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Life process Shobhit Nirwan

Class 10th science (Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati)

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*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam

SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED

LIFE PROCESSES
NOTES

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(L.P.) : What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Four basic processes that are essential for maintaining life processes are-
1. Nutrition- it is the process of transferring source of energy(food) from outside to the
body of an organism.
2. Respiration- it is the process of acquiring oxygen from outside into the body and using
it for breaking down of glucose to release energy for cellular needs.
3. Transportation- it is process of carrying food and oxygen from one place to
another.
4. Excretion- it is a process of removing by-products from body which are formed
during energy generating reactions.

(L.P.) : Which are outside raw materials used by an organism?

Carbon based molecules i.e food is used by body from outside to meet it’s energy need.
Oxygen is used to oxidise food and release energy. So food and oxygen are the basic
raw materials used by an organism.

(L.P.) : Transportation system transports waste products then what is the need
of excretory system?
Transportation system transports waste products away from cells but to discard it
from the body to outside excretory system is needed.

(L.P.) : Name the process used by single celled organisms for ingestion of food,
gaseous exchange and waste removal? Why is this process insufficient to
meet the oxygen requirements in multicellular organisms?
Diffusion is the process used by single celled organisms to carry out basic life processes
such as gas exchange, etc.
It is insufficient because multicellular organisms like humans have complex body designs
and large body size. Thus they bear specialised cells and tissue for performing various
tasks.
Unlike unicellular,multicellular organisms do not have the cells in direct contact with
environment. Hence, diffusion cannot meet their oxygen requirements.

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NUTRITION

Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) :

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(L.P.) : How does the turgor pressure of guard cells regulate stomatal pore?
The turgor pressure of guard cells regulates the opening and closing of stomatal pores.
The stomatal pores are open when guard cells are turgid due to absorption of water
and get closed when guard cells are in flaccid condition due to loss of water.

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(L.P.) : Is ‘nutrition’ a necessity for an organism? Discuss.

All the living organisms ned energy to perform various life processes. They get enery
from nutrition i.e. food. Thus, it is the basic requirement of all organisms. It is needed
because-
1. It provides energy to perform various metabolic processes in body.
2. It is essential for growth of new cells and repair of worn out cells.
3. It is needed to develop resistance against various diseases. Therefore, nutrition is a
necessity for an organism.

(L.P.) :Draw a well labelled diagram of stomata. List of two functions of stomata.
1. Allow the loss of water from surface of leaves(transpiration).
2. Allow the exchange of gases i.e. intake of carbon-di-oxide and release of oxygen
during photosynthesis.

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Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) :

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(L.P.) :Why herbivores have long small intestine while carnivores have shorter ones?
Herbivores have longer small intestine to facilitate cellulose digestion. Cellulose is not digested
by human alimentary canal as there is no digestive enzyme that can act upon cellulose.
Carnivores have shorter length of small intestine as meat is easily digestible.

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(L.P.) :Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?

Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
(i) In this mode of nutrition, food is (i)In this mode of nutrition, food is
prepared by organism itself. obtained from other organisms.
(ii) Raw material is required to (ii)Raw material is not required.
make food.
(iii) Chlorophyll is present in (iii)It is absent.
autotrophs for trapping sunlight.
(iv) They are known as producers. (iv)They are known as consumers

(L.P.) : What happens if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?

If mucus is not secreted by gastric glands, it will lead to the destruction of inner lining of
stomach causing acidity and ulcer by HCL.

(L.P.) : A patient in hospital had his gall bladder removed and needs a special
diet. Which nutrient free diet would be suitable for this patient?
The diet free from fat would be suitable for the patient whose gall bladder is removed
because bile stored in gall bladder helps in the digestion of fat.

(L.P.) : Function of digestive enzymes?

It helps to breakdown large and insoluble food molecules into small water soluble
molecules.
Eg- Amylase breakdown, starch and trypsin breakdown, protein and form maltose and
peptones.

