CFD Letters 13, Issue 8 (2021) 1-19

CFD Letters

Journal homepage: www.akademiabaru.com/cfdl.html

ISSN: 2180-1363

Three Dimensional MHD Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Rotating

Stretching/Shrinking Sheet and Joule Heating
Adnan Asghar1, Teh Yuan Ying1,*

1 School of Quantitative Sciences, UUM College of Arts & Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Hybrid nanofluid has a decent number of practical real-word applications. Previous
Received 11 June 2021 studies found hybrid nanofluid possesses better heat transfer efficiency compared to
Received in revised form 29 July 2021 nanofluid with single type of nanoparticle. However, the characteristics of boundary
Accepted 30 July 2021 layer flow and heat transfer rate involving hybrid nanofluid could be further explored
Available online 8 August 2021
under higher-dimensional space with other physical assumptions surround the fluid
flow. The main focus of the current study is to examine the three-dimensional hybrid
nanofluid flow with rotating stretching/shrinking sheet under the influence of
magnetic field and Joule heating using Tiwari-Das model. In addition, the influence of
suction and stretching/ shrinking sheet on the variations of reduced skin friction, 𝑔′(0),
and reduced heat transfer are studied as well. The fluid flow and heat transfer problem
presented in this study is governed by a system of nonlinear partial differential
equations (PDEs), which is then transformed into the corresponding system of high
order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity variables. The
resulting system of higher order nonlinear ODEs is solved numerically using a boundary
value solver known as bvp4c, which operates on the MATLAB computational platform.
Results revealed that velocity profile of the hybrid nanofluid increases alongside with
the value of magnetic parameter, but declination was observed in the profile of 𝑔(𝜂)
and temperature for dual solutions, as the value of copper (Cu) nanoparticles volume
fraction increases. Furthermore, an increment in the value of the Eckert number causes
Keywords: the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid to rise as well for both dual solutions. In
Boundary layer; heat transfer; hybrid summary, dual solutions exist for shrinking sheet while unique solution is observed for
nanofluid; magnetohydrodynamics stretching sheet with various values of Cu nanoparticles volume fraction and magnetic
(MHD); Joule heating; rotating parameter. Dual solutions also exist for the value of the suction parameter greater than
stretching/shrinking sheet; suction its critical point with various values of Cu nanoparticles volume fraction.

1. Introduction

Choi [1] suggested the term “nanofluids” to represent a kind of modern fluid which mixes the
base fluid with nanoparticles. Organic liquids (such as refrigerants, ethylene, triethylene glycol, and
etc.), oil and lubricants, solution of polymeric, water, and other common fluids can all be used as
base fluids. On the other hand, nanoparticles refer to tiny particles of matter that are smaller than
100 nm in diameter. Commonly used nanoparticle materials are metal oxide (e.g. copper (II) oxide

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Teh Yuan Ying)

