
21
E
lnKlnA a (lne logee 1)
RT
E
2.303logK 2.303logA a
RT
Ea
logKlogA
2.303RT
E
logK a (1 )logA
2.303RT
Thisisintheformof y mxC
Ea 1
logK ( )logA
2.303RT
E
logK1  a ( 1 )logA (1)
2.303RT1
E
logK2  a ( 1 )logA(2)
2.303RT2
eq(2)-eq(1)
Ea Ea
logK2 logK1 logA logA
2.303RT
2 2.303RT
1
Ea Ea
logK2 logK1  
2.303RT1 2.303RT2
Ea 1 1
logK2 logK1  (  )
2.303RT1 T2
K E
log 2  a ( 1  1 )
K1 2.303RT1 T2
K E T T
log 2  a ( 2 1)
K1 2.303R T1T2
For every 100C raise in temperature, the rate constant is nearly doubled.

22
P –block elements
No. of No. of lone Formula Shape Example

bond pairs pairs=
GVAC
2
1 1 ABE Linear N2
1 2 ABE2 Linear O2
1 3 ABE3 Linear F2, ClF, HOCl
2 0 AB2 Linear BeCl2
2 1 AB2E Angular or V shape SO2
2 2 AB2E2 Angular or V shape H2 O
2 3 AB2E3 Linear XeF2
3 0 AB3 Trigonal planar BCl3
3 1 AB3E Pyramidal NH3
3 2 AB3E2 Bent –T shape ClF3
4 0 AB4 Tetrahedral CH4
4 1 AB4E See saw SF4
4 2 AB4E2 Square planar XeF4
5 0 AB5 Trigonal bi PCl5
pyramidal
5 1 AB5E Square pyramidal BrF5
6 0 AB6 Octahedral SF6
6 1 AB6E Distorted octa XeF6
hedral
7 0 AB7 Pentagonal bi IF7
pyramidal

23
15-group elements
Level-1:
1. (a) How is Ammonia manufactured by Haber’s process? 15(2),18(1),19(2), 21(2)
(b)How does it react with the following?
1) ZnSO4(aq)
2) CuSO4(aq)
3) AgCl(s)
A: Haber’s process:
This process is used for the manufacture of ammonia.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + Heat
It is a reversible reaction.
The required reaction is forward reaction.
Effect of temperature:
 The forward reaction is an exothermic reaction.
 Hence according to Le-chatliers principle low temperature is required.
 So we use an optimum temperature 725-775K.
Effect of pressure:
 In the forward reaction mole number decreases from 4 to 2.
 Hence according to Le-chatliers principle high pressure is required.
 So we use an optimum pressure 200atm.
Optimum conditions (Favourable conditions):
Temperature: 725-775K
Pressure: 200atm.
Catalyst: Finely divided iron
Promotor: Molybdenum
Concentration: Increase in the concentration of N2, H2 and decrease in the
concentration of NH3

24
b) Chemical properties:
1) Ammonia reacts with aqueous ZnSO4 to form Zn(OH)2 (white precipitate)
2NH3 + 2HOH+ ZnSO4 Zn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4
2) Ammonia reacts with aqueous CuSO4 to form complex compound.
4NH3+ CuSO4 [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
3) Ammonia reacts with solid AgCl to form complex compound.
2NH3 + AgCl [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
2. (a)How is Nitric acid manufactured by Ostwald’s process? 17(1)
(b)How does it react with the following?
1) Copper
2) Zn
3) S8
4) P4
A: a) Ostwald Process:
This process is used for the manufacture of nitric acid.
This process involves in three steps.
Step 1:- Ammonia undergoes oxidation with atmospheric oxygen in the presence
of Rh/Pt at 500K, 9 bar pressure to form nitric oxide.
4NH3+5O2 4NO+6H2O
Step 2:-The formed nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide
1
NO+ O2 NO2
2
Step 3:- The formed nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form nitric acid.
3NO2+H2O 2HNO3+NO
1) Reaction with Cu:-
a) Copper reacts with dilute HNO3 to form nitric oxide.
3Cu+8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2+4H2O+2NO
(dil)
b) Copper reacts with conc. HNO3 to form nitrogen dioxide.
Cu+4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2+2H2O+2NO2
(conc)
2) Reaction with Zinc:-
a) Zinc reacts with dil HNO3 to form nitrous oxide.
4Zn+10HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2+5H2O +N2O
(dil)
b) Zinc reacts with conc. HNO3 to form nitrogen dioxide.
Zn + 4HNO3  Zn(NO3)2+2H2O+2NO2
(conc)
3) Reaction with P4:-
Phosphorous reacts with conc. HNO3 to form nitrogen dioxide.
P4 + 20HNO3 4H3PO4+4H2O+20NO2
(conc)
4) Reaction with S8:-
Sulphur reacts with conc HNO3 to form nitrogen dioxide.
25
S8+48HNO3 8H2SO4+16H2O+48NO2
(conc)
Trick:
Cu Zn P4 S8
Dilute 3, 8 4, 10 - -
Concentrated 1, 4 1, 4 1, 20 1, 48
Level-2:
3. Which is used for drying ammonia?
(OR)
4. Why conc.H2SO4 , P4O10 and anhydrous CaCl2 can’t be used to dry ammonia?
A:
 Commonly used drying agents are CaO, Conc.H2SO4,anhydrous CaCl2 and P4O10.
 CaO is used to dry ammonia. Because it does not react with ammonia since both are
bases.
 Conc.H2SO4, anhydrous CaCl2 and P4O10 cannot be used to dry ammonia.
Because they are react with ammonia.
H2SO4 + 2NH3 (NH4)2SO4
CaCl2 + 8NH3 CaCl2.8NH3
P4O10 + 12NH3 +6H2O 4(NH4)3PO4
5. How does P4 react with the following