(L.P.) : How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
The small intestine is site of the complete digestion of fats. The upper part of small intestine
receives bile juice from bileduct which contains bile salts for breakdown of fats into smaller
globules thereby increasing the efficiency of the enzyme action. This process is known as
emulsification. Bile also makes medium alkaline so that pancreatic lipase further converts fats
into fatty acids and glycerol. The walls of small intestine also secrete intestinal juice
containing enzyme called lipase that finally convert the fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Thus completing fat digestion.

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(L.P.) : How is small intestine designed to absorb digested food?

OR
Why does absorption of digested food occur mainly in small intestine?
Maximum absorption of digested food occurs in small intestine due to following reasons-
1. Digestion is completed in small intestine.
2. Inner lining of small intestine is provided with villi which increases the surface area for
better absorption.
3. Wall of intestine is richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each
and every cell.

RESPIRATION

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3
Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K B) :

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(L.P.) :Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration
1. It occurs in presence of 1. It occurs in absence or lack of
oxygen. oxygen.
2. Energy is released in large 2. Energy is released in relatively
amount. (38 ATP) small amount. (2 ATP)
3. Eg- most of plants and 3. Eg- anaerobic bacteria, yeast.
animals.

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(L.P.) : Name the energy currency in the living organism. When and where it is
produced?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of cell as it provide energy for
doing functions of cells and other organs. It is produced in mitochondria of cell during
respiration in the living organisms.

(L.P.) : Respiration is a catabolic process. Justify the statement.

It is a catabolic process because it involves the breakdown of complex organic molecule i.e.
glucose into pyruvate and further breakdown into carbon dioxide and water with release of
energy.

(L.P.) : Anaerobic respiration plays and important role in process of bread making.
Discuss the statement.
During bread making, yeast is mixed with dough where it undergoes anaerobic respiration
partially oxidising the starch of flour into CO2 + ethanol. CO2releases in this process causes
dough to rise and makes bread fluffy. This shows that it is important.

(L.P.) : Compare alcohol and lactic fermentation.

In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is breakdown into ethanol and CO2 with release of energy.
Whereas in lactic fermentation pyruvate is breakdown into lactic acid with release of energy.

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Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Diffusion acts as the process of gaseous exchange. Write the
factors on which it depends.
Factors-
1. Conditions of the environment.
2. Requirements of the plant.

Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Which structures are responsible for the gaseous exchange in
the stem of a woody plant?
Gaseous exchange occurs trough small pores called lenticles in stem of woody plant.

Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Explain the structures of a plant that are involved in the
process of respiration.
1. Roots- the exchange of gases (respiration) in roots of a plant takes place by process of
diffusion.
2. Stems- in herbaceous plants stomata helps in respiration and in woody plants,
respiration takes place through tiny pores called lenticles.
3. Leaves- respiration takes place by diffusion of oxygen through stomata into cells of leaf
and CO2 released from same stomata into atmosphere.

Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Green plants fails to photosynthesis at night while respiration
occurs during the daytime as well as night. Justify the
statement.
During night, the process of photosynthesis does not occur in green plants due to absence of
sunlight. But respiration keep on going, plant take O2 and give out CO2in night while in daytime
CO2 is utilised for photosynthesis.

Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Land plants cannot survive for a long time without water. Do
you agree? If yes, justify the statement.
Yes, land plants extend to die when their roots water logged for longer time. This happen
because O2 present in soil is not available to perform aerobic respiration. The roots starts
anaerobically alcohol which can kill the plant.

Lallu Problem (L.P.) : What happens to the waste products of respiration generated
in a plant?
1. Water- it is usually used for photosynthesis in leaves, as a solvent for transport of
mineral salts and nutrients.
2. CO2- it diffuses out of the plant tissues into surrounding during night. During day time, it is
used by the plants in photosynthesis.

