POWER GENERATION THROUGH WAVE ENERGY

CONVERTERS

SYED ALIYYAN IMRAN ALI

AREEB HASHMI

ABDULLAH WASI

Supervised by

Dr. Engr. M Raza

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Electrical Engineering.

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bahria University Karachi Campus 2023-24

 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project report is based on our original work except for citations and

quotations which have been duly acknowledged. We also declare that it has not been previously and

concurrently submitted for any other degree or award at Bahria University or other institutions.

Signature:

Name : Syed Aliyyan Imran Ali

Reg No. 70073

Signature:

Name : Areeb Hashmi

Reg No. 70095

Signature:

Name : Abdullah
Reg No. 70069
 APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION
We certify that this project report entitled “POWER GENERATION THROUGH WAVE

ENERGY CONVERTERS” was prepared by Syed Aliyyan Imran Ali, Abdullah and Areeb

Hashmi has met the required standard for submission in partial fulfilment of the requirements forthe

award of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering at Bahria University.

Approved by,

Signature :

Supervisor : Dr. Muhammad Raza

Date :
The copyright of this report belongs to the author under the terms of the copyright Ordinance 1962 as
qualified by Intellectual Property Policy of Bahria University. Due acknowledgement shall always be
made of the use of any material contained in, or derivedfrom, this report.

© 2024, SYED ALIYYAN IMRAN ALI, ABDULLAH, AREEB HASHMI.

All right reserved.

 Specially Dedicated To

My beloved Mother and Father

(Syed Aliyyan Imran Ali)

My beloved Mother and

Father (Abdullah)

My beloved Mother and

Father (Areeb Hashmi)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It has been a great opportunity to gain lots of experience and knowledge and to improve

my academic and research skills as well as our personal skills. For that, we want to thank all

the people who made it possible for students like us.

We would like to thank everyone who had contributed to the successful completion of

this project. We would like to express our gratitude to my research supervisor, Dr. Muhammad

Raza for his valuable advice, guidance and his enormous patience throughout the development

of the research.

In addition, we would also like to express my gratitude to our loving parent and friends

who had helped and given me encouragement. Moreover we would like to thanks to the

administration of my university for allowing us to conduct the experiment, thanks to all the

staff members for supporting us.

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION................................................................................................................................... 2
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION ....................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................... 6
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................. 10
1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 10
1.2 BACKGROUND OF WEC ................................................................................................ 11
1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1 Overview of Various Converter Categories ................................................................... 15
(i) Oscillating Body or Buoy Type .......................................................................................... 16
(ii) OWC (oscillating Water column) ...................................................................................... 18
(iii) Over topping Devices .......................................................................................................... 18
1.3.2 Classification Based On Their Size and Orientation ................................................... 19
1.3.3 Power Extraction Method ............................................................................................... 20
1.3.4 Turbine............................................................................................................................. 21
1.3.5 Selection of generator ..................................................................................................... 25
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 26
1.4.1 Pressure Requirements and Pump Selection ................................................................ 26
1.4.2 Mechanical Structure Design and Implementation ..................................................... 26
1.4.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator ................................................................ 27
1.5 GAP ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 27
1.6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL ..................................................................... 28
1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PROJECT ............................................................. 29
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................................ 30
2.1 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY....................................................................................... 30
2.1.1 Fundamental Parameter of Water Waves ..................................................................... 30
2.1.2 Wave Energy Density....................................................................................................... 31
2.1.3 Wave Power Density ....................................................................................................... 31
2.1.4 Power per Meter of Wave Front ..................................................................................... 32
2.2 PARAMETERS RELATED TO WEC ................................................................................ 32
2.2.1 Capture Width................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.2 Capture Width Ratio (CWR) ......................................................................................... 33
2.2.3 Discharge Rate of the Water ........................................................................................... 33
2.2.4 Force on Pump: ............................................................................................................... 34
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 2.2.5 Force of Friction .............................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................ 35
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................................... 35
3.1 TANK VOLUME .................................................................................................................... 35
3.2 DOUBLE ACTING PUMP ................................................................................................... 36
3.3 WAVE GENERATING PARAMETERS ............................................................................. 38
3.4 GENERATOR ......................................................................................................................... 39
3.5 OVERALL SYSTEM ............................................................................................................. 40
3.6 TURBINE ................................................................................................................................ 42
3.7 CONTROL CIRCUIT ........................................................................................................... 42
3.7.1 Atmega328p ...................................................................................................................... 42
3.7.2 Solenoid Valve .................................................................................................................. 43
3.7.3 Dual Channel Relay ......................................................................................................... 44
3.7.4 16x2 LCD ........................................................................................................................... 44
3.7.5 Flow Meter ....................................................................................................................... 44
3.8 PCB LAYOUT .......................................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................... 47
4.1 PROJECT OUTCOMES.......................................................................................................... 47
4.2 RESULT..................................................................................................................................... 48
4.3 FUTURE WORK ................................................................................................................... 51
4.3.1 Power conversion AC to DC............................................................................................ 51
4.4 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 52
REFRENCES....................................................................................................................................... 53
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................... 56
APPENDIX A: Computer Programming .......................................................................................... 56

8
 ABSTRACT
This project focuses on harnessing water wave energy by using the double-acting pumps

(DAPs) as wave energy converters (WEC). In this project DAP are used as a WEC device to

take out the pressurized fluid from the water, the piston used in a pump move linearly by the

action of the water waves, In this project water waves are generated in a large water tank in

which a block is hanged and moved upward and downward in a water by the support of the

pulley and a block shape is triangular with a curved front surface and block is made by a nylon

material. In this project a primary part is the water wave generation mechanism through which

a floating carpet will float in a water surface, a floating carpet is main component for this project

which transfer the amount of required force for the movement of the piston of DAP in linear

motion. The rod of the piston is rigidly connected with the carpet and move along with it.

Double acting pumps are designed in such a way that it extract water when piston compress

and retract in a full water wave cycle. These DAPs offer a more efficient approach to generating

pressurized fluid, which, in turn, powers a turbine for electricity generation. Unlike traditional

wave energy conversion methods that can be complex and costly, DAPs represent a promising

and streamlined solution. After that installing a piston in a bottom of the tank or in ocean surface

(real scenario) is termed as “Mooring”, it must be strong enough to bear the pressure of the

water in a bottom area of the tank and more rigid. The secondary part of the project is the

second tank in which the water is collected and then fall on to the turbine. Moreover in this

project we also implement the control system for the flow measurement and controlling of

water, and measurement it level.