a) SOCl2
b) SO2Cl2
A:
a) P4 reacts with SOCl2 to form phosphorous tri chloride.
P4 + 8SOCl2 → 4PCl3 + 4SO2 + 2S2Cl2
b) P4 reacts with SO2Cl2 to form phosphorous penta chloride.
P4 +10SO2Cl2 → 4PCl5 + 10SO2
6. How does PCl3 react with
a) CH3COOH
b) C2H5OH
c) water
A.
a) PCl3 reacts with CH3COOH to form acetyl chloride.
PCl3 + 3CH3COOH → P(OH)3 +3CH3COCl
b) PCl3 reacts with C2H5OH to form ethyl chloride.
PCl3 + 3C2H5OH → P(OH)3 +3C2H5Cl
c) PCl3 reacts with water to form hydrogen chloride.
PCl3 +3HOH → P(OH)3 + 3HCl

26
7. How does PCl5 react with 20(1)

a) CH3COOH
b) C2H5OH
c)H2O
d) Ag
A:
a) PCl5 reacts with CH3COOH to form CH3COCl
PCl5 + CH3COOH → POCl3 + HCl + CH3COCl
b) PCl5 reacts with C2H5OH to form C2H5Cl
PCl5 + C2H5OH → POCl3 + HCl +C2H5Cl
c) PCl5 reacts with water to form HCl
PCl5 + HOH → POCl3 + HCl + HCl
PCl5 + 4HOH → H3PO4 + 5HCl
d) PCl5 reacts with Ag to form AgCl
PCl5 + 2Ag → PCl3 +2AgCl
8. Complete the following reactions

a) Mg + N2 
b) CuSO4 + NH3 
c) Zn+ dil HNO3 
d) P4+ Conc. HNO3 
e) HNO3 + P4O10 
A:
a) 3Mg + N2 Mg3N2
b) CuSO4 +4 NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
c) 4Zn+10HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2+5H2O +N2O
(dil)
d) P4 + 20HNO3 4H3PO4+4H2O+20NO2
(conc)
e) 12HNO3 + P4O10 6N2O5+4H3PO4
a) Ca3P2 + H2O 
b) P4 + KOH 
c) HgCl2 + PH3 
A:
a) Ca3P2 + 6HOH  3Ca(OH)2 +2PH3
b) P4 +3KOH + 3H2O PH3 +3KH2PO2
c) 3HgCl2 + 2PH3 6HCl+ Hg3P2
a) (NH4)2 Cr2O7 
b) NH4NO3 
c) Pb(NO3)2 673K

d) Decomposition of nitrous acid 
A:
a) (NH4)2 Cr2O7 

N2+4H2O+Cr2O3

27
b) NH4NO3 
Δ
N2O + 2H2O
c) 2Pb(NO3)2 

2PbO+4NO2+O2
d) 3HNO2 

HNO3+2NO+H2O

28
16-group elements
Level-1:
11. How is Ozone prepared? How does it react with the following
14(1), 16(1), 16(2), 17(1), 18(1), 18(2), 19(1), 19(2) , 21(1)
1) Pbs
2) Ag
3) Hg
4) Moist KI
5) NO
6) C2H4 (Ethylene)
A: Ozone:-
Preparation:
 Ozone is prepared by passing pure, cold and dry oxygen gas through silent electric
discharge.
3O2 ⇌ 2O3 H=+284.5 KJ/mole
 This process is done in an apparatus called ozonizer.
Chemical properties:
1) Ozone oxidises black lead sulphide to white lead sulphate.
4O3+ PbS PbSO4+4O2
2) Ozone oxidises silver to silver oxide.
O3+2Ag Ag2O+O2
3) Ozone oxidises mercury to mercurous oxide.
(OR)
In the presence of ozone mercury loses its meniscus and stick on to the glass.
This is called tailing of mercury.
O3+ 2Hg Hg2O+O2
4) Ozone oxidises nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide.
O3 + NO NO2+O2
5) Ozone oxidises moist KI to iodine.
O3 +2KI+H2O I2+O2 +2KOH
6) Ozone reacts with ethylene followed by hydrolysis in the presence of zinc dust to
form formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
ZnH O
O3 + CH2=CH2 O3.CH2=CH2  2CH2O+ CH2O + H2O2
12. Describe the manufacture of H2SO4 by contact process. 20(1)
A: Contact process:-
This process is used for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
This process involves in four steps.
Step-1: Sulphur burnt in air to form SO2
S+O2 SO2
Step-2: The formed SO2 oxidised with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of V2O5 to
form SO3
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g) + Heat
It is a reversible reaction.
The required reaction is forward reaction.