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Lallu Problem (L.P.) : What is the role of respiratory pigment in respiration? Give
one example.
Animals have large body size due to which, the diffusion pressure alone can’t deliver oxygen
to all parts of body. Therefore the respiratory pigments take up oxygen from lungs along
with blood and carry into all tissues which are deficient of oxygen.
Haemoglobin is one such respiratory pigment found in Red Blood Cells (RBCs) of human
beings to carry oxygen.

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TRANSPORTATION

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Lallu Problem (L.P.) : What would be consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in

our bodies?
Haemoglobin efficiently binds with O2 and transports to various parts of body. Deficiency of
haemoglobin is referred to as anaemia. The consequences of such condition is that blood is
unable to carry O2 required by body for respiration and produce energy. In anaemia, the
person feels weak, skin becomes pale, etc.

Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and de-

oxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
As they are warm blooded so they need energy constantly to maintain their body
temperature. Thus, it is important that their oxygenated blood should not get mixed with
deoxygenated blood in order to make circulatory system more efficient.

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Lallu Problem (L.P.) : What are component of transport system in human beings?
Write function also.
The component of transport system in human are-
1. Heart- It pumps and receives blood.
2. Blood- It consists of two main components-
a)Plasma- It transport food, CO2 and nitrogenous waste, etc in dissolved form.
b)Blood Corpuscles- they constitute RBCs, WBCs and platelets. RBCs transports
respiratory gases,WBCs protect body from harmful pathogens help in clot of blood at site of
injury.
3.Blood Vessels- Three Types-
a)Arteries- these transport blood from heart to various organs of the body.
b)Veins- these transport blood from various body parts to heart.
c)Capillaries- These allows exchange between blood and tissues.
4.Lymph- It carries digested and absorbed fats from small intestine.

Lallu Problem (L.P.) : How are water and minerals transported in Plants?
Water and minerals are transported through xylem in plants. The cells in roots that are in
contact with soil actively take up ions, creating a difference in concentration of ions between
root and soil.
Water moves into root to eliminate this difference of concentration forming a steady
movement of water in root xylem. This creates a column of water that is steadily pushed
upwards. Further, transpiration of water from leaves creates a partial vacuum that pulls
water from xylem of roots to leaves and other parts.

Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Explain why transportation of materials is necessary in

animals?
The distribution of all necessary substances such as food, O2 and water throughout body is
carried out through system of transportation. It also displaces wastes from where it is
expelled out from body. Thus, it is very important.

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Lallu Problem (L.P.) : How is food transported in plants?

The transportation of food is done by phloem by utilising energy (ATP). The transport of
soluble products (sugar) of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of plant is known as
translocation. Pressure generated by osmotic pressure allows movement of food from
phloem to tissue which have less pressure.

EXCRETION

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Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Differentiate between Alveoli in lung and Nephrons in kidneys
Alveoli in lungs-
1. These are balloon like structure found within lungs.
2. Diffusion is employed in exchange of gases can takes place.
3. A large no. of alveoli are present in lungs.
Nephrons in kidneys-
1. These are long, circled tubule-like structure present in kidney.
2. Nephrons apply selective re-absorption of useful substances in capillaries.
3. They are very small in size but are large in no. in each kidney.

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-- PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS --

1 MARK QUESTIONS

Q1. How do autotrophs obtain CO2 and N2 to make their food? [1M, 2008]
Ans1. CO, is obtained from the environment and N, is obtained from the soil and environment.

Q2. Name the green dot like structures in some cells observed by a student when a leaf peel was
viewed under a microscope. What is this green colour due to? [1M, 2010]
Ans 2. The green colour of the leaves of the plant is due to the presence of tiny green coloured
organelles called chloroplasts which contain green pigment chlorophyll.

Q3. What will happen to a plant if its xylem is removed? [1M, 2009]
Ans 3. Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals from the soil to different parts of the plant. If the
xylem tissue is removed, then the transport of water and mineral will not take place and the plant
will die.

