Abhira dynasty - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Abhira_dynasty

Abhira dynasty
The Abhira dynasty was a dynasty that ruled over the
western Deccan, where it perhaps succeeded the Abhiras of Nasik
Satavahana dynasty. From 203 CE to roughly 270 or 370, 203 A.D.[1]–315 or 370[1]
this dynasty formed a vast kingdom. The Abhiras had an
extensive empire comprising Maharashtra, Konkan,
Gujarat and part of south Madhya Pradesh.[3]

The Abhira era was started by Rajan Ishwarsena in AD

249, and is referred to as the Abhira-Traikutika era.[4] This
era was later continued by the Kalachuri dynasty, which
may be referred to as the Kalachuri era, and later the
Kalachuri-Chedi era.[5] After the rule of five Traikutaka
Kings, the dynasty retired to the central provinces and
assumed the name Haihaya.[6] Historians refer to this
entire era as "Abhira-Traikutika-Kalachuri-Chedi era".[7]
in the Puranic geography the country from the Tapti to
Deogarh is called the Abhira, or the 'region of cowherds'. It
seems probable that they were connected with the Seuna The Abhiras during the reign of
Yadavas who were in power in the eighth century, and Ishwarsena.[1][2]
again appear as the rulers of Daulatabad (or Deogiri) in the Status Empire
12th and 13th century.[8] Capital Anjaneri,
Thalner,
Prakashe,
Origin Bhamer,
Asirgarh
Though often referenced in ancient Indian literature, the
origin of the Abhiras is obscure. According to the Common languages Apabhraṃśa,
Mahabharata, the Abhiras lived near the seashore and on Sanskrit,
Prakrit
the bank of the Sarashvati, a river near Somnath in
Gujarat.[9] The Mahābhashya of Patañjali simply Religion Hinduism
mentions them as a tribe distinct from the Shudras.[10] Buddhism
Some sources state that Abhiras are Kshatriyas and Jainism
specifically Yadavanshi.[11] According to sociologist M.S.A. Government Monarchy
Rao, there is historical and semi-historical evidence that
suggests Abhiras were Ahirs, Gopas and Gollas, and all of Historical era Early Classical
them are considered Yadavas.[12] The Puranic texts • Established 203 A.D.[1]
associate the Abhiras with Saurashtra and Avanti. • Supplanted by the 315 or 370[1]
Traikutakas
According to Balkrishna Gokhale, the Abhiras have been
well-known since epic times as a martial tribe.[13] The
Bhagavata calls the Abhiras, "Saurashtra" and "Avantya"
rulers (Saurashtra-Āvanty Ābhīrāḥ), and the Vishnu treats

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the Abhiras as occupying the Surashtra and Avanti

Preceded by Succeeded by
provinces.[14]
Satavahanas Traikutakas
The Puranas claim that the Abhiras were the successors of Kshatrapas Vakatakas
the Satavahanas. They were called Andhra-Vratyas and Ikshvakus of Kshatrapas
Vijayapuri Kadambas
mentioned as the successors of the line of Simuka.[15]
Some of them entered the military service of the Western
Today part of India
Satraps (Sakas), and helped them in conquest of new
territories.[1] By 181 A.D, the Abhiras had gained
considerable influence at the Kshatrapa court. Some of them were even serving as generals.[16]

The Gunda inscription dated Saka year 103 (181 CE) refers to Abhira Rudrabhuti as the senapati
(commander-in-chief) of the Saka satrap (ruler) Rudrasimha.[1][17]: 128 [18] The inscription also
gives a detailed genealogy of the kings up to Rudrasimha:[19]

"Hail ! On the [auspicious] fifth tithi of the bright

fortnight of Vaisakha during the auspicious period of
the constellation of Rohini, in the year one hundred
and three — 100 3 — (during the reign) of the king,
the Kshatrapa Lord Rudrasiha (Rudrasimha), the son
Gunda inscription of Rudrasimha, of the king, the Maha-Kshatrapa Lord Rudradaman
Saka year 103.
(and) son’s son of the king, the Kshatrapa Lord
Jayadaman, (and) grandson's son of the king, the
Maha-Kshatrapa Lord Chashtana, the well was caused to be dug and embanked by the
general (senapati) Rudrabuthi, the son of the general (senapati) Bapaka, the Abhira, at
the village (grama) of Rasopadra, for the welfare and comfort of all living beings."