https://doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.13.8.119

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(CuO), silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zirconia (ZrO2)), metal carbides (e.g.
silicon carbide (SiC)), chemically stable metal (e.g. gold (Au) and copper (Cu)), metal nitrides (e.g.
aluminium nitride (AlN) and silicon nitride (Si3N4)), and carbon in several forms (e.g. graphite,
nanotubes, diamond, fullerene, and carbon (C)), to name a few [2,3]. Nanofluids are known to have
better thermal properties than their base fluids, particularly in improving the thermal conductivity of
the base fluids. Hence, nanofluids have many real-world applications which involve heat transfer.
Notable applications can be found in solar energy, drug delivery, aerospace, agriculture, cooling and
heat of buildings, automobiles, refrigerators, and microchips (Lund et al., [4]).
An early concept of two-dimensional steady flow of boundary layer through a stretching sheet
was studied by Sakiadis [5]. Later, Crane [6] modernized the thought of Sakiadis [5] by applying a two-
dimensional steady flow over both linear and exponential stretching surfaces. Crane [6] suggested
that the velocity at which a sheet was stretched from a slit is proportional to its distance. Since then,
many past and recent studies in fluid mechanics still revolve around stretching sheet with a variety
type of fluids. The stretching surface flow has an imperative role in several engineering and industrial
fields, like manufacturing fiberglass, plate, and so on (Zaimi et al., [7]). Khan and Pop [8] published
the first finding on stretching sheet in nanofluid where a steady boundary layer flow via the impacts
of thermophoresis and Brownian motion were being considered in two-dimensional setting. While
the stretching parameter was fixed at 1 throughout the entire article, they discovered that the
reduced Nusselt number was a reducing function of Brownian motion number (Nb), thermophoresis
number (Nt), Lewis number (Le), and Prandtl number (Pr). The shrinking sheet fluid flow has only
recently obtained publicity. The fluid flow on the shrinking surface is measured for a large quantity
of industrial usages. Dero et al., [9] analyzed the stability of a two-dimensional Casson based
nanofluid model over a stretching and shrinking sheet using a single-phase model. They suggested
the suspension of silver (Ag) and Cu nanoparticles would reduce the velocity profile and related
boundary layer thicknesses. Suspension of Ag nanoparticles within the Casson based nanofluid
displayed a higher rate of heat transfer compared to Cu nanoparticles. Many researchers studied
other types of nanofluid flow problems to determine the effects of various physical parameters on
boundary layer flows over shrinking/stretching sheets, as well as curved surfaces [10-24].
Recently, many researchers have attempted to further enhance the heat transfer rate by
incorporating more than one type of solid nanoparticles within a base fluid. Such incorporation has
produced a new kind of fluid known as hybrid nanofluid. Devi and Devi [25] investigated a two-
dimensional hybrid nanofluid steady flow past a stretching layer. They recommended that hybrid
nanofluid improvised cooling performance, as evidenced by the fact that the heat transmission rate
of hybrid nanofluid (Cu- Al2O3/Water) is faster than that of nanofluid (Cu/Water). According to
Huminic and Huminic [26], hybrid nanofluid has been used in a variety of applications such as plate
heat exchangers, little channel heat sinks, microchannels, air conditioning systems, and etc. Waini et
al., [27] investigated the influence of radiation on a two-dimensional steady flow across a nonlinear
stretching/shrinking sheet involving hybrid nanofluid. They discovered that when the volume fraction
of Cu nanoparticle in the upper branch solution increases, the skin friction coefficient also increases,
but the local Nusselt number decreases on the shrinking layer. However, both skin friction coefficient
as well as local Nusselt number decreased when the volume fraction of Cu nanoparticle in the lower
branch solution increases. Under the effect of radiation, the temperature for both branches of the
solution rises. After that, Waini et al., [28] discussed about a two-dimensional unsteady flow and heat
transfer over a stretching and shrinking surface in hybrid nanofluid. Finding for the upper branch
solution was similar to Waini et al., [27], but for the solution of lower branch, as the Cu nanoparticle
volume fraction parameter enhances, the local Nusselt number as well as skin friction coefficient
both decreases. Waini et al., [29] examined a two-dimensional hybrid nanofluid steady flow with

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buoyancy effects through an exponentially stretching/shrinking vertical surface towards a stagnation

point. They observed an enhancement of the local Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient in the
first solution when both volume fraction of Cu nanoparticle and buoyancy parameters increase.
Furthermore, increment in both Cu nanoparticle volume fraction and buoyancy parameters also
increases the velocity of the first solution, but this observation became reversed in the second
solution. They also noticed temperature would be reduced in the first solution when the buoyancy
parameter increases. However, the temperature for the first and second solutions was enhanced
with the Cu nanoparticle volume fraction parameter. Many researchers studied other types of hybrid
nanofluid flow problems in order to evaluate the effects of various physical parameters [30-33].
Rotational flow has many uses in sciences and engineering, such as thermal power generation
systems, air-cleaning devices, gas turbine rotors, medical instruments, electronics devices, rotating
machinery, computer storage equipment, and etc. Hayat and Nadeem [34] investigated the use of a
three-dimensional steady Ag–CuO/water hybrid nanofluid rotational flow to improve heat transfer.
Under the effect of heat generation, chemical reactions, and radiation, they revealed that hybrid
nanofluid has greater heat transfer rate than normal nanofluid. Furthermore, the concentration
profile increased when the rotation parameter increased. Moreover, Hayat et al., [35] investigated a
rotating three-dimensional flow of hybrid nanofluid via partial slip and radiation. They concluded
that, as the rotational and radiation parameters increase, the temperature profile increases as well.
After that, Anuar et al., [36] discussed a three-dimensional steady rotating and radiative flow across
a stretching/shrinking surface involving hybrid nanofluid. They observed that the range of dual
solutions was reduced as the value of the rotational parameter increases. The fundamental impact
of stretching/shrinking sheet and rotating flow involving hybrid nanofluids have been broadly
examined by several other authors [37- 40].
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is the study of the movement of electrically conducting fluids as
in the existence of a magnetic field. Engineers used the MHD concept in the design of a wide range
of applications in industries, notably in flow meters, space vehicle impulsion, nuclear waste disposal,
MHD pumps, heat exchangers generators, nuclear reactor cooling, and geothermal energy extractors
(Yashkun et al., [41]). Devi and Devi [25] investigated numerically a two-dimensional MHD steady
hybrid nanofluid flow across a stretching plate with suction as well as Newtonian heating. They
observed the increment in magnetic field strength has enhanced the hybrid nanofluid’s temperature
but reduced its velocity. Furthermore, Devi and Devi [42] extended their previous work in Devi and
Devi [25] to a three-dimensional steady flow. The influence of magnetic field strength on the hybrid
nanofluid’s velocity and temperature in the three-dimensional steady flow was similar to the two-
dimensional steady flow reported in Devi and Devi [25]. Aly and Pop [43] further studied a two-
dimensional MHD hybrid nanofluid flow past a shrinking and stretching plate by convective boundary
conditions and suction. They detected the addition of Cu nanoparticles to Al2O3/water would cool
the resultant hybrid nanofluid when the volume fraction of Cu nanoparticle, suction, and magnetic
parameters were increased for a stretching/shrinking layer. Waini et al., [44] investigated the heat
transfer of a two-dimensional steady hybrid nanofluid flow within an exponentially
stretching/shrinking layer. They observed that the temperature increased the dual solutions as the
effect of radiation was enhanced, but the temperature decreases in the first solution and increases
in the second solution when the value of the magnetic parameter increases. Recently, Lund et al.,
[45] studied a two-dimensional unsteady MHD flow with radiation over a shrinking and stretching
surface in hybrid nanofluid. They concluded that temperature was boosted when the radiation effect
increased for both dual solutions. They also found out that the magnetic parameter’s critical values
were enhanced with the volume fraction of Cu nanoparticle parameter. Additional references of
hybrid nanofluid in the direction of MHD can also be found in the existing literature [46-49].

