3 Power supply

Table of contents

Article 44 Installation, etc. of Contact Lines, etc. ......................................................................... 2

Article 45 Approach or Crossing of Overhead Contact Lines, etc. ............................................... 10
Article 46 Insulation Division of Contact Lines............................................................................ 12
Article 47 Prevention of Problems under Overbridges, etc........................................................... 13
Article 48 Installation of Return Current Rails ........................................................................... 13
Article 49 Lightning protection..................................................................................................... 13
Article 51 Facilities at substations................................................................................................. 14
Article 52 Installation of electrical equipment and switchboards ................................................. 15
Article 53 Protection of electrical equipment................................................................................ 16
Article 54 Insulation of electric lines ............................................................................................ 16
Article 55 Grounding of Electrical Equipment ............................................................................. 18
Article 99 Inspection and monitoring of the contact lines on the main line.................................. 19
Article 101 Records......................................................................................................................... 19

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 Chapter 6 Power Supply Equipment
Section 6 Contact line facilities
Article 44 Installation, etc. of Contact Lines, etc.
1-1 Contact lines shall be installed by the overhead single-line system or overhead double-line
system. However, for ordinary railways in underground type structure, elevated type structure, and
those on dedicated sites where people cannot easily enter, the third-rail method may be adopted,
and for suspended type railways, straddled type railways, guide-rail type railways, and levitation
railways, the rigid double-line system may be employed.
1-2 The auto-transformers (excluding those installed at substations) of the 2×25kV (AT) feeding
system, and the apparatuses and wires belonging to those, shall be installed in such a manner that
people cannot easily touch them.
1-3 The installation method for wires designed to supply electricity from substations to
auto-transformers (except for contact lines and feeders. Hereinafter, referred to as "Auxiliary
feeders") shall be subject to the rules on the installation method for AC overhead feeders.
1-4 The auxiliary feeders shall not be connected to any other load facilities except the
auto-transformers
1-5 The installation method for AT feeding circuit protective wires shall be subject to the rules
on the installation method for AC negative feeders.
1-6 For the supports of overhead contact lines and feeder lines located over a platform, the
footstep fittings to be used by the handling persons for going up and down shall not be installed at
less than 1.8m above the platform, except when any of the following items applies:
(1) When a support so structured as to be able to accommodate footstep fittings inside is installed.
(2) When a support is provided with a device designed to prevent climbing.
(3) When a fence, enclosure, etc. is provided around the support, so that none other than the
handling persons can enter.
(4) When no one can climb a top by the platform shelter, etc.
1-7 Third-rails shall be installed in accordance with the following rules:
(1) Third-rails shall be provided with guard equipments to prevent people from touching them
easily, and the gap between the third-rails and the guard equipment (limited to top guard plates)
shall be 75mm or more.
(2) At a station, third-rails shall be installed on the other side of the platform. However, this rule
does not apply in the case where there is an inevitable reason because of the structure of the station,
and top guard plates and front guard plates are provided, or where passengers are not likely to
suffer electric shock due to the presence of a platform door or other facilities.
1-8 The plus conductor lines of the rigid double-line system of the straddled type railways,
guide-rail type railways, and levitation railways shall be installed on the other side of the platform
at their stations. However, this rule does not apply in the case where top guard plates and front
guard plates are provided, or where passengers are not likely to suffer electric shock due to the
presence of a platform door or other facilities.
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1-9 Feeders (excluding overhead feeders. The same in 1-9) in long tunnels (tunnels constructed in
the underground of urban areas with length exceeding 1.5km each, tunnels constructed in other
locations than the underground of urban areas, with length exceeding 2km each, and tunnels in
which stations are located with station-to-station distance (referred to as the platform-end distance)
or distance between the tunnel end and the platform end of the nearest station exceeding 1km. The
same in 1-11) must be installed in accordance with the following rules:
(1) The wires to be employed shall be cables consistent with the voltage to be used.
(2) The feeders shall be provided with any of the flame-resistant measures listed below:
a) The cables with flame-resistant or self-extinguishing flame-retardant coverings shall be
employed.
b) The cables shall be covered with a flame-resistant or self-extinguishing flame-retardant tape,
sheet, paint that prevents spread of fire, or other material similar to those.
c) The cables shall be installed accommodated inside flame-resistant or self-extinguishing
flame-retardant pipes or troughs.
1-10 "Flame-resistance" and "Self-extinguishing flame-fire retardancy" as mentioned in 1-9 (2) shall
be specified as of bellows
(1) Flame-resistance
Products manufactured from flame-resistant materials specified under Article 2, No. 9, of the
Building Standards Law or those with performance equal to or better than those.
(2) Self-extinguishing flame-fire retardancy
a. In the case of the coverings of wires, or tapes, sheets, paints that prevent spread of fire, and
other products similar to those:
The products shall pass the flame-resistance test specified in Annexed Table No. 21,
Appendix No. 1, of the Ministerial Ordinance establishing the technical standards of electrical
appliances (Ministerial Ordinance No. 85 of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, 1962), or shall
have performance equal to or better than those.
b. In the case of pipes and troughs:
The products shall pass the flame-resistance test specified in Annexed Table No. 24,
Appendix No. 2, of the Ministerial Ordinance establishing the technical standards of electrical
appliances, or shall have performance equal to or better than those.
1-11 In the cases where feeders (excluding overhead feeders. Referred to as "Feeders" in 1-11) laid
in a long tunnel come close to or cross other feeders, transmission/distribution lines, weak-current
lines, etc., or water pipings, the separation distance shall be equal to or larger than the values
indicated further below, except when any of the following items applies:
(1) When sturdy fire-resistant partitions are provided between feeders and other feeders,
transmission/distribution lines, weak-current lines, etc., or water pipings.
(2) In the case where feeders come close to or cross weak-current lines, etc. and where the said
feeders are accommodated inside a strong flame-resistant or self-extinguishing flame-retardant
pipe or trough, and the said pipe or trough is so installed that it will not come into direct contact
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 with the said weak-current lines, etc.
(3) In the case where feeders come close to or cross weak-current lines, etc., and where the said
weak-current lines, etc., are fiber-optic cables covered with flame-resistant or self-extinguishing
flame-retardant material, or fiber-optic cables accommodated inside a flame-resistant or
self-extinguishing flame-retardant pipe or trough.
(4) In the case where feeders come close to or cross weak-current lines, etc., and where the said
feeders are of low voltage, and the said weak-current lines, etc. are provided with the
flame-resistant measure conforming to 1-9 (2).
(5) In the case where feeders come close to or cross weak-current lines, etc., and where the
high-voltage or extra-high-voltage feeders are so installed that they will not come into direct
contact with weak-current lines, etc. that are provided with the flame-resistant measure
conforming to 1-9 (2).
(6) In the case where feeders come close to or cross a water piping, and where the said feeders are
accommodated inside a strong flame-resistant or self-extinguishing flame-retardant pipe or
trough.
(7) In the case where feeders come close to or cross other feeders or transmission/distribution lines,
and where either of the following rules applies in each case:
a. When the feeders have self-extinguishing flame-retardant coverings.
b. When the feeders are accommodated inside a strong self-extinguishing flame-retardant pipe or
trough.
(8) In the case where feeders come close to or cross other feeders or transmission/distribution lines,
and where either of them have flame-resistant coverings.
(9) In the case where feeders come close to or cross other feeders or transmission/distribution lines,
and where either of them are accommodated inside a strong flame-resistant pipe or trough.

other wire, Feeder laid inside Weak-current line, etc., laid

water piping tunnel, etc. Transmi inside tunnel, etc. Water piping
ssion/ laid inside
distribut tunnel, etc.
ion line When less than
Extra High- Low- laid Ordina 170kV is involved
- voltag volta inside ry and the consent of
high- e ge tunnel, cases the administrator of
Feeder volta etc. weak-current lines,
ge etc. is obtained.