29
Effect of temperature:
 The forward reaction is an exothermic reaction.
 Hence according to Le-chatliers principle low temperature is required.
 So we use an optimum temperature 673K.
Effect of pressure:
 In the forward reaction mole number decreases from 3 to 2.
 Hence according to Le-chatliers principle high pressure is required.
 So we use an optimum pressure 1.5 to 1.7atm
Optimum conditions (Favourable conditions):
Temperature: 673K
Pressure: 1.5 to 1.7atm
Catalyst: Pt or V2O5
Promotor: potassium oxide
Concentration: Increase in the concentration of SO2, O2 and decrease in the
concentration of SO3.
Step-3: The formed SO3 absorbed into conc. H2SO4 to form oleum.
SO3+H2SO4 H2S2O7
Oleum
Step-4: The formed oleum dissolved in water to form H2SO4
H2S2O7+ H2O 2H2SO4
Level-2:
13. What happens when
a) KClO3 is heated with MnO2.
b) O3 is passed through KI solution.
A:
a) When KClO3 is heated with MnO2 dioxygen is formed.
MnO,Δ
2KClO3  2  2KCl + 3O2
b) When O3 is passed through KI solution iodine is formed.
30
O3 +2KI + H2O →I2 + 2KOH + O2

14. Write a short note on allotropy of sulphur.
A:
 Sulphur has many allotropic forms.
 Among them two are important. They are
1) Yellow rhombic sulphur (  -sulphur)
2) Mono clinic sulphur (  -sulphur)
1) Yellow rhombic sulphur (  -sulphur):
 Colour: Yellow
 Melting point: 385.8K
 Specific gravity: 2.06
 At room temperature it is more stable
2) Mono clinic sulphur (  -sulphur):
 Colour: light yellow
 Melting point: 392K
 Specific gravity: 1.98
 At room temperature it is less stable
 When  sulphur is heated above 396K, is converted to  -sulphur.
Hence this temperature is called transition temperature.
 Both are solids.
 Both are soluble in CS2.
 Both are octa atomic molecules.
 Both are having molecular formula S8
 Both are having puckered ring structure (crown shape).
 Another important allotropic form of sulphur is cyclo-S6 (or) Engles Sulphur

(or) E-Sulphur)
 Its molecular formula is S6
 It has chair form.
15. Give examples? How does SO2 react with the following
a) Na2SO3(aq)
b) Cl2

31
c) Fe+3 ions
d) KMnO4
16. Which oxide of sulphur can act as both oxidizing and reducing agent?
A: Chemical properties of SO2:
a) SO2 reacts with aqueous Na2SO3 to form sodium bisulphite.
SO2+ Na2SO3+H2O 2NaHSO3
b) SO2 reacts with Cl2 to form SO2Cl2 (sulphuryl chloride)
SO2+ Cl2 SO2Cl2
SO2 can act as both oxidizing and reducing agent.
Oxidising properties of SO2:
1) SO2 oxidises carbon to carbon dioxide
SO2+ C S+CO2
2) SO2 oxidises magnesium to magnesium oxide.
SO2+ 2Mg S + 2MgO
Reducing properties of SO2:

1) SO2 reduces ferric sulphate to ferrous sulphate.
SO2+ Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O 2Fe SO4 + 2H2SO4
2) SO2 reduces KMnO4 to manganese sulphate.
5SO2+ 2KMnO4+ 2H2O 2MnSO4 +2H2SO4 + K2SO4
17. Write a short note on oxo acids of sulphur.
A: The oxo acids of sulphur are classified into four series. They are
S. Name of Name of the Formula Structure Oxidation

No the series compound state of
sulphur
1. Sulphurou a) Sulphuro H2SO3 S=+4
s acid us acid
series
b) Thio H2S2O2 S=+4, -2

sulphurou
s acid
c) Hypo H2S2O4 S=+3, +3

sulphurou
s acid
(OR)
Di
thionous
acid

32
d) Pyro H2S2O5 S=+5, +3

sulphurou
s acid
2. Sulphuric a) Sulphuric H2SO4 S=+6

acid series acid
b) Thio H2S2O3 S=+6, -2

sulphuric
acid
c) Pyro H2S2O7 S=+6, +6

sulphuric
acid
3. Thionic a) Di thionic H2S2O6 S=+5,+5

acid series acid
b) Poly H2Sn+2O6 S=+5, 0

thionic
acid
4. Peroxo a) Peroxo H2SO5 S=+6

acid series mono
sulphuric
acid
(Caros
acid)
b) Peroxo di H2S2O8 S=+6, +6
sulphuric
acid
(Marshal
acid)

