Revitalizing The Environs of Historical Core of Thanjavur

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 13, Issue 12, December-2022 586
ISSN 2229-5518
REVITALIZING THE ENVIRONS OF

HISTORICAL CORE OF THANJAVUR
DISSERTATION
Submitted by
PRIYADHARSHINI S
(Reg.no. 201612101011)
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In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
(LANDSCAPE)
DEC 2021
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that the thesis titled “Revitalizing the environs of historical core of thanjavur” is the bonafide
work of Priyadharshini.S (Reg.no. 201612101011) who carried out the dissertation under my supervision.
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Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other
thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion of this or
any other candidate.
Signature of the Internal Guide Signature of the External Examiner
HOD Dean
Date: Dec 2021

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DECLARATION
I declare that this Dissertation entitled “Revitalizing the environs of historical core of thanjavur”is theresult of
my work and prepared by me under the guidance of Prof. Ar.Selvaprakash. Certified further, that to the
best of my knowledge the work reported herein has not formed the basis for the award ofany degree,
diploma, associateship or fellowship of any other University or Institution previously. Due
acknowledgement have been made wherever anything has been borrowed from other sources.
Priyadharshini S
Date: Dec 2021

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Ar. KumareswariRajendran, whose understanding, and
supportmade it possible for me to work on my topic. I would also like to thank our Prof. Ar. N Vinoliaand
our HOD, Prof. Ar. Radhika for her immense guidance, sharing their knowledge and ideas. I would like to
thank Director, Ar. MeenakshiParthasarathiand Dean, Ar. SwethaMadhusudanan, of the institution for
their support and guidance. I hereby thank all the people, who selflessly helped me to shape this
dissertation, from bottom of my heart.
I also record my heartfelt thanks to my other Faculty members, Family members and friends for
their moral support during the entire session.
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ABSTRACT:
Thanjavur, one of Tamil Nadu's heritage towns has many significant tourist places in its
historic center for heritage lovers. It is rich in art and culture that represents the ancient
ancestral heritage and cultural heritage that percolated into the modern era. The heritage
components of historical fort and temples are locally, naturally, regionally significant.
The Thanjavur has unique art comprises of the classical Carnatic music, the exquisite
paintings, cultural events, religious festivals and exotic cuisines. It is linked to
environmental integrity, economic efficiency and resources for present and future
generations. Heritage tourism as an outcome of urban renewal in historic areas is an
economic development tool designed to attract visitors to an area based on the unique
aspects of the locality’s history, landscape and culture.
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This dissertation aims to incorporate the cultural landscape as an approach to sustainable
restoration of Thanjavur's heritage site and takes a holistic approach to understanding the
city's historic district and natural landscape, where historic buildings are situated.
This study comprises of three parts. The first part is related to the basic data of historical
place to enhance the image & identity of the historical core of Thanjavur. The study
mainly focuses on background study of Thanjavur which is Evolution, Hydrology,
Geology & topographical feature of landscape character and components social, cultural
and economic setup. And also, identification of issues & problems in the heritage site of
Thanjavur.
The second part comprises of the study about Understanding the guidelines of heritage
areas and the case studies of conservation & landscape development of historical sites
with respect to similar context. This study would help to understand how to approach the
historical heritage site and process of issues identification. And also a solution can be
given for revitalization with their respective case studies.
Finally, the study culminates in the vast analysis and understanding about the cultural
landscape. Based on the case study analysis, a Guidelines and Policy can be provided to
revitalizing the historical core of Thanjavur.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1
i) Aim, Objective, Scope & Research Questions ............................................................................. 1
ii) Methodology & Expected outcomes ........................................................................................ 2
2.BACKGROUND STUDY OF THANAJVUR .............................................................................. 3
i) Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3
a) Location ................................................................................................................................... 4
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b) Geology ..................................................................................................................................... 5
c) Topography ............................................................................................................................... 6
d) Hydrology ................................................................................................................................. 7
e) Jalusudhra System..................................................................................................................... 8
ii) Evolution of Thanjavur ............................................................................................................ 9
a) Cholas ....................................................................................................................................... 9
b) Nayakas .................................................................................................................................. 10
c) Marathas .................................................................................................................................. 11
d) British ..................................................................................................................................... 12
e) Post Independence Period ....................................................................................................... 12
iii) Tourism Scenario in Thanjavur .......................................................................................... 13
iv) Problems and Issues in the Historical core of Thanjavur ............................................... 14
The Major problems ................................................................................................................... 14
a) Specific Issues in Brihadisvara Temple Zone ...................................................................... 15
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b) Specific Issues in Palace complex zone.................................................................................. 15
3.CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ........................................................................................................ 15
i. Cultural Landscape Definition ................................................................................................ 15
ii. Guidelines on Education & Training .................................................................................... 16
iii. Competence in Heritage Conservation ................................................................................... 16
iv. General guidelines that apply to all Historical areas .............................................................. 17
v. Identification criteria for Cultural landscape ......................................................................... 19
4. CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 21
i. Burhanpur City, Madhya Pradesh ..................................................................................... 21
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a) Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 21
b) Indigenous systems of the Burhanpur Cultural landscape ................................................ 22
c) Indigenous Planning and design ....................................................................................... 23
d) Historical gardens and designed landscape ....................................................................... 23
e) Indigenous water management system of landscape ....................................................... 24
f) Problems ............................................................................................................................ 25
g) Conservation Issues and Discussion ................................................................................ 25
h) Conservation of historical gardens .................................................................................... 25
i) Conservation of traditional water management system .................................................... 26
j) Conclusion & Inference .................................................................................................... 26
ii. Humyan’s Tomb, Delhi ....................................................................................................... 27
a) Introduction ................................................................................................................. 27
iv. Landscape restoration ............................................................................... 28
b) Main elements treated ................................................................................................. 29
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c) Inference ...................................................................................................................... 30
iii. Ranganathaswamy temple, Srirangam ....................................................................... 31
a) Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 31
b) View Assessment framework ............................................................................................ 32
c) Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
d) Preservation and Inference ................................................................................................ 34