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Joule heating is the method of producing heat by conducting an electric current through a
resistor, also identified as Ohmic heating (Yashkun et al., [41]). Joule heating is used in many
applications, for instance, incandescent light bulb, cartridge heaters, resistance ovens, electric
heaters, food processing apparatus, soldering irons, electric fuses, and electric stoves, to name a few
(Yashkun et al., [41]). A two-dimensional MHD steady hybrid nanofluid flow by a radially
stretching/shrinking sheet through Joule heating was investigated by Khashi’ie et al., [50]. They
mentioned about Eckert number parameter did not affect the boundary layer separation, but a
higher suction parameter value could have an influence on heat transfer efficiency. Yan et al., [51]
examined a two-dimensional MHD steady hybrid nanofluid flow that passes through an exponential
surface with Joule heating. Observation on the first solution revealed that the skin friction coefficient
was enhanced along with the magnetic and suction parameters, but the said coefficient decreases
under the influence of the velocity slip factor. The temperature in dual solutions rises as the Eckert
number increases. However, no shift in boundary layer separation was observed for different Eckert
number parameters. Yashkun et al., [41] explored the heat transfer behavior of a two-dimensional
steady flow within an exponentially stretching/shrinking layer, as well as Joule heating and mixed
convection in hybrid nanofluid. Finding on the influence of Eckert number on the temperature of dual
solutions was found similar to Yan et al., [51]. Furthermore, Eckert number did not affect the variation
of reduced skin friction since it remains the same for increasing values of Eckert number. The Joule
heating effect along various flow configurations and physical consequences may also be studied in
the current literature [52-55].
Researches on the hybrid nanofluid with the effect of MHD and Joule heating were currently
limited in the case of two-dimensional steady flow (see Yashkun et al., [41], Khashi’ie et al., [50], Yan
et al., [51]). From the literature review on preceding studies, it is crucial to consider such a problem
as three-dimensional flow as this setting allows more comprehensive and realistic applications in the
real-world. Anuar et al., [36] have considered a three-dimensional hybrid nanofluid flow over rotating
stretching/shrinking sheet with the effect of radiation but without paying the attention to the
influence of MHD and Joule heating. Therefore, this current study extended the work of Anuar et al.,
[36] by including the effect of MHD and Joule heating via Tiwari-Das model (see Tiwari and Das [56]).
Hence, a novel physical model of three-dimensional steady MHD hybrid nanofluid flow past a linear
rotating stretching/shrinking sheet with Joule heating is obtained for this study. The proposed model
might find its application in the compressor of the refrigeration system. Hybrid nanofluid as the
refrigerant, is moved through the entire refrigeration system using the compressor which indeed is
a pump consists of a rotating motor driven by the magnetic field. The compressor also has an
overload protector which prevents the compressor from overheat while working. Therefore, Joule
heating occurred while the overload protector works as a resistor.
The hybrid nanofluid considered in this study is prepared by first releasing alumina (Al2O3) into
the water to form an Al2O3/water nanofluid. After that, copper (Cu) is mixed into the Al2O3/water
nanofluid and forms an Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid. The effects of suction and stretching sheet
on the variations of reduced heat transfer and reduced skin friction are studied. Moreover, the
temperature and velocity profiles for various rotation and magnetic parameters are examined and
presented as well.

2. Methodology
2.1 Mathematical Modelling

Figure 1 depicts the three-dimensional MHD Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid flow with heat
transfer over a permeable rotating shrinking/stretching sheet which can be represented in three-

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dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (or three-dimensional space). The hybrid nanofluid is
assumed to be a steady, laminar, Newtonian, and incompressible flow which occupied the upper half-
space at 𝑧 ≥ 0. It is noted that the 𝑥-axis and 𝑦-axis are measured in the plane 𝑧 = 0. The sheet at
𝑧 = 0 has a few assumptions as follows

i. It is considered to stretch/shrink in the 𝑥-direction only with velocity 𝑈𝑤 = 𝑎𝑥 where 𝑎 is a

constant,
ii. It rotates with a constant velocity Ω about the vertical 𝑧-axis, where 𝑧 is the coordinate
measured perpendicular to the sheet, and
iii. It is influenced by a uniform magnetic field of strength 𝐵 being applied in the direction parallel
to the 𝑧-axis.

