UNIT-V

MASTER DRAINAGE PLANS

ISSUES TO BE CONCENTRATED UPON-TYPICAL URBAN DRAINAGE

MASTER PLAN:
→Issues to be concentrated upon typical urban drainage master plan is
Creating a comprehensive Urban Drainage Master Plan (UDMP) is essential
for effectively managing stormwater and preventing flooding in urban areas.
→Urban hydrology focuses on the study of water movement within urban
environments, including runoff, drainage systems, and water quality.
→Each urban area will have its unique challenges and priorities.
→A successful Urban Drainage Master Plan should be tailored to the specific
characteristics and needs of the community it serves.
→ Collaboration among engineers, urban planners, environmental experts,
and local authorities is crucial to developing a holistic and effective plan.
→ Here are some key issues to consider when developing a typical Urban
Drainage Master Plan in urban hydrology:
1. **Hydrological Analysis:**
- Rainfall data: Collect and analyze historical rainfall data to determine
design rainfall intensities for different return periods.
- Runoff modeling: Use hydrological models to estimate the amount of
runoff generated during different rainfall events.
- Infiltration: Consider the impact of land use changes and urbanization on
infiltration rates.

2. **Hydraulic Analysis:**
- Drainage network analysis: Evaluate the existing drainage infrastructure's
capacity to handle different flow rates and identify bottlenecks or areas
prone to flooding.
- Floodplain mapping: Develop floodplain maps to identify areas at risk of
flooding during various storm events.
- Hydraulic modeling: Utilize hydraulic models to simulate the flow of water
through drainage networks under different scenarios.
3. **Climate Change Considerations:**
- Account for potential changes in precipitation patterns and intensities due
to climate change.
- Incorporate climate projections to assess the impact of increased rainfall
on drainage systems.

4. **Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS):**

- Implement SUDS techniques such as permeable pavements, green roofs,
and retention basins to manage stormwater at its source and reduce runoff.

5. **Water Quality Management:**

- Address the issue of pollutants carried by stormwater runoff and design
features to trap and treat these pollutants before they reach water bodies.

6. **Erosion and Sediment Control:**

- Prevent erosion and sedimentation in construction and urban
development projects by implementing erosion control measures.

7. **Land Use Planning:**

- Coordinate with urban planners to ensure that land use decisions align
with drainage infrastructure capacities and flood risk zones.

8. **Emergency Preparedness and Response:**

- Develop strategies and plans for responding to and managing flooding
events, including evacuation plans and communication systems.

9. **Maintenance and Operation:**

- Establish a routine maintenance schedule for cleaning and repairing
drainage infrastructure to prevent blockages and maintain optimal system
performance.
10. **Community Engagement:**

→water resources investigation informs the technical and scientific aspects of

urban planning, enabling informed decisions that promote efficient water
management, minimize risks, and create livable, sustainable urban
environments.
- Involve local communities and stakeholders in the planning process to
gather insights and concerns about drainage issues in specific areas.

11. **Financial Planning:**

- Estimate the costs associated with implementing the UDMP and develop
a funding strategy to ensure sustainable maintenance and upgrades.

12. **Long-Term Planning:**

- Account for future urban growth and expansion when designing
drainage systems to accommodate increased runoff.

INTERRELATION BETWEEN WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATION AND

URBAN PLANNING PROCESSES:
→Water resources investigation and urban planning processes are closely
interconnected in the field of urban hydrology.
→ Urban hydrology deals with the study of water movement, distribution, and
management within urban areas.
→The relationship between water resources investigation and urban planning
is essential for sustainable development and effective management of
water-related challenges in cities.
→The collaboration between hydrologists, urban planners, engineers, and
policymakers is essential to ensure the integration of water-related
considerations throughout the urban planning process.
→Here's how these two aspects interrelate:
KEY ASPECTS WATER RESOURCES URBAN PLANNING
INVESTIGATION PROCESSES
1.Data Collection and Water resources Urban planning
Analysis investigation involves processes require
collecting and analyzing accurate and up-to-date
data related to various water-related data to
aspects of water, make informed decisions
including precipitation, about land use,
runoff, groundwater infrastructure
levels, water quality, and development, and flood
more. risk assessment.

2.Infrastructure Design Water resources Urban planning

and Management investigation provides incorporates the design
crucial information for and management of
designing infrastructure infrastructure such as
that can efficiently stormwater drainage
manage and utilize systems, sewage systems,
water resources while and water supply
minimizing flooding, networks.
pollution, and other
water-related issues.
3.Flood Risk Assessment Water resources Urban planning
and Mitigation investigation provides Understands the
data on historical flood hydrological
patterns, drainage characteristics of an
capacities, and flood- urban area is vital for
prone areas. This assessing flood risks.
information guides urban
planners in implementing
measures to mitigate
flood risks, such as
constructing retention
ponds, green
infrastructure, and flood
barriers.
4. Land Use Allocation Water resources In urban planning
investigation helps Effective land use
planners identify areas allocation requires
suitable for different land considering the
uses, considering factors hydrological aspects of
such as flood an area.
susceptibility, soil
permeability, and water
availability. For example,
 areas prone to flooding
might be designated as
green spaces rather than
residential or commercial
zones.
5.Environmental Water resources Urban planning
Sustainability investigation aids in increasingly emphasizes
identifying opportunities environmental
for integrating green sustainability.
infrastructure, such as
permeable pavements,
rain gardens, and
wetlands, which can
enhance water
infiltration, groundwater
recharge, and overall
ecosystem health.