iv. Barkur, Karnataka .............................................................................................................. 35
a. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 35
b. Morphology and town planning of Barkur .................................................................. 35
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c. Issues ........................................................................................................................... 36
d. Processing of data ........................................................................................................ 36
e. Design Strategies ........................................................................................................ 37
f. Inference ..................................................................................................................... 38
5. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 39
6. FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................... 40
7. POLICY ................................................................................................................................................................. 41
8. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 41
9. REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................. 44
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LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure 2: Artistic excellence
creations……………………………………………………………………..597
Figure 3: Thanjavur Historic area
map…………………………………………………………….598
Figure 4: Geology profile of Thanjavur ......................................................................................... 599
Figure 5 : Contour map of Thanjavur ............................................................................................ 600
Figure 6: Hydrology of Thanjavur ................................................................................................. 601
Figure 7: Jalasudhra system ........................................................................................................... 602
Figure 8: Map showing the development of chola period .............................................................. 604
Figure 9: Map showing the development of Nayakas and Marathas period ................................. 605
Figure 10 Landmark of Thanjavur ................................................................................................. 607
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Figure 11: View of the Moat around the BrihadisvaraTemple, Thanjavur .................................... 609
Figure 12: Depletion of open space in palace complex ................................................................. 609
Figure 13: Burhanpur city plan ...................................................................................................... 615
Figure 14: Section of the Burhanpur settlement illustrating the spatial organization. .................. 616
Figure 15 View of Burhanpur walled city from the River Tapti ..................................................... 617
Figure 16: Schematic Representation of ‘Quana’ .......................................................................... 618
Figure 17: Series of air shafts and Underground channels ........................................................... 618
Figure 18: Location map of Humayn’s Tomb ................................................................................ 621
Figure 19: Site Plan of Humayun’s Tomb Complex ...................................................................... 622
Figure 20: Humayun’s Tomb .......................................................................................................... 623
Figure 23 : Restoration of plinth which acts as an interface between the tomb and the garden. .. 624
Figure 24: Restored water flows, sandstone chadar ................................................................. 624
Figure 21: Water channel and pool after restoration .................................................................... 624
Figure 22: Edging stone restoration .............................................................................................. 624
Figure 25: An Aerial View of the Srirangam Temple Complex ................................................... 625
Figure 26: A distant view of the Rajagopuram of Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam............ 626
Figure 27: Map of Srirangam Town showing identified viewpoints .............................................. 627
Figure 28: Location map of Barkur ................................................................................................ 629
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LIST OF TABLES:
Table 1: Case Study Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 634
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1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1 AIM:
• To explore the potential use of the cultural heritage & analyse the values it
possesses in the historical sites of Thanjavur.
1.2 OBJECTIVE:
• To study about evolution of form, function and morphology of the historical city.
• To restore the hierarchy of the components of the built fabric & the un-built spaces
there by rediscovering the inherent character of the place.
• To identify and understand the various developmental problems and the
shortcomings in the tourist infrastructure.
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• With the analysis of case studies, the possible strategies and policy can be
implemented to enhance the image ability of the historic core.
1.3 SCOPE:
• Identification and understanding of the heritage quarters and other urban areas
within the municipal boundary which have to be revitalized by means of landscape
treatment and planning.
• An efficient tourist infrastructure can be revitalized to enhance the image ability of
the core.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
• How to enhance the cultural tourism within the historical core?
• How to approach the historical heritage sites and process of issues identification?
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1.5 METHODOLOGY:
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1.6 EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
 Tool for further research in the field of landscaping & reviving the past with
respect to the planning & cultural landscaping.
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2. BACKGROUND STUDY:
2.1 WHY THANJAVUR?
• Thanjavur is a historical city located in the central eastern part of Tamil Nadu
state.
• It is the headquarters of Thanjavur district, and also it is the 'Rice Bowl' of Tamil
Nadu.
• It is a world heritage site seated by the UNESCO has a “protected cultural site”.
• After serious verification, the UNESCO has selected the Thanjavur.
• It has cultural & natural unique site for having not only the Rajarajeshwaram
(Big Temple) of the early 11th century, but for the artistic excellent creations like
bharathanattiyum, Carnatic music, Karal music, Carving works, Thanjavur
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paintings, etc.
• It is a remarkable city from the point of view of planning, design and the exquisite
craftsmanship displayed in its built form in the heritage areas.
Figure 1: Artistic excellence creations
2.2 LOCATION:
• Thanjavur is a heritage historical town to different dynasties right from 2nd century
A.D., and is living town for the past 1800 years.
• It has ruled by the dynasties Mutharaiya, chola, Pandya, Nayak, Maratha and
British.
• Hence, it has cosmopolitan nature of cultural amalgamation reflected in its
heritage structural buildings.
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The following features are location, geographical and other special features.
• Area : 36 Sq.km
• Latitude : 9°50’ and 11°25’ North
• Longitude : 75°45’ and 79°25’ East
• Climate : 29°C - 36°C (Max.Temp.)
• 22°C-27°C (Min.Temp.)
• Rainfall : 111.37cm
• Population : 215,725 (growth rate -6.78).
2.3 GEOLOGY:
•
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The surrounding areas are all alluvial, whereas the fort area alone is of lime rock
sedimentary in nature.
• The crust of the sediment is laterite to a depth of 4m under laid by limestone.
• This lime stone layer is measuring to a height of 14.5M, which is followed by the
calcareous clay in bottom and thickness is extending very deep.
• The laterite stone has been used in neighbouring locality for construction materials
using a unique technique of excavating this high porous stones as building
material.
• The lime stone were also excavated & very well used to form flooring to formulate
the hard surface and other constructions like filling materials for the flooring and
additional material for masonry works.
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• The topographical formation of Thanjavur fort area is very useful in draining the
monsoon rainwater.
• The elevation of the landscape is helpful in avoiding seasonal floods. The
collection of rainwater enabled the people of Thanjavur to meet the acute summer
also.
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2.4 TOPOGRAPHY:
• The contour of Thanjavur and its fortification gives clear idea of the landscape &
the knowledge of the ancestors in the selection of site for the fortification.
• The elevated area starts from vallam upland sloping down towards the Thanjavur
fort.
• It helps in good harvesting of rainwater, storage and also for the drainage of
waste water without any harm to the township.
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• The contour map of Thanjavur fortification gives clear picture about the slope of
the topography from southwest corner (+64M MSL) to the Norteast corner (+41M
MSL), which is at an elevation with 20m difference for a length of about 1000m,
so convenient for drainage of sewage.
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Figure 4 : Contour map of Thanjavur
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2.5 HYDROLOGY:
• It is well-planned city where considerable attention was paid on water supply,

sanitation and hygiene.
• The Thanjavur delta is flooded with water of kaveri river, Grand Anicut, River
vennar, River Vadavar and tanks in and around the fort complex has been the main
source for human settlements which is constructed by successive rulers.
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Figure 5: Hydrology of Thanjavur
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2.5.1 JALASUDHRA SYSTEM (1550-1600):

