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PHYSICAL EDUCATION
H-S-S, PART –II

S-R
BY:- SANJAY RAINA
RUBEE PANDITA
(Lecturer in Physical Education)
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UNIT NO 3
Sociological Aspects of Physical Education.

1, Introduction of Sociology,

2, Meaning, Definitions of Sociology and Sports Sociology,

3, Meaning and importance of sociology in physical education.

Sports sociology: -
It is the branch of sociology which helps to understand the social behavior of the
sports person and their interaction with other members of the society.
According to CHARLES A BUCHER- “Sports sociology is the science which deals
with the social relationship of the sports person as active member of society.” Sports
sociology focuses on examining the relationships between sports and society.

Meaning and definitions of sociology

MEANING: The word sociology was introduced by AUGUSTE COMETE who was
considered to be the father of sociology The word sociology is derived from Latin
Word “Societus” means Society and “Logos” Means Study or science. So the
word sociology means study of society or science of society.

.. The meaning of sociology is the study of society .Sociology is concern with the
study of people or group of persons(society) and their behaviour in the society.
It is very important to study social aspects of physical education for all round
development of each and every individual. Sociology has been defined in a number of
ways by different sociologists.
Definitions of sociology are as follows: -

According to Auguste Comete ( the finding father of sociology) “ sociology is the

science of social phenomena subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of
which is the object of investigation”

According to Davis“Sociology is a general science of society.”

1,According to Harry M. Johnson,“Sociology is the science which deals with social

groups
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2, According to Small “Sociology is the science of social relations.”

3, According to Kingley Davis:-Sociology is a general science of society.

4, According to Emile Durkheim:- Sociology is the science of social institutions.

5, According to Park and Burges :- Sociology is the science of collective behaviour.

6, According to Small :- Sociology is the science of social relations.

7, According Marshal Jones:- Sociology is the study of man-in-relationship to -

man.

8, According to Small “Sociology is the science of social relations.”

9, According to Kingley Davis :- Sociology is a general science of society.

Importance of Sociology in Physical Education: -

1. Development of Socialisation: - To live as an active member of society, many
qualities like adjustment, togetherness, responsibility, following the rules and
regulations, self-discipline, fair play etc. are required. All these qualities are
required in the field of games and sports.
2. Helps to Release Emotions: - Sociology is the way to express emotions and relieve
tension. Sociology acts as a safety value to relieve aggressive tendencies.
3. Identity in Society: - Sociology offers opportunities to be recognized and to express
his individual qualities. It helps to make man to be an active member in the society.
4. Changing Agent: - Sociology helps us in modification of the society towards games
and sports. It helps to remove ill and wrong tradition of the society such as caste,
religion etc. Playfields are the best platform for this modification.
5. Development of Sport ethics: - Sociology helps us to follow the sports ethics such as
respect to coach, respect to seniors, respect to opponent, good behaviour during
play, accept win or loss in happy way, discipline, patience etc.
6. Development of Leadership Qualities: - Sociology helps us to acquire leadership
qualities among the sports person. It also provides the platform for good
organization and administrative ability.
7. Development of Character: - Good character is the base of great personality. Good
character is always appreciated and respected in the society. Physical education
programmes helps us to develop character.
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1. Development of Socialisation: - To live as an active member of society, many

qualities like adjustment, togetherness, responsibility, following the rules and
regulations, self-discipline, fair play etc. are required. All these qualities are
required in the field of games and sports.
2. Helps to Release Emotions: - Sociology is the way to express emotions and
relieve tension. Sociology acts as a safety value to relieve aggressive
tendencies.
3. Identity in Society: - Sociology offers opportunities to be recognized and to
express his individual qualities. It helps to make man to be an active member
in the society.
4. Changing Agent: - Sociology helps us in modification of the society towards
games and sports. It helps to remove ill and wrong tradition of the society
such as caste, religion etc. Playfields are the best platform for this
modification.
5. Development of Sport ethics: - Sociology helps us to follow the sports ethics
such as respect to coach, respect to seniors, respect to opponent, good
behaviour during play, accept win or loss in happy way, discipline, patience
etc.
6. Development of Leadership Qualities: - Sociology helps us to acquire
leadership qualities among the sports person. It also provides the platform for
good organization and administrative ability
7. Development of Character: - Good character is the base of great personality.
Good character is always appreciated and respected in the society. Physical
education programmes helps us to develop character
8. Development of Health and Healthy Environment: - Sociology helps to
develop good health. It also helps to build healthy, clean and safe environment
which benefits everyone in the society.
9. opment of Health and Healthy Environment: - Sociology helps to develop
good health. It also helps to build healthy, clean and safe environment which
benefits everyone in the society.