Extra-high-
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.15
voltage
High-
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.15
voltage
Low- Must
Must not
voltage 0.15 0.15 0.15 not Must not touch
touch
touch

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1-12 "Flame-resistance" and "Self-extinguishing flame-fire retardancy" as mentioned in 1-11 shall
respectively be as specified below:
(1) Flame-resistance
Flame-resistant materials of Article 2, No. 9, of the Building Standards Law, or those with
performance equal to or better than those.
(2) Self-extinguishing flame-fire retardancy
1) In the case of coverings of feeders or transmission/distribution lines
These coverings shall pass the combustion test of IEEE Std. 383-1974, or shall have
performance equal to or better than those.
2) In the case of coverings of fiber-optic cables
These coverings shall pass the flame-resistance test of Annexed Table No. 21, Appendix No.
1, of the Ministerial Ordinance establishing the technical standards of electrical appliances.
3) In the case of pipes or troughs
These articles shall pass the flame-resistance test of Annexed Table No. 24, Appendix No. 2,
of the Ministerial Ordinance establishing the technical standards of electrical appliances, or shall
have performance equal to or better than those. However, pipes that are commercialized as
double pipes shall pass the test of 1. (4), Appendix No. 2, of the Ministerial Ordinance
establishing the technical standards of electrical appliances.
2-1 The height above rail top of overhead single-line system contact lines of ordinary railways (excluding
high speed railways) shall be 5m as the standard, but not less than 4.4m at D.C., not less than 4.57m at A.C.,
or not less than 4.8m when the contact lines are installed over a level crossing road. Besides, the height in
each case shall be one that results from adding 400mm to the maximum of the heights of cars traveling with
their power collection devices folded down, or larger. However, in the cases indicated in (1) and (2) below,
the height may be reduced to the respective specified values:
(1) When any of the following applies (excluding locations corresponding to (2) below). Height resulting
from adding 400mm to the maximum of the height of cars traveling with their power collection devices
folded down.
1) Railways where people cannot enter, such as those mainly in underground type structure, elevated
type structure, etc.
2) Tunnels, overbridges, bridges, platform shelter eaves, and other places where structures similar to
those are located, and locations adjacent to those.
(2) In the case of the location specified in (1) 2) , and besides, a level crossing road, the DC overhead contact
lines shall be at a height of 4.65m or more, and besides, a height resulting from adding 400mm to the
maximum of the heights of cars traveling with their power collection devices folded down.
(3) In any of the following cases, "400mm" specified in 2-1 may be reduced down to 250mm (150mm, if
such a measure is taken that load current is not cut off with pantographs on a DC overhead contact line).
1) When the two mentioned below are provided:
(a) Device that allows communication with substation or power supply dispatcher office from the inside
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 of any train or car.
(b) Interlinked circuit breaker located on the feeding side of a substation and capable of stopping the
feeding of the substation that feeds power to the feeding area.
2) When such an automatic circuit-breaker or failuer selective device is provided on the feeding side of a
substation as can detect current that flows through the feeding circuit of the said substation when the
overhead electric lines are arc-grounded (hereinafter, referred to as "failure current") and stop the said
feeding.
3) When such an automatic circuit-breaker, or failure selecting device, and interlinked circuit breaker is
provided on the feeding side of a substation as can detect fault current at any of the substations feeding
the feeding area and stop the feeding of all the substations feeding the said feeding area.
2-2 When AC overhead contact lines are laid over a level crossing road with vehicular traffic, a beam or span
wire shall be provided on both sides of the lines and above the road, and a danger marking shall be posted on
them.
2-3 The height above the road surface of the beam or span wire mentioned in 2-2 shall be of a value that
results from subtracting 50cm (30cm, if a beam in copper lattice structure or a beam having strength equal to
or larger than that is used) from the height above the rail top of the contact lines.
2-4 The height of overhead feeders shall conform to the following standards:
(1) When overhead feeders cross a railway or track, they shall be at 5.5m or more above the rail top.
(2) When overhead feeders cross a road (excluding level crossing roads), they shall be at 6m or more above
the road surface.
(3) When overhead feeders cross a level crossing road, their height above the level crossing road surface
shall be that of the contact lines (5m, if that height is less than 5m) or higher.
(4) When overhead feeders are installed above a pedestrian bridge or platform, the following rules shall be
complied with, except when a roof or other protective facility is installed between the overhead feeders
and the pedestrian bridge or platform.
1) If they are AC feeders (excluding negative feeders. The same as standard 6-3, 6-4, 6-6, and 6-7 relating
to regulation 6, Standard 8-2 relating to regulation 8), they shall be at 5m or more above the foot walk
surface or platform surface.
2) If they are overhead feeders whose standard voltage is 1,500VDC or AC overhead negative feeders,
they shall be at 4m or more above the foot walk surface or platform surface (3.5m, if cables or insulated
wires for high voltage (meaning a voltage of 750VDC, or over 600VAC up to 7,000VAC. The same
hereinafter) (hereinafter referred to as "Insulated high-voltage wires") are employed).
3) If they are overhead feeders whose standard voltage is 750VDC or 600VDC, they shall be at 3.5m or
more above the foot walk surface or platform surface (3m, if cables or insulated high-voltage wires are
employed).
(5) In the cases except for 2-4 (1) through (4), the height shall be 5m or more above the ground surface.
However, when the feeders are installed inside a tunnel, overbridge, or at a location where structures
similar to those exist, and when there is an absolutely necessary reason, their height may be reduced down
to 3.5m above the ground surface.
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 2-5 The height of contact lines of high speed railways shall be 5m as the standard, but not less
than 4.8m.
2-6 The height above the ground surface of rigid double-line system conductor lines of the
straddled type railways and levitation railways shall be 5m or more. However, if the conductor lines
are installed at other locations than road sites, and are provided with underside guard plates, their
height may be reduced to below 5m, but not less than 3.5m. If guard fences are provided to block
people from entering the dedicated site and, besides, guard plates are provided on all sides or guard
plates are provided at other parts than the power collection surface of the plus conductor lines, and
besides, such a measure is adopted as may prevent people from approaching easily when voltage is
applied, then their height may be less than 3.5m.
3-1 The contact lines at the main line of the overhead single-line system (excluding those of
overhead rigid conductor system) shall be grooved hard-drawn copper wires with nominal
cross-sectional area of 85mm2 or more (with nominal cross-sectional area of 110mm2 or more on
high speed railways) conforming to the standards of the Japanese Industrial Standard "Hard-drawn
copper grooved contact wires," or their equivalent.
3-2 The suspension method for overhead single-line system contact lines shall be the catenary
system, except when any of the following rules applies to other railways than high speed railways:
(1) When the conductor lines are suspended by the overhead rigid conductor system in a section
where trains travel at a speed of 90km/h or less (130km/h or less, if conductor lines and pantographs
applicable to high-speed run are employed).
(2) When the contact lines are suspended by the direct suspension method that is engineered to give
the contact lines a tension of 9.8kN or larger by means of an automatic tension adjusting device, and
also to hardly allow the power collection device to lose contact at the support points of the contact
lines, in a section where trains travel at a speed of 85km/h or less.
(3) When the contact lines are suspended by the direct suspension method that is engineered to give
the contact lines such a tension as limits the maximum sag to 50mm or less with respect to a support
point spacing of 15m, in a section where trains travel at a speed of 65km/h or less and the support
points of the contact lines are spaced at an interval of 15m or less.
(4) When the contact lines are suspended by the direct suspension method in a section where trains
travel at a speed of 50km/h or less.
3-3 When contact lines are suspended by the catenary system, they shall be installed in accordance
with the following rules:
(1) The suspension system shall be consistent with the operation speed of trains.
(2) Droppers shall be spaced at an interval of 5m as the standard.
(3) The contact lines and catenary wires shall be provided with tensioning devices (automatic
tensioning devices on the overhead contact lines of high speed railways main line) at an appropriate
interval.
3-4 The conductor lines of the overhead rigid conductor system and third-rails or rigid double-line
system shall be installed in accordance with the following rules:

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(1) The support points shall be spaced at an interval of 7m or less for the conductor lines of the
overhead rigid conductor system, or 5m or less for the conductor lines of the rigid double-line system
and third-rails.
(2) Expansion joints and anchor shall be placed at an appropriate interval.
(3) Each end shall be provided with a ramp, etc., and so structured as not to hinder the sliding motion
of collectors.
3-5 Deviation of the conact lines of the overhead single-line system shall be covered within 250mm
(within 300mm on high speed railways) from the center plane of the track vertical to the rail
surface in a section where pantographs are used as power collection devices, except in the following
cases:
(1) When the deviation of two of the four contact lines is covered within 250mm in a division of
double-contact wires contact lines, such as, those of the twin simple-catenary system, and is not
likely to adversely affect the power collection devices.
(2) When the power collection devices are not likely to be dislocated from the contact lines in a
division of three-rail track contact lines, and the deviation is not likely to adversely affect the power
collection devices.
3-6 The gradient of the contact lines of the overhead single-line system shall be 5/1000 in the case
where the contact lines are suspended by the catenary system or overhead rigid conductor system in
a section where trains travel at a speed over 50km/h, or 15/1000 in other cases (3/1000 or less on
high speed railways regardless of its speed). However, contact lines on the side track may have a
gradient of 20/1000 or less (15/1000 or less on high speed railways).