— Epigraphia Indica XVI, p. 233 (https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56664/

2015.56664.Epigraphia-Indica-Vol16#page/n273)

The inscription refers to Rudrasimha as simply a ksatrapa, ignoring the existence of any
mahaksatrapa. According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, this indicates that the Abhira general was
the de facto ruler of the state, though not assuming any higher title. The inscription states Abhira
Rudrabhuti as the son of the general Bapaka.[17] The Abhira dynasty was probably related Abhira
Rudrabhuti.[1][17]

According to Prof Bhagwan Singh Suryavanshi, the Abhiras settled in southwestern Rajasthan and
northeastern Sindh in the first century B.C. This region was called Abiria.[20] Archaeologist and
scholar Bhagwan Lal Indraji (1839–1888) believed that the Abhiras probably came by sea from
Sindh, conquered the western coast, and made Trikuta in Aparanta their capital. Abhira
Mahakshtrapa Isvaradatta was their leader. He probably attacked and gained a victory over the
Kshatrapas. Indarji further states that the Abhira Mahakshtrapa Isvaradatta was the founder of the
Traikutaka dynasty – known later as the Kalachuri or the Chedi era{snd}}originating probably in
the establishment of his power in the Konkan, with Traikuta as his capital. Under Rudrasena, son
of Viradaman the Kṣhatrapas, the Western Satraps appear to have re-established their sovereignty

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by driving out the Traikutakas who, thus dispossessed, retired to Central India and assumed the
name of Haihaya or Kalachuri. On the final destruction of the Kshatrapa rule, the Traikutakas
apparently regained Traikutaka about which time Dharasena (A.D. 456) succeeded to the throne.
[21][22]

History
The history of the Abhiras is shrouded in much TOCHARIANS
KIDARITES South Asia
obscurity.[1] The Abhira dynasty was founded by KUSHANO- 350 CE
SASANIANS
Ishwarsena. The branch came to power after the SASANIAN LITTLE

demise of the Satavahanas in the Nasik region of EM PIRE KUSHANS

MADRAKAS
SAKASTAN

Maharashtra, with the help and consent of the TURAN

SASANIAN YAUDHEYAS
HIND
ARJUNAYANAS

LICCHAVIS

Western Satraps (Sakas). They were known as Gavali MAKRAN MALAVAS GUPTA KAM ARUPA
DAVAKA
WESTERN EM PIRE GAUDA
rajas indicating that they were cowherds by SATRAPS SAM ATATAS

profession before becoming kings.[1] Ten Abhira

NAGAS OF
ABHIRAS
VINDHYATABI
VAKATAKAS
kings ruled in the Maharashtra region of the Deccan, ANDHRA IKSHVAKUS
whose names have not been mentioned in the KADAMBAS
PALLAVAS

Puranas.[1] An Abhira king is known to have sent an

WESTERN
GANGAS

KALABHRAS
embassy to the Sassanid Shahanshah of Persia,
Narseh, to congratulate him on his victory against
Bahram III.[25][1] The Abhiras and main South Asian polities circa
350 CE.[23]
During the time of the Gupta Empire, the Indian
emperor Samudragupta recorded Abhira as a
"frontier kingdom" which paid an annual tribute. This was recorded by
Samudragupta's Allahabad Pillar inscription, which states the
following in lines 22–23.

"Samudragupta, whose formidable rule was propitiated with

the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to
his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of
Samataṭa, Ḍavāka, Kāmarūpa, Nēpāla, and Kartṛipura, and, "Ābhīra" in later Brahmi
by the Mālavas, Ārjunāyanas, Yaudhēyas, Mādrakas, Ābhīras, script in the Allahabad Pillar
Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other inscription of
Samudragupta.[24]
nations."

— Lines 22–23 of the Allahabad pillar inscription of

Samudragupta (r. c. 350–375 CE– ).[24]

The duration of the Abhira rule is uncertain, with most of the Puranas giving it as sixty-seven
years, while the Vayu Purana gives it as one hundred and sixty-seven years.[1][26] According to V.V
Mirashi, the following were the feudatories of the Abhiras:[17]: 128–130

▪ The Maharajas of Valkha

▪ Isvararata

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▪ The kings of Mahishmati

▪ The Traikutakas
The Abhiras spoke Apabhraṃśa, and seem to have patronized Sanskrit. The Nasik cave inscription
of Isvarsena is written mostly in Sanskrit. Several guilds flourished in their kingdom, in which
people invested large amounts for making endowments. This indicates peace, order and security in
the kingdom of the Abhiras.[26]