Q4. Name the green dot like structures in some cells observed by a student when a leaf peel was
viewed under a microscope. What is this green colour due to? [1M, 2010]
Ans 4. The green dot-like structures are chloroplasts. This green colour is due to the presence of
chlorophyll.

Q5. What will happen to a plant if its xylem is removed? [1M, Delhi 2009]
Ans 5. Xylem is the main water conducting tissue of plants. If it is removed then water and minerals
absorbed by plant roots will not be able to reach different plant parts and the plant will wilt and
ultimately die.

Q6. Name the tissue which transports soluble products of photosynthesis in a plant. [1M, Delhi
2008]
Ans 6. The phloem is a vascular tissue that transports soluble products of photosynthesis (food or
sugar) to all the parts of plants.

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q7. Write one function each of the following components of the transport system in human beings:
(a) Blood vessels
(b) Blood platelets
(c) Lymph
(d) Heart [2M, 2008]
Ans 7.
(a) Blood vessels: Transport of blood.
(b) Blood platelets: Clotting of blood.
(c) Lymph: Carries digested fats.
(d) Heart: Helps to circulate blood in the whole body by acting as a pump.

Q8. Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in human body. Write
the products formed in each case. [2M, 2019]

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Ans 8. Following are the two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in
human body:

Q9. In the experimental set up to show that "CO, is given out during respiration", name the
substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its function and the
consequence of its use. [2M, 2019]
Ans 9. The substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask is KOH (potassium
hydroxide) solution. The CO2 produced by germinating seeds is absorbed by KOH solution due to
which the air from the bent tube moves into the conical flask, which eventually pulls the water up in
the bent glass tube.

Q10. Why do herbivores have longer small intestine than carnivores? [2M, 2017]
Ans 10. Cellulose forms the largest part of the herbivore's food. Digestion of cellulose takes a
longer time, because the enzymes are produced by the ruminant bacteria that live in the gut of the
herbivore. Longer small intestines ensure that the food stays for a longer duration and proper
digestion is possible. In the case of carnivores, cellulose is not present in the diet, thus the length
of the small intestine is less.

Q11. How is small intestine designed to absorb digested food? [2M, 2017]
Ans 11. The design of the small intestine is such that it provides the maximum area for the
absorption of digested food and its transportation to different parts of our body through blood
vessels. For these purposes the inner lining of small intestine has finger like projections called villi
providing a large surface area for absorption and the small intestine is supplied richly with blood
vessels for the efficient transportation of the absorbed food.

Q12. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place? [NCERT 2017]
Ans 12. Fat digestion takes place in the small intestine. The alkaline secretion of the liver, bile, is
carried to the small intestine by the bile duct. The process starts with emulsification (break down)
of large fat globules by the salt of bile into smaller micelles to facilitate further enzymatic reaction
and digestion process. The fat-digesting lipase enzyme in pancreatic juice and intestinal juices
digest the fat in micelles into triacylglycerols and then fatty acids and glycerol. These fat digestion
products are then absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and are carried to tissues by the lymphatic
system and blood where they either serve as energy fuel or are stored after re-esterification.

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Q13. Explain the significance of peristaltic movement that occur all along the gut during digestion.
[2M, 2010, 2011]
Ans 13. Peristaltic movement is the type of movement in which there is the constriction and
relaxation of muscles of the oesophagus, intestine, and stomach. It is a wave-like structure, which
starts in the oesophagus when the bolus of food is swallowed. The contraction and relaxation of
the muscles during the peristaltic movement help in bringing down the food with the food pipe into
the stomach. It is an important and automatic process which helps in movement of food.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q14. State the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and name the by product. Mention
the source of this by product. [3M, 2015]
Ans 14. The autotrophic organisms are self-feeders that can synthesize the organic compounds
using carbon dioxide as a source of carbon and water as an electron donor. Green plants are
photoautotrophs that carry out photosynthesis, a process that requires atmospheric carbon
dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll.
The energy of sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll and is used to fix carbon dioxide into organic
compounds (glucose) in the presence of water. These organic compounds are used by plants for
their own growth and maintenance and stored in the form of starch that serves as a source of
energy when required. Since water molecules serve as an electron donor, oxygen is produced
during the process of photosynthesis as a by-product and is released into the air.