6.Climate Change Water resources In urban planning As

Adaptation investigation helps urban climate patterns change,
planners anticipate these urban areas face altered
changes and precipitation patterns,
incorporate adaptive sea level rise, and
measures into city increased frequency of
planning, ensuring extreme weather events.
resilience to future
hydrological challenges.
7. Water Quality Water resources In urban planning The
Management investigation assesses quality of urban water
factors affecting water bodies is crucial for
quality, allowing urban public health and
planners to implement ecosystem preservation.
strategies like stormwater
treatment facilities and
pollutant source controls
to maintain clean water
resources.

8.Public Engagement Water resources In urban planning

and Decision-Making investigation provides Transparent
data that can be used to communication of water-
educate and engage related issues fosters
the public in urban public awareness and
planning processes. support for sustainable
urban development
initiatives.
PLANNING OBJECTIVES:
→Master Drainage Plans (MDPs) play a crucial role in managing stormwater
and addressing drainage-related issues in urban areas.
→ The primary objectives of MDPs in urban hydrology are to effectively
manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding, and mitigate water quality
issues.
→Incorporating these objectives into Master Drainage Plans helps create
resilient urban environments that can better manage stormwater, reduce
flood risks, and protect water quality.
→Here are some planning objectives typically addressed in Master Drainage
Plans:

1. **Flood Prevention and Control:** One of the primary goals of an MDP is to

minimize the risk of flooding in urban areas. This involves identifying flood-
prone areas, analyzing historical flood data, and designing stormwater
management systems that can handle and control large storm events.

2. **Stormwater Management:** MDPs focus on designing and implementing

efficient stormwater management systems that capture, convey, and control
runoff from rainfall events. This may involve the construction of retention
basins, detention ponds, swales, and other green infrastructure features to
slow down and filter stormwater before it enters water bodies.

3. **Erosion and Sediment Control:** Managing stormwater runoff also

includes minimizing erosion and sedimentation. Proper planning ensures that
soil erosion is controlled during construction and that sediment-laden runoff
does not pollute water bodies downstream.

4. **Water Quality Improvement:** Urban runoff often carries pollutants,

including sediment, oils, chemicals, and nutrients, into water bodies. MDPs
aim to incorporate stormwater management techniques that improve water
quality by allowing pollutants to settle or be filtered out before reaching
natural water systems.

5. **Integration of Green Infrastructure:** MDPs often promote the use of

green infrastructure techniques such as permeable pavements, green roofs,
and urban forests. These features help absorb and manage stormwater on-
site, reducing the strain on traditional drainage systems.

6. **Capacity Assessment and Upgrades:** Existing drainage infrastructure

may not be sufficient to handle increased urban development or changing
weather patterns. MDPs assess the capacity of existing systems and
recommend upgrades or expansions to accommodate current and future
needs.

7. **Land Use Planning:** Effective MDPs work in conjunction with urban

planning efforts to ensure that land development activities take into account
drainage requirements. Zoning regulations, land use patterns, and
construction practices are aligned with drainage objectives to prevent
exacerbating flooding and runoff issues.

8. **Emergency Response Planning:** MDPs often include emergency

response plans for extreme weather events. This ensures that local authorities
have clear protocols for managing flooding situations, evacuations, and
coordination with relevant agencies.

9. **Public Awareness and Education:** MDPs may include public outreach

and education initiatives to raise awareness about proper stormwater
management practices among residents, businesses, and community
stakeholders.

10. **Long-Term Sustainability:** MDPs should be designed with long-term

sustainability in mind. This involves considering factors such as climate
change, population growth, and evolving hydrological patterns to ensure
that the drainage systems remain effective over time.

11. **Coordination with Multiple Stakeholders:** Successful MDPs involve

coordination among various stakeholders, including government agencies,
city planners, engineers, environmental experts, and community members, to
ensure that the plan addresses the diverse needs of the urban environment.
COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING:
→Comprehensive planning in master drainage plans is a crucial aspect of
urban hydrology, aimed at effectively managing stormwater runoff,
preventing flooding, and ensuring the sustainable use of water resources in
urban areas.
→comprehensive planning in master drainage plans in urban hydrology
involves a systematic approach to managing stormwater runoff and
minimizing flood risks.
→ It integrates technical analysis, community engagement, and sustainable
practices to create effective and resilient drainage systems in urban areas.

→ Here's an overview of what comprehensive planning entails in the context

of master drainage plans:

1. **Assessment of Existing Conditions:** The first step in comprehensive

planning is to assess the existing drainage system and hydrological conditions
in the urban area. This includes studying the topography, land use patterns,
soil types, existing infrastructure, and natural drainage features.