Patanjali in his Mahabhashya mentioned the Abhira kings. Abhira chieftains served as generals to
the Saka rulers. In the second century A.D., an Ahir Chief Isvaradatta became the Mahakshatrapa
(Supreme King). The Abhira played a key role in causing downfall of Satvahanas in third century
A.D.[27]

Saka Satakarni
Another king claiming to be a son of Mathari besides Abhira Ishwarsena is Sakasena. He is
identified with Saka Satakarni, whose coins have been found over Andhra Pradesh and is taken to
be a Satavahana king and successor of Yajna Sri Satakarni. However, K.Gopalchari thinks that
Sakasena was a Abhira king. Reasons:

▪ The name of Sakasena or Saka Satakarni does not occur in the Puranic genealogies of the
Satavahana kings. He claimed to be th son of Mathari, the wife of Abhira Sivadatta, as
indicated by his epithet Mathariputra.[1]
▪ The traditional title of Siri which is found on most coins and inscriptions of the Satavahanas is
significantly absent in the case of this ruler.[1]
▪ Considering the dynastic rivalry between the Saka Kshatrapas, the naming of a Satavahana
prince with its main content as Saka is very unnatural and unlikely.[1]
▪ The Abhiras were earlier in the service of the Saka rulers of Ujjaini, and in those days,
feudatory chiefs used to name their sons after the names of their overlords. The name of
Sakasena was probably a result of this practice. The suffix of Sena in his name also suggests
that he was an Abhira king and related to Ishwarsena.[1]
So this concludes that Ishwarsena's predecessor was his elder brother Sakasena, and Ishwarsena
ascended the throne after his death.[1]

Sakasena was probably the first great Abhira king. His inscriptions from the Konkan and coins
from Andhra Pradesh suggest that he ruled over a large portion of the Satavahana Empire.[1]

Abhira Ishwarsena
Ishwarsena was the first independent Abhira king. He was the son of Abhira Sivadatta and his wife
Mathari.[1] Ashvini Agrawal thinks he was a general in the service of Rudrasimha I who deposed
his master in 188 A.D and ascended the throne. Ashvini Agrawal further says that Rudrasimha I
soon deposed him and regained the throne in 190 A.D.[16] He (Ishwarsena) started an era which
later became known as the Kalachuri-Chedi era. His descendants ruled for nine generations.[28]
Ishwarsena's coins are dated only in the first and second years of his reign and are found in
Saurashtra and Southern Rajputana.[29]

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The Traikuta rule of Aparanta or Konkan begins in A.D. 248 (Traikuta era) exactly the time of
Ishwarsena's rule, hence Traikutas are identified with the Abhira dynasty.[30]

The Abhiras began to rule in Southern and western Sourashtra from the second half of the 10th
century A.D their capital was vamanshtali, modern vanthali nine miles west of Junagadh. They
became very powerful during the reign of Graharipu who defeated the Saindhavas and the
Chaulukyas.[31]

Territory
The Abhiras ruled western Maharashtra which included Nasik and its adjoining areas,[17]: 124
Aparanta, Lata, Ashmaka,[32][33] and Khandesh[34] Their core territory included Nasik and the
adjoining areas.[17]: 124 [35] The Abhira territory also may have consisted of Malwa, which they
gradually seized from the Kshatrapas.[36]

Decline
After the death of Abhira Vashishthiputra Vasusena, the Abhiras probably lost their sovereign and
paramount status.[1] The Abhiras lost most of their domains to the rising Vakatakas (north) and
the Kadambas (south-west).[37] The Abhiras were finally supplanted by their feudatories, the
Traikutakas. But still many petty Abhira chieftains and kings continued to rule until the fourth
century, roughly till 370 AD, in the Vidarbha and Khandesh region. They continued to rule, but
without sovereignty, until they came into conflict with the Kadamba king Mayurasarman and were
defeated.[25][1]

Descendants
According to Ganga Ram Garg, the modern-day Ahir caste are descendants of Abhira people and
the term Ahir is the Prakrit form of the Sanskrit term Abhira.[38]

According to the historian Yaaminey Mubayi, several such dynasties, like the Kalachuris,
Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and later the Seuna Yadavas trace their origin to Abhira clan.[39]

See also
▪ History of Nashik
▪ Abhira era
▪ Kalachuris of Tripuri

References
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2. Central Provinces District Gazetteers- Nagpur (https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.m
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and Avanti provinces."
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tp://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53719). Government Epigraphist For India.
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Academy. ISBN 81-260-0697-8.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhira_dynasty&oldid=1232399159"

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