33
18. Complete the following

a) KCl+ H2SO4(conc.) 
Conc.H SO
b) Sucrose  2 
4
c) Cu + conc.H2SO4 
d) C + conc.H2SO4 
A:
a) 2KCl+ H2SO4(conc.) K2SO4 + 2HCl
Conc.H2SO4
b) Sucrose (C12H22O11)   12C+11H
2O
c) Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4+2H2O + SO2
d) C + 2H2SO4 CO2+2H2O +2SO2

34
17-group elements
Level-1:
19. a) How is chlorine prepared by Deacons method? 17(1),19(1), 19(2)
b) How does it react with slaked lime? 15(1), 15(2),16(1) ,17(1)18(1) , 20(1)
A: Deacons Process: HCl reacts with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of CuCl2 at
723K to form chlorine.
4HCl+O2 CuCl
 2,723K
2Cl2+2H2O
Chemical properties:
Chlorine reacts with slaked lime to form bleaching powder.
Cl2+ Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2+H2O
20. a) How is chlorine prepared by electrolytic method 15(1),16(1)
b) How does chlorine react with the following in different conditions?
15(1),16(1),17(2),18(1),18(2),21(1), 21(2)
1) NaOH
2) NH3
A: a) Preparation of chlorine by electrolytic method:
Chlorine is prepared by the electrolysis of brine solution.
On passing electric current through brine solution NaCl and H2O undergoes
ionization.
2NaCl 2Na+ + 2Cl-
2HOH 2H++2OH-
At anode (Oxidation):- Chloride ions discharged at anode.
2Cl- Cl2+2e-
At cathode (Reduction):- Sodium ions discharged at cathode.
2H++2e- H2
 Chlorine is obtained at anode.
 Hydrogen is obtained at cathode.
 The remaining Na+ and OH- ions combine together to form NaOH
2Na++2OH- 2NaOH
1) Reaction with NaOH:
a) Chlorine reacts with cold dilute NaOH to form sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
Cl2+2NaOH(dil) NaCl+NaOCl+H2O
b) Chlorine reacts with hot concentrated NaOH to form sodium chlorate (NaClO3)
3Cl2+ 6NaOH(conc.) 5NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O
2) Reaction withNH3:
a) Excess of chlorine reacts with NH3 to form NCl3
3Cl2+NH3 NCl3+3HCl
b) Chlorine reacts with excess of NH3 to form NH4Cl
3Cl2+8NH3 6NH4Cl+N2
21. a) How is chlorine prepared in the Laboratory? 17(2), 18(2),21(1)
b) How does chlorine react with the following?
1) Fe
2) H2
3) H2O
35
4) Acidified FeSO4 20(1)

5) KI 21(2)
6) I2
7) H2S
8) SO2
9) Na2SO3
10) Na2S2O3(Hypo) 18(1), 21(2)
A: a)
1. Chlorine is prepared by reacting NaCl with MnO2 in the presence of H2SO4.
4NaCl+MnO2+4H2SO4 MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O+4NaHSO4
(OR)
2. Chlorine is prepared by reacting KMnO4 with HCl
16HCl+2KMnO4 2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O+2KCl
1) Chlorine reacts with iron(Ferrum) to form ferric chloride
2Fe+3Cl2 2FeCl3
2) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.
H2+Cl2 2HCl
3) Reaction with water(Bleaching action of chlorine):
Chlorine reacts with water to form HCl and HOCl. The formed HOCl gives
nascent oxygen which is responsible for bleaching property.
Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl
HOCl HCl + (O)
Coloured substance +(O) oxidized colourless substance
Oxidizing properties:-
1) Chlorine oxidises acidified FeSO4 to Fe2(SO4)3
Cl2 + H2SO4 +2FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3+2HCl
2) Chlorine oxidises KI to iodine.
Cl2+2KI 2KCl+I2
3) Chlorine oxidises I2 to iodic acid Note: Add H2O in all
5Cl2 +6H2O + I2 2HIO3+10HCl reactions except at 1,2,4
4) Chlorine oxidises H2S to sulphur
Cl2+H2S 2HCl+S
5) Chlorine oxidises SO2 to H2SO4
Cl2 +2H2O +SO2 2HCl+H2SO4
6) Chlorine oxidises Na2SO3 to Na2SO4
Cl2 +H2O +Na2SO3 Na2SO4+2HCl
7) Chlorine oxidises Na2S2O3 (sodium thio sulphate) to Na2SO4
Cl2 +H2O +Na2S2O3 Na2SO4+2HCl+S
22. Write balanced equations for the following 14(2)
a) NaCl is heated with con H2SO4 in the presence of MnO2
b) Chlorine is passed into a solution of NaI in water.
A: a) When NaCl is heated with conc.H2SO4 in the presence of MnO2, chlorine is
obtained.
4NaCl+ MnO2+4H2SO4 MnCl2 +Cl2+2H2O+4NaHSO4
36
b) When chlorine is passed into a solution of NaI in water, iodine is obtained