Games and Sports as men’s Culture Heritage

The term culture is a vast term which deals with all the complexities of the
civilization starting from the very beginning with its basic aspects related to
traditions and religion.
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According to Taylor “Culture is that whole complex which includes knowledge,

belief, art, moral, law, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the
society.”

ccording to A.F.Walter Paul, “Culture is the totality of group ways of thought and
action duly accepted and followed by a group of people.”

According to Mathew “Culture is the evidence of intellectual development in a

nation.

The term HERITAGE is something that is left from the past to the present and
from the present to the future with its proper modification. Heritage makes
proper link between the past and the present.

Games and Sports as Man’s Cultural Heritage:

Games and sports are as old as our civilization. These are the physical activities,
which long ago our ancestors have adopted for their survival. These include running,
jumping, throwing, climbing, fishing, fighting etc.These activities were part of man’s
life in order to save him from wild animals and hunting for meal(food).

The activities were used to fulfill their basic needs slowly with change in time, most
of these physical activities were modified and were used for playing and re -creation.
The activities like running, fighting, etc. were modified into sports like athletics,
wrestling etc. We can quote, number of examples to show that a number of games
have been passed to us by our ancestors e.g. killing of animals by stone/arrow like
long rods for their food, have been changed into games like shotput and javelin
throw.

Games and sports are considered as culture and many nations have accepted it as their
cultural heritage. Heritage makes proper link between the past and present.

Games and sports are the pride of nation and every country tries to protect its culture.
Thus, we can say that the activities we do in modern time are nothing but a modified
form of what we have received from our ancestors.

Egyptians, Greeks, Indian and European countries had contributed a lot in the field
of games and sports.

The contribution of various countries is as follows:

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Greece :- The first Olympic games were started in 776 BC at Athens in Greece in
the honour of their god Zeus. Also, the modern Olympic games which include
running, jumping, throwing were also started firstly in Greece (1896)

India:- India also made a contribution in the development of games and sports.
Games like archery, spear throwing, fighting with swords were also popular in
ancient India. Yoga is originated in India in Vedic- period which is practiced for
physical fitness. Games like Kabaddi and Kho-Kho were also originated and
developed in India.

Rome:- Rome had accepted physical education in culture as they were good warriors
,they mostly practice running , jumping ,wrestling, sward fighting and do physical
exercise to develop the beauty of body.

America :- Most of the Ball games like basketball, volley ball ,baseball, rugby, soft
ball, etc. are developed in America

Germany :- Germany made physical education compulsory for its citizens. The first
physical education school was establishing in 1774.

Japan :- Sumo wrestling and judo are famous sports introduced by Japan.

England :- Contribution of England in the development of sports and games is

highly appreciable as it developed games like cricket, hockey, tennis etc.

China:- Games like polo, gymnastics, and traditional martial art are developed in
China. So, its contribution is also remarkable.

DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP QUALITIES

Meaning of Leader: Leader is person who lead group of people for a common
Cause.

It is the leader who takes the society/country towards progress.

Meaning of Leader ship :- The term “leadership” means the quality of a person to
lead others in a team, family, group, society, country etc.

Leadership is an ability(quality) of leading a group.

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A good leadership helps in the successful completion of the activity. A group leader
provides channel to the utilization of energy and creativity in the group.
Some Definitions of Leadership

According to Montgomery “The capacity and will to rally men and women to a
common purpose is called leadership.

According to P.M.Joseph “Leadership is the quality which enables the person to

take initiative and guide others in performing some required task.”

According to H.T.Mazumdar “The leader is one who has power in authority.”

According to Allen“ Leadership is the activity of a persuading people to cooperate

in achievement of a common objective.”

Leadership

L:- stands for Loyalty.

E :- stands for Endurance

A :- stands for Adjustment.

D:- stands for Discipline.

E :- stands for Energetic.

R :- stands for Reliability| Right decixsion

S:- stands for Sincerity.

H:- stands for Honesty.

I :- stands for Intelligence.

P :- stands for Patience

Qualities of a Good Leader

1, Loyalty: -A good leader should be loyal to his group and do the best efforts for the
of group.

2, Energetic: -A good leader should be so energetic that he can boost the members of
the group in the adverse conditions, so that results are good.
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3, Physically Strong: -This quality is very important in a good leader. Only a

physically strong leader can maintain discipline in the group.

4, Fearlessness: -A good leader should be fair-less so that he can fight for the right
cause.

5, Intelligent: -The leader should be intelligent, which helps him to see the shadows
of coming events and makes plans to face the odd events.

6, Good Organiser: -A leader should be a good organizer because only the good
organiser of the program leads to the success.