Q15. In human alimentary canal, name the site of complete digestion of various components of
food. Explain the process of digestion. [3M, 2012]
Ans 15. In the small intestine, complete digestion of various components of food take place. The
process of digestion of food in mouth, stomach and small intestine in human body are as follows:
• Mouth: Digestion of food begins in the mouth. Saliva present in mouth contains a digestive
enzyme, called salivary amylase, maltose and dextrin, which breaks down starch into sugar.
• Stomach: Stomach stores and mixes the food received from the oesophagus with gastric
juices. The main components of gastric juice are hydrochloric acid, mucus and pepsinogen.
Hydrochloric acid dissolves bits of food and creates an acidic medium. In this medium,
pepsinogen is converted to pepsin which is a protein-digesting enzyme. Mucus protects the
inner lining of the stomach from the action of HCl.
• Small Intestine: Small intestine is the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins
and fats. Small intestine produces intestinal juice from the glands present in its wall. The
intestinal juice helps in further digestion of food. Small intestine also obtains digestive
juices from liver and pancreas. The liver produces bile juice that causes emulsification of
fats and the pancreas produces pancreatic juice for digesting proteins and emulsified fats.
This digested food is finally absorbed through the intestinal walls.

Q16. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings? How are lungs designed to
maximize the area for exchange of gases? [3M,2008]
Ans 16. (i) Respiratory pigment haemoglobin takes up O, from the air in the lungs and carries it to
tissues.
(ii) CO2 is being transported from various tissues into the alveoli by blood and is released during
exhalation.

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Within the lungs, the trachea divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in
balloon-like structures called alveoli. These alveoli increase the surface area for the exchange of
gases.

Q17. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each. [3M,2019]
Ans 17. Features:
(a) Arteries are the vessels which carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the
body. Since the blood emerges from the heart under high pressure, the arteries have thick,
elastic walls.
(b) Veins collect the blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart. They do not
need thick walls because the blood is no longer under pressure, instead they have valves
that ensure that the blood flows only in one direction.
(c) Capillaries are the smallest vessels which have walls and are one-cell thick. Exchange of
material between the blood and surrounding cells takes place across this thin wall.

Q18. Write any three differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. [3M, 2008]
Ans 18.

5 MARKS QUESTIONS

Q19. (a) Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal and label on it :

Oesophagus, Gall bladder , Liver and Pancreas
(b) Explain the statement, 'Bile does not contain any enzyme but it is essential for digestion.
[5M, 2009]
Ans 19. a)

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(b) Bile does not contain any enzyme, but it plays an important role in digestion because:
(i) The bile salts emulsify fat by acting on large fat globules to break them into smaller globules.
This increases the efficiency of pancreatic enzymes.
(ii) The food entering the small intestine is acidic. It is made alkaline by the action of bile juice so
as to facilitate the action of pancreatic enzymes.

Q20. (a) Draw a diagram of excretory system in human beings and label on it:
Aorta, vena cava, urinary bladder, urethra
(b) List two vital functions of the kidney.
Ans 20. a)

(b) The two vital functions of kidney are:

(i) It filters out the nitrogenous wastes from the blood and forms urine.
(ii) It also regulates the water balance and levels of mineral ions in the body.

