CHAPTER 7

CONCEPT OF BUSINESS FINANCE

The term finance means money or fund. The requirements of
funds by business to carry out its various activities is called
business finance.
Finance is needed at every stage in the life of a business.
A business can not function unless adequate funds are made
available to it.

NEED OF BUSINESS FINANCE

1. Fixed Capital Requirement :- In order to start a business, funds

are needed to purchase fixed assets like land and building,
plant and machinery. A trading concern needs lower investment
in fixed assets as compared to a manufacturing organisation
since it does not require to purchase plant and machinery, etc.
Similarly, a large-scale enterprise generally requires greater
fixed capital than a small scale enterprises.

2. Working Capital Requirement :- A business unit selling goods

on credit, or having a slow sales turnover, for example, would
require more working capital as compared to a concern selling
its goods and services on cash basis of having a speedier
turnover.

3. Diversification :- A company needs more funds to diversify its

operation to become a multi-product company e.g. ITC.

4. Technology upgradation :- Finance is needed to adopt modern

technology. For example, use of computers in business.

5. Growth and expansion :- Higher growth of a business

enterprise requires higher investment in fixed assets. So finance
is needed for growth and expansion.

Q.1 State two factors that affect the 'Fixed capital' requirements of a
company.
Q.2 Mention two types of financial needs of the business.
Q.3 Name the capital invested in fixed assets.

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 Q.4 Name the funds needed for day-to-day operations of business.
Q.5 Aarav Ltd. sells goods on credit while Ananya Ltd. sells goods on
cash basis-which company will require more working capital.
Q.6 Which concern - a trading concern or a manufacturing concern
will have large amount of fixed capital. Why?

CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCE OF FUNDS

Source of Funds
Classification

On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of

Period Ownership Source of generation

Long Term Short-Term Owner's Funds Borrowed Funds Internal Sources External Sources
* Equity Shares * Trade Credit * Equity shares Sources * Equity Shares * Financial Institutional
* Retained Earnings * Factoring * Retained shares * Debentures Capital * Loan form Banks
* Preference shares * Bank * Loan from bank * Retained earning * Preference Shares
* Debentures * Commercial * Loan from * Public Deposits
* Loan for Financial Paper financial * Debentures
Institutions Institutions * Lease financing
* Loan from Banks * Public deposits * Commercial Papers
* Lease Financing * Trade credit
Medium-Term * Commercial * Factoring
* Loan from banks Paper
* Public Deposits
* Loan from financial Institutions
* Lease financing

METHODS OF RAISING FINANCE :-

Issue of Share :- The capital obtained by issue of shares is
known as share capital. The capital of a company is divided into small
units called share. If a company issues 10,000 shares of `10/- each
then the share capital of company is `1,00,000. The person holding the
share is known as shareholder. There are two types of share (I) Equity
share (II) preference share.
(a) Equity Share :- Equity shares represent the ownership of a
company. They have right to vote and right to participate in
the management.

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ADVANTAGES/MERITS :-
1. Permanent Capital :- Equity share capital is important source of
finance for a long term.
2. No charge on assets :- For raising funds by issue of equity
shares a company does not need to mortgage its assets.
3. Higher returns :- Equity share holder get higher returns in the
years of high profits.
4. Control : They have right to vote and right to participate in the
management.
5. No burden on company :- Payment of equity dividend is not
compulsory

LIMITATIONS/DEMERITS
1. Risk :- Equity shareholder bear higher risk because payment of
equity dividend is not compulsory.
2. Higher Cost :- Cost of equity shares is greater than the cost of
preference share.
3. Delays :- Issue of Equity shares is time consuming.
4. Issue depends on Share Market Conditions :- Equity
Shareholders are the primary risk bearer therefore the demand
of equity shares is more in the boom time.
B. Preference Share - Preference shares are considered safer for
investment. (as compared to equity shares) They receive
dividend at a fixed rate. Preference shareholder are like
creditors. They have no voting right.