3-7 Supports for the contact lines of the overhead single-line system or overhead double-line
system shall be installed in accordance with the following rules:
(1) The distance from one support to another shall be 45m (60m, if the structure specified in 3-2 (2)
is adopted) when the contact lines are suspended by the direct suspension method, or 60m when the
contact lines are suspended by the simple catenary system, or 80m or less when the contact lines are
suspended by the compound catenary system.
(2) Supports for contact lines shall be installed with the following safety factors against the
predictable maximum wind pressure load, tensions, etc. arising from the contact lines, and so forth:
1) For wooden masts, 3 or more against breaking load at the time of new installation.
2) For concrete masts, 2 or more against breaking load.
3) For metal masts, metal towers, beams and brackets, 1 or more against the permissible stress of the
material.
(3) The depth of embedment of wooden masts or concrete masts shall be 1/6 or more of their overall
length, and the masts shall be provided with strong guy anchors at locations of soft ground. However,
this rule does not apply when concrete or its equivalent is used for their foundations, and besides, a
safety factor of 2 or more is adopted against pull-up force, compressive force and overturning
moment arising from the supports.
(4) For the foundations of metal masts or metal towers, a safety factor of 2 or more shall, respectively,

8
 be adopted against pull-up force, compressive force and overturning moment arising from the
supports.
(5) If the support at a curved part is a single mast, stay shall be provided, except when a safety factor
of 2 or more is adopted for the foundation.
3-8 For the messenger wires and main span wires laid by the catenary system and for the main span
wires laid by the direct suspension method, a safety factor of 2.5 or more shall be adopted against
tensile force.
3-9 Stays shall be installed in accordance with the following rules:
(1) A safety factor of 2.5 or more shall be adopted for tensile force.
(2) When stranded wires are employed, these shall consist of three or more wires stranded. However,
except when stays are provided for wooden posts, their underground parts and parts up to 30cm
above the ground shall consist of galvanized iron bars or bars of any other material having strength
and durability equal to or better than those, and these bars shall be attached to stay blocks, etc.
(3) The wires shall be metal wires of 2mm or more in diameter and with tensile strength of 690N per
square mm or more.
(4) When stays are likely to touch overhead lines, they shall be protected to avoid trouble to others
due to contact.
(5) The stays to be provided for a concrete post or metal post shall not share a strength equivalent to
one half or more of the strength against maximum wind pressure load to be possessed by that
concrete post or metal post in accordance with the provision of 3-7 (2).
(6) The stays to be provided for a metal tower shall not share the strength to be possessed by that
metal tower in accordance with the provisions of 3-7 (2) and (4) .
4-1 When contact lines with different standard voltages, etc. are installed, a dead section, etc. shall
be provided to prevent contact fault due to an electric confusion.
5-1 The railway companies shall establish the standard voltages for contact lines.
5-2 The standard voltages of contact lines established in 5-1 shall be maintained at values necessary
to secure the operation of trains.
5-3 The table below gives the standard voltages of contact lines, by way of example, according to
the types of railways.
Type of railways Installation methods Standard voltage of contact lines
1,500VDC
Overhead single-line
25,000VAC, single-phase(same
Ordinary railway method
as high speed railways)
Third rail 750VDC
Suspended type railway, straddled
Rigid double-line system 1,500VDC following
type railway, and levitation type
railway
750VDC following
Rigid double-line system 600VAC following,
Guide-rail type railway three-phase
Overhead single-line 1,500VDC following
system

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 Article 45 Approach or Crossing of Overhead Contact Lines, etc.

6-1 The distance of separation of the power-applied portions of overhead contact lines or overhead

feeders from other electric lines, structures, etc. (excluding 2. through 5.) shall be of the value

specified in the table , or larger. However, in the cases listed in (1) through (4) below, values larger

than those established in each case may be adopted. (table abbreviation)

(1) When the power-applied portions of DC overhead contact lines, or overhead feeders or AC
overhead negative feeders are accommodated in protective gear, the distance of separation of the
power-applied portions of the overhead contact lines or overhead feeders from signals, signs, and
other similar structures shall be 0.6m.
(2) When DC overhead feeders or AC overhead negative feeders are accommodated in protective gear,
the distance of separation between the overhead feeders and a level crossing barrier having
insulating property shall be 0.2m.
(3) When high voltage insulated wires are used for overhead feeders with standard voltage of
1,500VDC, or AC overhead negative feeders, or when low voltage insulated (meaning a voltage of
less than 750VDC or 600VAC) wires (hereinafter referred to as "Low voltage insulated wires)
(meaning vinyl chloride-insulated wires for outdoor use, 600V vinyl chloride-insulated wires, 600V
polyethylene-insulated wires, 600V fluororesin-insulated wires, 600V rubber-insulated wires, and
vinyl chloride-insulated wires for lead-in. The same hereinafter) are accommodated in protective
gear for overhead feeders with standard voltage of 750VDC, 600VDC or 600VAC three-phase, the
distance of separation between the overhead feeders and a level crossing barrier having insulating
property shall be 0.1m.
(4) The distance of separation between overhead feeders using the wires of 6-1 (3) and the nearby
vegetation shall be so secured that they will not come into contact with each other due to the
prevailing wind, winds produced by railway cars running by, and so forth. However, this rule does
not apply when the feeders are installed in accordance with the following rules:
1) When the feeders in question are accommodated in protective gear, and that protective gear is
provided with an abrasion layer laid over an abrasion detection layer with dielectric strength and
abrasion resistance, and so structured as to cover the wires to avoid the risk of contact from the
outside.
2) When the feeders in question consist of wires that are provided with an abrasion detection layer
with dielectric strength and abrasion resistance over insulated wires, and further provided with an

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 abrasion layer covering the insulated wires in uniform thickness.
6-2 The insulation distance between the power-applied portion of a DC overhead contact line or
overhead feeder and an overbridge, tunnel, bridge, etc. (referred to as "Overbridges, etc." in
connection with detailed explanation 6) or platform shelter shall be 0.25m or more. However, if it is
absolutely necessary for a structural reason of an overbridge, etc. that separation distance may be
reduced to 0.07m.
6-3 The insulation distance between the power-applied portion of an AC overhead contact line or
overhead feeder and a station building, signal handling office, platform shelter, signal, or other
similar structure shall be 1.5m or more. However, if it is absolutely necessary in light of the
situation ruling at the facility, that separation distance may be reduced to 1.2m (0.3m for a platform
shelter whose metal part is grounded and whose necessary parts from the viewpoint of safety are
provided with a danger marking).
6-4 The insulation distance between the power-applied portion of an AC overhead contact line or
overhead feeder and an overbridge shall be 0.3m or more. However, if it is absolutely necessary for
a structural reason of the overbridge, etc. that separation distance may be reduced to 0.25m.
6-5 The insulation distance between an AC overhead negative feeder and an overbridge, etc. shall be
0.15m or more. However, if it is absolutely necessary for a structural reason of the overbridge, etc.
that separation distance may be reduced to 0.07m.
6-6 AC overhead contact lines or overhead feeders shall not be installed crossing high-voltage or
low-voltage overhead transmission and distribution lines (hereinafter referred to as "Overhead
transmission/distribution lines." Those installed outside the railway dedicated site are excluded. The
same hereinafter.), overhead weak-current lines (hereinafter referred to as "Overhead weak-current
lines." Those installed outside the railway dedicated site are excluded. The same hereinafter), or
overhead fiber-optic cables (hereinafter referred to as "Overhead optical cables." Those installed
outside the dedicated site are excluded. The same hereinafter.) (Hereinafter referred to as "Overhead
weak-current lines, etc."). However, this rule does not apply, if it is absolutely necessary in light of
the situation ruling at the facility, etc., and when the high-voltage or low-voltage overhead
transmission/distribution lines or overhead weak-current lines, etc. are installed in accordance with
the following rules:
(1) Cables or hard-drawn copper stranded wires with cross-sectional area of 38mm2 or more, or
wires with tensile strength of 14.51kN or more, shall be employed for the high-voltage overhead
transmission/distribution lines.

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 (2) Cables shall be employed for the low-voltage overhead transmission/distribution lines.
(3) Polyethylene-insulated vinyl chloride-covered communication cables shall be employed for the
overhead weak-current lines.
(4) The distance from one support to another of overhead transmission/distribution lines or overhead
weak-current lines, etc. shall be 60m when wooden posts are used for the supports, or 120m or
less when concrete posts or metal posts are used.
(5) The separation distance between the power-applied portions of overhead contact lines or
overhead feeders and overhead transmission/distribution lines or overhead weak-current lines, etc.
shall be 2m or more. However, when the overhead feeders are cables, the separation distance may
be 0.5m or more, or when they are insulated wires for extra-high voltage (meaning a voltage
exceeding 7,000V. The same hereinafter.) (Hereinafter referred to as "Insulated extra-high-voltage
wires), the separation distance may be 1m or more.
6-7 AC overhead contact lines or overhead feeders shall not be installed crossing a cableway.
However, this rule does not apply, if it is absolutely necessary in light of the situation ruling at the
facility, etc. and those lines are installed in accordance with the following rules:
(1) The insulation distance between the power-applied portions of the overhead contact lines or
overhead feeders and the cableway shall be 2m or more. However, when the overhead feeders are
cables, the separation distance may be 0.5m or more, or when they are insulated
extra-high-voltage wires, the separation distance may be 1m or more.
(2) A sturdy protective facility shall be provided over the power-applied portions of the overhead
contact lines or overhead feeders, and besides, its metal parts shall be grounded.