Q21. Explain the process of digestion of food in mouth, stomach and small intestine in human body.
[5M, 2010]
Ans 21. (i) Mouth : In mouth, large food pieces are crushed with the help of our teeth and mixed
with saliva secreted by the salivary glands, using the tongue. Salivary amylase, the enzyme present
in saliva, breaks down starch to give sugar.
(ii) Stomach : The muscular walls of the stomach help in mixing the food thoroughly with the
digestive juices secreted by the gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach. These glands
release hydrochloric acid, a protein digesting enzyme called pepsin, and mucus, which protects
the inner lining of the stomach. The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates
the action of the enzyme pepsin.

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(iii) Small intestine : The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats. It receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose. Bile juice
from liver makes the acidic food coming from stomach alkaline for facilitating the action of
pancreatic enzymes. Bile also emulsifies fats so as to increase the efficiency of enzyme action.
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins
and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present
in it finally convert the proteins into amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into
fatty acids and glycerol.

Q22. (a) List the three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Explain the role of
stomata in this process.
(b) Describe an experiment to show that "sunlight is essential for photosynthesis." [5M, 2010]
Ans 22. (a) The three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis are:
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
Stomata help in exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) for the purpose of
photosynthesis.
(b) Select a healthy potted plant and destarch the plant by placing it in complete darkness for at
least 48 hours.
1. After 48 hours, using clips or cello tape cover a part of the leaf of the plant from both
upper and lower sides with black paper strips.
2. Now, keep the potted plant in sunlight for at least 3-4 hours.
3. After 3-4 hours, pluck the leaf and remove black paper strips.
4. Boil the leaf in water for about 2 minutes.
5. Now, to decolourise the leaf, transfer the leaf from boiling water to a beaker containing
ethanol and boil the leaf in a water bath.
6. Remove the leaf from beaker and wash it in water at room temperature.
7. Place this leaf in petri dish and add few drops of iodine solution over the decolourised leaf.
8. The area of the leaf that was uncovered performed photosynthesis and will have starch,
therefore turned blue-black with iodine solution.
9. The covered portion of the leaf remains yellow as it does not perform photosynthesis.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. The uncovered part of the leaf turns blue-black. This confirms the presence of starch.
2. The covered portion of the leaf remains yellow showing that no starch synthesis occurred in
this region.

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Q23. (a) Mention any two components of blood.

(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.

(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of arteries and veins. [5M, 2018]
Ans 23.
(a) Two components of blood are
(i) Blood plasma
(ii) Blood cells
(b) Movement of oxygenated blood in the body as follows
Pulmonary veins -› Left atrium -› Left ventricle -› Systemic aorta -› All part of the blood
(c) The valves in the heart are to prevent the backflow of blood when the atria or ventricles
contract.
(d) Arteries are thick walled whereas veins are thin walled.

Q24. (a) Define excretion.

(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.
(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of excretory system
which perform following functions:
(i) Form urine
(ii) Is long tube which collects urine from kidney
(iii) Store urine until it is passed out. [5M,2018]
Ans 24.
(a) The biological process involved in the removal of these harmful metabolic wastes from the body
is called excretion.
(b) The nephron is the filtration units present in the kidney.
(c)

i. Kidney form urine.

ii. The ureter is the long tube which collects the urine from Kidney.

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iii. The urinary bladder is a structure which stores the urine until it is passed.

Q25. Explain the process of digestion of food in the mouth, stomach and small intestine in
the human body. [5M, 2016]
Digestion of food occurs in following ways in:
(i) Mouth (Buccal cavity) - The mouth contains teeth, which crushes the food into small particles.
Salivary glands present in the mouth secretes saliva which moistens the food. It also contains
enzyme salivary amylase, that acts as

(ii) Stomach - Gastric glands are present in the wall of the stomach which releases the following
secretions:
(a) Hydrochloric acid - To make the medium acidic for the action of enzyme pepsin.
(b) Mucus - To protect the inner lining of the stomach from the action of acid
(c) Pepsin A protein digesting enzyme.