9
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This project aims to work on the WEC (Wave Energy conversion) technology by using

the method of power take-out through converters. A wave energy converter (WEC) is a device

designed to capture and convert the kinetic energy of ocean waves into usable form of energy,

typically electricity. The basic principle behind a wave energy converter is to harness the

movement of water particles caused by the rise and fall of waves in the ocean which could be

an effective way to extract the power from the ocean waves. In this project double acting pumps

will be used as wave energy converters, the double acting pumps are more suitable to get

pressurized fluid which will be used to rotate the turbine. Double Acting Pumps (DAPs) have

emerged as a promising and efficient mechanism for converting wave motion into usable

electricity.

Unlike conventional methods, which often rely on complex and costly systems. The

goal of today’s wave energy converters, the first devices were meant to compress air or pump

water. Recent technological improvements have enabled engineers to use the compressed air

in an OWC device to drive a turbine and the water pumped by a point absorber to run a

generator. Table 1 breaks down the different ocean energy conversion devices into two main

categories [1].

There is a large number of concepts for wave energy conversion; over 1000 wave

energy conversion techniques have been patented in Japan, North America, and Europe [1].

Despite this wide range in design, WECs are typically divided into several types and locations.

Many innovators have been inspired by the possibility of converting wave energy into useable

energy; by 1980, more than 1000 patents had already been filed [2].
10
 Table 1 Ocean Energy Classification

Ocean Flow Energy Converter Ocean Wave Energy Converter

Tidal Flow Buoy

Ocean Currents Turbine Type
Type

Tidal Lagoon Bi-directional Oscillating Water Tube Type

Turbine Column
Tidal Dam Uni-directional Over Topping Wave
Turbine Float Type
energy

As seen from Table 1 there are two fundamental types of Wave Energy Converters

(WEC), although some authors have broken down these types into even more classifications

based on their orientation and functionality. The first type of WEC to get attention from the

research community is the turbine type while buoy-type converters are a newer idea. Both have

operational prototypes, some of which have even been commercialized [1] e.g. CETO5.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF WEC

Former Japanese naval chief Yoshio Masuda be called the founder of advanced wave

energy development. He developed a navigation buoy equipped with a wave-driven air turbine.

Such buoys are the components of the oscillating water column (OWC) [3].The 1973 oil crisis

sparked a significant shift in the scenario of renewable energies and increased interest in wave

energy generation on a full-scale. In 1974, Stephen Salter introduced wave energy to the

community of researchers and had become a landmark [3].

A new wave energy technology CETO 5 prototype with 5MW peak design capacity,

developed by Carnegie has been installed in Fremantle between Garden Island and the Five

Fathom Bank, Perth, Western Australia, which was the world’s first wave energy project that

11
produced energy and desalinated water together in the same time at commercial scale

(Australian Renewable Energy Agency,2018). The project work started in 2010 and was

completed by 2015 and connected with the grid to provide power for around 3,500 homes

(Power Technology, 2018).To harness energy from waves, the CETO system uses buoys and

the pressure difference of the buoy forces the piston inside the hydraulic cylinder to move and

push the water through underwater pipes that then drive a hydroelectric turbine to generate

electricity as well as desalted water through reverse osmosis [4] .

1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW

To date, a wide range of techniques have been created to transform wave energy in to

electrical energy. In the reference, there were 53 different wave energy technologies listed [6].

They are often categorized according to the type of conversion. In references, the WEC

classifications are described in more detail [4] [6] [7].

Among various renewable energy resources, wave energy shows great potential in

bridging the gap between the rhetoric of carbon reduction and the increasing energy demand,

being a relatively untapped resource, with the global wave resource in the range 1–10 TW.

However, the exact global estimate of extractable wave power is debatable [4]. The theoretical

Estimate of global wave power is about 32,000 TWh/year (with a mean power of 3.65 TW).

In terms of the usable wave power resource, excluding areas with wave power level < 5 kW/m,

the global estimate is around 3 TW [5], while the mean wave power experienced by global

oceanic coastlines is about 2.11 TW [6]. The assessment method and data in are used by the

Ocean Energy Systems (OES) and the International Renewable Energy Agency, with an

estimate of 29,500 TWh/year, which exceeds global electricity consumption in 2018, around

22,315 TWh with two-thirds mix from fossil fuels. Together with other renewable resources,

12
wave energy can play an import role in satisfying both the requirements of carbon emission

reduction, and energy supply increase. Thus, OES member countries plan to achieve over 300

GW of installed wave/tidal capacity, create 680,000 direct jobs and save 500 Mt of carbon

emission by 2050 [7].

Compared with other renewable resources, especially solar and wind power, the

advantages of wave power are multiple: (i) Wave power is characterized by a high-energy

density, over 10 times that of wind and solar power [10]. (ii) Wave power has a high

availability, up to 90%, while the availability of wind and solar is generally in the range 20–

30% [11]. (iii) Wave energy technology has little impact on the environment [12, 13]. (iv) Wave

energy output can also be integrated with existing wind or solar power plants as a

complementary resource for smoothing power output and reducing variability [14–19]. (v)

Wave power is more predictable [20, 21], giving more flexibility for regional or national power

management, and planning.

Despite the enormous potential of wave power, currently active wave capacity is as

small as 2.31 MW [8, 22], and these operating wave energy projects are focused on research

and demonstration. Currently, wave energy technology is at its ‘infant’ age, and there is no

fully commercial scale wave energy converter (WEC) farm in operation, even though hundreds

of WECs have been developed [23]. Crucially, there still exist several technical and non-

technical challenges: (i) technically, it is difficult to generate electricity from low-frequency

(0.1 Hz, i.e., low velocity) oscillating motion and large force (1 MN). This requires extremely

reliable structures and power take-off (PTO) systems and, consequently, high capital

expenditure (CapEx). (ii) WECs operate in an offshore environment, with high installation,

operation and maintenance costs. Thus, the operating expenditure (OpEx) is relatively large.