The temperature at the stretching/shrinking sheet is 𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇0 𝑥 2 , where 𝑇0 is the characteristic

temperature (Lund et al., [57]), while the ambient temperature is denoted by 𝑇∞ . Additional
assumption requires nanoparticle as well as fluid phases to achieve the state of thermal equilibria
(Anuar et al., [36]). Besides, velocity slip between the phases can be neglected since the shape and
size of the nanoparticles are uniform and significantly small, respectively (Anuar et al., [36]).

Fig. 1. The physical model considered in this study

The above-mentioned physical model can be represented by the basic steady conservation of
mass, momentum, and thermal energy governing equations as follows (Yashkun et al., [41]; Anuar et
al., [36])

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + = 0, (1)
𝜕𝑥 ∂y 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜇 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜎
𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑤 𝜕𝑧 − 2Ω𝑣 = 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑧 2 − 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝐵 2 𝑢, (2)
ℎ𝑛𝑓 ℎ𝑛𝑓

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜇 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜎
𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑤 𝜕𝑧 + 2Ω𝑢 = 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑧 2 − 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝐵 2 𝑣, (3)
ℎ𝑛𝑓 ℎ𝑛𝑓

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑘 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜎
𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑤 𝜕𝑧 = (𝜌𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑓 + (𝜌𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝐵 2 (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ), (4)
) 𝑝 ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑧 2 )𝑝 ℎ𝑛𝑓

with boundary conditions

𝑢 = 𝜆𝑈𝑤 , 𝑣 = 0, 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑤 , 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇0 𝑥 2 + 𝑇∞ as 𝑧 = 0, (5)

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𝑢 → 0, 𝑣 → 0, 𝑇 → 𝑇∞ as 𝑧 → ∞, (6)

where 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤 are the velocity components in the 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 directions, respectively, 𝑇 is the
temperature, Ω is the angular velocity, and 𝐵 is the magnitude of the magnetic field strength.
Moreover, 𝑐𝑝 , 𝜇, 𝜌, 𝑘, and 𝜎 denote the specific heat capacity, dynamic viscosity, density, thermal
conductivity, and electrical conductivity, respectively. In addition, 𝜆 is the constant stretching and
shrinking parameters with 𝜆 = 0 for the static sheet, 𝜆 < 0 for shrinking case, and 𝜆 > 0 for the
stretching; and 𝑤𝑤 is the constant mass flux velocity with 𝑤𝑤 > 0 for suction and 𝑤𝑤 < 0 for
injection.
The subscripts ‘𝑓’, ‘𝑛𝑓’’, ‘ℎ𝑛𝑓’, ‘1’ and ‘2’ stand for ‘base fluid’, ‘nanofluid’, ‘hybrid nanofluid’,
‘solid nanoparticle 1 (Al2O3)’ and ‘solid nanoparticle 2 (Cu)’. Following the definitions of the
subscripts, Table 1 gives the thermophysical properties employed in Eq. (2)-(4). From Table 1, 𝜑1 and
𝜑2 denote the volume fraction parameter for nanoparticles Al2O3 and Cu, respectively, while 𝜎1 and
𝜎2 represent the electric conductivity parameter for nanoparticles Al2O3 and Cu, respectively.

Table 1
Thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluid (Yashkun et al., [41])
Properties Hybrid Nanofluid
Dynamic Viscosity 𝜇𝑓
𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 =
(1 − 𝜑2 )2.5 (1 − 𝜑1 )2.5
Density 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜑2 )[(1 − 𝜑1 )𝜌𝑓 + 𝜑1 𝜌1 ] + 𝜑2 𝜌2
Thermal conductivity 𝑘2 + 2𝑘𝑛𝑓 − 2𝜑2 (𝑘𝑛𝑓 − 𝑘2 ) 𝑘1 + 2𝑘𝑓 − 2𝜑1 (𝑘𝑓 − 𝑘1 )
𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 = × 𝑘𝑛𝑓 where 𝑘𝑛𝑓 = × 𝑘𝑓
𝑘2 + 2𝑘𝑛𝑓 + 𝜑2 (𝑘𝑛𝑓 − 𝑘2 ) 𝑘1 + 2𝑘𝑓 + 𝜑1 (𝑘𝑓 − 𝑘1 )
Volumetric heat capacity (𝜌𝑐𝑝 )ℎ𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜑2 ) [(1 − 𝜑1 )(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓 + 𝜑1 (𝜌𝑐𝑝 )1 ] + 𝜑2 (𝜌𝑐𝑝 )2
Electrical conductivity 𝜎2 + 2𝜎𝑛𝑓 − 2𝜑2 (𝜎𝑛𝑓 − 𝜎2 ) 𝜎1 + 2𝜎𝑓 − 2𝜑1 (𝜎𝑓 − 𝜎1 )
𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 = × 𝜎𝑛𝑓 where 𝜎𝑛𝑓 = × 𝜎𝑓
𝜎2 + 2𝜎𝑛𝑓 + 𝜑2 (𝜎𝑛𝑓 − 𝜎2 ) 𝜎1 + 2𝜎𝑓 + 𝜑1 (𝜎𝑓 − 𝜎1 )

The thermophysical properties of the nanoparticles (i.e. Al2O3 and Cu) and base fluid (water) are
shown in Table 2.