Types of preference shares. :-

1. Cumulative preference shares.
2. Non cumulative preference shares.
3. Participating preference shares.
4. Non participating preference shares.
5. Convertible preference shares
6. Non Convertible preference shares.

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MERITS OF PREFERENCE SHARES :-
1. Investment is safe :- Preference shareholders investment is
safe. They have preferential right to claim dividend & capital.
2. No Charge on assets :- The company does not need to
mortgage its assets for issue of preference shares.
3. Control :- It does not affect the control of equity share
holders because they have no voting right.
4. Fixed dividend :- They get fixed dividend. So, they are
useful for those investors who want fixed rate of return.
LIMITATIONS /DEMERITS:-
1. Costly sources of funds :- Rate of preference dividend is
greater than rate of interest on debenture, for a company it is a
costly source of funds than Debentures.
2. No tax saving :- Preference dividend is not deductible from
profit for income tax. Therefore there is no tax saving.
3. Not suitable for risk takers :- Preference shares are not suitable
for those who are willing to take risk for higher return.
Difference Between Equity Shares And Preference Shares
Base Equity Shares Preference Shares
1. Dividend Dividend is paid Priority over equity share
2. Voting Right Full voting rights No voting right
3. Risk Risk bearing securities Less Risk
4. Rate of Return Fluctuates with profit Fixed Rate of Dividend
5. Control Control on the management No control on the management

Q. Madhu Ltd. is a company manufacturing garments for children. It has

been consistently earning good profits for many years. This year too, it
has been able to generate enough profits. There is availability of
enough cash in the company. It believes in quality of product, equal
employment opportunities & good remuneration. It has many share-
holders who prefer to receive a fixed & regular income. Mohan is one of
such shareholders.
i) Which type of shares Mohan holds?
ii) Identify two values followed by the company.

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 Debentures :- Debentures are the important debt sources of
finance for raising long term finance. Debenture holders get fixed
rate of interest on debentures. Interest is paid after every six months or
one year.

Type of Debentures:-
1. Secured Debentures
2. Unsecured Debentures
3. Convertible Debentures.
4. Non Convertible Debentures
5. Redeemable Debentures.
6. Registered Debentures.

MERITS OF DEBENTURES :-
1. Investment is Safe :- Debentures are preferred by those
investor who do not want to take risk and interested in fixed
income.
2. Control :- Debenture holder do not have voting right.
3. Less Costly :- Debentures are less costly as compared to
cost of preference shares.
4. Tax Saving :- Interest on Debentures is a tax deductible
expense. Therefore, there is a tax saving.

LIMITATION OF DEBENTURES :-
1. Fixed Obligation :- There is a greater risk when there is no
earning because interest on debentures has to be paid even
if the company suffers losses.
2. Charge on assets :- The company has to mortgage its
assets to issue secured Debentures.
3. Reduction in Credibility :- With the new issue of
debentures, the company's capability to further borrow funds
reduces.

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHARES AND DEBENTURES
Base Shares Debentures
1. Nature Shares are the capital Debentures are a loan
2. Return Dividend Interest
3. Voting Right Full voting right No Voting right
4. Holder Owner is called share holder Called creditors
5. Types There are two types of shares More than two types
6. Security Not secured by any charge Secured and generally carry
a charge on the assets of the
Company.

Q1. Tax benefit is available only in case of payment of interest of

debentures and not on payment of dividends of shares. Why ?
Q2. State one reason why a company earning high profits may choose
debentures over equity shares to raise funds.

RETAINED EARNING :-
A portion of company's net profit after tax and dividend, Which is not
distributed but are retained for reinvestment purpose, is called retained
earning. This is also called sources of self-financing or internal
financing or ploughing back of profits.

For example :- X Ltd. has total capital of `50,00,000 which consists of

10% Debt of `20,00,000, 8% preference share capital `10,00,000, and
equity share capital `20,00,000. Tax rate is 40%, company's return on
total capital is 20%. It was decided to provide 10% dividend on equity
shares.