(iii) The wave power resource varies on both a wave-by-wave, hour-by-hour, and siteby-site

13
manner, in terms of wave frequency, height, direction, spectrum and power level, resulting in

disparate WEC concepts without any convergence, diluting the efforts of research and

development (R&D) and commercialization. (iv) Extreme sea conditions occur from time to

time, and the possibility of structural failure and device loss is relatively high. This adds extra

risk for the finance sector to invest in WEC technology. (v) Currently, WEC technology is

characterized by low maturity, high uncertainty and risk, and requires significant initial capital,

which further discourages private investors. That is, diminishing private and public investments

has been playing the most important recent role in advancing WEC technology by stimulating

R&D activities.

Many devices have been proposed to achieve the conversion of wave energy into

electricity. Various hydraulic or pneumatic power conversion systems are used, and in some

cases, the mechanical motion induced by the wave energy is converted directly to electrical

power (direct-drive) [14]. Mainly the direct drive can be implemented by using the linear

generators. These devices can be bottom-mounted or floating and vary in size, orientation, and

distance from shore. Wave power has high availability, being available up to 90% of the time,

while the availability of solar and wind power ranges from 20% to 30% [8].

In general, current WEC technologies or devices have not yet demonstrated their

capability to harness enough wave energy at a low enough cost at commercial scale. Based on

simplistic estimates of the levelised cost of energy (LCoE), some early stage WEC concepts,

for example, the M4 device [24, 25], have showed their possibility to achieve a low LCoE for

some specific installation sites. Further, geometric optimization can improve WEC’s

hydrodynamic performance, in terms of power capture in moderate waves and survivability in

extreme waves. On the other hand, sophisticated control approaches can significantly improve

power capture, while marginally increasing the CapEx and, hence, dramatically reduce the

14
LCoE [26]. However, WEC hydrodynamics and control are inherently and non-linearly

coupled [27, 28], and a co-design approach is needed.

1.3.1 Overview of Various Converter Categories

Wave energy converter (WEC) are classified based on its working principle and size

and orientation. There are also different methods for PTO power take out in WEC. Mainly

WEC also categorized based on its location. E.g. offshore, near shore, onshore. Below figure.1

Shows the categories of wave energy converters based on the mechanism, (a) Oscillating body

or buoy type including three popular applications: heaving body, oscillating wave surge

converter (OWSC) and articulated body. (b) Oscillating water column (OWC) including

floating and fixed type. (c) Overtopping including floating and fixed type [9]. Based on

operating principle in (Fig.1), WECs can be classified as oscillating body, OWC and

overtopping devices.

Fig.1 Categories of Wave energy conversion mechanisms

15
(i) Oscillating Body or Buoy Type

Oscillating bodies are arrangements of physical structures that move with waves and

capture their kinetic energy [21]. An oscillating body or buoy type WEC converts wave motion

into device oscillations to generate electricity. Some oscillating WECs are developed with

multi-modes to absorb more energy. For simplification, see in Fig.1 there are three main sub-

categories are further classified in this work based on the WEC’s dominant oscillating mode:

(1) heaving body or tube type, which is driven by wave action to oscillate in vertical motion

example Double Acting Pumps; (2) oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC) that rotates

around a hinged axis parallel to the wave crests; (3) articulated body that is oriented parallel to

the wave direction and produces relative rotation between adjacent segments [10].

The buoy type wave energy converter is also known as a “point absorber” [11], because

it harvests energy from all directions at one point in the ocean. Point absorbers are bottom-

mounted or floating structures that absorb energy from all directions [8]. These devices are

placed at or near the ocean surface away from the shoreline. They may occupy a variety of

ocean depths ranging from shallow to very deep water depending on the WEC design and the

type of mooring used. There are several types of point absorbers (buoy type) with the most

common being the hollow tube type or heaving and the float type, although there are other [10]

forms, our main consideration for this project is the heaving and tube type as we can see in

Fig.1.

Wave energy converters (WECs) called point absorbers are buoy-style devices that

collect incoming wave energy from all directions. Offshore, at or near the ocean's surface, they

are positioned. Wave energy is absorbed by a vertically submerged floater and then transformed

into electricity by a piston or linear generator as shown in Fig.2, The Sea based device [12], the

16
Lifesaver device [13] and the CorPower device [14] are shown as typical examples of floating

one-body PAsin (a–c), respectively.

The long, cylindrical tube experiences a pressure difference between its top and bottom,

causing water to flow into and out of the open ends The Sea based device is a prominent floating

one-body Point Absorber (PA) [15]. A floating truncated cylinder captures wave energy,

driving a seabed-mounted linear generator via a rope for electricity production (fig.2a) [16]

Fig.2 The Sea based device (a), the Lifesaver device (b) and the CorPower device (c) are shown
as typical examples of floating one-body Point Absorber.

While oscillating in 6 degrees of freedom, heave motion dominates its dynamics. A

simplified model with heave motion suffices [17]. At full scale, the buoy is 3min diameter, 0.8

m in height, with a 10 kW permanent magnet linear generator [18]. Sea based arrays are

deployable, as shown in a sea trial of a small four-device array addressing power maximization

and another trialin Lysekil show casing limited negative environment an impact[19].

The hollow tube type WEC works on the concept that waves cause pressure variations

at) of the tube. When a wave crest passes above a tube, water will flow down the tube, and

when a wave trough passes above the tube, water will flow up the tube. This flow will push a

piston which may either power a drive belt, a hydraulic system, or a linear generator [1].Fig 3a

shows the FO3 point absorber type setup in the field which is submerged in the deep water. Fig

3b shows Wave Star attenuator (bottom).Wave Star by WaveStarApS [12] Captures motion

17
energy using movable arms and floaters, converting it to electricity via hydraulics. It's storm-

resistant and has a 600 kW 1:2scale model in Hanstholm, with potential for 6MW scaling [20].

Fig 3a The FO3 point absorber (top) Fig.3b Wave Star attenuator (bottom)

(ii) OWC (oscillating Water column)

The OWC uses trapped air above a water column to drive turbines for electricity

generation. Fixed OWCs can be sited onshore or embedded into breakwaters, whereas floating

OWCs can be installed offshore in deeper water.

(iii) Over topping Devices

A type of wave energy converter is the overtopping device, which operates somewhat

similar to a hydroelectric dam. The "Wave Dragon" created by Wave Dragon ApS [4].

Overtopping devices cause waves to overtop into a reservoir to generate a head flow and

subsequently drive turbines for electricity generation as shown in Fig.4. Fixed devices can be

sited onshore or integrated into breakwaters. Floating overtopping devices can be installed

offshore [17].