Table 2
Thermophysical properties of nanoparticles and base fluid (water) (Yashkun et al., [41]; Anuar et al., [36])
𝜌 (kgm−3 ) 𝑐𝑝 (Jkg −1 𝐾 −1 ) 𝑘 (Wm−1 K −1 ) 𝜎 (𝑆𝑚−1 ) Pr
Water (H2O) 997.1 4179 0.613 0.05 6.2
Alumina (Al2O3) 3970 765 40 5.96×107 -
Copper (Cu) 8933 385 400 3.69×107 -

The governing equations in Eq. (1)-(4) and boundary conditions in Eq. (5)-(6) can be transformed
to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by the following similarity variables
(Sajid et al., [58]; Anuar et al., [36])

𝑇−𝑇∞ 𝑎
𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥𝑓′(𝜂), 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑥𝑔(𝜂), 𝑤 = −√𝑎𝜈𝑓 𝑓(𝜂), 𝜃(𝜂) = 𝑇 , 𝜂 = 𝑧√𝜈 , (7)
𝑤 −𝑇∞ 𝑓

where 𝑎 is a positive constant and 𝜈𝑓 is the kinematic viscosity of the base fluid. However, Eq. (1) is
automatically satisfied after applying the similarity variables in Eq. (7). On substituting the similarity
variables in Eq. (7) into the remaining Eq. (2)-(6), the following system of higher order nonlinear ODEs
is obtained

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𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜇𝑓 𝜎 ⁄𝜎
𝑓 ′′′ − (𝑓 ′ )2 + 𝑓𝑓 ′′ + 2𝜔𝑔 − 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜌𝑓 M𝑓 ′ = 0 , (8)
𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜌𝑓 ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝑓

𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜇𝑓 𝜎 ⁄𝜎
𝑔′′ + 𝑓𝑔′ − 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 − 2𝜔𝑓′ − 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜌𝑓 M𝑔 = 0 , (9)
𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜌𝑓 ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝑓

1 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜎𝑓 2

{ } 𝜃 ′′ + 𝑓𝜃 ′ − 2𝑓 ′ 𝜃 + (𝜌𝑐 MEc(𝑓 ′ + 𝑔2 ) = 0 , (10)
Pr(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓 𝑘𝑓 𝑝) ⁄(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )
ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝑓

as well as the boundary conditions

𝑓(0) = 𝑆, 𝑔(0) = 0, 𝑓 ′ (0) = 𝜆, 𝜃(0) = 1, (11)

𝑓′(𝜂) → 0, 𝑔(𝜂) → 0, 𝜃(𝜂) → 0 as 𝜂 → ∞, (12)

where the Prandtl number is signified by the symbol Pr, 𝜔 is the rotation parameter, M stands for
the magnetic parameter and Ec is the Eckert number, that are defined by

(𝜇𝑐𝑝 ) Ω 𝐵2 𝜎𝑓 𝑎2
𝑓
Pr = ,𝜔 = 𝑎,M= , Ec = 𝑇 (𝑐 . (13)
𝑘𝑓 𝑎𝜌𝑓 0 𝑝 )𝑓

Besides, the parameter of suction/injection is denoted by 𝑆, where 𝑆 > 0 corresponds to suction and
𝑆 < 0 for injection.
The physical quantities of interest are the skin friction coefficients along the 𝑥-axis and 𝑦-axis that
are represented by 𝐶𝑓𝑥 and 𝐶𝑓𝑦 , respectively, and the local Nusselt number 𝑁𝑢𝑥 ; all of which are
described as

𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑣 −𝑥𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑇

𝐶𝑓𝑥 = 𝜌 2
( 𝜕𝑧 ) , 𝐶𝑓𝑦 = 𝜌 2 (𝜕𝑧 )
, 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 𝑘 ( ) . (14)
𝑓 (𝑈𝑤 ) 𝑧=0 𝑓 (𝑈𝑤 ) 𝑧=0 𝑓 (𝑇𝑤 −𝑇∞ ) 𝜕𝑧 𝑧=0

On applying the similarity variables in Eq. (7) into Eq. (14), the following Eq. (15) is obtained

𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓

√Re𝑥 𝐶𝑓𝑥 = 𝑓 ′′ (0), √Re𝑥 𝐶𝑓𝑦 = 𝑔′ (0), =− 𝜃′(0), (15)
𝜇𝑓 𝜇𝑓 √Re𝑥 𝑘𝑓

𝑈𝑤 𝑥
where, Re𝑥 = is the local Reynolds number.
𝜈𝑓

2.2 Numerical Method

The system of higher order nonlinear ODEs shown in Eq. (8)-(10) with the boundary conditions in
Eq. (11)-(12) are solved numerically using bvp4c solver, which operates on the MATLAB
computational platform. The bvp4c solver embedded the three-stage Lobatto IIIA Runge–Kutta
method and returns numerical solutions of fourth order accuracy (Hale [59]). To implement bvp4c
solver to our physical model, the following steps have been taken.