• Its provide water to the fort area through underground pipes, which supply water
to the Fort complex.
• Thus, a human settlement was very well established in the northeast portion of the
present Thanjavur fort, especially on the southern bank of river vennar.
• A ingenious and innovative method of water collection, distribution & supply
system constructed by the Nayakas with underground terracotta pipes connecting
important water bodies inside the big fort.
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Figure 6: Jalasudhra system
2.5.2 MOAT:
• The moat has received waters from vadavar river running at a distance of 0.5km,
on the northern side as seen from the Tamil literary reference, as detailed below:
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“The shrine of Rajarajeswaram in Thanjavur is surrounded by walls and a moat

into which are pushed crocodiles whose habitat is the Vadavar of recurring
waves., by the out flowing waters of the sluice which distribute the river water
through channels to the various pools, ponds and tanks”.
• The moat has average width of 20M to 80M, the total length of moat is 4.3Km
and depth of moat various from 4M to 6M.
• The calculated capacity of the moat is around 7.5 M.Cu.m of water.
• The moat water system was maintained clean in natural way (sedimentation).
• The micro climate is created around the fort area and also raised water table.
• The excess water from the moat is directed for irrigation to the eastern part of
Thanjavur by discharging into ‘samuthiram’.
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2.6 EVOLUTION OF THANJAVUR:
• The town is outcome of the synthesis of three different cultures of Indian origin.
• The product is the fusion and mutual adaptation of three different influences viz.
the Tamil Cholas, the Telugu Nayakas and the Marathas. This was lastly enriched
by the impact of the British.
2.6.1 HISTORY EVOLUTION OF THANJAVUR:
 CHOLAS - (846 A.D – 1279 A.D)
 NAYAKAS - (1450 A.D – 1675A.D)
 MARATHAS - (1676 A.D -1855 A.D)
 BRITISH - (1798 A.D – 1947 A.D)

2.6.2 CHOLAS DYNASTY (846 A.D – 1279 A.D):
• In 846 AD, the first imperial chola king vijayalaya chola
seized the territory of Thanjavur from the muttarayar king and founded the capital
of Thanjavur and built a palace.
•
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• Rajendra I kept Thanjavur as his capital ten years after his accession (1014 A.D)
and subsequently (1025 A.D.) after the move of the capital to Gangaikonda
Cholapuram..
• At that moment, Thanjavur lost its prestige and glory at that time.
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Figure 7: Map showing the development of chola period
2.6.3 NAYAKAS (1450A.D – 1675 A.D):

• After pandiyas, hoysala ruled the chola mandalam for few years and in the 14th
century, the Vijaya Nagar Empire brought Thanjavur under its control. During
their reign, Thanjavur recovered his lost glory during their reign.
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• In 1535 A.D, Vijayanagara emperor achutha Devaraya established the Thanjavur

Nayakas rule. He appointed Sevappa Nayak as the first ruler of Thanjavur
kingdom.
• The rule of the Nayak lasted until A.D. 1675.Thanjavur also witnessed the flourish
ing architecture, literature and other related activities during the Nayak period.2.6.
2.6.4 MARATHAS (1676 A.D – 1855 A.D):
• After the Nayakas, the Marathas captured and ruled Thanjavur till 1855 A.D.
• Thanjavur was nourished and enriched with arts, literature, buildings; temples etc.
• Serfoji was the celebrated Maratha ruler of Thanjavur who patronized fine arts,
music and literature. Saraswathi mahal library was established by him.
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Figure 8: Map showing the development of Nayakas and Marathas period
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2.6.5 BRITISH (1798A.D -1947A.D):

• French and English began to mess with South India's internal affairs. The English's
hegemony was later established.
• Serofoji II, Tuljaji's adopted son, became Thanjavur's king in 1798, after agreeing
with all the conditions set by the British government.
• Thanjavur's ruler was allowed to maintain Thanjavur's only restricted administrati
on power.
• When the ruler died in 1841 without heir, the Thanjavur fort was annexed by the
British.
• British until 1947 when India attained the freedom.
2.6.6 POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD:
•
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Introduction of railways during the British period allowed to the town to grow on
the southern side of the existing town.
• Even after Independence the growth of the town is seen more on the southern
corridor connecting the railway station and the old town.
• After Brihadisvara was declared as world heritage monument by UNESCO in
the year of 1987, the number of tourist coming to Thanjavur has increased
significantly, in the year of 1991 the tourist visiting Thanjavur was only 2.8
lakhs where as in the year of 2004 it has increased to 8.2 lakhs. It leads to
increase in number of hotels and other hospitality industry.
• Today Thanjavur is heritage and pilgrimage town. Where the historic core area is
threatened by rapid urbanization.
2.7 TOURISM SCENARIO IN THANJAVUR:
• Thanjavur has been identified as one of the heritage town by Tamil Nadu
government. Thanjavur has lots of tourist importance places for the heritage
lovers.
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• The first one among them is Brihadisvara temple, which is a world heritage
monument.
• There are other places of tourist interest like Bell tower, Arsenal tower,
Sangeeth mahal, Sarawathi mahal library, Maratta durbar hall, Sarja madi in
the palace complex.
• Sivanganga garden and Schwartz church is also an important historical sites in

Thanjavur.
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Figure 9 Landmark of Thanjavur
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2.8 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN THE HISTORICAL CORE OF THANJAVUR:

2.8.1 THE MAJOR PROBLEMS INCLUDE:
• Traffic congestion,
• Commercial activity which cause large volumes of traffic;
• Lack of parking space;
• Inadequate public facilities;
• Lack of proper signage;
• Improper solid waste management;
• Change in land use resulting in the breakdown of the traditional social fabric.
• Loss of cultural historical character in the streetscape.
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2.8.2 TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES:
• Information kiosks,
• Hygienic toilets,
• Pedestrian paths
• Good restaurants in the movement corridor which connecting Brihadisvara and
palace complex
2.8.3 VIEW OBSTACLES:
• Building height of not more than 9 m is required within a radius of 1 km from the
temple of Brihadisvara, as per the building bye laws of the municipality of
Thanjavur.
 A certain high rise buildings (more than 9m) are being constructed obstructing
the views of temple and other towers in palace complex from the vantage points.
• In addition, the advertisement hoardings on the terraces of buildings also
obstruct the temple view.
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2.8.4 SPECIFIC ISSUES IN BRIHADISVARA TEMPLE ZONE:

Eastern side of the moat in Brihadisvara temple looks visually unimpressive.
• Shops / vendors in front of the temple,
obstructing the view also causing hindrance
to the pedestrians.
• Some of the shops are located on the
pedestrian paths.
Figure 10: View of the Moat around
the BrihadisvaraTemple, Thanjavur
2.8.5 SPECIFIC ISSUES IN PALACE COMPLEX ZONE:

• Lack of Coherence of building form / materials.
• Mixed land uses which cause disturbance to the character of the area.
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• Loss of Historical significance & environmental quality.
• The open spaces inside the palace complex
get depleted.
• No proper ticket counters, parking space,
proper signage for tourist in the complex.
• Improper pedestrian paths and street
amenities in East Main Street, which is the
main approach road for the palace.
Figure 11: Depletion of open space in
palace complex
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3. CULTURAL LANDSCAPE DEFINITION:

• Cultural landscapes are defined as cultural properties that represent the “combined
works of nature and man”.
• They are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlements over time,
under the influence of the physical constraints & opportunities presented by their
natural environment and of successive social, economic, and cultural forces, both
internal and external.
3.1 GUIDELINES ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE CONSERVATION

OF MONEMUMENTS, ENSEMBLES AND SITES:
3.1.1 1993 Training Guidelines (ICOMOS-CIF):
•
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The object of conservation is to prolong cultural heritage life and, if possible, to
clarify the historic and artistic message.
• Conservation is a cultural, artistic, and technical and craft activity based on

scientific studies and humanistic.
• Conservation must respect the cultural context.
3.2 COMPETENCE IN HERITAGE CONSERVATION:

3.2.1 1993 Guidelines, article 5:
Recognize heritage resource within its context:
• To read a monument, which ensemble or site and identify its emotional, cultural
and use significance.
• Understand the history and technology of monuments, ensembles or sites in order
to define their identity, conservation plan and interpret the result of this research.
• Understand the setting of a monument, ensemble or site, their contents and
surrounding, in relation to other building, garden or landscape.
• To find and absorb all available sources of information relevant to the monument,
ensembles or site being studied.
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3.2.2 Undertake survey and documentation:
• Understand and analyze the behavior of monuments, ensembles and complex

systems site;
• Diagnose intrinsic and extrinsic cause of decay as a basis for appropriate

action;
• Inspect and make reports intelligible to non-specialist

readers of monuments, ensembles or sites, illustrated
graphic by means such as sketches, digital display etc.
•
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3.3 GENERAL GUIDELINES THAT APPLY TO ALL HISTORIC AREAS:
3.3.1 The new building should have:
• a rhythm that harmonizes with the urban rhythms and the morphological pattern
of the surrounding fabric;
a mass in balance in its context — not too large to spoil the intimate human scale
of the historic center, and not based on an artificial combination of several lots to
accommodate one large function;
• a street boundary line following the line of the existing setbacks;
• a silhouette respecting the traditional local character and silhouette;
• materials that are traditional, or compatible with traditional materials; windows
similar in character and in window: wall ratio to typical buildings in the same area;
and be of
• High quality in construction and design, which might be achieved by careful
proportions and — in appropriate cases — by elevation relief or plastic treatment.
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3.3.2 PLANNING PROCEDURE:

• On an urban scale, preservation involves not only cultural and historic values but
also their inherent economic and social implications.
• The historic town or city raises conservation problems stemming from the political
and economic approach rather than from any physical aspect.
• The town is the product of several historical periods and of specific social,
cultural, anthropological, geographical and economic relationships.
• A typical master town plan for an urban area has two basic components.
• The first consists of the current and future profile of the users of the plan area (that
is, those residents in or making use of it in their everyday activities).
•
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The second component is providing them with the appropriate mix of land uses for
those activities, such as shopping centers and schools, so that appropriate physical
development will occur.
• The concept of zoning — the limiting of an area to a specific category of use is
contrary to the cultural richness and social diversity of a thriving historic center.
• There is also a risk in the application of standards without due consideration of the
existing historic reality, which could result in the destruction of the existing scale
and urban texture.
• The town plan should relate to the potential in the existing building fabric.
Detailed inspection of all surviving historic fabric will give planners a chance to
plan realistically, using cultural resources to the best advantage.
• The planner should respect not only historic buildings and spaces, but also the
intangible elements of cultural heritage expressed as community values or folk
life.
• The aim of planning should be to see that the planned change avoids, as far as is
practicable, disruption of traditional and contemporary community patterns.
• While it is not feasible to freeze folk life in time, it is desirable to facilitate change
by respecting the choices of the people concerned.
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• Conservation should not restrict the living standards of the occupants of an historic
area. However, there is a challenge implicit in meeting the rising expectations of
present-day life-styles.
• If the occupants are to have cars, for example, provision must be made for parking
that does not interfere with the existing fabric. In addition, needs for water,
electricity, and sewage and rainwater disposal should be dealt with.
• Consideration must also be given to acoustic privacy; sources of noise —
especially restaurants and clubs — must be contained.
3.4 IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA FOR CULTURAL LANDSCAPE:

WORLD HERITAGE CRITERIA:
• In the World Heritage list, the sites must be of Outstanding Universal Value and
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meet at least one of ten criteria, as well as the relevant conditions of integrity and
authenticity and requirements for protection and management.
• The World Heritage criteria are explained in the Operational Guidelines for the
Implementation of the World Heritage Convention is the main working tool on
World Heritage.
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3.4.1 AS PER UNESCO SITE, THE BRIHADISVARA TEMPLE WHICH IS