Cl2+2NaI 2NaCl+I2
23. How can you prepare Cl2 from HCl and HCl from Cl2? 16(2)
A:
1) HCl reacts with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of CuCl2 at
723K to form chlorine.
4HCl+O2 CuCl
 2,723K
2Cl2+2H2O
2) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form HCl
Cl2+H2 2HCl
Level-2:
24. Write a short note on inter halogen compounds?
A:
 Compound containing two (or) more different halogens are called Inter halogen
compounds.
 These are classified into 4 types as the following.
Oxidati
on state
S. Hybri Shape
Type Example Structure of
No dization
central
atom
1. AX ClF - Linear +1
2. AX3 ClF3 sp3d Bent T shape +3
Square
3. AX5 BrF5 sp3d2 +5
pyramidal
Pentagonal bi
4. AX7 IF7 sp3d3 +7
pyramidal
25. Explain the structure of a) BrF5 b) IF7

A: a) Structure of BrF5:

37
No. of bond pairs=5

No. of lone pairs=1
Total no. of pairs=6
Hybridization=sp3d2
Shape=Square pyramidal
b)Structure of IF7:
No. of bond pairs=7

No. of lone pairs=0
Hybridization=sp3d3
Shape: Pentagonal bi pyramidal
26. How is ClF3 prepared? Explain its structure and how is it reacts with water?
A: ClF3:
Preparation: Chlorine reacts with excess of fluorine to form ClF3
Cl2+3F2 573K
  2ClF3
Reaction with water:
ClF3 reacts with water to form HClO2 (Chlorous acid)
ClF3+2H2O 3HF+HClO2
Structure:
No. of bond pairs=3

No. of lone pairs=2
Hybridisation=sp3d
Shape=Bent T shape

38
27. Write the names and formulae of the oxo acids of chlorine. Explain their structures
and relative acidic nature?
A:
S. Name of Formula Structure Hybri Shape Oxidation Bas
No oxo acid disati state of icit
of on chlorine y
chlorine atom
Hypo
1 chlorous HOCl sp3 Linear +1 1
acid
Oxygen is the
central atom
Chlorous
2 HClO2 sp3 V-shape +3 1
acid
Chloric
3 HClO3 sp3 Pyramidal +5 1
acid
Per
Tetrahedra
4 chloric HClO4 sp3 +7 1
l
acid
The order of acidic strength is HOCl<HClO2<HClO3<HClO4
28. Write a short note on hydrides of halogens?

A: Hydrogen halides:
1) All halogens combine with hydrogen to form hydrogen halides.
H2+X2 2HX
Where X= F, Cl, Br,I
2) The order of reactivity of halogens is F2> Cl2> Br2 >I2
3) Hydrogen halides are gases(Except HF)
4) HF exists as a liquid due to the presence of inter molecular hydrogen bonds.
5) Hydrogen halides are more soluble in water to form hydrohalic acids.
6) The order of thermal stability and bond dissociation energy is
HF>HCl>HBr>HI
7) The order of reactivity, reducing power and acidic strength is
HF<HCl<HBr<HI
8) The order of boiling point is
HCl<HBr<HI<HF
9) The order of melting point is
HCl<HBr<HF<HI
10) HCl has lowest boiling point and melting point.
39
11) HF has highest boiling point

12) HI has highest melting point.

40
18-group elements
Level-1:
1. How are XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 prepared? Explain their reaction with water.
Discuss their structures? 14(1),17(1),17(2),18(1),18(2),19(1)
A: XeF2(Xenon difluoride):
Preparation: Xe+F2 673,
1 bar
XeF2
Reaction with water:-
XeF2 reacts with water to form Xe, HF, O2
2XeF2+2H2O 4HF + 2Xe + O2
Structure:
No. of bond pairs=2

No. of lone pairs=3
Hybridisation=sp3d
Shape=Linear
XeF4 (Xenon tetra fluoride):
Preparation:
873K,7bar
Xe+2F2  XeF4
XeF4 reacts with water to form Xe, HF, O2, XeO3
6XeF4+12H2O 24HF+4Xe+3O2+2XeO3
Structure:
No. of bond pairs=4

No. of lone pairs=2
Hybridisation=sp3d2
Shape=Square planar
XeF6 (Xenon hexafluoride):
Preparation:
41
70bar
573K,60
Xe+3F2  XeF6
XeF6+H2O 2HF+XeOF4
XeF6+2H2O 4HF+XeO2F2
XeF6+3H2O 6HF+XeO3
Structure:
No. of bond pairs=6

No. of lone pairs=1
Hybridisation=sp3d3
Shape=Distorted octahedral
2. How are XeOF4 and XeO2F2, XeO3 and XeO4 prepared? Give their structures.
14(2),15(2),16(2)
A: XeOF4 (Xenon oxy tetra fluoride):