18
 Fig.4 Wave Dragon Overtopping Wave Energy Converter

1.3.2 Classification Based On Their Size and Orientation

Based on size& orientation with respect to the wave front (seeFig.4), WECs can be

classified into three types: point absorber (PA), attenuator and terminator. For a PA, its

dimension is much smaller than the incoming wave. For an attenuator, its length is comparable

to or even larger than one wavelength and the device is oriented in parallel with the wave

direction. The width of a terminator is comparable to or even larger than the incident

wavelength and the device is aligned perpendicular to the wave direction .PAs can be seen from

Fig.5, the WEC categorizations based on orientation & size can be further divided into

subcategories according to the working principles [17].

Fig.5 Categories of WEC technology classified based on their orientation & size and the
sub- categories with respect to working principle.
19
 There are more than thousands of concepts for harvesting wave energy, and wave

energy converters (WECs) are diverse in operating principles as shown in Fig.6 [7], design

geometries and deployment manners, leading to misconvergence in WEC technologies [16].

Fig.6 .Different energy conversion principles based on absorption of wave energy.

1.3.3 Power Extraction Method

Moreover it is important to select the suitable and effective power take out method,

some new PTO technologies have recently been added to the WEC classification. The working

principles of the PTO system with their classification, [14] as shown in Fig.7.

20

Fig.7. PTO system's working principles and classification, including various

methods based on system requirements.
 The prevalent PTO configuration is depicted in the provided Fig.7 [14].Various

Methods Established like hydraulic motors, turbine transfers, and direct drives are prominent,

while emerging techniques like turboelectric Nano generators and hybrid systems offer

innovative potential." That have been used in the last couple of years to develop the WEC PTO

system [14]. In this project Hydraulic Turbine Method is used for the power extraction, in which

the Double Acting Pump connected with the floating carpet and submerged in the water by the

linear action of the piston a pressurized water comes out from the pump and collected in a tank,

a hydraulic rotation device is a turbine used in this project, then turbine is further coupled with

the generator (Permanent magnet synchronous). [21]

1.3.4 Turbine

Turbines can be differentiated based on the principle of their operation.

1. An Impulse turbine - driven by a high-speed stream of water.

2. A Reaction turbine, with rotating blades curved and arranged so as to generate torque

from steady decrease of pressure of stream from inlet to exhaust.

3. A Gravity turbine is driven essentially by the heaviness of water entering the highest

point of turbine and tumbling to the base, where it is delivered.

(i) Pelton Turbine

Pelton turbine basically operates with high speed stream jets of water that comes out

from nozzles that encompass turbine. The nozzles in this turbine be organized in such a way

that water jet strikes the buckets at the splitters; this gets split into 2 streams at the center of the

bucket. These two streams flow down the inner curve of the bucket and then exits in another

way that it came in. The transform in this water momentum makes this an impulse on the blades

of these turbines, producing torque and the rotation in turbine.[3] In Pelton tube, extreme output

21
will be acquired whenever water stream is redirected precisely inverse to the course at which it

strikes the bucket.

FIG 9. A modern Pelton turbine

(ii) Turgo Turbine

Turgo turbine, is a modified Pelton turbine which was developed in 1920. Turgo turbine

uses double cups on the wheel which are shallower compared to that of the single cups in the

pelton turbine. Turgo turbine can deal with higher stream rates than that of Pelton. This capacity

to manage enormous water volumes gives Turgo turbine a benefit when utilized in hydroelectric

plants which have medium pressure driven heads [22].

FIG 10. Turgo turbine

(iii) Crossflow Turbines

Crossflow turbine or Banki-Mitchell or Ossberger turbine is a kind of turbine that will

in general be utilized in more modest sites which can yield a power in between 5-100 kW.

These are helpful for huge scope of pressure driven heads, beginning just 1.75 to 200 meters,
22
albeit as a rule these are also picked for the heads under 40 meters.[22] Cross flow turbine

generates energy through water from diminishing the velocity.

A cross flow turbine is planned utilizing an enormous round and hollow system made

out from a central rotor encompassed by a cage of sharp blades to raise the efficiency like a

water wheel shape. Water is aimed onto the turbine with the help of a nozzle that makes water

look like a flat sheet, and afterward is aimed onto the sharp edges utilizing a guide vane. Water

will hit this turbine thrice first on the edges at an appropriate angle to maximize the efficiency

and later to within the turbine and finally once again hits the blades on the exit path of water

from the turbine [2]. Most of the power is generated due to the first hit of water streams on the

blades.

Fig 11. A Cross of turbine

(iv) Kaplan Turbine

Viktor Kaplan developed this turbine the year 1913, which is a propeller driven hydro

turbine with automatic adjusting blades and can be employed in low head, high flow sites.

These turbines can be employed between head range of 10-70 meters and achieve a produce a

power around 5-200 megawatts.

To start with, the water is aimed onto the turbine radially, drawing closer from the side.

This is done on the grounds that the generator is normally set up some place alongside the pivot

23
of the revolution of turbine, so if the generator be located here it would get wet. Instead, the

vanes of the guide rapidly receive the water through a 90o turn so it hits the sharp edges

pivotally. Just as diverting the water, these vanes are adjusted to give the water a fitting measure

of "swirl" and the water will leave the turbine pivotally.

Fig12. A modern Kaplan turbine

(v) Francis Turbine

A Francis turbine was named after James B. Francis, which is most widely used hydro-

electric plants, which can be employed normally with a head range in between 100 to 300

meters, but might also be employed to a head of 2 meters too. These turbines can generate

power as low as few kilowatts around thousand megawatts Also, these are advantageous as

they function excellently when positioned on a level plane similar to that of when they are

arranged vertically.

Fig 13. A Francis turbine

24
1.3.5 Selection of generator

A selection of generator is important part for this project, in this project the two

generator are preferable which is Permanent magnet Synchronous generator (PMSG) and

synchronous generator.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG), excels in wind turbine

applications, allowing direct-drive energy conversion. In a Wave Power System (WPS), a

PMSG connects to a full-bridge rectifier and DC-DC converter. The power train of a wave

energy device is essentially a variable-speed drive, consisting of an electrical machine, an

AC/DC machine side converter, a DC bus potentially including energy storage and a DC/AC

grid side converter, as discussed in [23] . The generator charges the DC-link capacitor via a

voltage source converter (VSC) or rectifier and then a voltage source inverter (VSI) is used to

convert the DC-link voltage and current into grid frequency AC voltages and currents. For a

constant speed application, this arrangement works well and the various components can be

optimally selected. However, in wave energy, there are a number of additional requirements

which influence the drive topology. For example, the generator is typically accelerating from

zero to full speed and back to zero every few seconds. The converters manages torque, the

supply side converter handles voltage and input power factor, while the back-to- back converter

links the grid to the PMSG. This setup optimizes turbine efficiency and regulates variable

PMSG speed via a power converter for maximum power flow control [19].