Particulars Rs.
Net profit before interest and tax (PBIT) (20% of ` 50,00,000) 10,00,000
Less: Interest on debentures (10% of 20,00,000) 2,00,000
Net profit before Tax (PBT) 8,00,000
Less : Tax provision @ 40% 3,20,000
Net profit after Tax (PAT) 4,80,000
Less: preference dividend (8% of 10,00,000) 80,000
Net profit after tax and pre dividend 4,00,000
Less : equity dividend 2,00,000
RETAINED EARNINGS 2,00,000

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MERITS
1. Permanent Source of funds :- Retained earnings is a
permanent source of funds available to an organisation.
2. No costs :- No costs in the form of interest, dividend,
advertisement and prospectus, to be incurred by the company
to get it.
3. No charges on assets :- The company does not have to
mortgage its assets.
4. Growth and expansion :- Growth and expansion of business is
possible by reinvesting the retained profits
5. Goodwill :- The market price of the company’s share will
increase.
6. Greater degree of operational freedom and flexibility :- As
the funds are generated internally, there is a greater degree of
operational freedom and flexibility, no interference from
outsiders or dilution of control.

DEMERITS
1. Sub-optimal use of funds :- The opportunity cost of retained
earnings is ignored as a result there is a possibility of funds not
being used optimally.
2. Uncertain Source :- It is uncertain source of fund because it is
available only when profits are high.
3. Dissatisfaction among shareholder :- Retained profits cause
dissatisfaction among the shareholder because they get low
dividend.

Q1. Abhimanyu Ltd. is manufacturing cotton shirts for men. It is

planning to expand its business by opening one more unit in
another city. It is consistently earning good profits so there are
sufficient reserves. State the most appropriate source of finance
for the company. Also explain 2 merits and 2 demerits of such
source of finance.
Q2. Name the part of owner's fund which is contributed by profits but
not distributed among partners.

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PUBLIC DEPOSITS :-
The deposits that are raised by company directly from the public
are known as public deposits. The rate of interest offered on
public deposits are higher than the rate of interest on bank
deposits. This is regulated by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India)
and can not exceed 25% of share capital and reserves. The
maximum deposit period allowed for public deposit is 36 months
and the minimum period is 6 months.

MERITS:-
1. No charge on assets :- The company does not have to
mortgage its assets.
2. Tax Saving :- Interest paid on public deposits is tax deductible
hence there is tax saving.
3. Simple procedure :- The procedure for obtaining public
deposits is simpler than share and debenture issue.
4. Control :- The depositors do not have voting right therefore the
control of the company is not diluted.

LIMITATIONS :-
1. For Short Term Finance :- The maturity period is short. The
company can not depend on them for long term.
2. Limited Fund :- The quantum of public deposit is limited
because of legal restrictions (maximum 25% of share capital and
free reserves).
3. Not Suitable for New Company :- New company generally find
difficulty to raise funds through public deposits.
4. Unreliable source of Finance :- The public may not respond
when the company needs money.

Q1. In India, What is the maximum maturity periods of public

deposits?
Q2. 'Raising funds through public deposits frequently by a company
lowers its image in the public. How ?
Q3. In case of a company raising funds in a particular form, it is
required to follow the provision set by RBI (Reserve Bank of
India). Name the form of Fund.

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TRADE CREDIT :-
Trade Credit is the credit extended by one trader to another for
the purchase of goods and service. Trade Credit facilities the purchase
of supplies without immediate payment.
Merits
1. Convenient :- It is a convenient and continuos source of funds.
2. Purchase without immediate payment :- Trade credit facilities
the purchase of goods and service without immediate payment.
3. Readily Available :- Trade Credit may be readily available in
case the credit worthiness of the customers is known to the
seller.
4. Does not create any charge on assets of the firm :- It does not
create any charge on the assets of the firm while providing funds.
Demerits
1. More Risk :- Availability of easy and flexible trade credit facilities
may induce a firm to indulge in over trading which may add to the
risks of the firm.
2. Limited Funds :- Only limited amount of funds can be generated
through trade credit.
3. Costly Source :- It is generally a costly source of funds as
compared to most other sources of raising money.