HELD UNDER THE CRITERIA (II) & CRITERIA (III):
• Criterion (ii): exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span
of time or within a cultural area, on developments in architecture or
technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design.
• Thanjavur Big temple is categorized under Criteria (ii) because this was built
during chola period and it has been regarded as a ‘landmark in the evolution of
building art in south India’ and its vimana as a ‘touchstone of Indian architecture’.
• Criterion (iii) bear a unique cultural tradition to a civilization which is living
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or which has disappeared;
• The cholas, Nayakas & Marathas civilization of the past had its own unique
culture which stays even today.
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4. CASE STUDY – 1: BURHANPUR CITY, MADHYA PRADESH:

4.1 Purpose of choosing the case study:
• A historical site is characterized by natural features and architectural and religious
monuments, which is similar to the site context of Thanjavur.
4.1.2 BURHANPUR CITY:
• The cultural heritage of Burhanpur city, which is a historic district of the state of
Madhya Pradesh in India.
• The historical heritage urban landscape of Burhanpur city developed in the 14th
and 17th centuries, with many heritage components and systems, such as
picturesque landscapes, historic structures and environmental and health qualities.
• The history of the urban landscape of Burhanpur is the cultural heritage with its
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indigenous planning, design and construction activities, including historical
gardens and waters.
• It is one of the heritage cities of the UNESCO—Indian Heritage Cities Network
(in 2006).
Figure 12: Burhanpur city plan
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4.1.3 Indigenous Systems of the Burhanpur Cultural Landscape:

Indigenous Planning and Design:
• Burhanpur City's indigenous planning and design system, which considered the
holistic approach to architecture, as well as its component parts, such as street
length, building height, orientation, open spaces, land use, overall layout and other
climatic issues.
• The placement of important buildings at elevated positions for visibility to
enhance image ability of city and the irregularity of the streets and other aspects
divide the space into recognizable visual statements, revealing the existing
topography.
• These important structures will form a visual linkage, whereas other elements,
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such as the riverfront and fortification wall, create barriers.
Figure 13: Section of the Burhanpur settlement illustrating the spatial organization.
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4.1.4 Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes:
• The medieval Mughal gardens and designed landscapes of Burhanpur can be

categorized into three typologies:
• Royal hunting preserves.
• Royal pleasure gardens.
• Sacred tomb gardens.
• This understands the importance given to the gardens in Burhanpur's medieval urb
an planning, which is defined as a large town with many sandalwood trees dotted
gardens.
• The framework of planning and design which is covered with gardens and green
open spaces in the compact built environment of Burhanpur helps with the
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creation of a social and physical environment that promotes the social interactions
and good health in an increasingly urbanized population of Burhanpur.
Figure 14 View of Burhanpur walled city from the River Tapti
4.1.5 Indigenous Water Management Systems of the Landscape:

• Burhanpur has a potential geological feature which is a large Bajada fault, parallel
to the River Tapti and the valley of the Satpura hills adjoining to it.
• In Burhanpur urbanism, hydrology and topography played a vital role.
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• Abdurrahim Khan-i-Khanan who developed the unique water system known as

“Quanat” (or subterranean water channels and cisterns) under a guidance of
Persian geologist by utilizing the fault landform, which sloped towards the east to
the River Tapti.
• The water recharge system designed for the canal through underground channels a
nd storing it in reservoirs, partly underground and partly above ground, called
"Bhandaras" through a system of underground channels and galleries, was based o
n the principle of intercepting the run-off at groundwater level.
• The ground water thus collected is stored in sump-wells known as “karanj”, from
where it is further distributed through quaternary channels throughout the major
consumer points.
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Figure 15: Schematic Representation of ‘Quana’
Figure 16: Series of air shafts and Underground channels
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4.1.6 PROBLEMS:
Due to improper management services, the natural resources management system &
complementary indigenous framework have been lost.
• Degradation of quality of life.
• High level of energy consumptions.
• Pollution
• Deterioration of the water & its quality.
• Encroachments
• Dumping of garbage
• Insensitive developments throughout the landscape are degrading its highly
evolved character of the urban fabric.
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4.1.7 Conservation Issues and Discussion:
• The cultural heritage landscape could be revealed which contribute considerably
to restoring characteristics that signify deeper socio-economic and cultural roots.
• The monumental structures can be conserved will certainly help in enhancing
community pride; however, concern for traditional culture and vernacular
architecture is also required, as it is directly related to sustainability.
4.1.8 Conservation of Historical Gardens:
• Because of vandalism, encroachment and urbanization, some parts of these
gardens are damaged at present.
• As a result, the landscape and its gardens are rapidly deteriorating, creating an incr
easing environmental threat that leads to the loss of urban fabric at the same
moment.
• The historic gardens and traditional landscapes are to be conserved, especially
because it fosters community pride and provides social, cultural, psychological
and physical services, which foster stress recovery by inducing positive feelings
and offer a sense of peacefulness and harmony and also quality of people life.
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4.1.9 Conservation of traditional water management system:

• The under-utilized traditional water management system, a sustainable solution,
has the potential to continue its function.
• Even today, vestiges of these systems are still functional [5], supplying 1,350,000
liters of water per day, which is 15 percent of the total water supply of the city (the
remaining 85 percent, i.e., 7,650,000 L of water, is supplied by bore-wells and
dug-wells ).
• Due to the discharge of bleaching and dyeing effluents by the textile industries and
pollutants near Jali Karanj. These systems are not considered part of a heritage
framework management.
• If these segments are repaired, they can supply up to 1,800,000 L (i.e., 20 percent)
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of water daily at zero cost which leads to sustainable development.
4.1.10 CONCLUSION:
• Cultural heritage, natural resource management systems, indigenous planning and
design structure, which are crucial for historic Burhanpur to be built and preserve,
are deteriorating gradually.
• Though these components are no longer recognized or valued in the absence of
proper management services and the presence of vandalism, invasion and over-
intensive use, by restoring certain components that revive sustainability.
4.1.11 INFERENCE:
• By restoring the indigenous resources, the historical city will provide sensitive
infrastructure planning which gives to maintain the good quality of the city
environment.
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4. CASE STUDY 2: HUMAYUN’S TOMB, DELHI:

• To understand the landscape restoration around the monuments.