STEP 1: New variables are introduced for the system of higher order nonlinear ODEs in Eq. (8)-(10)

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𝑦(1) = 𝑓, 𝑦(2) = 𝑓 ′ , 𝑦(3) = 𝑓 ′′ , 𝑦(4) = 𝑔, 𝑦(5) = 𝑔′ , 𝑦(6) = 𝜃, 𝑦(7) = 𝜃′. (16)

STEP 2: Reduce the system of higher order nonlinear ODEs in Eq. (8)-(10) to a system of first order
nonlinear ODEs using the new variables in Eq. (16)

𝑓 ′ = 𝑦(2),
𝑓 ′′ = 𝑦(3),
2 𝜎 ⁄𝜎 𝜌 ⁄𝜌
𝑓 ′′′ = ((𝑦(2)) − 𝑦(1)𝑦(3) − 2Ω𝑦(4) + 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜌𝑓 M ∙ 𝑦(2)) 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜇𝑓 ,
ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝑓 ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝑓
′
𝑔 = 𝑦(5), (17)
𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜎𝑓 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜌𝑓
𝑔′′ = (𝑦(2)𝑦(4) − 𝑦(1)𝑦(5) + 2Ω𝑦(2) + M ∙ 𝑦(4)) ,
𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜌𝑓 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜇𝑓
𝜃 ′ = 𝑦(7),
𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝜎𝑓 2 2 Pr(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓
𝜃 ′′ = (2𝑦(2)𝑦(6) − 𝑦(1)𝑦(7) − (𝜌𝑐 M ∙ Ec ((𝑦(2)) + (𝑦(4)) )) .
𝑝) ⁄(𝜌𝑐𝑝 ) 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 ⁄𝑘𝑓
ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝑓

STEP 3: Express the boundary conditions in Eq. (11)-(12) in terms of the new variables in Eq. (16)

𝑦(1)𝑎 = 𝑆, 𝑦(4)𝑎 = 0, 𝑦(2)𝑎 = 𝜆, 𝑦(6)𝑎 = 1, 𝑦(2)𝑏 = 0, 𝑦(6)𝑏 = 0, 𝑦(4)𝑏 = 0. (18)

The subscripts ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’ indicate the location the sheet at 𝜂 = 0, and the location away from
the sheet for a specific value of 𝜂. In this study, this location is set at 𝜂 = 20.

STEP 4: Code the system of first order nonlinear ODEs in Eq. (17) along with the boundary conditions
in Eq. (18) in bvp4c solver.

STEP 5: Obtain the first and second solutions by using two different set of initial guesses, one set at
a time when executing the bvp4c solver. A set of initial guesses will be accepted if the computed
temperature and velocity profiles fulfil Eq. (11)-(12), otherwise repeat this step with another new set
of initial guesses. Several attempts are usually required before obtaining a satisfying set of initial
guesses.

3. Results and Discussion

Firstly, to validate the physical model proposed in this study, the reduced skin friction 𝑓 ′′ (0) and
′ (0)
𝑔 for pure water (𝜑1 = 𝜑2 = 0) with varying values of rotational parameter 𝜔, are compared
with existing results obtained from Mustafa et al., [60] and Anuar et al., [36] for stretching sheet 𝜆 =
1 and without the presence of suction and magnetic field. Such comparisons are tabulated in Table
3.

Table 3
Comparison of the values for 𝑓 ′′ (0) and 𝑔′ (0) when 𝜑1 = 𝜑2 = 0, 𝑆 = 0, M = 0, Ec = 0.1, 𝜆 = 1, Pr =
6.2
Mustafa et al., [60] Anuar et al., [36] Current study
𝜔 𝑓 ′′ (0) 𝑔′ (0) 𝑓 ′′ (0) 𝑔′ (0) 𝑓 ′′ (0) 𝑔′ (0)
0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 0
0.5 −1.13838 −0.51276 −1.13838 −0.51276 −1.138374 −0.512760
1.0 −1.32503 −0.83709 −1.32503 −0.83710 −1.325029 −0.837097