Article 46 Insulation Division of Contact Lines

7-1 The electric contact lines shall not be divided in the sections listed further below. However, this
rule does not apply when a section switch is provided at the part to be divided and maintained
permanently closed, and a proper measure is adopted preventing trains from approaching that part
as the said section switch is opened in the case of an accident, etc.
(1) Sections in which electric locomotives or electric cars stop regularly.
(2) Area within the distance from a home signal, starting signal, or block signal, that results from
adding 50m to the distances between the train head and the last power collection devices of
traveling trains.
(3) In a section in which the cab signal system is executed or section in which operation is carried out
using an equipment that secures distance between trains (limited to the automatic train control
equipment), the area within the distances between the train head and the last power collection
devices of traveling trains from the leading end of the signal indication section (section in which

12
 control information is displayed for the equipment that secures separation distance between trains.
The same in 7-1 (3)) toward the outside of the leading end of that section, and the area within the
distance in which trains can stop upon receipt of a signal instructing to stop, issued inward from the
leading end of that signal indication section.
(4) In a section in which operation is carried out using automatic train control equipment that secures
separation distance between trains (limited to the automatic train control equipment), the area within
the distances between the train head and the last power collection devices of traveling trains from
the leading end of a section which the trains, etc. displayed by the control information of the
automatic train control equipment can be allowed to enter, toward the outside of the trailing end of
that section.
7-2 Notwithstanding the provisions of 7-1. above, division shall be able to made also in the sections
listed in7- 1 (2) through (4), in the case where it is inevitably necessary for a technical reason, the
part where the contact line is to be divided is permanently left open, and a proper measure is
adopted preventing troubles from occurring if an electric car stops at that part.

Article 47 Prevention of Problems under Overbridges, etc.

8-1 In the cases where overhead contact lines or feeder lines are installed under overbridges, road
bridges, or other facilities similar to those, and they are likely to cause harm to people, etc., facilities
designed to prevent troubles shall be provided.
8-2 In the case where AC overhead contact lines or overhead feeders are installed under overbridges,
road bridges or other facilities similar to those, the following rules shall be complied with, in
addition to the provision of 8-1:
(1) Metal parts, such as bridge girders, shall be grounded.
(2) Danger markings shall be posted at the necessary parts from the viewpoint of safety.
8-3 If the power-applied portion of a DC overhead contact line is supported by the steel members of
a platform shelter, bridge, etc., insulators having sufficient insulating efficiency shall be installed and
other necessary safety measures shall be adopted to avoid hazards due to the possible intrusion of high
voltage.

Article 48 Installation of Return Current Rails

9-1 The joints of return current rails shall be electrically connected with a bonding agent, etc.
9-2 The joints of the return current rails of DC contact lines shall have an electric resistance
equivalent to less than 5m as converted into rail length.
10-1 If it is likely that people, etc., are exposed to hazards due to the potential difference produced
between return current rails and ground, at a location of public traffic, such as a level crossing, cross
walk, etc., the rails laid at that part shall be isolated from the other rails, or that part shall be paved.

Article 49 Lightning protection

11-1 Lightning protection such as arrestors shall be installed on contact lines, and feeder lines at or
13
in the vicinity of the following locations, except where the likelihood of lightning damage is
considered negligible.
(1)DC contact lines or feeder lines in each section with electrical separation
(2)Primary side of auto-transformer
(3)Incoming and outgoing terminals for overhead feeder lines at a substation or switching station
12-1 Where a high voltage line is joined to a extra high voltage line by means of a transformer (other
than transformers fitted with earthed metallic short proof plates and feeding transformers. The same
in 12-1 and 12-2), a lightning arrestor or discharge device with a maximum voltage of three times
the operating voltage shall be fitted to the high voltage line at the electrode nearest the transformer
terminal. Discharge devices must be earthed.
12-2 Where a high voltage or extra high voltage line is joined to a low voltage line by means of a
transformer, the neutral point on the low voltage side of the transformer shall be earthed. If the low
voltage line is 300 V or less and the neutral point of the transformer cannot be earthed properly, then
the earth may be connected to a terminal on the low voltage side of the transformer instead.

Section 2 Equipment at Substation

Article 51 Facilities at substations
14-1 Substations shall be fitted with a fence, wall or other barrier designed to prevent entry by
unauthorized persons, as well as appropriate warning signs at the entrance, except where the
topography of the site is deemed sufficient to prevent access.
15-1 Substations shall be fitted with the following safety equipment as appropriate.
(1) Substations shall be fitted with automatic circuit breakers to protect transformation equipment on
high voltage and/or extra high voltage AC lines
(2) Substations and switching stations shall be fitted with automatic circuit breaker on the feeding side
to protect against accident current in feeder lines (except in relation to a switching station protected
by an automatic circuit breaker at the substation)
(3) Substations and distribution stations shall be fitted with overload protectors
(4) Substation shall be fitted with power source failure protectors
(5) DC substations shall be fitted with the following protection devices for semiconductor rectifiers on
feeder lines:
1) Device overheat protector
2) Cooling mechanism failure protector
3) Abnormal voltage protector
(6) Substations shall be fitted with overheat protection devices for receiver transformers and feeding
transformers (excepting external excited cooling systems rated at 3,000 kVA or less)
15-2 The automatic circuit breaker fitted to the feeder line in accordance with the provisions of 15-1
(2) above shall be an automatic rapid-response cut-out type with selectable operating current and
abnormal current or automatic circuit breaker with equivalent performance, except on railways
operating under a load that can readily be shut off in the event of abnormal current flow.
14
17-1 Monitored substations and switching stations (hereafter referred to as monitored substations)
shall conform to the following standards.
(1) They shall be provided with a control room with permanent monitoring staff
(2) The control room shall be located close to the relevant authorities to enable immediate response
in the event of an alarm
(3) The building shall be constructed to fire-proof or fire-resistant design standards
(4) Provision for manual operation and manual shutdown shall be provided
(5) Substations (other than fully outdoor substations ) shall be fitted with automatic circuit breakers
on the receiver side designed to operate in the event of fire, and/or warning devices in the control
room
17-2 The control room described in 17-1(1) above shall be provided with the following equipment.
(1) A display indicating whether the monitored substation is operating or stopped
(2) An alarm to indicate when the automatic circuit breaker has shut off the main circuit of the
monitored substation
(3) A device that can be used to prevent the automatic circuit breaker from shutting on the line in the
event of the warning in (2) above (except where the control room has a device capable of
displaying the cause of the warning in (2) above)
(4) Equipment for shutting down operation of the monitored substation
(5) A device for preventing operation via the control room when the monitored substation is under
manual control
(6) A device for detecting or providing warning of failure in the monitoring and control equipment
of the monitored substation

Article 52 Installation of electrical equipment and switchboards

18-1 2×25kV(AT) feeding systems auto-transformers (except where installed at a substation) located
in the vicinity of residential properties shall be fitted with protective barriers and fire-fighting
equipment.
18-2 Oil-filled equipment at substations shall be shielded behind a suitable barrier or partition or
located well away from other equipment and facilities in order to prevent the spread of fire.
18-3 Switches, distribution boards ,and electrical equipment located outdoors with exposed live
components shall be designed to keep person from contacting live components.
18-4 Switches, automatic circuit breakers, lightning arresters and equivalent devices which operate
at voltages over 600 V and up to 7,000 V and generate an arc shall be located 1 m or more away from
flammable substances, or which operate at over 7,000 V and generate an arc shall be located 2 m or
more away from them(or devices operating at up to 35,000 V and generate an arc, only where the arc
is not considered a fire risk in terms of length and direction shall be located 1 m or more away from
them), except where separated by a barrier of fire-proof material.

15
Article 53 Protection of electrical equipment
19-1 2×25kV(AT) feeding systems auto-transformers with capacity in excess of 2,000 kVA (except
where installed at a substation) shall be fitted with a switching mechanism which can be controlled
from the substation or control room. Where the autotransformer is located close to the relevant
authorities to enable immediate response, the remote control functionality may be omitted from the
switching mechanism.
19-2 Electric lines and associated electrical equipment shall be fitted with protective devices such as
safety cut-outs or fuses to shut off abnormal current flow caused by grounding and shorting faults,
where considered necessary for safety reasons.
Article 54 Insulation of electric lines
20-1 Electric lines and electrical equipment must conform to the testing procedures and standards
outlined in the table below, except in the case of AC feeder lines employing cable that have
successfully passed a dielectric strength test between the core and the ground (for multi-core cable,
between the cores and between the cores and the ground) involving the continuous application of the
DC voltage specified below over a period of ten minutes.
(1) For neutral point grounded extra high voltage with maximum operating voltage over 60,000V,
220% of the maximum operating voltage (or 150,000 V if the maximum operating voltage is less
than 150,000 V)
(2) For all other extra high voltage transmission lines, 250% of the maximum operating voltage (or
21,000 V if the maximum operating voltage is less than 21,000 V)
(3) For high voltage lines, 300% of the maximum operating voltage

