Reviewer Eng-10

MODALS - are auxiliary or helping verbs that indicate the mode or manner of the actions.
When
use alone, they do not give complete meanings. But when they are paired with other verbs, they
change the meaning of these verbs.
NATURE OF MODALS
 Use the base form of the word with the modal. Modals do not change form.
 Modals never end in "s" even in the third person singular.
 Combine the base form of the verb with the modals — not with the infinitive "to. "
 Use "not" to make modal verbs negative.
 Modals are also used to form questions
 Do not use double modals.
Modals are used to express ability, possibility, probability, permission, obligation, etc. However,
this discussion will only focus on the three functions of modals- to express permission,
obligation, and prohibition.
MODALS OF PERMISSION
The modal verbs expressing permission are may, could and can. It means that something is
allowed and can be done. Modals of permission also show politeness and respect.
1.MAY is the most formal and polite modal verb to use to ask for permission.
Examples:
a. May I speak to Mark, please?
b. You may join them as soon as you finished your tasks here.
2. When being polite, or wanting to show respect, COULD is a better choice than can as it is a
more polite form than 'can.'
a. Could you lend me the laptop?
b. Quid-we go home now?
COULD when we want to say that somebody had general permission to do something in the
past.
a. When I was five, I could ride a bike.
b. Before the COVID-19 scare, we could gather everywhere in the streets.
3. CAN is less formal and more direct than 'could.' When asking in a simple or direct way we
use 'can.
a. You can ask him. He is approachable.
b. Can you do me a favor?
MODALS OF OBLIGATION
There are two types of modal verbs of obligation; those that primarily express a firm obligation
or necessity - must and have to - and those that express a recommendation or moral obligation
- should and ought to.
1. MUST shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker.
a. We must pay our taxes to contribute for the country's economy.
b. I must wear face masks especially in crowded places.
2. HAVE TO is used when the obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker; for an
action that is necessary because of rules.
a. We have to be at the school two hours before the program starts.
b. You have to do all the homework.
3. When we want to talk about obligation we are talking about the right thing to do.
a. Children should know how to respect older people.
b. Yvnna Cinderelle ought to assist the volunteers in the outreach program.
MODALS OF PROHIBITION
Modal verbs are used for prohibition. These situations are the opposite of giving permission.
These modal verbs for prohibition lesson shows you how to use may and can to prohibit
someone or create rules.
Can is a modal often used to ask for and give permission. It means something is allowed and
can be done.
Both CANNOT (can't) and MUST NOT (mustn't) are modals used to show that something is
prohibited — it is not allowed.
1 Can't' usually gives the idea of something that is against the rules.
a. Christine Joy can't enter the school because she has no ID.
b. Ma. Cecilia can't drive the car unless she has driver's license.
2 Mustn't usually means that it is the speaker who is setting the rule.
a. Parent to child: You mustn't insult your brother in front of the crowd.
b. Teacher to student: You mustn't be late to class next time.
Modals can create different meanings depending on their functions in the sentence. The modals
can, could, and may are not always used to express permission (politeness and respect). Can
and could express ability or possibility. May, on the other hand, is used to state a wish or
possibility while might denotes less probability.
Examples:
a. Ability: use excellently edit the video using Adobe Premier.
b. Past Ability: I could eat junk foods when I was younger.
c. Wish: May your dreams come true as you face uncertainties in life!
d. Possibility: HE must be able to assist you in preparing your documents.
e. Less Probability: It might rain today.
CONTEXT CLUES •It is an information that appears near the word or a phrase. These are hints
that was given by the author to help the reader to figure out the meaning of the unknown word
TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES
DEFINITION •The word is defined directly and clearly in the sentence in which it appears
Example: We have learned that colds are contagious. Contagious – spread by contact
SYNONYM •The word is defined using its related words that is used in the sentence
Example: A seismic tidal wave approaches the inhabitants near the lake. The effects of the
seiche was devastating Seiche – synonym for seismic tidal wave
ANTONYM •The word is defined using its opposite word/s that is used in the sentence
Example: A deadly earthquake struck the coastline of California, but people harmlessly evaded
the disaster Deadly – Antonym for harmlessly
RESTATEMENT •The word is defined by restating the definition or clue words that is used in
the sentence
Example: The man was infuriated: he simply flew into a rage Infuriated – rage
EXAMPLE •The word is defined by giving examples that is related to the unknown word
Example: The precipitation that we will expect are in the form of rain, sleet and snow
Precipitation – rain, sleet and snow

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MODALS - are auxiliary or helping verbs that indicate the mode or manner of the actions.

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