25
 Fig 8. A rotor and stator for PMSG, with Neodymium magnets and a copper laminated coils.

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The project aims to design and implement a system that involves the integration of

mechanical and electrical components for a specific application. This report outlines the critical

aspects of the project, addressing the selection and sizing of components, structural design,

alignment considerations, and electrical system design.

1.4.1 Pressure Requirements and Pump Selection

The initial challenge involves determining precise pressure requirements, which

requires a thorough analysis of fluid dynamics, flow rates, and system demands. Subsequently,

suitable double-acting pumps need selection based on capacity, efficiency, and reliability

criteria. Additionally, choosing an appropriate generator- turbine combination is crucial for

meeting power generation needs [24].

1.4.2 Mechanical Structure Design and Implementation

The structure must accommodate chosen components - pumps, generator, turbine, and

others. It must withstand loads and environmental factors, with proper alignment for efficiency

and longevity. The team must troubleshoot and address issues during implementation.

26
1.4.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

Making of PMSG and connect it with the turbine for mechanical- to-electrical energy

conversion. A permanent magnet synchronous generator, is used in this project for output

voltages. In PMSG a rotor consist of permanent magnets e.g. Neodymium instead of any

winding, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) use permanent magnet excitation

to replace electric field winding, which can simplify the motor structure and also reduce the

motor weight and loss, improve the efficiency and the reliability of the motor.

1.5 GAP ANALYSIS

Over the past decade, various types of Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) technologies

have been introduced, and this field is steadily advancing with each passing day. If we take the

reference from the most recent technology i.e. CETO5, It comes under the point absorber type,

deployed in the deep water (depth>30 meters). CETO 5 technology is the first commercialized

on grid technology. There are some characterized points regarding DAPs which can elaborate

and relate to the problems of wave energy conversion.

1) Mainly it takes along pipe to travel the water to the shore line and rotate the

hydroelectric turbine and requires high pressure, which requires high pressure buoys

and it require high cost [22].

2) The main concern related to the WEC converter is the conversion of wave energy to the

high pressurize fluid ,the double acting pumps is a suitable choice, This is because they

can be used to generate power in both directions, which makes them well-suited for

devices that are subjected to wave motion from multiple directions[23].

3) The system which is deployed near the shore line is less expensive than any other system

deployed far from the shoreline [25].

27
 4) Based on installation location, the WECs can be classified by three types: (1) Onshore

devices which are usually designed to be installed at or to the shoreline; Offshore

devices that are installed in deep water (>40 m); near shore devices which are

deployed in shallow water regions (water at depths less than 20m) [1]. Double acting

pumps can be deployed in the shallow water (depth<20 meter) and it doesn’t took a

long pipe to travel the water to the shore line, they cabdeployed near the shore line and

rotate the hydroelectric turbine, which leads towards a good efficiency [26].

1.6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL

Climate Action (SDG 13): WECs provide a clean and renewable energy source, reducing

the dependence on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. By mitigating the use

of carbon-intensive energy, WECs contribute directly to climate action, helping combat global

warming and its adverse effects.

Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (SDG 9): The wave energy industry, as it

matures, can stimulate innovation and create new economic opportunities. Developing WEC

technology, manufacturing, and maintenance can lead to job creation and promote sustainable

economic growth.

Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7): WECs contribute to the goal of ensuring

access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. By tapping into the

immense energy potential of ocean waves, WECs offer a consistent and renewable energy

supply, which is essential for both developed and developing regions.

28
In summary, wave energy converters, when properly designed and managed, offer a promising

avenue for addressing multiple environmental aspects while contributing to several of the

United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. By embracing this technology, we can move

closer to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible energy future.

1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PROJECT

Renewable Energy Source: Wave energy is a renewable resource, meaning it relies on

natural processes (ocean waves) that are constantly replenished by nature. This reduces the

reliance on fossil fuels and contributes to a more sustainable energy mix.

Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Compared to fossil fuel-based power generation,

wave energy converters have low to negligible direct greenhouse gas emissions. This helps

mitigate climate change by reducing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.

Reduced Air Pollution: Since WECs don't burn fossil fuels to generate electricity, they

contribute to lower air pollution levels, leading to improved air quality and better human health.

Minimal Land Use: Unlike some other forms of renewable energy like solar or wind,

WECs are situated offshore and typically have minimal impact on land use. This can help

preserve valuable land resources and reduce habitat disruption.

29
 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
The overall system formation is based on the mechanical structure which includes

design and implementation of water tank with a capacity more than 500 liters and making of

double acting pumps and the electrical part consist of control and monitoring of water flow and

making turbine.

2.1.1 Fundamental Parameter of Water Waves

Understanding the basic terminologies and variables related to the waves is essential

for further analysis.

Wave Length is a distance from crest to crest (upper part of wave) or trough to trough

(lower part of wave) as shown in 9b, we can also define wavelength as the length of one

complete cycle of the wave.

The wave period is the time taken by the one wave to produce or passes a point. Wave

period is important because it indicates the amount of energy and the speed of the waves, the

larger the wave time period the more energy and faster the wave (The larger the wave period,

the longer the wave has to accumulate energy and travel faster).or shortly we can define the

wave time period is the time taken by one complete cycle.

Fig.9a & 9b Shows a fundamental parameter related to water waves

30
 There are some fundamental terminologies related to the waves which is also shown in

figure 9a and 9b,

ρ is the water density in k𝑔/𝑚3

𝜔 is the wave frequency in radian/sec.

H is the height of the wave in meter (m).

A is wave amplitude in meter (m).

SWL is the mean sea water level (surface).

C is the wave velocity in m/s.

h is the depth below SWL in meter(m).

ʎ (or L) is wave length (meter) = 𝑔𝑇2/2𝜋

T is the wave time period.

2.1.2 Wave Energy Density

The energy density of a wave, shown in equation 1, is the mean energy flux crossing a

vertical plane parallel to a wave’s crest. Wave energy density tells us that how much energy in

joules in the sq. Meter area[1].