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From Table 3, it is noticed that current findings agree with those results obtained from previous
studies. Thus, Table 3 successfully validated the physical model proposed in this study as well as the
coding in the bvp4c solver.
The effects of 𝜑2 on the reduced skin friction 𝑓 ′′ (0), 𝑔′ (0) and reduced heat transfer – 𝜃 ′ (0)
against various values of suction parameter 𝑆 are given in Figures 2-4 for shrinking sheet 𝜆 = −1.
The selected values of 𝜑2 in Figures 2-4 lies within the range values of 𝜑2 ∈ [0,0.2] as recommended
by Tiwari and Das [56]. Here, 𝑆𝑐 denotes the critical point of the suction parameter, where both first
and second solutions meet each other. From Figures 2-4, no solution is observed when 𝑆 < 𝑆𝑐 .
Furthermore, the values of 𝑆𝑐 = 1.8599, 1.7299, and 1.6190 are corresponding critical points of 𝜑2 =
0, 0.05 and 0.1, respectively. This signifies that the boundary layer separation has been extended as
𝜑2 increases. From Figure 2, when the value of 𝜑2 varies from 0 to 0.1, the value of the skin friction
𝑓 ′′ (0) ascents in the first solution but declines in the second solution. In Figure 3, there is no obvious
variation in the value of 𝑔′(0) within the first solution as 𝜑2 rises, as opposed to the increasing trend
of 𝑔′(0) being observed within the second solution. As in Figure 4, the value of −𝜃′(0) decreases
with an increment of 𝜑2 in both solutions.

Fig. 2. Effect of 𝜑2 on 𝑓′′(0) with respect to 𝑆

Fig. 3. Effect of 𝜑2 on 𝑔′(0) with respect to 𝑆

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Fig. 4. Effect of 𝜑2 on −𝜃′(0) with respect to 𝑆

Figures 5-7 demonstrate the variation of the reduced skin friction 𝑓′′(0), 𝑔′(0) and reduced heat
transfer −𝜃′(0) with respect to the stretching or shrinking parameter 𝜆 for different values of 𝜑2 .
The selected values of 𝜑2 in Figures 5-7 follow the values of 𝜑2 chosen by Anuar et al., [36]. From
Figures 5-7, dual solutions are detected in the shrinking region for 𝜆 ∈ [𝜆𝑐 , −1] as 𝜆𝑐 denotes the
critical point. On the other hand, unique solution generally exists in both shrinking and stretching
regions for values of 𝜆 > −1. The solution domain has been extended leftward for every increment
in 𝜑2 . That being said, the values of 𝜆𝑐 = −1.3263, −1.3608 and −1.3901 are the corresponding
critical points of 𝜑2 = 0, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively. This also proved that the boundary separation
has been delayed as 𝜑2 increases. Figure 5 shows an increment in 𝜑2 rises the value of 𝑓′′(0) for the
first solution when 𝜆𝑐 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 0 and decreases this value when 𝜆 > 0. However, the value of 𝑓′′(0)
for the second solution decreases as 𝜑2 ascents within the range 𝜆𝑐 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 0. In Figure 6, no obvious
variation in the value of 𝑔′(0) is noticed within the first solution as 𝜑2 rises but find an obvious
decrement in the value of 𝑔′(0) within the second solution. Figure 7 witnesses a decrement in the
value of −𝜃′(0) for both solutions as 𝜑2 increases. Similar observations can also be found in Anuar
et al., [36].

Fig. 5. Effect of 𝜑2 on 𝑓′′(0) with respect to 𝜆

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Fig. 6. Effect of 𝜑2 on 𝑔′(0) with respect to 𝜆

Fig. 7. Effect of 𝜑2 on −𝜃′(0) with respect to 𝜆

Figures 8-10 show the impacts of magnetic parameter M towards the velocity profile 𝑓′(𝜂), 𝑔(𝜂)
and temperature profile 𝜃(𝜂), respectively. It was detected from Figure 8 that the velocity of the
hybrid nanofluid increases as the values of M is increased for both solutions. Figures 9-10 show that
both 𝑔(𝜂) and temperature decline for both solutions as the values of M increases.

Fig. 8. Velocity profile for different M

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Fig. 9. Profile of 𝑔(𝜂) for different M

Fig. 10. Temperature profile for different M

Figures 11-13 depict the variation of the reduced skin friction 𝑓′′(0), 𝑔′(0) and reduced heat
transfer −𝜃′(0) with respect to the stretching or shrinking parameter 𝜆 for different values of the
magnetic parameter M. It is worth noting that the various values of M used in Figures 8-13 are quite
common in the literature, as Khashi’ie et al., [50] used a wider range of M (i.e. 0 ≤ M ≤ 3) in their
study. Figures 11-13 showed that dual solutions occur in the shrinking region for 𝜆 ∈ [𝜆𝑐 , −1] such
that the values of 𝜆𝑐 = −1.4303, −1.8440, and −2.3000 are the corresponding critical points of
M = 0, 0.5, and 1, respectively. Thus, the boundary separation was retarded as the value of M
increases. This situation takes place when the Lorentz force overpowered the vorticity created by the
shrinking sheet within the boundary layer. Figure 11 observed an increment in M raises the value of
𝑓′′(0) for the first solution for 𝜆𝑐 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 0 and decreases this value when 𝜆 > 0. Moreover, the value
of 𝑓′′(0) for the second solution declines as M rises for 𝜆𝑐 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 0. Figure 12 observed a slight
decrement in the value of 𝑔′ (0) for both solutions as M increases. Figure 13 showed an increment in
M enhances the values of −𝜃′(0) for the first solution and declines in the second solution. Similar
observations on the reduced skin friction 𝑓′′(0) and reduced heat transfer −𝜃′(0) can also be found
in Yashkun et al., [41].