Preparation: XeF6+H2O 2HF+XeOF4
Structure:
No. of bond pairs=5

No. of lone pairs=1
Hybridisation=sp3d2
Shape=Square pyramidal.
XeO2F2:
Preparation: XeF6 reacts with water to form XeO2F2.
Structure:

42
No of bond pair = 4
No. of lone pairs=1
Hybridization = sp3d
Shape = See saw
XeO3 (Xenon trioxide):
Preparation: XeF6+3H2O 6HF+XeO3
Structure:
No. of bond pairs=3

No. of lone pairs=1
Hybridisation=sp3
Shape =Pyramidal
XeO4( Xenon tetra oxide): (It is not in our syllabus)
Preparation:
It is prepared by treating barium perxenate (Ba2XeO6) with anhydrous sulphuric acid.
Ba2XeO6 + 2H2SO4 2BaSO4 +XeO4 + 2H2O
Structure:
No of bond pairs = 4
No. of lone pairs=0
Hybridization = sp3
Shape = Tetrahedral
Level-2:
29. Does the hydrolysis of XeF6 lead to a redox reaction?
A: Hydrolysis of XeF6:
XeF6+H2O 2HF+XeOF4
XeF6+3H2O 6HF+XeO3
The above reactions are not redox reactions.
Reason: Before and after the reaction the oxidation states of all the elements remains

43
the same.
30. Complete the following 20(1)
a) XeF2 + H2O 
IA VA
b) XeF2 + PF5 
c) XeF4 + SbF5  Li N
d) XeF6 + AsF5  Na P
e) XeF4 + O2F2 
K As
f) NaF + XeF6 
A: Rb Sb
a) 2XeF2 + 2H2O 2Xe +4HF + O2 Cs Bi
Fr -
b) XeF2 + PF5  [XeF]+[PF6]-
c) XeF4 + SbF5 [XeF3]+[SbF6]-
d) XeF6 + AsF5  [XeF5]+[AsF6]-
e) XeF4 + O2F2  XeF6+ O2
f) NaF + XeF6  Na+[XeF7]-
Note:
1) Xenon fluorides react with IA group elements fluorides to form anionic species.
2) Xenon fluorides react with VA group elements fluorides to form cationic species.

44
Organic chemistry
1. Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC Names are as follows 14(2)
a) 2 –Methyl butan – 2 – ol.
b) 1 – Phenyl Propan – 2 – ol
c) 3, 5, dimethyl hexane – 1,3,5 tri –ol
d) 2,3 diethyl Phenol
e) 1 – Ethoxy Propanne
f) 2 Ethoxy – 3 methyl pentane
g) Cyclohexyl Methanol
h) 3 Chloromethyl Pentan – 1 – ol
A:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

45
f)
g)
h)
2. Illustrate hydro boration – oxidation reaction with a suitable example

A: Hydro boration – oxidation reaction: Diborane reacts with alkene to form tri alkyl
borane. It is oxidized to alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous
sodium hydroxide. This reaction is known as hydro boration oxidation reaction.
3. Write the preparation methods of Phenol from 14(1)

1) Chloro benzene
2) Cumene
A: Preparation methods of phenol:
1) From choloro benzene:- Chloro benzene reacts with sodium hydroxide at 623K,
200 atm to form sodium phenoxide, it is treated with dil. HCl to form phenol.

46
2) From benzene : Benzene reacts with conc.H2SO4 to form Benzene sulphonic acid,
it is treated with NaOH followed by acidification to form phenol.
3) From cumene: Cumene is oxidized in presence of air to form cumene hydro

peroxide, it is treated with dilute acid to form phenol, acetone.
4) From benzene diazonium chloride:Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with water

to form phenol.
4. Explain the acidic nature of phenol and Compare the acidic strength of Phenol
with that of alcohols. 17(1)
A: The following reactions shows that the acidic nature of phenol.
(1) Phenol reacts with sodium metal to form sodium phenoxide.
(2) Phenol reacts with NaOH to form sodium phenoxide.

47
Comparision of acidic strength of phenol with that of alcohol:

 Phenol can easily donate a proton easily to form phenoxide ion and it is stabilized
by resonance.
 Alcohol cannot easily donate a proton because the alkoxide ion does not
stabilized due to the absence of resonance.
 From the above points phenol is strong acid than alcohol.
5. While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitro phenols by steam distillation,
name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason.
A: Nitration reaction of phenol:
1) Phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid at low temperature (250C) to form a mixture of
ortho nitro phenol and para nitro phenol.
 The formed ortho nitro phenol and para nitro phenol can be separated by steam
distillation.
 Ortho nitro phenol is steam volatile.
Reason: Due to the presence of intra molecular hydrogen bond.
para nitro phenol is not steam volatile.
Reason: Due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bond which causes
association.
2) Phenol reacts with conc.HNO3 to form 2, 4, 6 tri nitro phenol.