4.2.1 HUMAYUN’S TOMB:
• The Humayun's Tomb is an early example of Mughal architecture built in New
Delhi.
• Built in the mid 16th century by his wife Haji Begum.
• The tomb is situated in south of the Purana Qila, on the eastern edge of Delhi.
• It has center of a garden in the classical Mughal char bagh pattern.
• A high wall surrounds the garden on 3 sides.
• The garden is divided into 4 parts by two bisecting water channels with paved
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walkways (khiyabans), which terminate at two gates.
Figure 17: Location map of Humayn’s Tomb
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4.2.2 REASON FOR RESTORATION:

• To revive the cultural & Historic value, Socio-economic development, to benefit
local communities.
4.2.3 LANDSCAPE RESTORATION:
• In 1993, the designation of World Heritage Site status to Humayun’s Tomb came
with the ICOMOS recommendation that “the gardens should be restored”.
• The restoration of the garden at humayun’s Tomb culminated in restoring flowing
water to the garden enclosure, restoring garden levels, repairing 2, 00,000 sq.mt of
pathways and planting Mughal flora such as citrus, pomegranate, neem and
hibiscus on plots that were overgrown and unkempt.
•
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Water channels, fountains and char-bagh having been brought close to their
original perfection.
Figure 18: Site Plan of Humayun’s Tomb Complex
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4.2.4 LANDSCAPE RESTORATION TIMELINE:

• 1906 : Restoration of Channels and tanks in garden and edging of water
channels with red stone
• 1907 : Restore of sandstone channels
• 1912 : Modification to garden, raising Kerbs to paths.
• 1930 – 34 : Dislodged stone slabs in cause ways have been reset in
position,broken beds of parnalas have been repaired
• 1934 – 35 : Broken steps at the entrance to the tomb were repaired
• 2011 : UNESCO recommendation on the “Historic Urban Landscape” for
approach to managing historic urban landscapes is holistic by integrating goals of
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urban heritage conservation and those of social and economic development.
Figure 19: Humayun’s Tomb
4.2.5 MAIN ELEMENTS TREATED:
• Establishing water sources for the water channels and irrigation system.
• Re-levelling the planted zones with the patterns of Mughal styles
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• 12 hectares of lawn – established. And Walkways & edging stones
• 2000 km of path edging with hand-dressed red sandstone slabs.
• 128 groundwater recharge ponds, & construction of a modern walkway water ci

rculation network.
• To ensure that water flows naturally without the support of hydraulic systems, all
40 meters of water channels are replaced to an exacting grade of one centimeter.
• Over 2500 trees and plants, including neem, hibiscus lemon, mango, and
jasmine cuttings, were planted in the gardens.
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Figure 20: Water channel and pool
after restoration
Figure 22 : Restoration of plinth which
acts as an interface between the tomb
and the garden.
Figure 21: Edging stone restoration Figure 23: Restored water flows,
sandstone chadar
4.2.6 INFERENCE:
• By restoration of landscape which revive the cultural & Historic value, Socio
economic development.
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4. CASE STUDY – 3: RANGANATHASWAMY TEMPLE, SRIRANGAM:

• This case study helps to understand how the significance of view or visibility of
sacred monuments plays an important role in the city. And also how to identify &
protect the views of sacred monuments from the obstruction of view.
4.3.1 RANGANATHASWAMY TEMPLE, SRIRANGAM:
• Srirangam, a historic sacred town in central Tamil Nadu, South India, which is
bound by the Cauvery River on one side and its distributaries, Coleroonon, on the
other.
• In India, The temple of Srirangam is the only one has seven concentric rectangular
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enclosures round the sanctuary.
• The main entrance to the temple complex is the Rajagopuram, i.e., the
southernmost gateway – is considered the tallest in Asia, rising to the skies at 71 m
height with its 13 tiers.
Figure 24: An Aerial View of the Srirangam Temple Complex
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Figure 25: A distant view of the Rajagopuram of Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam
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4.3.2 The following is the modified view assessment framework for analyzing the
views of sacred monuments and for identifying the important views.
i. Visibility of the Gopuram: High (Structure Visibility is > 90%, with no
obstructions), Moderate (visibility range from 70% - 90%, with few obstructions),
Average (visibility range 50% -70%, with more obstructions), Poor (obstructed by
permanent objects, partial visbility, visibility range less than 50%).
ii. Classification of View: Immediate Views - within 500m from the view amenity,
Intermediate Views - between 500m to 1000m from the view amenity and, Distant
Views - more than 1000m from view amenity.
iii. Viewing Place: View from streets and path, View from semi-public places, View
from open grounds & public parks, sacred places, View from water bodies, sacred
tanks, rivers, etc.
iv. Types of view: Visual corridor, Panoramic, Serial views, Framed Views and,
Street-end views.
v. Dominance in skyline: The impact of silhouette of the monument in the skyline

(High, Marginal and Low).
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vi. Obstructions types: Buildings, Signage, Communication & Utility Lines,

Vegetation, Hoardings, Temporary thatched roofs, etc. Background and Foreground
of the View Plane.
vii. Place characteristics of viewpoints: Enclosure, Activities, Land use, Place
Elevation, General Ambience, etc.
viii. Potential people Viewers: Locals, Pilgrims, Tourist and Non-Religious Tourist.
ix. View Significance: Ranked among the selected views based on views cape
Attributers.
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Figure 26: Map of Srirangam Town showing identified viewpoints
4.3.3 ISSUES:
• In the case of the temple of Srirangam, the Rajagopuram is surrounded by

construction around it and there are many elements that interfere with the view
frame (signage, hoarding, power lines, roof projections, etc.) and detract from the
overall visual value.
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• The lack of dedicated points of view to experience the view of Rajagopuram is

mainly due to the heavy volume of pedestrian and twowheeler traffic that passes
through the gopuram to enter Srirangam's historic city.
• These obstacles are both temporary (hardings, signs, etc.) and permanent in nature
(buildings, power lines, above buildings communication towers, etc.
4.3.4 PRESERVATION:
• The significant views, viewpoints, visual corridors which need to be protected but
also identifies the obstructing elements which need to be removed from the views
cape.
• The ASI has worked hard to return the temple to its original state and appearance.
By removing new structures built during later periods, the original structures and
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spatial layout of the Srirangam.
• However, improving the view places from obstruction will enhance the viewing
experience.
4.3.5 INFERENCE:
• The view of sacred monuments brings people closer to values of faith, spirituality,
culture, and place. The relation between people, religion and location is enhanced
by maintaining and enhancing the views of the sacred monuments.
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4. CASE STUDY – 4: BARKUR, KARNATAKA:

• This case study has a rich historical background & this cultural landscape which
has evolved over centuries is under threat due to insensitive development and
apathy towards, which is similar to the site context of Thanjavur.
4.4.1 BARKUR, KARNATAKA:
• Barkur is a historic city is located in coastal Karnataka on the banks of the river
Sita, 16 km away from Udupi towards its North.
• It was the capital of the Alupas, which formed the Tulu Kingdom and were known
as Tulu kings.
• Barkur is also known as the “Village of Temples” as it had 365 temples amongst
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these about 30-40 remain today.
• It led to further development of socio-economic activities and the growth of this
city and it became the core of Tuluva culture.
Figure 27: Location map of Barkur
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4.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND TOWN PLANNING OF BARKUR:
• By the 10th century, Barkur had developed as a well-planned city.
• Initially the settlements started around the river and the forests were cleared for
agriculture, once settlements grew, streets were developed and as the population
increased colonies called “Keris” were planned based on people’s Profession.
• These settlements contained a group of 10 to 15 houses and each colony or Keri
had its own temple and temple tank called “Kere”.
• They built lakes for the purpose of irrigation and for the temple’s use, wells at
houses or community wells catered for drinking and for other household purposes.
• The northern part of Barkur once had thick moist deciduous forest but this has
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now it is degraded due to human intervention.
4.4.3 ISSUES:
• Unplanned and uncontrolled human activity.
• Change in land use caused by converting agricultural lands into construction
activity.
• Depleting water table due to increase in demand and decrease in rainfall.
• Increasing levels of pollution in the water bodies like wells, tanks and river.
• Urbanization has led to degeneration and loss of most of the streams.
• The tanks lie in neglect and have collected silt and weeds leading to anaerobic
conditions.
• Apathy towards their rich heritage including the pillage and destruction of
monuments.
• Heritage sites are being misused by anti-social elements for illegal activities.
4.4.4 THEY COLLECTED THE DATA BY THE FOLLOWING PROCESS:
OBSERVATION AND STUDY:
• To understand the cultural, historical, social and religious fabric of the place.
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• To experience the day-to-day activities and the functioning of the town through
multiple site visits.
PHOTOGRAPHS:
• The photographs of the past helped to identify the natural resources, built form,
landscape and infrastructure.
• To understand the present condition of the monuments, heritage sites, epigraphs,
victory towers, the missing relics and statues, etc.
INTERVIEW:
• To learn of its historical background and rich heritage, the descriptions given by
people helped to understand their requirements and expectations from their town.
•
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The questionnaire helped to understand the requirements of the different age
groups.
GIS MAPPING:
• Mapped the topography, natural setting, and the morphology showing the planned
colonies called “Keris”, which helped to understand the physical features of the
area, as well as the topography, terrain, hydrology, soil, geomorphology and
vegetation.
4.4.5 DESIGN STRATEGIES:
• A green belt of 100 m is proposed along the river consisting of a no development
zone, existing vegetation (to be protected).
• Heritage monuments to be restored and protected under state archeology direction
and through proper site management.
• As centrally protected monuments, the structural and physical management of the

temples is monitored by the ASI through a series of well-established procedures,
such as routine inspections and scientific investigations. This is substantiated by
condition mapping, photo documentation and survey work.
• Proposed trails such a cultural, historic and sacred to promote eco-tourism and
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provide economic opportunities to the locals.
4.4.6 INFERENCE:
• By developing an association between the natural landscapes, physical features,
heritage and socio-cultural aspect which could help the people to develop a sense
of pride and to encourage eco-tourism by strengthening and enhancing the
rich culture of the place and promote sustainable development.
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5. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS:

ISSUES IN THANJAVUR CHARACTERISTICS CASE SOLUTION
STUDY
An indigenous and INDIGENOUS Burhanpur The under-utilized

innovative method of water RESOURCES city, traditional water
collection which is Madhya management system, can
Jalasudhra system. Now, it Pradesh be repaired will facilitate
is depleted due to lack of 20 percentage of water at
maintenance. zero cost.
The open spaces inside the LANDSCAPE Humayun’s Conservation of water
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palace complex get RESTORATION Tomb, Delhi management and
depleted. landscape restoration by
same traditional materials
& techniques to match the
original texture.
Provision of new
signage system with
traditional material to
merge with the
historical & cultural
character.
A certain high rise buildings VISIBILITY Ranganathas The building height is
(more than 9m) are being wamy more than 9m within the
constructed obstructing Temple, 1KM radius which
the views of temple and Srirangam obstruct the view of
other towers in palace temple, so that can be
complex from the vantage prohibited and also
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points. temporary structures like

signage, vegetation,
hoardings are removed.
Unplanned and uncontrolled SOCIAL & Barkur, To promote eco-tourism
human activity. CULTURAL VALUE Karnataka and provide economic
Urbanization has led to opportunities to the locals
degeneration. for strengthening &
enhancing the rich culture
of the place.
Table 1: Case Study Analysis
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6. FINDINGS:
• One of the most important aspects of preserving the iconic and historical heritage
is the urban restoration and preservation of historic towns.
• The revitalization of the historic center of Thanjavur can result in the preservation
of heritage sites and the preservation of urban character.
• The main issues to be considered for the regeneration of Thanjavur historic core is
the balanced approach of conservation and development.
• Successful restoration of Thanjavur's historical landscape will transform places,