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Fig. 11. Effect of M on 𝑓 ′′ (0) with respect to 𝜆

Fig. 12. Effect of M on 𝑔′(0) with respect to 𝜆

Fig. 13. Effect of M on −𝜃′(0) with respect to 𝜆

The effects of rotational parameter 𝜔 on the velocity profile 𝑓′(𝜂), 𝑔(𝜂) and temperature profile
𝜃(𝜂) are exhibited in Figures 14-16. The chosen values of 𝜔 in Figures 14-16 are identical with the
values of 𝜔 used in Anuar et al., [36]. In Figures 14-15, when the value of rotational parameter 𝜔
increases, both fluid velocity, and value of 𝑔(𝜂) are increased for both solutions. This indicates that

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the momentum boundary layer thickness increases with growing values of 𝜔 for both solutions.
Observation in Figure 16 revealed that the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases for the first
solution but increases for the second solution as the values of 𝜔 increases.

Fig. 14. Velocity profile for different 𝜔

Fig. 15. Profile of 𝑔(𝜂) for different 𝜔

Fig. 16. Temperature profile for different 𝜔

Figure 17 illustrates the trend of the temperature profile 𝜃(𝜂) based on different values of the
Eckert number Ec. This study picks the Eckert number to vary between 0.1 and 0.5 which found to
be acceptable within the range of Eckert number previously considered by Khashi’ie et al., [50] (i.e.
0.01 ≤ Ec ≤ 1). An increment in the value of Ec causes the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid to

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rise as well for both dual solutions. The intensity of heat transfer increases due to the increased heat
generated through Joule heating. Similar observations can also be found in Yashkun et al., [41].

Fig. 17. Temperature profile for different Ec

Figure 18 examined the effect of Prandtl number Pr towards the temperature of the hybrid
nanofluid. It shows an increment in Pr has lowered the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid for the
dual solutions. In other words, thermal boundary layer thickness decreases as Pr increases. Although
Figure 18 has observed the characteristics of the thermal boundary layer for 4 ≤ Pr ≤ 6, wider range
values of Pr such as 0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 10, is also permissible as reported in Waini et al., [44].

Fig. 18. Temperature profile for different Pr

4. Conclusions

This study is prompted by the fact that hybrid nanofluid has a wide range of industrial
applications. However, it also possesses numerous unknown physical characteristics or behaviours
that are yet to be explored. Thus, this study focuses on the behaviour of the reduced skin friction
𝑓′′(0), 𝑔′(0), reduced heat transfer −𝜃′(0), velocity profile and temperature profile under the
influence of stretching/shrinking, suction/injection, rotation, Joule heating, and MHD on a three-
dimensional Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid flow with heat transfer over a permeable rotating
shrinking/stretching sheet.
The above mentioned hybrid nanofluid flow is solved numerically using bvp4c solver which
operates on the MATLAB computing platform. To be precise, all numerical and graphical results are

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produced by solving a system of higher order ODEs along with its boundary conditions that are
transformed from the original governing PDEs via similarity transformation. The physical model
proposed in this study and the coding in the bvp4c solver are verified and validated with the results
obtained from previous studies. The main outcomes of the present study can be summarized as
follows

i. Dual solutions are observed for suction parameter 𝑆 > 𝑆𝑐 with the Cu nanoparticles volume
fraction 𝜑2 varies from 0 to 0.1.
ii. Dual solutions exist when the shrinking/stretching parameter 𝜆𝑐 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ −1 for shrinking
sheet while unique solutions are observed for stretching sheet with different values of Cu
nanoparticles volume fraction 𝜑2 and magnetic parameter M.
iii. An increment in the magnetic parameter M increases the velocity of the hybrid nanofluid, but
at the same time, causing declination in the profile of 𝑔(𝜂) and temperature of the hybrid
nanofluid.
iv. There is a direct proportion between the increment in the velocity, profile of 𝑔(𝜂), and
temperature of the hybrid nanofluid, and the increment of rotational parameter 𝜔.
v. Thermal boundary layer thickness is enhanced when the Eckert number Ec is increased but
reacts in the opposite manner when the Prandtl number Pr is increased.

Last but not least, modifications of the current proposed model to flow through complex body
geometries, or inclusion of other physical parameters such as heat source/sink and partial slips into
the current proposed model would constitute several recommendations for future studies.

Acknowledgement
This research was not funded by any grant.

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