Type of line/equipment Test method

Single phase AC contact Continuous application of AC voltage at 125% of the maximum
lines and feeder lines operating voltage between the line and the ground (for multi-core
(excluding negative feeder cable, between the cores and between the cores and the ground)
lines) over a period of ten minutes
Continuous application of 150% of the maximum operating voltage
Low voltage three phase
between the line and the ground (for multi-core cable, between the
AC contact lines and
cores and between the cores and the ground) over a period of ten
feeder lines
minutes
Continuous application of 150% of the maximum operating voltage
between the line and the ground (for multi-core cable, between the
DC feeder lines
cores and between the cores, and the ground) over a period of ten
minutes
Where connected to a neutral point grounded electric line,
electrical devices
Bus bar or other

continuous application of AC voltage at 110% of the maximum

operating voltage (or 75,000 V if the maximum operating voltage
Over 60,000V is less than 75,000 V), or where connected to a neutral point
non-grounded electric line, continuous application of AC voltage at
125% of the maximum operating voltage, between the active
section and the ground over a period of ten minutes

16
 Continuous application of AC voltage at 125% of the maximum
Over 7,000V
operating voltage (or 10,500 V where the maximum operating
and up to
voltage is less than 10,500 V) between the active section and the
60,000 V
ground over a period of ten minutes

Continuous application of AC voltage at 150% of the maximum

operating voltage (or 500 V for electrical devices with an operating
Up to 7,000V voltage of less than 500 V) between the active section and the
ground over a period of ten minutes. Not required where bus bar
operating voltage is less than 600 V

Continuous application of AC voltage at 100% of the maximum

operating voltage on the DC side (or 500 V where the maximum
Rectifiers
operating voltage is less than 500 V)between the active section and
the outer casing over a period of ten minutes
Where connected to a neutral point grounded electric line,
continuous application of AC voltage at 110% of the maximum
operating voltage (or 75,000 V if the maximum operating voltage
is less than 75,000 V), or where connected to a neutral point
Over 60,000 V
non-grounded electric line, continuous application of AC voltage at
125% of the maximum operating voltage, between different sets of
windings, between the windings and the iron core, and between the
Transformers

windings and the ground, over a period of ten minutes

Continuous application of AC voltage at 125% of the maximum
Over 7,000 V operating voltage (or 10,500 V where the maximum operating
and up to voltage is less than 10,500 V) between different sets of windings,
60,000 V between the windings and the iron core and between the windings
and the ground, over a period of ten minutes
Continuous application of AC voltage at 150% of the maximum
operating voltage (or 500 V where the maximum operating voltage
Up to 7,000 V is less than 500 V) between different sets of windings, between the
windings and the iron core and between the windings and the
ground, over a period of ten minutes

20-2 Insulation resistance between a DC contact line and the ground shall be sufficient to restrict
leakage current at the normal operating voltage to a maximum of 10 mA per km of contact lines, or
100 mA where the contact line is supported via an overhead rigid conductor system or a rigid double
line or third rail configuration is used.
20-3 Where the dielectric strength of a extra high voltage electric line has been measured in
accordance with the procedure outlined in Section 3.1 Check Method of Dielectric Strength for Extra
High Voltage Electric Lines of JESC E 7001 (Japan Electrotechnical Standards and Codes Committee,
1998) regarding the measurement of dielectric strength of electric lines, the stipulations of item 20-1
above shall not apply.
20-4 Where the dielectric strength of a transformer electric lines has been measured in accordance
with the procedure outlined in Section 3.2 Check Method of Dielectric Strength for Transformer
Electric Lines of JESC E 7001 (Japan Electrotechnical Standards and Codes Committee, 1998)
regarding the measurement of dielectric strength of electric lines, the stipulations of item 20-1 above
shall not apply.

17
20-5 Where the dielectric strength of an appliance or apparatus electric lines has been measured in
accordance with the procedure outlined in Section 3.3 Check Method of Dielectric Strength for
Appliance/Apparatus Electric Lines of JESC E 7001 (Japan Electrotechnical Standards and Codes
Committee, 1998) regarding the measurement of dielectric strength of electric lines, the stipulations of
item 20-1 above shall not apply

Article 55 Grounding of Electrical Equipment

21-1 The metal fittings used between insulators and supports, or supports on an AC overhead contact
line shall be grounded, except in the following cases.
(1) The negative side of the insulators (only sections that are insulated from the supports) is connected
to the negative feeder line
(2) The metal fittings between insulators and supports or the negative side of the insulators are
connected to an AT protection line
(3) The metal fittings between insulators and supports are connected to the negative feeder line or an
AT protection line through a suitable discharge gap
21-2 The cable messenger wire, the metal portions of the conduit or duct housing the cable, the
metallic sheath around the cable, and other metal accessories, connection boxes and protection devices
shall be properly grounded, except in the case of:
(1) Corrosion protected cable;
(2) A low voltage overhead line employing cable, where the messenger wire employs insulated wire or
other wire with equivalent or better insulation properties;
(3) Connection boxes constructed in accordance with proviso21-3;
21-3 The steel frame and metallic outer casing of electrical equipment and the iron core of a
transformer not enclosed in outer casing shall be grounded, except in the case of:
(1) Steel frame and/or metallic outer casing which is surrounded with insulating material;
(2) A instrument transformer not enclosed in outer casing which is surrounded with insulating material
and which is installed in an inaccessible location;
(3) High or low voltage electrical equipment which is installed on insulated poles or equivalent that
are inaccessible to unauthorized personnel;
21-4 The grounding resistance associated with grounding in accordance with the stipulations of item
21-1 above shall be at a level that can be automatically cut off at the substation in the event of a
grounding fault.
21-5 The maximum grounding resistance of the associated lightning arrester shall be up to 30 Ω. If the
grounding electrode of the lightning arrester is located in 1 m from the grounding electrode of the
transformer, the maximum grounding resistance shall be up to 10Ω.
21-6 For grounding in accordance with the stipulations of item 6-7 (2) of the Detailed Explanation
for Technical Regulation for Article 6, item 8-2 (1) of the Detailed Explanation for Technical
Regulation for Article 8, the maximum grounding resistance shall be up to 100 Ω .

18
Article 99 Inspection and monitoring of the contact lines on the main line
26-1 The main line and contact lines installed on the main line shall be inspected according to the
condition of the line and that of train operation so that they are maintained in a condition that enables
vehicles to run safely at a designated speed. The frequency, timing and methods of inspection shall be
determined to the condition of the lines.

27-1 If disasters that hinder train operation on the main line may occur, the tracks involved shall be
inspected, and the operation speed shall be restricted as required or the operation of the tracks or
sections thereof shall be suspended temporarily. In addition, track monitoring systems, restricted train
speeds, etc. shall be determined in advance according to the magnitude of expected disasters.

Article 101 Records

30-1 Records of regular inspections of power supply equipment and records of their remodeling,
modification and repair shall be kept for predetermined periods.

[Notifications concerning regular inspections of power supply facilities ]

(Regular inspections of power supply equipment)
Regular inspections of power supply equipment must be carried out for each of the places of
installation specified in the left column of the table below according to the types of equipment
specified in the middle column and at intervals that do not exceed the periods specified in the right
column.

Places of installation Types of equipment Period

Railways other than the high Contact lines; transformation equipments used One year
speed railways and high for train operation; devices that protect
speed railways (train depots substations’ equipment, electric lines, etc.
only) when irregularities occur; and other types of
important power supply equipment
Power supply equipment other than those listed Two years
above
High speed railways Devices that protect substations’ equipment, Three months
(excluding train depots) electric lines, etc. when irregularities occur
(power circuit breakers on the feeder’s side
only)
Contact lines (connection points, sectioning Six months
devices, overhead crossings and feeding
branches only)
Power supply equipment other than those listed One year
in the two cells above

2 Notwithstanding the provision of the preceding paragraph, the period set forth in the paragraph can
be extended for the items listed in the following items:
(1) Power supply equipment whose spare devices have functions of operating automatically or

19
working otherwise if the equipment fails or may have failed
(2) Equipment that is electronized, or is sealed ,and maintains certain functions if replaced regularly
and whose functions last longer than the period stipulated in the preceding paragraph
(3) Structures that support feeder lines, contact lines, etc.

Remarks
If the condition of power supply equipment is constantly monitored using constant monitoring
equipment and is regularly reported to dispatcher office, etc. with respect to certain items, such electric
equipment shall be considered to undergo regular inspections with respect to such items.

20
4 Signaling and
Telecommunications
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 General rules

Purpose…………………………………………………………………………………………2
Definition of term……………………………………………………………………………....2
Scope of application……………………………………………………………………………3

Chapter 7 Signal and telecommunication system

Article 56 Block guaranteeing system…………………………………………………………3

Article 57 Signal indication system……………………………………………………………5
Article 58 Interlocking system………………………………………………………………..11
Article 59 Automatic train stop and control systems………………………………………....13
Article 60 Automatic train operation system………………………………………………….15
Article 61 Train detection system……………………………………………………………..15
Article 62 Security and telecommunication system…………………………………………..16
Article 63 Overhead telecommunication line facilities……………………………………….18
Article 64 Level crossing security system…………………………………………………….19

Chapter 9 Maintenance of facilities and rolling stock

Article 102 Maintenance of signal and telecommunication system…………………………...20

Additional rules and reference materials

Additional rule 1 Special flash signal………………………………………………………….23

Reference material 1 Color light signal………………………………………………………..24
Reference material 2 Semaphore signal………………………………………………………..28
Reference material 3 Operation of ATS………………………………………………………..31
Reference material 4 Cross bond circuits
and Cases of train detection systems without track circuits……. 37
Reference material 5 Transmission characteristics of telecommunication equipment………...38

1
 Chapter 1 General rules

Purpose
This detailed explanation for signal and telecommunication system (hereinafter referred to as
the " explanation ") stipulates the function to construct, remodel and improve railway operation
security system as well as maintenance services therefor, thereby aiming at contributing to safe,
punctual and rapid transport.