Q1. State the most important factor that helps in receiving trade
credit.
Q2. Name the source of finance which is available in the normal
course of purchase of goods.

COMMERCIAL BANKS:-
Commercial Banks give loan and advances to business in the
form of cash credit, overdraft loans and discounting of Bill. Rate of
interest on loan is fixed.
Merits
1. Timely financial assistance :- Commercial Bank provide timely
financial assistance to business.
2. Secrecy :- Secrecy is maintained about loan taken from a
Commercial Banks.

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3. Easier source of funds :- This is the easier source of funds as
there in no need to issue prospectus for raising funds.
4. Flexible source of finance :- The loan amount can be increased
according to business needs and can be repaid in advance when
funds are not needed.

Limitations / Demerits
1. Short or Medium term finance :- Funds are not available for a
long time.
2. Charge on assets :- Required source security of assets before a
loan is sanctioned

FINANCIAL INSTITUTION :-
The state and central government have established many
financial institutions to provide finance to companies. They are called
development Bank. These are IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, LIC and UTI. etc.

Merits
1. Long term Finance :- Financial Institution provide long term
finance which is not provided by Commercial Bank.
2. Managerial Advice :- They provide financial, managerial and
technical advice to business firm.
3. Easy installments :- Loan can be made in easy installments. It
does not prove to be much of a burden on business.
4. Availability during periods of depression :- The funds are
made available even during periods of depression, when other
sources of finance are not available.

Limitations / Demerits
1. More time Consuming :- The procedure for granting loan is time
consuming due to rigid criteria and many formalities.
2. Restrictions :- Financial Institution place restrictions on the
borrowing company's board of Directors.

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INTER-CORPORATE DEPOSITS (ICDs)
Inter-Corporate Deposits are unsecured short term deposits
made by one company with another company. These deposits are
essentially brokered deposits, which led the involvement of brokers.
The rate of interest on their deposits is higher than that of banks and
other markets. The biggest advantage of ICDs is that the transaction is
free from legal hassles

Type of ICDs
1. Three Months Deposits :- These deposits are most popular
type of ICDs. These deposits are generally considered by
borrowers to solve problems of short term capital inadequacy.
The annual rate of interest for these deposits is around 12%.
2. Six months Deposits :- It is usually made with first class
borrowers. The annual rate of interest for these deposits is
around 15%
3. Call deposits :- This deposit can be withdrawn by the lender on
a day's notice. The annual rate of interest on call deposits is
around 10%.
Features of ICDs
1. These transactions takes place between two companies.
2. There are short term deposits.
3. These are unsecured deposits.
4. These transactions are generally completed through brokers.
5. These deposits have no organized market.
6. These deposits have no legal formalities.
7. These are risky deposits from the point of view of lenders.
POINTS TO BE REMEMBER
1. Equity shares are the major source of business finance.
2. Debenture, bond and loans are capital having fixed cost.
3. Dividend will be given to preference shareholder at fixed rate of
dividend
4. Preference shareholder have no right to participate in
management.