𝐸 = (ρgH 2 ) ÷ 8 joules/m2 (1)

2.1.3 Wave Power Density

The energy per wave period is the wave’s power density. Dividing the Wave Energy

Density Eq(1) by the time period of Wave .The wave power the density is an important

parameter for deciding the size of the tank because through this we can find out how much

power (watt) is spread in sq. Meter area [1].

ρ×g×H2
Power density = watt/m2 (2)
8×T

31
2.1.4 Power per Meter of Wave Front

A wave resource is typically described in terms of power per meter of wave front (or

wave crest) [1]. This can be calculated by multiplying the energy density by the wave celerity

“C” (wave front velocity) as equation 3 demonstrates. Where the wave energy flux represents

the wave power available per meter of the wave crest width.

Pwavefront = C × E Watt/m (3)

But mainly in deep realistic sea states, the energy flux or wave power per meter expressed as

Pwavefront = 0.5 × H 2 × T Watt/m

2.2 PARAMETERS RELATED TO WEC

Two parameters are generally available for quantifying the power performance of a

WEC and are used to assess the scalability characteristics of a WEC in this work[17].First

parameter is the capture width (CW) and the other one is CWR (capture width ratio).

2.2.1 Capture Width

The first is the capture width (CW) in meter units, which is defined as the ratio of the

power Pwec (unit of kW) extracted by a WEC to the wave energy flux F (unit of kW/m) or

power per meter of wave front as discussed in section 5.1.3, where the wave energy flux

represents the wave power available per meter of the wave crest width (as described in Fig. 8b)

[17]. Capture width is a parameter that characterizes the performance of a wave energy

converter (WEC). It is the width of the wave-front (assuming uni- directional waves) that

contains the same amount of power as that absorbed by the WEC. As the capture width depends

very much on the size (scale) of the WEC [18].

C. W = Pwec ÷ Pwavefront (4)

32
 Pwec, is the power which is absorbed by the WEC device which is using as a wave

energy conversion. The other way around we can find how much power in watt is absorbed by

WEC we can use Eq (4) as,

𝑃𝑤𝑒𝑐 = 𝐶. 𝑊 × 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 (5)

2.2.2 Capture Width Ratio (CWR)

The second parameter is the capture width ratio (CWR), which is the ratio of CW to

the characteristic dimension D of a WEC. CWR is dimensionless and can be expressed as a

percentage. It is similar to the efficiency of a WEC and represents the ratio of the absorbed

power by a WEC to the available wave power in a given width of wave crest [17].
𝐶𝑊
𝐶𝑊𝑅 = (6)
𝐷

𝐶𝑊𝑅 = 𝑃𝑤𝑒𝑐/𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 × 𝐷 (7)

It should be noted that CWR can be over 100% as a result of the ‘antenna effect’ where

the CW is larger than D, representing conditions in which the WEC can absorb more energy

than contained in a wave crest of the same width.

The characteristic dimension D of a WEC generally refers to the front width of the

device orthogonal to the wave propagation direction. For example, for a cylindrical heaving

tube type WEC, the device diameter A is the characteristic dimension D; for an OWSC, the

device width W is the characteristic dimension. [27]

2.2.3 Discharge Rate of the Water

Displacement volume Displacement volume is the volume of the water displaced in a

pump by the action of piston [28]. This displacement volume depends on the length of the

pump (stroke) and the width of the pump (bore).

𝑉𝑑 = πr 2 × ℎ (8)
33
Vd = displacement volume.

D = diameter of the piston.

L = length of the stroke the distance the piston travels back and forth.

2.2.4 Force on Pump

Force on a pump the forces acting on the float may be modeled via Newton’s equation,

F=ma, the mass of water is taken to be 𝜌*H*Afloat, and gravity is the accelerating force.

𝑭 = (m1+m2) 𝒈
m1=mass of water, 𝜌 ∗ 𝐻 ∗ 𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡
m2= mass of Floating Carpet
F=force of water.
Afloat=Area of float.

2.2.5 Force of Friction

A Friction Force Present between the cylinder and the Piston, Friction force must be

negligible in order to move the piston freely. We have to make the piston to move free by

removing its seal. [29]

34
 CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 TANK VOLUME

The Calculation of the tank is based on the Desired Volume and bottom water pressure,

the Depth and the length of the Tank are considered for a better wave propagation.

Area of tank

𝐴=𝐿×𝐵

A = 1.8288 m * 0.696 m

𝐴 = 1.272 𝑚2

Volume of tank

V=A* H
V = 1.272 * 0.762
V = 0.969 𝑚3
Volume of tank in to litters 0.960 * 1000
970 litters
970 liters is the amount of water volume filled in a tank, a tank filled to the height of 2.5 feet
with breath of 2 feet, and length of 6 feet.
The dimensions of the tank decided by considering the power and energy density of water.
The material used to make a tank is stainless steel.
Hydrostatic force and pressure in the bottom of tank.
We calculate the pressure and force in the bottom of tank by using this formula
P=F/A

P = pressure F = force

35
A = area
ρ = density of sweet water (1000 Kg/𝑚3)
ρ = density of salt water (1023.6 Kg/𝑚3)
g = gravity (9.8 m/𝑠2)
d = depth
Pressure in the bottom of tank
P=ρ*g*d
P = 1000 * 9.8 * 0.762
P = 7643 Pascal 7643 Pascal
Force in the bottom of tank
F=P*A
F = 7643 * 1.272 F = 9721 N

3.2 DOUBLE ACTING PUMP

Force on a pump the forces acting on the float may be modeled via Newton’s equation,

F=ma, the mass of water is taken to be 𝜌 *H*Afloat, and gravity is the accelerating force.

mw = mass of water

mc = mass of Floating Carpet (3 kg)

F = force of water

g = gravity (9.8 m/𝑠2)

A = area of tank (1.272)

ρ = density of water (1000 Kg/𝑚3)

h = height

𝑭 = (mc+mw) * 𝒈

mw = mass of water

mw = ρ * h * A

36
 mw = 1000 * 0.762 * 1.272

mw = 1000 * 0.762 * 1.272

mw = 970 Kg

Force on pump
F = (3 + 970) * 9.8
F = 9535.4N (9.535 Kilo Newton)
Double Acing Pumps are Design with less friction force between piston and cylinder by the
action of piston in the reciprocating motion we can take out the water.

The volume of the pump, theoretically is 2 liters, but in real scenario we cannot fully extract 2
liters from the pump because there are constraint of continuous wave pattern.