(iii) Small intestine - It is the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It
receives secretions from liver and pancreas.
(a) Bile juice - It is secreted by liver and performs the following functions :
It makes the medium alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act and also breaks down large fat
globules into smaller globules.
(b) Pancreatic juice - It is secreted by pancreas. Contains enzymes like amylase for digesting
starch, trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
(c) Intestinal juice - It is secreted by the walls of the small intestine. Contains a number of enzymes
such as maltase, lipase etc., for complete digestion.

Q26. (a) List the three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Explain the role of
stomata in this process.
(b) Describe an experiment to show that "sunlight is essential for
photosynthesis."
[5M, Delhi 2010]
Ans 26. (a) The three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis
are:
(i) Absorption of light energy by the green pigment chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and the splitting of water molecule into
hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrate. Role of Stomata are tiny pores present
on the surface of leaves. They are also present on the surface of young stems. Stomata
mainly engaged in the exchange of gases (entry of CO, and release of Oz) associated
with photosynthesis. Plant closes the stomata when it does not need CO, for
photosynthesis.
(b) Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis

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Procedure: (i) Place a healthy green potted plant in a dark room for 1-2 days.
This is done to ensure that the plant consumes all its reserve food and the leaves
do not contain any starch.
(ii) Then, cover a portion of a leaf of this plant on both sides with two uniform pieces of black
paper, fixed in position with two paper clips.
(iii) Now, expose this plant to bright light. After a few hours, remove the leaf and decolorize it with
alcohol and test the presence of food (starch) with iodine solution. Observation: It can be
observed that the portion of the leaf covered with black paper does not (food), Conclusion: This is
because the food prepared by plants through the process of photosynthesis is stored as starch.
Starch reacts with the iodine solution to give blue-black colour. Only those portions of the leaf that
were exposed to sunlight could photosynthesis. Hence, gives blue-black colour when tested with
iodine. The portion of the leaf covered with black paper did not receive sunlight. Hence, starch
was not produced. Thus, it can be concluded that the sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.

Q27. (a) Draw the structure of a nephron and label the following on it: glomerulus, Bowman's
capsule, renal artery, collecting duct.
(b) What happens to glucose that enters the nephron a long with filtrate? [5M, 2009]
Ans 27. a)

b) The molecules of glucose are very small. Hence, when it enters the nephron along with the
filtrate during excretion, it is passed into the nephron tubule along with urea. However, by tubular
reabsorption, the glucose along with some water and other important ions are reabsorbed and are
used by the body.

Q28. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of stomata. List two functions of stomata.
(b) What are the raw materials used during photosynthesis? Write a chemical equation for
photosynthesis. [5M, 2011]
Ans 28. a)

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(a) Open pore (b) Closed pore

Two functions of stomata are:

(i) Exchange of gases

(ii) Transpiration

(b) Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight are the essential raw materials
for photosynthesis.

Q29. (a) Explain how does the exchange of gases occur in plants across the surface of stems,
roots and leaves.
(b) How are water and minerals transported in plants ? [5M, 2015]
Ans 29. (a) In plants there are tiny pores called stomata on leaves and lenticels in the stem which
facilitate the exchange of gases. Carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen given out {during
photosynthesis} and vice versa during respiration.
(b) Water and minerals are transported within the plant by the Xylem vessels mainly in an upward
direction; these are part of the vascular system which also
includes Phloem vessels.
Phloem transports the products of photosynthesis within the plant, to all parts like the stem, roots,
fruits etc. in all directions.

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS

Rule : Assertion is labelled as (A) and the Reason is labelled as (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below :
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true

Q30. Assertion: Leaves are flat

Reason: It places chlorophyll molecules in a way to receive more light.
Ans 30. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.

Q31. Assertion: In human heart, there is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Reason: Valves are present in the heart which allow the flow of blood in one direction only.
Ans 31. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.

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Q32. Assertion: Autotrophic nutrition occurs in green plants

Reason: Green plants self-manufacture their food.
Ans 32. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.

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