48
6. Explain :-
a) Kolbe’s reaction 17(1),17(2) , 20(1), 21(2)
b) Reimer – Tiemann reaction 15(1),15(2),16(1),16(2),17(1),17(2),18(1),18(2), 21(1)
A:
a) Kolbe’s reaction: Phenol is treated with NaOH to form sodium Phenoxide, it is
treated with CO2 followed by acidification to form ortho salicylic acid. This
reaction is known as Kolbe’s reaction.
b) Reimer-Tiemann reaction: Phenol reacts with chloroform in the presence of

sodium hydroxide to form ortho salicylaldehyde. This reaction is known as
Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
7. Write the products formed by the reduction and oxidation of Phenol? 14(2)
A: Chemical properties of phenol:
Oxidation: Phenol is oxidized with chromic acid to form benzoquinone.
Reduction: Phenol is reduced with zinc dust to form benzene

49
8. Explain Williamsons ether synthesis 15(1),15(2),16(1),16(2),17(2),18(2) , 20(1), 21(1)

, 21(2)
A: Williamson ether synthesis: Sodium alkoxide reacts with alkyl halide to form ether.
This reaction is known as Williamson ether synthesis.
RONa+R1X →ROR1+NaX
CH3ONa+C2H5Cl→CH3OC2H5+NaCl
9. Explain the following named reactions: 18(2)
a) Friedel crafts alkylation of anisole.
b) Friedel crafts acylation of anisole.
A: Electrophilic substitution reactions of Anisole:
a) Halogenation: Anisole reacts with Br2 in the presence of acetic acid to form a
mixture of 2 bromo anisole and 4 bromo anisole.
b) Nitration: Anisole reacts with conc.HNO3 and conc.H2SO4 to form a mixture of

2-nitro anisole and 4-nitro anisole.
c) Friedel crafts alkylation: Anisole reacts with CH3Cl in the presence of anhydrous
AlCl3 to form a mixture of 2-methoxy toluene and 4-methoxy toluene.

50
d) Friedel crafts acylation: Anisole reacts with CH3COCl in the presence of

anhydrous AlCl3 to form a mixture of 2-methoxy aceto phenone and 4-methoxy
aceto phenone.
10. Explain :-
a) Rosenmund reduction
b) Stephen reaction
c) Etard reaction.
d) Gattarmann Koch reaction
A:
a) Rosenmund reduction: Acid chloride is reduced with hydrogen in presence of
Pd+BaSO4 to form aldehyde. This reaction is known as Rosenmund reduction
reaction.
RCOCl+H2 Pd BaSO
 4 RCHO+HCl
b) Stephen reaction: Nitrile is reduced with SnCl2 in presence of HCl to form imine,
it is hydrolysed to form aldehyde. This reaction is known as Stephen reaction.
c) Etard reaction: Toluene is treated with two moles of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2)
Followed by hydrolysis to form benzaldehyde. This reaction is known as Etard
reaction.
d) Gattarmann Koch reaction:- Benzene is treated with carbon monoxide and HCl in
presence of anhy.AlCl3 to form benzaldehyde. This reaction is known as
Gattarmann Koch reaction.

51
11. How do you prepare alcohols and carboxylic acids from Grignards reagent? Give
example. 20(1) &
12. Explain the following terms. Give an example of the reaction in each case
a) Cyanohydrins
b) Hemi acetal
c) Acetal
d) Oxime
e) Semi carbozone
A:
a) Cyanohydrin: Aldehyde and ketone reacts with hydrogen cyanide to form
cyanohydrin.
b) Hemi acetal: Aldehyde and ketone reacts with one mole of alcohol in presence of
dry HCl to form alkoxy alcohol, known as hemi acetal.
c) Acetal: Aldehyde reacts with two moles of alcohol in presence of dry HCl to
form gem di alkoxy alcohol, known as acetal.
d) Preparation of alcohols from Grignard reagents:

1) Formaldehyde reacts with grignard reagent and then hydrolised to form primary
alcohol.
2) Aldehyde reacts with grignard reagent and then hydrolised to form secondary
alcohol.
3) Ketone reacts with grignard reagent and then hydrolised to form tertiary alcohol.
52
e) Oxime: Aldehydes and ketones react with hydroxyl amine to form.
f) Semi carbozone: Aldehydes and ketones react with semi carbazide to form semi
cabozone.
13. Explain :-
a) Clemenson reduction reaction
b) Wolfkishner reduction reaction
A:
a) Clemenson reduction: Aldehydes and ketones are reduced with zinc amalgam
and conc.HCl to form corresponding alkanes. This reaction is known as clemenson
reduction reaction.
b) Wolf kishner reduction reaction: Aldehydes and ketones are reduced with
hydrazine followed by heating with KOH in ethylene glycol to form alkane. This
reaction is known a Wolf Kishner reduction reaction.