strengthen the community's self-image, and re-create desirable locations that will
promote sustained inward investment.
• The town’s heritage value is revived; it will certainly enhance the image and
identity of the town, which in turn will attract more tourists.
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7. POLICY:
1. Within the historical center or in the buildings listed, advertising and
hoarding must comply with the policy consisting of:
2. A design and scale that respects the character and appearance of the area.
3. Good quality materials that is harmonious to the surface to which they are
attached.
4. Advertisements, hoardings should not block the view, vistas of monuments
and historic structures; externally illuminated advertisements that require
large light fittings should not be permitted.
5. Any new development in the historic area would affect the complex
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environment of the temple, so any new developments in the area should
take advantage of the view of the temple and should not block the view of
the temple from other areas of the city. Building heights and signs in partic
ular areas need to be managed.
8. CONCLUSION:
From the case studies of analysis, the historical value of city which is similar to
Thanjavur, the following guidelines can be applicable:
 The historical buildings give prestige to the area and increase the property value
and expressed that the historical buildings need to be conserved.
 The new construction coming up in the historic areas should be harmonizes with
the character and sense of place.
 In addition, there are small, informative panels outlining the importance of the
various structures.
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 The introduction of an imaginative and creative signage with local material used in
the early period to blend with the historical character would significantly contribu
te to the vitality and viability of the historical center as part of a wider street layout
package and major developments.
 The ASI has worked hard to return the temple to its original state and appearance.
By removing new structures built during later periods, the original structures and
spatial layout of the Thanjavur. The views of monuments need to be preserved and
enhanced to improve the image of the city.
 Proposals will be required to maintain or enhance existing urban spaces, views,
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landmarks, and other townscape elements, which contribute to the character or
appearance of the area.
 The traditional landscape is being replaced with concrete structures to bring back
the original ambience of the place.
 To mitigate the environmental issues of unplanned development around

monumental areas, the government has prohibited any further structural
development within 100 m of monumental areas and regulates any development in
the next 200 m.
 Planning permission should only be granted for new, or alterations to existing
buildings in conservation areas or on listed buildings where the proposed design
preserves or enhances the character of the area or building.
 As centrally protected monuments, the structural and physical management of the

temples is monitored by the ASI through a series of well-established procedures,
such as routine inspections and scientific investigations. This is substantiated by
condition mapping, photo documentation and survey work.
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 Temple restoration with minimal intervention.
 The original rainwater drainage system should be restored and inscriptions have
been revealed.
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9. REFERENCE:
BOOKS:
• Great temple at Thanjavur: One thousand year. – Author: Michell G.
• Great temple of Thanjavur – Author: Seshadri.A.K.
• Thanjavur (A cultural History) – Author: Pradeep chakravarat.
• Rethinking conservation series humayun’s tomb conservation.
• Management guidelines for world cultural heritage Sites-Author: Bernard M.

Feilden and Jukka Jokilehto.
• Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.
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JOURNALS:
• https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e214/cb6a7f026e7dc3bd01aeac1cd8ea5d418b73.
pdf
• http://www.indjst.org/index.php/indjst/article/view/97625
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216335622_Promotion_of_tourism_and
_available_infrastructure_facilities_in_Thanjavur_district_Tamil_nadu_India
• https://www.ixigo.com/thanjavur-travel-guide-pdf-1137894.pdf
• https://en.unesco.org
• https://archenvironment.uoregon.edu/landscape-arch/robert-melnick.
• https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Burhanpur-Cultural-Landscape-
Conservation.
• https://www.academia.edu/31526489/Viewscape_Assessment_Framework_for_Pr
otecting_the_Views_of_Sacred_Monuments.
https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v8i3/ART20194402.pdf
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Revitalizing The Environs of Historical Core of Thanjavur

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 13, Issue 12, December-2022 586

REVITALIZING THE ENVIRONS OF

any other candidate.

Signature of the Internal Guide Signature of the External Examiner

Date: Dec 2021

diploma, associateship or fellowship of any other University or Institution previously. Due

Date: Dec 2021

dissertation, from bottom of my heart.

their moral support during the entire session.

ii) Methodology & Expected outcomes ........................................................................................ 2

2.BACKGROUND STUDY OF THANAJVUR .............................................................................. 3

ii) Evolution of Thanjavur ............................................................................................................ 9

e) Post Independence Period ....................................................................................................... 12

iii) Tourism Scenario in Thanjavur .......................................................................................... 13

iv) Problems and Issues in the Historical core of Thanjavur ............................................... 14

The Major problems ................................................................................................................... 14

a) Specific Issues in Brihadisvara Temple Zone ...................................................................... 15

b) Specific Issues in Palace complex zone.................................................................................. 15

3.CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ........................................................................................................ 15

i. Cultural Landscape Definition ................................................................................................ 15

ii. Guidelines on Education & Training .................................................................................... 16

iii. Competence in Heritage Conservation ................................................................................... 16

iv. General guidelines that apply to all Historical areas .............................................................. 17

v. Identification criteria for Cultural landscape ......................................................................... 19

4. CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 21

i. Burhanpur City, Madhya Pradesh ..................................................................................... 21

b) Indigenous systems of the Burhanpur Cultural landscape ................................................ 22

c) Indigenous Planning and design ....................................................................................... 23

d) Historical gardens and designed landscape ....................................................................... 23

e) Indigenous water management system of landscape ....................................................... 24

g) Conservation Issues and Discussion ................................................................................ 25

h) Conservation of historical gardens .................................................................................... 25

i) Conservation of traditional water management system .................................................... 26

j) Conclusion & Inference .................................................................................................... 26

ii. Humyan’s Tomb, Delhi ....................................................................................................... 27

iv. Landscape restoration ............................................................................... 28

b) Main elements treated ................................................................................................. 29

iii. Ranganathaswamy temple, Srirangam ....................................................................... 31

b) View Assessment framework ............................................................................................ 32

d) Preservation and Inference ................................................................................................ 34

iv. Barkur, Karnataka .............................................................................................................. 35

b. Morphology and town planning of Barkur .................................................................. 35

d. Processing of data ........................................................................................................ 36

e. Design Strategies ........................................................................................................ 37

5. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 39

Figure 1: Artistic excellence creations

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Figure 4 : Contour map of Thanjavur

• It is well-planned city where considerable attention was paid on water supply,

Figure 5: Hydrology of Thanjavur

2.5.1 JALASUDHRA SYSTEM (1550-1600):

“The shrine of Rajarajeswaram in Thanjavur is surrounded by walls and a moat

 CHOLAS - (846 A.D – 1279 A.D)

 NAYAKAS - (1450 A.D – 1675A.D)

 MARATHAS - (1676 A.D -1855 A.D)

 BRITISH - (1798 A.D – 1947 A.D)

2.6.3 NAYAKAS (1450A.D – 1675 A.D):

• In 1535 A.D, Vijayanagara emperor achutha Devaraya established the Thanjavur

Figure 8: Map showing the development of Nayakas and Marathas period