Definition of terms
The meaning of the term used in these implementation criteria is as follows.
1. The "section between two stations" is the section between the home signals of adjacent two
stations.
2. The "block section" is part of a track sectioned with a departure signal and a home signal,
with a departure signal and a block signal, with two adjacent block signals or with a block
signal and a home signal.
3. The "duplicated section" is the part of a protected section in a route from which the part up
to the next route is excluded.
4. The "outside the signal" is the direction into which the signal aspect is directed.
5. The "inside the signal" is the direction protected by the signal.
6. The "interlocking device" is a device to set interlocking conditions between signals that are
apprehended to disturb the route, between a signal and points in the route, or between signals,
points and train detection device, to prevent collision between trains and ensure the safety of
train operation.
7. The "automatic train stop system" is a system having a function to automatically stop a train
outside a signal indicating a stop aspect in case braking operation is not performed on the
train approaching the signal, or when the train speed is higher than the specified speed at a
specified position (hereinafter referred to as "ATS").
8. The "automatic train control system" is a system having a function to continuously indicate a
signal aspect for the allowable train speed on the train to reflect the distance up to the
preceding train and track conditions and automatically decelerate or stop the train according
to the signal aspect (hereinafter referred to as "ATC").
9. The "cab signal" is a signal to continuously display the information required for train
operation on the train in sections under the cab signal system.
10. The "centralized train control system" is a system for a train operation center to set routes at
stations along the entire sections in the area under its control and make it possible to
centralize monitoring and controlling all trains in the sections in the area.

2
11. The "remote control system" is a system for a parent station to remotely control the
interlocking system at the adjacent stations.
12. The "safety margin for overrun" is a distance set as a margin inside the section into which
entry is prohibited to protect trains against overrun.
13. The "train detection system" is a system to correctly detect trains without affected from
outside.

Scope of application
The construction, remodeling, improvement and maintenance services for railway operation
and security systems shall be as per the prescriptions in this guideline and those in the law.
Matters not specified in this guideline shall be dealt with as per the rules set forth separately.

Chapter 7 Signal and telecommunication system

Article 56 Block guaranteeing system

Article 56-1 Function of block system

1. Railway operators shall install block devices and a system to ensure the safety of train
operation according to the method of train operation.
2. The block system shall ensure the safety of train operation in relevant sections and control
exchanges of necessary tablets and signal aspects.
3. The block system in single-track sections shall lock the departure signal for the relevant
section to prevent the entry of trains running in the opposite direction into the section where
a train exists.

Article 56-2 Categories of block system

Block systems shall be as per the following.
1. Tablet block system (non-automatic system)
2. Semi-automatic block system
3. Automatic block system
4. Train interval guaranteeing system

Article 56-3 Tablet block system (non-automatic system)

1. A set of tablet block devices, bells and dedicated telephones shall be equipped at the stations
at the ends of a block system.
2. The tablet block system shall be designed so that tablets housed in a block device cannot be

3
 taken out unless the device is handled jointly by the stations at the ends of the relevant block
section.
3. The tablet block system shall be designed so that the stations at the ends of a block system
cannot take out two or more tablets at the same time.
4. The tablet block system shall be designed so that another tablet cannot be taken out unless
the tablet that has already been taken out is returned to the relevant block device.
5. The tablet block system shall be designed so that tablets of different types cannot be stored
in a tablet block device.
6. The tablets used for a block section shall be of a different type from those used for the
adjacent block sections.

Article 56-4 Semi-automatic block system

1. The stations at the ends of a semi-automatic block section shall be equipped with lamps to
indicate the existence of a train in the block section, a pair of interlocked block levers,
departure signals interlocked with the block levers, bells and dedicated telephones.
2. The stations at the ends of a semi-automatic block section shall be equipped with devices to
detect the entry/exit of a train into/from the section and automatically display and stick a
stop aspect at departure signals when a train has entered the section or the block system has
failed.
3. The pair of block levers shall be kept locked during the period from the entry of a train into
the block section to its exit there from.

Article 56-5 Automatic block system

1. The automatic block system shall automatically control the aspects of home, departure and
block signals when a train is detected by the train detection system set in the area protected
by these signals and indicate a stop aspect on the relevant signals in the following cases.
a. A train exists in the block or duplicated section.
b. A point in the block or duplicated section is not cleared into the authorized route.
c. A train on other tracks interferes with the block or duplicated section at points or
crossings,
d. The block system has failed.
2. When an inside signal has changed its aspect, the automatic block system shall indicate
corresponding aspects on the signals behind.

Article 56-6 Train interval guaranteeing system

The train interval guaranteeing system shall make trains receive the information on the position

4
and speed of the preceding train and run by keeping an appropriate interval with the preceding
train. It shall satisfy the following conditions.
1. The ground equipment of the train interval guaranteeing system shall continuously output
control information for trains on the operation speed according to track conditions and the
position of preceding train, in case one exists.
2. The equipment on the train shall:
a. Cross-check the train speed and the speed specified by the control information referred
to in the paragraph 1.
b. Apply brakes to automatically decelerate the train down to the speed instructed by the
control information in the section specified by the control information.
3. The length of the section specified by the control information referred to in the paragraph "a"
shall be equal to or longer than the distance within which the train that has entered the
section can decelerate or stop while running at the speed specified by the control
information.

Article 57 Signal indication system

Note: The system is not prescribed in the technical criteria in Vietnam.

Article 57-1 Categories of fixed signal

Fixed signals shall be as per the following. See the reference materials I and II in the operation
explanation for the aspects of color light signals and semaphore signals in Japan and Vietnam
1. Fixed color light signal
a. Home signals (including the yard home signal and protection signal)
b. Departure signal (including the yard departure signal, protection signal and the signal
simultaneously used for shunting as a shunting signal)
c. Shunting signal (including the shunting/protection signal and hump signal)
d. Block signal (including the signal at the block separating points)
e. Call-on signal
f. Relay signal
g. Distance signal
Other than these signals, there are special signals and route indicators. The backside of a
color light signal shall be black in color.
2. Fixed semaphore signal
(1) Home signal
(2) Departure signal
(3) Relay signal

5
 (4) Distance signal

Article 57-2 Cab signal

The cab signal shall correctly receive the control information sent from the ground equipment
and continuously display it.

6
Article 57-3 Performance of fixed signal
Signals and indicators shall be visible from the point the distance specified below away in the
daytime on fine days.
1. Home signal and block signal ······ 800 m or over
2. Departure signal on the main line, yard signal, distance signal and hump signal ···· 400 m or
over
3. Departure signal on side tracks, yard signal, shunting signal, call-in signal and others ····· 200
m or over
4. Where the above visibility distance cannot be guaranteed for home signals or block signals
due to topographical conditions, or the existence of obstacles or curves, it can be reduced to
400 mm, or 200 m under inevitable special conditions.

Article 57-4 Position of two or more fixed signals

Where two or more fixed signals are to be installed at the same position, the following rules
shall be observed.
1. Where two or more fixed signals are to be installed in parallel on the left side of tracks, the
signal for the leftmost track shall be installed on the leftmost side in the signal array, with the
signals for other tracks installed toward the right side at the position of the corresponding
tracks.
Where two or more fixed signals are to be installed in parallel on the right side of the tracks,
the signal for the leftmost track shall be installed on the leftmost side in the signal array, with
the signals for other tracks installed toward the right side at the position of the corresponding
tracks.
2. In the paragraph 1, the signal for the most important track shall be installed at a position
higher than those of other signals.

Article 57-5 Installation of departure signal for two or more routes

Where there are two or more routes from a track, a departure signal shall be installed for each
route. In the case of a departure route where no non-stop trains run, however, a departure
signal attached with route indicators can be used in common for two or more routes.

Article 57-6 Installation of home signal

1. A home signal shall be installed at the following position, except where a speed restriction
signal is installed at the outside block signal when the home signal indicates a stop aspect or
where a device is installed to automatically stop trains linked with the signal aspect of the

7
 home signal at a position 3.5 m or over distant outside the fouling point related to a trailing
point or a crossing between tracks.
(1) A position 100 m or over distant from the tongue rail of the trailing point (except the one
for safety side tracks) existing at the outermost position in the section to be protected by
the home signal

100 m

A position 100 m or over distant outside the tongue rail of the point

(2) A position 100 m or over distant from the fouling point related to a trailing point or a
crossing between tracks existing at the outermost position in the section to be protected by
the home signal

Fouling point

100 m

A position 100 m or over outside a fouling point

(3) A position 100 m or over outside the train stopping section

2. The separation distance in the paragraph 1 can be reduced to the distance specified in the
right-hand side column for the maximum train speed between stations in the left-hand side
column of the following Table where it is inevitable due to topographical conditions or for
other reasons.