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5. Trade credit refers to that facility which is extended by one
businessman to another.
6. Debenture holders receive interest at a fixed rate of interest.
7. ICD is Inter Corporate Deposits are unsecured loans given by a
company to another.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who is the owner of the company?
(a) Equity share holder
(b) Preference share holder
(c) Debenture holder
(d) Director
2. ICDs are issued by —
(a) Bank
(b) RBI
(c) One company to another company
(d) SIDBI
3. Payment of dividend to the equity shareholders is —
(a) Compulsory (b) Not compulsory
(c) Mandatory by low (d) Fixed
4. Which of the following is fixed capital?
(a) Equity share (b) Debenture
(c) Public deposit (d) Retained earning
5. Which of these is included in Owner’s Fund —
(a) Debenture (b) Loan from SBI
(c) Equity share (d) Trade credit
6. Trade credit is example of —
(a) Long-term finance (b) Medium-term finance
(c) Short-term finance (d) All of the above

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7. For which of the following is fixed capital required ?
(a) Purchasing current assets
(b) Meeting current expenses like salaries, wages etc.
(c) Purchasing land and buildings.
(d) Buying stock of materials.
8. Overdraft facility is provided by —
(a) RBI (b) Commercial banks
(c) Stock company (d) Statutory corporation
9. Which share have preferential right in the payment of annual
dividend?
(a) Equity share (b) Preference share
(c) Right share (d) All of the above
10. Which is internal source of Business Finance?
(a) Loans from commercial banks (b) Debenture
(c) Retained earning (d) Equity shares
Answer the following in one or two words
1. Debentures bear a _________ rate of interest.
2. State an advantages of ICDs.
3. Name the source of business finance in which company directly
accept deposit from public.
4. Which problem of companies can be solved by 3 months inter-
coporate deposits ?
5. Name any two institutions which provide short-term business
finance.
6. Who has the right of voting in Annual General Meeting of
company?
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What type of share capital is also called "Risk Capital" ?
2. Name the return given to debenture holders for using their
funds?
3. Name the one unique feature of "Retained Earnings" which is not
available in any another source of finance ?
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4. Write any one advantage of preference shape capital.
5. Which term is concerned with the acquisition and conservation of
capital funds in meeting the financial needs of a business
enterprise ?
6. Name the organization which have been set up by the central as
well as State governments to provide medium term and long
term loans to business sector.
7. Write any one similarity between Equity share capital and
Preference share capital.
8. State one disadvantage of using retained earnings.
9. Preference Share Capital is not suitable for which type of
investors ?—
10. Name the debt instrument on which investors get income tax
relief in specific cases.
3-4 MARKS QUESTIONS
11. Define Share and write any two advantages of it.
12. Write any two differences between share and debentures.
13. Mite any three limitations of equity share capital.
14. Write any three advantages of Retained Earnings.

5-6 MARKS QUESTIONS

15. Write main advantages and disadvantages of Public Deposits
16. What do you understand by Financial institutions?
Write their merits and limitations.
17. ‘An a source of finance , retained earnings are better than other
sources.’ Write 5 reasons to support this statement.
18. "Ojas Auto Ltd." is a very well known auto company in the
industry having more of equity share capital than long term debt
in its capital structure. It is willing to expand and establish new
unit in the backward region and want to train the tribal women in

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 skill Development to empower them. It has a huge amount of
cash reserve of `1000 crores.
(a) what is the status of capital structure of the above company.
(b) According to you, which source of finance should be used
by the company in establishing new units ? Give any two
reasons in support of your answer.
[Hints - Sound Capital Structure, Retained Earnings - Optimum
Utilization of resources and no dilution of control, Balanced
Regional Development]
19. Radha was explaining the concept of “it is the acknowledgment
that the company has basswood a certain amount of money,
which it promises to repay at a future date.”
Identify the source of fund and explain any 2 merits and 2
demerits of this source.

High Order Thinking Questions (hot)

1. Mohit Ltd. wants to expand its production capacity by
modernizing its plant and machinery. This will cost ` 4 crores
approximately. The company does not have enough reserves to
support expansion plans. Suggest any two sources of finance for
the company.
2. As a source of finance, is retained earning a better option than
other source? Give one reason to support your answer.
3. Due to festive season, Crescent Ltd. decided to expand the
business activities by increasing stock of an estimated cost of
`30 lakh. As the finance manager of the company, advise the
directors about the 3 sources of finance for this purpose.
4. Rohan has `1 lakh for investment. Suggest types of securities he
should opt. for.
5. Now-a-days, more and more companies are issuing debentures
for raising long term debt capital. Give four reason why is it
becoming popular.