Fig.10 Double acting pump Design, with only one head (bottom) and cylinder.

37
Area of cylinder

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2

A = 3.14 * 0.0040

A = 0.012 𝑚 ^2

Volume of cylinder

V=A* h
V = 0.012 * 0.178
V = 0.0021𝑚3

Volume of cylinder in to litters

0.0021 * 1000
2 litters

3.3 WAVE GENERATING PARAMETERS

In the project through artificial water waves generated by using a block shown in figure

11. A DC motor mechanism can also be installed but it’s costly, any round/circular wooden

disc attach with the motor shaft and that wooden disc will be attach to the flapper which will

be used to move in forward and backward motion to create a disturbance in water and generate

waves in a tank.

Now starting with the basic and fundamental equation of the waves v=𝑓∗ʎ

v=velocity of the wave.

f= frequency of the waves, that how much wave generated in a per unit time or in one second.

ʎ= Wavelength.

By using the block we and move it upward and downward with the help of pulley we can create

the waves.

38
If we increase the speed of the block it will increase the speed of the waves which in turn

increase the frequency of the wave. Increase in the frequency will decrease its wavelength and

also decrease its time period. Velocity of the waves can be calculated in m/s by using

V=2𝜋𝑟𝜔 60 𝑚/𝑠;

𝜔 = Rated rpm of the DC motor.

Fig.11 The actual Design of a block for water wave generation in this project.

3.4 GENERATOR
Generator is made by using laminated copper wire 24 gauge wire, and by using a

neodymium magnets. They must be placed in such a way that rotating magnetic field establish,

and voltage induce in armature winding.

Fig.14 shows a solid design of the generator stator and rotor.

39
 Fig.15 Shows a placement of coils and magnets in PMSG.

3.5 OVERALL SYSTEM

o A modular design that allows multiple set ups in propagation direction of the wave.
o Installation capability of the experimental set up in the wave tank.
o Flexibility of stiffness and damping coefficients, carpet properties and Power Take off
(PTO) locations.

Fig 16. Shows a Sequence of connection between the Mechanical Equipment.

40
 Fig.17 Overall System Structure.

Overall System Structure which includes tanks, double acting pumps double acting

pumps and the flow of water, wave generation mechanism. The Primary part of the overall

structure is the mechanical part of the tanks in which first mechanism is the DC motor

connected with the flapper which is mounted in the tank 1 in which the double acting pumps

are mounted. Furthermore the discharged water will be collected in the tank_2 and then fall

with a certain height to the turbine, the turbine will further connect with the PMSG (permanent

magnet synchronous generator) The turbine will rotate the generator Dynamo/Prime mover.

41
3.6 TURBINE

The Turbine used in this project is the Reaction type turbine, Francis Design.

Fig.18 Turbine Design, Designed on Fusion 360.

The turbine is connected with the rotor of the permanent magnet generator (Neodymium

magnets) which will rotate and give the output voltage. Material used in this project to make

turbine is hard plastic. [30]

3.7 CONTROL CIRCUIT

The objective to make a control circuit in this project is to control and measure the flow

of water and continuously monitor the water level and then turn off and on the solenoid valve

according to the water level requirement.

3.7.1 Atmega328p

ATMEGA328P is high performance, low power controller from Microchip.

ATMEGA328P is an 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR RISC architecture. It is the most

popular of all AVR controllers as it is used in ARDUINO boards.

42
 Fig.19 Arduino UNO AT Mega328p

3.7.2 Solenoid Valve

A solenoid valve is a crucial component of any fluid control system. It is an electro-

mechanical valve that is commonly employed to control the flow of liquid or gas.

Solenoid valve consists of two basic units: an assembly of the solenoid (the

electromagnet) and plunger (the core), and a valve containing an orifice (opening) in which a

disc or plug is positioned to control the flow of fluid.

Fig.20 Ac Solenoid Valve

The valve is opened or closed by the movement of the magnetic plunger. When the coil

is energized, the plunger is drawn into the solenoid (electromagnet), and flow through the

orifice is allowed. The valve returns automatically to its original position when the current

ceases due to the pressure of spring and flow through the orifice is restricted.

43
3.7.3 Dual Channel Relay

The two-channel relay module is designed to allow your Arduino to control two high-

powered devices. It has two relays, each with a maximum current rating of 10A at 250VAC or

30VDC.

Fig.21 Dual Channel Relay Module

3.7.4 16x2 LCD

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is widely used in various electronics applications. It is

commonly used in various systems to show different status and parameters. LCD16x2 has 2

lines with 16 characters in each line. Each character is made up of a 5x8 (column x row) pixel

matrix.

Fig.22 16X2 LCD with I2C driver HD44780

3.7.5 Flow Meter

The water flow sensor consists of a plastic valve body, a water rotor and a hall-effect

sensor. When the water flows through the rotor, rotor rolls and the speed of it changes with a

different rate of flow. The hall-effect sensor outputs the corresponding pulse signal.

44
 This type of sensor can be found on different diameters, water pressure (MPa) and flow

rate (L/m) ranges. Make sure to select one that will cover your needs. The sensor that I have it

has 20mm diameter, <1.75Mpa water pressure and ~30 L/m flow rate range.

Fig.23 Hall Effect Flow Meter

Hall Effect Sensors are devices which are activated by an external magnetic field. We

know that a magnetic field has two important characteristics flux density, (B) and polarity

(North and South Poles).

The output signal from a Hall Effect sensor is the function of magnetic field density

around the device. When the magnetic flux density around the sensor exceeds a certain pre-set

threshold, the sensor detects it and generates an output voltage called the Hall Voltage, VH.

Fig.24 ULN2803
The ULN2803 is high-voltage, high-current Darlington driver IC composed of 8 NPN

Darlington pairs. All units share the emitter in common, and each unit adopts open-collector

output.

45
3.8 PCB LAYOUT

Fig.25. Shows a PCB Layout of the circuit, used in this project. Designed on Dip trace.

Fig.26. Schematic diagram of the Control Circuit, with Arduino and 16x2 LCD

46
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 PROJECT OUTCOMES
The project outcomes of Wave Power Extraction with Back To Back Converters are as follows:
1) Efficient Energy Capture: Double-acting pumps effectively convert wave energy,

optimizing energy extraction.

2) Steady Power Generation: Consistent electricity output is achieved as waves interact

with the device.