7, Cooperative Nature: -A leader with cooperative nature is able to create the trust
in the members of the group which makes them to work cooperatively.

8, Honesty: - If the leader is honest in his dealings with others, then he wins the
regard and respect not only from his group but also from others.

9, Awareness: -A leader should be aware of the feelings and needs of the members of
the group.

10, Broadmindedness: - A leader must be broadminded which helps him to

understand the problems of whom he is dealing.

11, Impartiality: - If the leader is impartial, then he will do justice with the members
of the group.

TYPES OF LEADER

Student leader: The student leader plays an important role and hold greater
responsibility in the classroom and in the training camps, competitions, tournaments
etc.. It is the student leader who maintains the discipline in the class room or in the
field and guides them towards the success.

Political Leader: A political leader is a person active in political party or a person

holding or seeking elected office in govt.

Religious leader : These are those who leads to a particular community and
preaches/ teaches about that particular religion.

Group Dynamics
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A group may be defined as set of people who have the same interests or objectives
and who organize themselves to work together and strive towards a common goal.

According to Shaw, “Group is defined as two or more persons who are interacting
with each other in such a manner that each person influences and is influenced by
each other.”

The term ‘group dynamics’ is formed by the combination of the two words ‘group’
and ‘dynamics.’ While ‘group’ refers to two or more individuals sharing socio-
psychological relationship, ‘dynamics’ refers to the forces within the group that shape
the patterns of interaction between group members i.e., the power or capacity of a
group member to change other members according to changed circumstances.

Group Dynamics also means an invisible force which binds a group together.

views about group dynamics

1. First view describes how a group should be organized and conducted, stressing
more on democratic leadership and members’ participation.

2. Second view describes the techniques used in group dynamics, for instance, role
playing, leaderless groups, brainstorming, group therapy, transactional analysis etc.

3. Third view describes group dynamics from the perspective of internal nature of
groups; the structure, processes, reasons and methods of their formation.

The three views can be summarized by describing group dynamics as a study of the
nature and development of groups.

Types of Groups:

1. Formal Groups: In these types of groups members are bound with specific rules,
values, norms etc.
2, Informal Groups; - In in-formal groups the members are not bound specific rules,
values, norms etc. and they may enjoy liberty(Freedom).

IMPORTANCE OF GROUP DYNAMICS

1. To improve the behaviour of students/players:-In a group, the player comes into

contact with other player and acquire appropriate type of education.
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2. To develop mental progress: -Exchange of thoughts goes on in the

classroom/playfield through which intellectual activities like reasoning, memory,
judgement, decision, imagination is developed.
3. To develop the feeling of self-sacrifice: - The students in the classroom/playfield
remains in close contact with each other. Hence so much love and sympathy is
developed in them and they don’t hesitate themselves to sacrifice themselves for each
other.
4. To prepare for future social life: - Children live together for pretty long times and
try to adjust their thoughts, habits etc. Such type of experience prepares them for
social life.
5. To develop qualities of leadership:- Student plan or organize a numb er of activities
in classroom. Thus leadership qualities are developed in them.
6. To develop the feelings of co-operation: -The teacher encourages all the members of
the classroom to work together as a team and thus a feeling of co-operation develop
among the children.

Value Education through physical Education

{Value education means moral education}
The programs of the physical education develop social contacts with each other.
Participation to every individual in the program of physical education develops
many values such as: -

1. Development of sympathetic attitude: - During the competition between two teams,

when a player of any team gets injured while playing, all the players whether of same
or opponent team rush towards the injured one. At that time, their aim is only to help
the injured player.
2. Development of tolerance and patience ability: - Tolerance power very much
depends upon the patience ability. If there is less tolerance ability, there is lack of
concentration in his play and there is decline(downfall) in his performance.
3. Development of Group Cohesion:- The programme of physical education helps to
develop group cohesion(bond) among the players .A team cannot think of winning, if
there is no group cohesion in that team.
4. Development of National Integration: The programme of physical education helps
us in the development of national integration. There are number of sports
competitions played between the team of two different state or two different countries
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which helps the players to understand the feelings, way of life, traditions of other
countries etc.

5. Self-Discipline: Self-discipline is also developed through physical education. A

good player always maintains healthy relationships with his team mates, coach
’officials of matches, players of opponent team and spectators.

6.Development of Leadership Quality:- There are many opportunities to lead a

group such as to be the Capitan of a cricket team etc., through which the qualities of
sincerity, impartiality, effectiveness etc. are developed.

7. Development of Harmony(Co-operation):- The programs of physical education

plays an effective role in the development of harmony among the players. players of a
team belong to different caste, creed, religion, age etc. They all live together,
understand and adjust themselves with each other.