Train maximum speed between stations Separation distance

(km/h) (m)
Less than 65
65 to less than 85
85 to less than 100

8
Article 57-7 Installation of departure signal
A departure signal shall be installed at the following position.
(1) Forward from the train stop position
(2) Outside the tongue rail of the trailing point existing at the outermost position in the
section to be protected by the departure signal

Platform

A position outside the tongue rail of the point

(3) A position outside the fouling point related to the trailing point or the crossing between
tracks existing at the outermost position in the section to be protected by the home signal,
provided that the position shall be 3.5 m or over outside the fouling point related to the
trailing point or the crossing between tracks.
Fouling point

Platform

A position 3.5 m or over outside the fouling point

Article 57-8 Indication of the speed restriction signal at the master signal outside the
home or departure signal

A speed restriction signal indicating device shall be attached to the master signal outside the
home or departure signal located at the starting point of a section where interference between
trains is apprehended to occur due to overrun when a train enters or exits from the station,
except where a device is installed to automatically stop trains linked with the said home or
departure signal or in one of the following cases.
(1) A safety siding exists inside the home or departure signal at the starting point of the said
section.
(2) A section at a length of 100 m or over exists from the home or departure signal at the
starting point of the said section to the fouling point or the tongue rail of the trailing

9
 point (except that for the safety siding).

Safety sidings
When a stop aspect is indicated When a stop aspect is indicated
at the home signal A: at the departure signal A:
Indication of a speed restricting signal Indication of a speed restricting signal
aspect where the safety siding A1 does aspect where the safety siding A2 does
not exists. not exists.
Indication of a caution signal aspect Indication of a caution signal aspect
h h f idi A1 i

Master signal outside the home signal A Home signal A Safety siding A1
Departure signal A
Safety siding A2

Safety siding B2
Departure signal B Home signal B
Safety siding B1 Master signal outside the home signal B

When a stop aspect is indicated When a stop aspect is indicated

at the departure signal B: at the home signal B:
Indication of a speed restricting signal Indication of a speed restricting signal
aspect where the safety siding B2 does aspect where the safety siding B1 does
not exists. not exists.
Indication of a caution signal aspect Indication of a caution signal aspect
where the safety siding B2 exists where the safety siding B1 exists

Article 57-9 Installation of block signal

Block signals shall be installed at the starting point of block sections, except where a home or
departure signal exists at the position.

Article 57-10 Installation of call-in signal

Call-in signals shall be installed at the position of home or departure signal at a height lower
than that of the signal.

Article 57-11 Installation of shunting signal

A shunting signal shall be installed at each route where shunting is implemented, except where
two or more routes exist from a track in one of the following cases.
a. Branching points between tracks for which conditions to guarantee the safety of train
operation are the same.
b. A route indicator is attached to the shunting signal.

Article 57-12 Installation of distance signal

A distance signal shall be installed where a visibility distance is not guaranteed for a length of
800 m or over for the home or passing signal under the semi-automatic or tablet block system.
The visibility distance shall be as per the following where a distance signal is installed.

1. The sum of the visibility distances for a distance, home and passing signals shall be 800 m or
over.

10
2. The visibility distance for a distance, home or passing signal shall be 400 m or over.
3. Where the visibility distance specified in the paragraph 1 and 2 is not guaranteed due to
topographical conditions or for other reasons, it may be reduced to 200 m, provided that the
distance between the distance signal and home or passing signal is 1,000 m or over.

Article 57-13 Installation of relay signal

1. Relay signals shall be installed outside the home, departure and block signals where a
visibility distance longer than that required for approaching trains to decelerate or stop
according to the aspect of relevant signals is not guaranteed due to topographical conditions
or for other reasons under automatic block system.
2. Relay signals shall be installed to make the distance from the point where they are visible to
the home, departure or block signal longer than the brake distance of the train approaching to
the relevant signal.

Article 57-14 Installation of route indicator

Route indicators shall be installed on the pole of the departure or shunting signal at a height
lower than that of the signal.

Article 57-15 Installation of special signal

A special signal (or a shut-off signal) shall be installed where there is an obstacle at unexpected
places on the track to compromise the safety of train operation.

Article 57-16 Installation of sign

The following signs shall be installed where necessary.
1. Home sign
2. Departure sign.

Article 58 Interlocking system

Article 58-1 Categories of interlocking system

The categories of interlocking equipment are as per the following.
1. Mechanical interlocking system
2. Electrical interlocking system including the following.
a. Electrical relay interlocking system (wholly of the relay type)
b. Electronic interlocking system

11
Article 58-2 Function of interlocking system
1. The signal interlocking system shall be installed on the main line or at the places where a
siding track that interferes with the main line crosses or branches from it.
2. The interlocking system installed in the station yard shall be in conformity with the
following except in the case where trains are operated under the train interval guaranteeing
system.
a. Master signals (including cab signals and shunting signs) shall be interlocked with each
other where their route and the safety margin for overrun or part thereof are in common
use or where the route and the safety margin for overrun cross each other at grade.
b. Master signals (including cab signals and shunting signs) shall be interlocked with the
points in their route and safety margin for overrun.
3. The interlocking system where trains are operated under the train interval guaranteeing
system shall be in conformity with the following.
a. The interlocking system shall interlock the control information for different routes issued
according to the open/close status of the routes where all or part of the routes are in
common use or cross each other at grade.
b. The interlocking system shall interlock the points in the route (except those normally
locked) with the control information issued according to the open/close status of the route.
4. The points on the main line and on siding tracks (except those in the shunting yards) shall
mechanically be locked as an interlocking system.

Article 58-3 Function of the centralized train control system

1. The centralized train control system (hereinafter referred to as "CTC") and the remote
control system (hereinafter referred to as "RC") shall display the following information on
the display units at the center and shall be able to set routes for trains or rolling stock exiting
from stations.
a. Position of the trains on the main line
b. The open/close status of the routes on the main line.
2. A device to issue an alarm when the route setting system has failed shall be installed at the
center for CTC and RC that automatically set routes.

12
Article 59 Automatic train stop (ATS) system and automatic train control (ATC) system

Article 59-1 Installation of automatic train stop and automatic train control systems
The automatic train stop or automatic train control system shall be installed to automatically
decelerate or stop trains according the signal aspect under the automatic block system, except
in the following cases.
1. Two or more trains are not operated simultaneously on a section not connected with other
sections.
2. A siding track exists to prevent collision between trains due to overrun or erroneous
departure at train crossing stations in single-track sections where the section between stations
constitutes a block section.
3. Measures have been taken to prevent collision between trains due to overrun in single-track
sections where the signal aspect does not indicate the blocking status between stations.

Article 59-2 Function of automatic train stop system in double-track sections

The automatic train stop system installed in accordance with Article 59-1 in double-track
sections shall have a fundamental function in conformity with one of the following.
1. The system shall automatically stop trains outside the master signal in case brakes are not
applied at the specified point when the master signal indicates a stop aspect.
2. The system shall automatically stop trains outside the master signal in case train speed
exceeds the specified speed at the specified point when the master signal indicates a stop
aspect.

Article 59-3 Function of automatic train stop system in single-track sections

The automatic train stop system installed in accordance with Article 59-1 in single-track
sections shall have a fundamental function in conformity with one of the following.
(1) The system shall be in conformity with the paragraph (1) or (2), Article 59-2.
(2) The system shall automatically stop trains before the outermost fouling point in the
section protected by the departure signal when it indicates a stop aspect.

Article 59-4 Installation of automatic train stop or automatic train control system at
speed restricted places
The automatic train stop or automatic train control system shall be installed to automatically
decelerate or stop trains safely before the speed restricted point or the stop indicated point in
the following sections under the automatic block system.

13
 a. Curve speed restricted sections
b. Turnout speed restricted sections
c. Sections where speed is restricted due to the existence of structures
d. Track end sections
e. Non-closed level crossing approach sections
f. Gradient speed restricted section
However, the above prescriptions "a" to "f" do not apply in the following cases "a" and "b."
a. Train operation in sections where passengers are not transported.
b. Non-regular operation of rolling stock when measures have been taken to prevent
accident due to delayed brake application or oblivion by the driver when two or
more drivers are onboard the driving cab.

Article 59-5 Function of automatic train control system

The automatic train control system installed in accordance with Article 59-1 shall be in
conformity with the following.
1. The ground device shall continuously output the control information for trains to instruct
train speed according to the interval with the preceding train on the route and track
conditions.
2. The device on the train shall cross-check the train speed with the speed instructed by the
control information and automatically apply brakes to decelerate the train speed down to the
speed instructed by the control information.
3. A cab signal shall be installed in the driving cab to continuously indicate the allowable
operation speed in accordance with the control information obtained by receiving ATC track
circuit signals.