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6. You are finance manager of 'Satya Ltd.'. You have suggested the
directors to opt. for long term loan from a financial institution to
raise finance needed for company's expansion. Explain reason
to support your answer.
7. Mr. Arun has retired from his Govt. Job. He wants a part of his
savings to invest in some company. He wants a fixed and regular
income without any risks.
i) Name the type of shares in which he should invest.
ii) State 2 merits and 2 demerits of the type of shares suggested
above.
8. These type of shares enjoy preferred rights in dividends. Identify
the type of shares. Also explain 2 merits and 2 demerits.
9. These type of shares do not enjoy any preferred rights but they
are real masters of the company. Identify the type of shares.
Also explain 2 merits and 2 demerits of the same.
10. 'Rudra Limited' is a successful company dealing in shoe making.
Though it has enough reserves yet the directors of the company
opted for debentures as a source of finance. Is the decision
wise? In your opinion which source the company should opt. for.
Give reasons to support your answer.
11. Mr. Manav Sharma is the finance manager of 'Setu Limited'
company needs `50 crores. To arrange the capital needed Mr.
Sharma has two option. Issue of equity shares or debentures.
After consideration of all facts, he decided in favour of issuing
debentures. He presented his decision before the CEO who
asked why he had opted for debentures Mr. Sharma replied that
debentures are fixed charge funds and do not participate in
profits of the company.
State more facts that Mr. Sharma must have presented before
the CEO about the debentures and equity shares.
12. "Mahindra and Manhindra" was the first company in India to
issue convertible debentures in 1990. Now many more
companies have the approval to issue convertible debentures to
raise long term debt capital. State and explain the reason of
issuing such debentures.

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13. Zen Ltd. is planning to organize a country wide 'Sale of its
products during festival season. The co. has to build stock of its
inventories to be able to meet the increased demand.
a) Name the type of capital co. must have to meet production
demands. (Working capital)
b) Advise the sources that the co. may consider to raise
required funds. (Trade Cr. , Cash Cr. (O/D).
14. Aryan is running a Travel Agency. The nature of business does
not require too many fixed assets. However, he is planning to
open another office in Dubai and to meet the financial needs he
has applied for a long term loan from a bank. Do you think he will
be able to get long term loan from bank ? Give reason.
15. Tania received `1,00,000 from her parents as a gift. She is
planning to invest entire amount but wants her money to be safe
and secure. Advise her about various options where she can
invest her money.
16. The Directors of Asia Ltd. are planning to improve its productivity
by replacing their plant and machinery by installing new plant
and machinery with latest technology at a cost of $5 crores. They
can raise funds through issue of shares but are not confident of
raising all the money from shares. Suggest the ways of raising
finance for the company.
17. Tara Ltd. decided to raise funds through issue of equity shares as
the board of Directors know that a company has to pay dividend
to equity shareholders only when it earns profits. Board of
Directors decided that they record losses for the first 3 years so
that they don't have to pay any dividend to the shareholders.
(a) Is the board of Directors right in thinking ?
18. Mr. Pardeep owns a business of toys. At present he sells his
product in North and West India, but now planning to sell his
products in South India also. For this, he applied to the bank for
enhancement of his overdraft limit from 50 Lakhs to 75 Lakhs.

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 Bank manager suggested him to take 'Term Loan" of $25 Lakh
instead of increasing overdraft limit. Do you think he should
consider Term Loan instead of overdraft limit ? Give reasons.
19. Vikas traders Ltd. deals in the wholesale business of pulses. The
finance manager arranges unsecured short-term finance for the
company. The rate of interest to be paid on this finance is more
than the bank’s rate of interest.
a) Identify the source of finance in above situation
b) Explain the features of the source of finance identified in part
(a) above.

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