Lecture 1 2024 Rev1

Chapter 1: Electric Vehicle System Overview:
Power Electronics Technology
Power System/Renewable Energy

Applications
Transportation
Industry Applications
Semiconductor
Electric Drives
Components
Converters
Devices
Power
Power
Major
1
Power Semiconductor Devices
2010 Integrated SiC SBD. 2011 SiC Power Modules 2012 Full SiC Power Modules
Source: Rohm
Six inches UHVDC thyristor 8.5kV/4000A: used

in the Xiangjiaba-Shanghai UHVDC Integrated-Gate-
project in China of 6400 MW, 2,071 km. Commuated Thyristor
(IGCT) 5.5kV/5kA:
2
Power Converters
Rectifier (AC/DC)
Matrix DC/DC
Converter Converter
(AC/AC)
Inverter (AC/DC)
3
Electrical Machines – Model & Control
• Dynamic models of ac machines

• Torque and Flux Control
R
 


S  T

4
Electric Drives: Torque/Flux Control
Current
Control
Flux
Model
5
Power Electronics everywhere
Source: University of Nottingham 6

Energy Sources for Propulsion and Emission
7
Future Transportation: Electrification
8
Global Electric Car Stock
[Electric, Fuel Cell & Autonomous Cars 2023-

2043, IDTechEx]
9
Overview of the Electrical Power System in EV/HEV
10
Conventional engine vehicles
Conventional IC engine:
i) CI IC engine using diesel
ii) SI IC engine using gasoline
11
Conventional engine vehicles
• Vehicles based on the spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI)

internal combustion (IC) engines have dominated transportation for over a
century. However, the proliferation of the IC engine has generated
associated problems of emissions, including greenhouse gases and
pollutants, while operating relatively inefficiently.
• In general, the IC engine is very inefficient at low torque across the speed
range and hits peak efficiency at medium-to-high torques and medium
speeds. Idling operation occurs when the engine is generating no motive
power and can result in inefficient operation over the drive cycle.
• These engines are most efficient at medium-to-high torque and medium
speeds. However, much of the vehicle driving, especially in city driving,
is at low torque and low speeds, and results in inefficient energy
conversion. 12
BSFC Maps of Conventional engine vehicles
Brake specific Fuel consumption of IC vehicles (BSFC) is a measure of the fuel

consumption of an engine in [g/kWh] and is inversely related to the efficiency.
BSFC = 3600  m / Peng eng = Peng / mQ
m = consumption rate  g/s  , Peng = engine output power , Q = specific energy of the fuel [kJ/g] 13
Efficiency of Conventional IC engine vehicles
The IC engine is coupled via a clutch and gearing through the transmission to
the drive axle.
well-to-wheel efficiency   
W −W = W −T  T −W
where well-to-tank efficiency W −T
tank-to-wheel efficiency T −W
14
Battery electric vehicles
• The BEV transforms the chemical energy of the battery into mechanical
energy using electric drive.
• The electric drive is composed of an inverter, an electric motor, and controls.
15
Driving Torque Requirement - Efficiency Map of Motor
[Motor Fan Illustrated No. 184]
Nissan e-Power
(Motor+Inverter)
[Nissan e-Power: 100% Electric Drive and Its Powertrain Control, K. Yoshimoto, T. Hanyu, 2021.]
16
Battery electric vehicles
• The typical EV has a very high low-speed torque available all the way
down to zero speed, and this torque drops inversely with speed beyond the
rated speed as the machine outputs a constant power. This torque
characteristic is available for any electric vehicle, whether battery, fuel
cell, or hybrid.
• The efficiency of the BEV from the battery to the output of the electric
motor can be very high – a range in the 80s is reasonable, including
battery losses.
17
Efficiency of Battery electric vehicles
• well-to-wheel efficiency W −W =  grid C  B −W
where grid efficiency  grid charging efficiency  C

battery-to-wheel efficiency  B −W
18
Advantages: ICE – Electric Motors
• Zero carbon dioxide (not consider electricity generation mixes)

• Higher efficiency (ICE 30-40%, motor >90%)
• Better torque-speed characteristics matched with drive
requirement
• Compact size (not considering battery space)
• Higher controllability - Faster response time (ICE –x00 msec,
motor -10msec), Easy start/stop
• Better vehicle control (independent control of front and rear
wheels) – multiple motors (no such multiple engines)
• Simple structure - No needs of complicated transmission
• Regeneration (recuperation) is possible (Better fuel economy)
• Reverse driving without reverse gear
• Lower maintenance, Lower noises and vibration
 Battery is the bottle neck – driving range, heavy, large space,
price, low energy density compared to gasoline/diesel
19
Electric Motors
• Electric motors are the driving force behind EV drivetrain.

• Electric traction motors are still evolving today with new
designs, improving power and torque density, and the materials
used.
• Improving power and torque density enables improved
driving dynamics in a smaller and lighter package (less weight
and space).
Hyundai IONIQ
• Improving efficiency means that less of the wasted energy of
the battery, leading to improved range from the same battery
capacity.
• EV market has adopted several different motors or a
combination of options. Each has its own pros and cons in
terms of performance, materials costs, and supply
• Permanent magnet motors rely on rare earths with volatile
Toyota Prius
pricing and a geographically constrained supply chain.
[Electric Vehicles: Land Sea & Air 2022-2042, IDTechEx] 20

Which Types of Electric Motors are used in EV?
[Roadmap for the Substitution of Critical Raw Materials in Electric Motors

and Drives, LORENZ ERDMANN, el al.]
21

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Chapter 1: Electric Vehicle System Overview:

Power Electronics Technology

Power System/Renewable Energy

Six inches UHVDC thyristor 8.5kV/4000A: used

• Dynamic models of ac machines

Source: University of Nottingham 6

[Electric, Fuel Cell & Autonomous Cars 2023-

• Vehicles based on the spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI)

Brake specific Fuel consumption of IC vehicles (BSFC) is a measure of the fuel

[Motor Fan Illustrated No. 184]

• well-to-wheel efficiency W −W =  grid C  B −W

where grid efficiency  grid charging efficiency  C

• Zero carbon dioxide (not consider electricity generation mixes)

• Electric motors are the driving force behind EV drivetrain.

[Electric Vehicles: Land Sea & Air 2022-2042, IDTechEx] 20

[Roadmap for the Substitution of Critical Raw Materials in Electric Motors

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