2. **Data Collection and Analysis:** Gathering data related to rainfall

patterns, runoff coefficients, soil permeability, land use, and other
hydrological parameters is essential. This data forms the basis for hydraulic
and hydrologic modeling, which helps in understanding how stormwater
behaves in different scenarios.

3. **Hydraulic and Hydrologic Modeling:** Comprehensive planning involves

using computer models to simulate the behavior of stormwater runoff during
various rainfall events. Hydraulic models simulate how water flows through the
drainage network, while hydrologic models predict the quantity and timing of
runoff. These models help identify areas prone to flooding and guide the
design of drainage systems.

4. **Floodplain Mapping:** Mapping flood-prone areas is crucial for effective

land-use planning and for identifying areas where new development should
be restricted. Comprehensive planning involves creating floodplain maps
that indicate the extent of potential flooding under different conditions.
5. **Design of Drainage Infrastructure:** Based on the modeling and analysis,
the master drainage plan outlines the design of various drainage
infrastructure components, such as stormwater pipes, channels, retention and
detention basins, culverts, and flood control structures. The goal is to safely
convey and manage stormwater runoff.

6. **Integration of Green Infrastructure:** Comprehensive planning often

emphasizes the use of green infrastructure, which involves incorporating
natural features like vegetated swales, permeable pavements, and green
roofs. These features help reduce runoff, improve water quality, and enhance
the urban environment.

7. **Multi-Objective Approach:** A comprehensive plan considers multiple

objectives, including flood prevention, water quality improvement,
ecosystem protection, and sustainable water management. Balancing these
objectives requires collaboration between urban planners, engineers,
environmentalists, and community stakeholders.

8. **Regulatory Compliance:** Urban areas are subject to various regulations

related to stormwater management, flood control, and water quality. A
comprehensive master drainage plan ensures that the design and
implementation of drainage systems comply with local, regional, and
national regulations.

9. **Public Engagement:** Effective comprehensive planning involves

engaging the community, local businesses, and stakeholders in the decision-
making process. Public input can provide valuable insights and help address
concerns related to drainage infrastructure.

10. **Long-Term Maintenance and Monitoring:** A master drainage plan

should include provisions for ongoing maintenance and monitoring of the
drainage infrastructure. Regular inspections, maintenance activities, and
adjustments based on changing conditions are essential to ensure the
system's continued effectiveness.
USE OF MODELS IN PLANNING:
→Master Drainage Plans (MDPs) play a crucial role in managing stormwater
and preventing flooding in urban areas.
→The incorporation of models in MDPs, especially in the context of urban
hydrology, enhances the planning and decision-making process by providing
accurate predictions and insights into the behavior of stormwater runoff,
drainage systems, and potential flood scenarios.
→The integration of models in Master Drainage Plans in urban hydrology
enhances the precision of decision-making, leading to more effective flood
prevention, improved drainage systems, and better overall management of
stormwater in urban environments.
→Here's how models are used in planning Master Drainage Plans in urban
hydrology:

1. **Hydrologic Models**: These models simulate the rainfall-runoff process,

helping to predict how much rainfall will turn into runoff and enter the
drainage system. Common hydrologic models include the Rational Method,
SCS Curve Number method, and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT).
These models assist in estimating the peak flow rates and volumes that the
drainage infrastructure must handle.

2. **Hydraulic Models**: These models simulate the flow of water within the
drainage system, including pipes, culverts, channels, and other structures.
Hydraulic models help in understanding how the stormwater flows through
the network, where bottlenecks might occur, and how the system responds
during various storm events. Common hydraulic models include the EPA's
Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and HEC-RAS.

3. **Floodplain Mapping**: Models are used to create floodplain maps that

identify areas prone to flooding during different storm events. This information
is crucial for land-use planning and determining where development should
be restricted to minimize flood risks.

4. **Scenario Analysis**: Models allow urban planners to run various scenarios

and assess their impact on the drainage system and potential flooding. For
example, planners can simulate the effects of different land-use changes,
climate change scenarios, or the implementation of new drainage
infrastructure to understand how these factors might influence flood risk.

5. **Capacity Analysis**: Models help in assessing the capacity of existing

drainage infrastructure to handle current and future storm events. This ensures
that the system can accommodate urban growth without causing flooding
issues.

6. **Risk Assessment**: Models enable the quantification of flood risks,

allowing planners to prioritize areas that are most vulnerable to flooding. This
information can guide decisions on where to invest in improved drainage
systems and flood control measures.

7. **Emergency Response Planning**: In the event of extreme weather

events, models can predict the potential extent and severity of flooding,
aiding emergency response teams in allocating resources and implementing
evacuation plans.

8. **Sustainable Design**: Models can assist in designing sustainable drainage

systems, such as green infrastructure and retention basins, that manage
stormwater more effectively and contribute to urban aesthetics and
environmental quality.

9. **Public Engagement**: Visualizations generated by these models can help

communicate the potential impacts of drainage planning decisions to the
public and stakeholders, facilitating better understanding and support for
proposed projects.

10. **Long-Term Planning**: Models assist in developing long-term strategies

for urban growth and infrastructure development by considering factors like
changing climate patterns, increased impervious surfaces, and population
growth.