3) Environmental Benefits: Reduced emissions and fossil fuel reliance align with

sustainability goals.

4) Operational Reliability: Device resilience against varying wave conditions minimizes

downtime.

5) Offshore Feasibility: Viability for offshore deployment enhances renewable energy

expansion.

47
4.2 RESULT

Fig.27 Overall Project With Main Tank, Water Storage Tank With Turbine, Circuit.

Fig28 Double Acting Pump, Flapper, Turbine

48
 Fig.29: Control Card

Fig.30 Method of Water Wave

49
Fig.31 DOUBLE ACTING PUMP

Fig.32. Complete Structure

50
4.3 FUTURE WORK
4.3.1 Power conversion AC to DC

The absorbed kinetic energy of the waves is either conveyed to turbines or the absorber

directly drives the generator. The shaft of the electric generatoris driven by the turbine. Turbines

are generally used within the systems including rotational generators. Due to the varying

amplitude and period ofthe ocean waves, both linear and rotational generators generate variable

frequency and variable amplitude AC voltage. This AC voltage can be rectified to DC voltage

to take the benefit of DC energy transmission through the salty ocean water. After the DC power

is transmitted from oceanto the land, a DC/DC converter voltage regulation. Depending on the

utilized voltage regulation system, a DC/AC inverter is used before or afterthe voltage regulator

[31]. The voltage synchronization is provided by the inverter and the output terminals of the

inverter can be connected to the grid[19]. Due to the existence of variable frequency in the

current and voltage from the stator, an AC/DC rectifier followed by a DC/AC converter is

required to make the grid connection possible [12].

A simple topology of a wind energy conversion system consists of a diode bridge

rectifier, with a DC link to an inverter. This type of converter is simple and reliable, but the

power factor of the PMSG is low. The other problem is that, if the output voltage of the rectifier

is lower than the grid, it cannot be synchronized with the grid. Figure 6 shows the configuration

of PMSG WECS based on the Diode Rectifier Bridge and inverter [32].

51
4.4 CONCLUSION

This project requires interdisciplinary expertise in mechanical, electrical engineering,

and fluid dynamics adhering to safety standards. Consider simulations and prototypes for

design validation before full-scale implementation. This report outline score challenges, setting

the stage for an effective mechanical-electrical integration to meet application requirements. In

conclusion, the utilization of double-acting pumps in wave energy converters represents a

ground-breaking and authentic advancement in the realm of renewable. This innovative

approach capitalizes on the inherent power of ocean waves,effectively harnessing their kinetic

energy with a level of efficiency and reliabilitythat is truly remarkable. The double-acting pump

technology not only demonstrates a profound understanding of fluid dynamics and wave

behavior but also showcases a commitment to maximizing energy extraction from our vast

oceans. By efficiently converting wave energy without significant negative repercussions,

double-acting pump-equipped wave energyconverters have the potential to be a responsible

and environmentally conscious choice, contributing to our efforts to combat climate change

and reduce our carbon footprint.

52
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 APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Computer Programming

CODE: 1

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd (0x27,20,4);
byte sensorInterrupt = 0; // 0 = digital pin 2
byte sensorPin = 2;
float calibrationFactor = 4.5;
volatile byte pulseCount;
float flowRate;
unsigned int flowMilliLitres;
unsigned long totalMilliLitres;
unsigned long oldTime;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);
digitalWrite(sensorPin, HIGH);
pulseCount = 0;
flowRate = 0.0;
flowMilliLitres = 0;
totalMilliLitres = 0;
oldTime = 0;
attachInterrupt(sensorInterrupt, pulseCounter, FALLING);
lcd.init();
lcd.init();

56
 lcd.backlight();
}
void loop()
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
if((millis() - oldTime) > 1000) // Only process counters once per second
{
detachInterrupt(sensorInterrupt);
flowRate = ((1000.0 / (millis() - oldTime)) * pulseCount) / calibrationFactor;
oldTime = millis();
flowMilliLitres = (flowRate / 60) * 1000;
// Add the millilitres passed in this second to the cumulative total
totalMilliLitres += flowMilliLitres;
unsigned int frac;
Serial.print("Flow rate: ");
Serial.print(int(flowRate)); // Print the integer part of the variable
Serial.println("L/min");
Serial.print("Output Liquid Quantity: ");
Serial.print(totalMilliLitres);
Serial.println("mL");
Serial.print("Output Liquid Quantity: ");
Serial.print(totalMilliLitres/1000);
Serial.println("L");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("f_1 rate:");
lcd.print(flowRate);
lcd.print("L/m");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("waterPass");
57
 lcd.print(totalMilliLitres);
lcd.print("ml");
delay(5000);
lcd.print("f_2 rate:");
lcd.print(flowRate);
lcd.print("L/m");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("waterPass");
lcd.print(totalMilliLitres);
lcd.print("ml");
pulseCount = 0;
attachInterrupt(sensorInterrupt, pulseCounter, FALLING);
}
}
void pulseCounter()
{
// Increment the pulse counter
pulseCount++;
}

CODE: 2

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(4, INPUT);
pinMode(5, INPUT);
58
 pinMode(6, INPUT);
pinMode(7, INPUT);
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
lcd.init();
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
}
void loop()
{

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
int level_1 = digitalRead(4);
int level_2 = digitalRead(5);
int level_3 = digitalRead(6);
int level_4 = digitalRead (7);
delay(500);
if (level_1== 0 && level_2==1 && level_3==1 && level_4==1)
{
Serial.println("Water Level 25%");
lcd.print("Water Level 25%");
//Serial.println("25");
delay(500);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);// delay in between reads for stability
}
if (level_1== 0 && level_2==0 && level_3==1 && level_4==1)
59
{
Serial.println("Water Level 50%");
// Serial.println(level);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Water Level 50%");
delay(500);
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(3,LOW);// delay in between reads for stability
}
if (level_1== 0 && level_2==0 && level_3==0 && level_4==1)
{
Serial.println("Water Level 75%");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Water Level 75%");
delay(500); // delay in between reads for stability
}
if (level_1== 0 && level_2==0 && level_3==0 && level_4==0)
{
Serial.println("Water Level 95%");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Water Level 95%");
// Serial.println(level);
delay(500); // delay in between reads for stability
}
if(level_1==1 && level_2==1 && level_3==1 && level_4==1)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("LEVEL<20%");
Serial.println("below");
60
 digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
}
}

61