53
14. Explain :-
a) Aldol condensation 16(2),17(2),18(1)
b) Cross aldol condensation 15(1),19(1),21(1)
c) Cannizaro reaction 15(2),16(1),18(1),19(1,)19(2), 21(2)
A:
a) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes having at least one  -hydrogen atom undergo a
reaction in the presence of dil NaOH to form aldol.
 The aldol readily lose water molecule to form ,  unsaturated carbonyl
compound. This reaction is known as aldol condensation.
b) Cross aldol condensation: Aldol condensation of different aldehydes is known as

cross aldol condensation reaction.
 If both of the aldehydes contain  hydrogen atoms, it gives a mixture of four
products.

54
Rough work:
 Cannizaro reaction: Aldehydes do not have an  -hydrogen atom, undergo self

oxidation and reduction reaction in the presence of conc. NaOH to form sodium
salt of carboxylic acid and alcohol.
 This reaction is known as cannizaro reaction.
HCHO+HCHO 
conc.NaOH
HCOONa+HCH2OH
55
C6H5CHO+C6H5CHO 
conc.NaOH
C6H5COONa+C6H5CH2OH
15. How do you prepare carboxylic acids from Grignards reagent? Give example. 20(1)
A: Preparation of carboxylic acids from Grignard reagents: CO2 reacts with Grignard
reagent and then hydrolised to form carboxylic acid.
16.
Explain :-
a) Acetylation 19(1)
b) De carboxylation 15(1),15(2),16(1),16(2),19(1),19(2), 21(1), 21(2)
c) Esterification Test
A:
a) Acetylation: Acetic acid reacts withPCl3 (or) PCl5 (or) SOCl2 to form acetyl
chloride. This reaction is known as acetylation.
3CH3COOH+PCl3 3CH3COCl+H3PO3
CH3COOH+PCl5 CH3COCl +POCl3+HCl
CH3COOH+SOCl2 CH3COCl+SO2+HCl
b) Decarboxylation: Sodium salt of carboxylic acid is heated with sodalime
(NaOH+CaO) to form hydro carbon. This reaction is known as decarboxylation.
RCOOH+NaOH RCOONa+H2O
CaO,
RCOONa+NaOH R-H+Na2CO3
c) Esterification Test : Carboxylic acid is heated with alcohol in the presence of conc.
H2SO4 to form ester. This reaction is known as Esterification test.
RCOOH + R1OH→ RCOOR1+H2O

56
Home work sheet

S. No Date Day Name of the Type of Question
chapter question number
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
57
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
60)
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)
70)
71)
72)
73)
74)
75)
76)
77)
78)
79)
80)
81)
82)
83)
84)
85)
86)
87)
88)
89)

58
90)
91)
92)
93)
94)
95)
96)
97)
98)
99)
100)
101)
102)
103)
104)
105)
106)
107)
108)
109)
110)
111)
112)
113)
114)
115)
116)
117)
118)
119)
120)
121)
122)
123)
124)
125)
126)
127)
128)
129)
130)
131)
132)
133)
134)
135)

59
136)
Examination sheet
Name of the Name of the Type of Question
examination chapter question number
Unit test -1
Unit test -2
Unit test -3
Unit test -4
Unit test -5
Quarterly
examination
Half yearly
examination
Pre final examination

8 Marks SR Inter Chemistry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8 Marks SR Inter Chemistry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

8 Marks SR Inter Chemistry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Name of the chapter Page number No of Marks

Electro chemistry and 01 08

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

3(a) Electro Chemistry

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

2) It is used to calculate the degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte.

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

Construction of Galvanic cell:

Zns Cu2aq Zn2aq Cus

 It is used as a reference electrode.

EcellEo 0.059 P

 They can’t be recharged and can’t be reused again.

Construction of primary cell:

 Zn vessel acts as anode.

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

 In this lead acts as anode.

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

3.2 Chemical kinetics

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

5. Define and explain order of a reaction. How is it obtained experimentally?

5) Third order reaction:

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

Order of reaction can be obtained by experiment. They are

2) Half life method:

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

Examples for gaseous bimolecular reaction:

12. Explain the following terms with suitable examples.

 Whenever the proper orientation of the molecules considered probability factor

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

4) Temperature: The rate of a reaction increases with increase of temperature.

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

No. of No. of lone Formula Shape Example

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

5. How does P4 react with the following

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

7. How does PCl5 react with 20(1)

8. Complete the following reactions

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

O3 +2KI + H2O →I2 + 2KOH + O2

 Another important allotropic form of sulphur is cyclo-S6 (or) Engles Sulphur

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

Reducing properties of SO2:

S. Name of Name of the Formula Structure Oxidation

b) Thio H2S2O2 S=+4, -2

c) Hypo H2S2O4 S=+3, +3

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

d) Pyro H2S2O5 S=+5, +3

2. Sulphuric a) Sulphuric H2SO4 S=+6

b) Thio H2S2O3 S=+6, -2

c) Pyro H2S2O7 S=+6, +6

3. Thionic a) Di thionic H2S2O6 S=+5,+5

b) Poly H2Sn+2O6 S=+5, 0

4. Peroxo a) Peroxo H2SO5 S=+6