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    Indices

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    ifeoluwaolatoye656

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Indices

    Uploaded by

    ifeoluwaolatoye656
    9 views22 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    9 views22 pages

    Indices

    Uploaded by

    ifeoluwaolatoye656

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    MAT111

    • Theory of Indices and Properties of Indices


    What are Indices?

    • Indices provide a way of writing numbers in


    a more convenient form
    • Indices provide a compact algebraic notation
    for repeated multiplication.
    • Indices is the plural of Index
    • An Index is often referred to as a power
    For example

    5 x 5 x 5 = 53
    2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 24
    7 x 7 x 7x 7 x 7 = 75
    5 is the INDEX
    7 is the BASE NUMBER

    75 & 24 are numbers in INDEX FORM


    Combining numbers

    5x5x5 x2x2x2x2
    = 53 x 2 4

    We can not write this any more simply

    Can ONLY do that if BASE NUMBERS are the same


    Indices- Rule 1

    a a
    2 3

     aaaaa
    a 5

    23
    a
    m n
    a a  a
    m n
    Indices - Rule 2

    a a
    5 3

    aaaaa

    aaa
     aa
    mn
    a 2 a a  a
    m n

    53
    a
    Indices- Rule 3

    5 3
    (a )
    From Rule 1
     a a a
    5 5 5
    a a  a
    m n mn

    5 5 5
    a
    a 15
    (a )  a
    m n mn

    53
    a
    Indices Rule 4

    a b
    3 3

     aaabbb
     (a  b)(a  b)(a  b)
     ( a  b) 3

    a  b  (ab)
    m m m
    Indices Rule 5

    a3  b3
    a a a

    b b b
     a  a   a 
         
     b  b   b 
    3
     a
     
    b a  b  ( a  b)
    m m m
    Indices Rule 6, 7
    3  27
    3
    3
    3 92
    a 10

    3 3
    1 3 m 1
    a  m
    a
    3  1?
    0 3
    1
    3  ?1
    3
    3
    3 2
    ?1 1 3
     2
    3
    9 3
    3
    3 ? 1 1
     3
    27 3
    Index of 0

    How could you get an answer of 30?

    35 ÷ 35 = 35-5 = 30
    30 = 1 General Rule

    a0 = 1
    Indices Rule 8

    2 1
     1
     2
    a 2 a 2 1
     
      a n
     n
    a
    m

     1 2 a n
     n
    a m
     ( a)
    n m

    a   a
    2
     
     1
    a  a a
    2 2
    Putting them together?

    26 x 24 = 210 = 27
    23 23
    35 x 37 = 312 = 38
    34 34
    25 x 23 = 28 = 22
    24 x 22 26
    Works with algebra too!

    a6 x a4 = a10
    b5 x b7 = b12
    c5 x c3 = c 8 = c4
    c4 c4
    a5 x a3 = a8 = a-2
    a4 x a6 a10
    ..and a mixture…

    2a3 x 3a4 = 2 x 3 x a3 x a4 = 6a7


    8a6 ÷ 4a4 = (8 ÷ 4) x (a6 ÷ a4) = 2a2
    28a 62

    4a 4
    Irrational Number

    Number that cannot be expressed as a fraction


    of two integers
    Surd Rules
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1

    a a  a
    m n m n
    (a )  a
    m n mn

    1 1 1 1 1 1 1

    a a  a
    m n m n a  b  (ab)
    m m m

    1 1 1
    a  b  ( a  b)
    m m m

    We can use the above rules to:


    • simplify two or more surds or
    •combining them into one single surd
    Example 1:
    Simplify the following surds :

    Solution: 27  243
    1 1 1

     9  3  81 3 (ab)  a  b
    m m m

       
    9 3  81  3 
     3 3 9 3
    Common Factor : 3
     3 (9  3)

     12 3
    Rationalization of the Denominator

    Process of removing a surd from the denominator


    1
    Example 2:
    2

    Solution: 1
     1 
    2
    2 2

    1 2 Multiply together!
     
    2 2
    2 2
     
     2  2  2
    Simplifying Indices

    Change to Change to common


    common base power
    Break each term into Think of how to make
    its prime factors it common power

    Simplify the indices Ensure that


    within each term common power

    Combine the base


    Simplify the indices
    and simplify
    across other terms
    Definition: Indicial (Exponential)
    Equation
    Equation containing a variable in the exponent.
    Examples:
    •
    4  15
    x
    •
    •
    16  64
    x

    • 23x2  17
    Example
    Solve the equation: 4  32
    x

    Solution:
    Rewrite with same base:
    Since:
    4  2 and 32  2
    2 5

    Equation becomes: 22x  25


    Thus, 2x = 5
    And x = 5
    2

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