Article 59-6 Signal control at automatic feeding section switching points of high-speed
railways
1. Automatic switching devices shall be installed at the feeding section posts of high-speed
railways to transmit the ATC control information indicating a stop aspect to outside track
circuits adjacent to the track circuit that controls the automatic switching device in the
following cases.
a. Voltage is not applied to the feeding section inside the changeover catenary wires.
b. An inappropriate power source is used to apply voltage to changeover catenray
wires.
2. In the cases of the above paragraphs "a" and "b," a route for entry, departure, block or
shunting shall not be established in case an automatic changeover device is installed at the

14
 feeding section post.

Article 59-7 Installation of temporary speed restriction signal

The automatic train control system of high-speed railways shall be equipped with a temporary
speed restriction signal device, which changes the control information indicated for the main
line between stations into one that instructs an operation speed lower than that instructed by the
original control information.

Article 60 Automatic train operation system

1. Railways under the automatic train control system shall be equipped with a system to
perform automatic train operation (hereinafter referred to as the "automatic train operation
system").
2. The automatic train operation system shall be in conformity with the following.
a. Trains shall not be able to start unless their boarding/alighting doors have been closed and
the safety of boarding/alighting passengers has been confirmed.
b. Train speed shall smoothly be controlled with the target speed set lower than that
instructed by the control information of the automatic train control system.
c. Trains shall smoothly be stopped at a specified position.
d. The automatic train operation mode shall be cancelled when brakes are not applied.

Article 61 Train detecting system

Article 61-1 Function of track circuit

The train detecting system relying on track circuits shall be in conformity with the following.
1. Trains shall be detected when rails are short-circuited with the wheel-sets of trains or rolling
stock.
2. The system shall be of the type of closed electricity circuit.
3. Obstacles shall not occur on the track circuit due to the current and return current in the
adjacent track circuits or other external currents.
4. The sectioning point at the starting point of the section protected by the master signal shall
be at the position of the signal. In case it is not possible to satisfy the above requirement
for inevitable reasons, the sectioning point can be set within a distance to ensure safety
before or after the signal.
5. The sectioning point at the starting point of the section protected by the master signal shall
not be placed in the following section.

15
 a. Where a turnout exists: the section from its tip on the tongue rail side to a point 3.5m
outside its trailing side
b. Where a track crossing exists: the section between the fouling points added with a distance
of 3.5m on each side.

Article 61-2 Installation of cross bond

Cross bonds to connect rails shall be installed not to interfere with the function of tracks.

Article 61-3 Dead section

In track circuits, sections where the track circuit does not function when short-circuited by the
wheel-sets of trains or rolling stock (hereinafter referred to as the "dead sections") shall not be
set in principle. In case one is set for inevitable reasons, measures shall be taken to ensure the
safety of trains running on the section.

Article 61-4 Train detection system without track circuits

The train detection system without track circuits shall be in conformity with the following.
1. The system shall not be obstructed by the inductive noise of catenary wires or electric
equipment on rolling stock
2. The system shall not detect trains in other sections.

Article 62 Security and telecommunication equipment

The railway telecommunication system shall effectively support the management and operation
of railways and provide passengers with effective services.

Article 62-1 Installation of telecommunication circuits dedicated to operation

Dedicated security and telecommunication circuits shall be installed between power
dispatching center and operation dispatching center, between power dispatching center and
substations (other than monitored substations), between operation dispatching center and
principal stations and between stations where the block procedures or the direction of train
operation is consulted with each other.
In station yards and railway facilities in their vicinity, security and telecommunication circuits
shall be installed between stations and operation field units, maintenance units, disaster
prevention centers and rolling stock dispatch centers.

16
Article 62-2 Radio telecommunication equipment
1. Dedicated security and telecommunication radio circuits shall be installed between trains and
the operation dispatching center of high-speed and semi-high-speed railways (hereinafter
referred to as "high-speed railways").
2. The protection radio equipment of normal railways shall be able to transmit signals from
trains to other trains within a distance of about 1km (longer than the distance within which
trains can stop).
3. The train crew radio telephones shall enable communications between stations and operation
dispatching center and trains and between the head and tail of a train in the vicinity of
stations,
4. At stations where shunting of rolling stock is performed without using train radio or train
crew radio telephones, communication shall be possible between the train crew, stations and
the staff on the ground.
5. At stations where shunting of rolling stock is performed by using shunting signs, a loud
voice telephone system (talk-back system) shall be installed in principle along with portable
radio and portable telephone systems.

Article 62-3 Satellite and mobile telecommunication systems

The latest technologies of satellite and mobile telecommunication systems shall be introduced
into high-speed railways to provide communication services and implement correct and
high-speed data transmission.

Article 62-4 Transmission characteristics and quality of telecommunication circuits

1. High-speed railways shall be installed with high-quality optic fiber transmission circuits at
622 Mb/s to 10 Gb/s transmission speeds.
2. Normal railways shall be installed with optic fiber transmission circuits at 622 Mb/s to 2.5
Gb/s transmission speeds in addition to conventional bare wire and metallic wire circuits
where necessary.

Article 62-5 Telecommunication circuits

Railways other than high-speed railways shall use bare wire, metallic wire and optic fiber
transmission systems where necessary depending on line conditions.

Article 62-6 Information exchange system in railway businesses

To correctly and efficiently implement information exchanges in railway companies:
▪ High-speed railways shall introduce the conference and television telephone systems at a

17
 speed of 1,920 kb/s or over.
▪ Normal railways shall introduce the conference and television telephone systems at a speed
of 384 kb/s or over.

Article 62-7 Switching system

The digital electronic switching system shall be introduced into the circuits related to the public
telephone and data exchange systems except where an existing switching system is in operation

Article 62-8 Synchronized clock system

1. The railway transmission network shall compose a real-time clock system for comprehensive
simultaneous control.
2. The above clock system shall be composed of a precise primary clock, relays and plural
secondary clocks that are controlled by the signal issued by the primary clock.

Article 62-9 Passenger information system

To provide railway users with effective passenger services and encourage the use of railways,
railway stations shall have dedicated telecommunication circuits equivalent to security
telecommunication circuits to quickly and correctly transmit the information on the status of
train operation, train departure and arrival at stations and reservation of seats.

Article 63 Overhead telecommunication line facilities

Article 63-1 Height of overhead telecommunication lines

The height of overhead telecommunication lines shall be in conformity with the following.
1. 2.5 m or over in fields and on hills
2. 3 m or over in station yards
3. 4.5 m or over on roads crossing railway tracks
4. 7.5 m or over vertically on or crossing railway lines.
5. Supports shall be installed at a point more than their height distant from the shoulder of
foundation level.

Article 63-2 Connection of telephones to overhead telecommunication lines

Security devices shall be installed for cross protection against other telecommunication lines or
prevention of the damage due to lightning strokes at the point where telephones to be
connected with overhead telecommunication lines are installed.

18
Article 64 Level crossing security equipment

Article 64-1 Categories and installation of level crossing security equipment

1. Mechanical level crossings stationed with a crossing watchman shall be installed with the
following level crossing security equipment, with a signal to indicate the open/close status of
the level crossing for trains equipped where necessary.
Crossing barriers, warning signals on the road, alarm issuing devices, marks, fences
and crossing walkway lines
2. Level crossings not stationed with a crossing watchman shall be installed with the following
level crossing security equipment, with obstacle detection devices and barrier close signals
equipped where necessary.
a. Level crossings equipped with automatic barriers: Automatic barriers, automatic level
crossing warning signals, marks, fences and crossing walkway lines
b. Level crossing without barriers: Automatic crossing warning signals, marks, fences and
crossing walkway lines
c. Level crossings with marks alone: Fences and crossing walkway lines

Article 64-2 Standards on the installation of automatic level crossing warning signals
Automatic level crossing warning signals shall be installed as per the following.
1. The warning signal shall issue alarms for pedestrians on both sides of the level crossing.
2. The warning signal, where installed on one side of the level crossing, shall be installed on
the right side of the road, or at the center or on the left side when inevitable due to site
conditions.
3. The warning signal can be installed on both sides of the road where necessary.
4. Two or more red flashing lamps shall be installed.
5. The red flash lamps shall be visible at a distance of 100 m or over.
6. Warning marks (cross marks) shall be installed.
7. The level crossing warning signals installed in sections having two or more tracks shall be
attached with a train moving direction indicator.

Article 64-3 Function of automatic level crossing warning signal

Level crossing warning signals shall function as per the following.
1. The signal shall automatically start operation when a train has approached.
2. The time from the start to the end of the operation shall not obstruct the passage of
pedestrians.
3. The standard time from the start of the operation to the arrival of the train shall be 60

19
 seconds.
4. The signal shall start canceling the warning after the train has passed.
5. The warning starting point shall be controlled by a continuous closure of an electric circuit or
a train detection system. The warning ending point shall be controlled by a continuous
opening of an electric circuit or a train detection system.

Article 64-4 Standards on the installation of mechanical level crossing security equipment
1. Level crossings stationed with a crossing watcher shall be equipped with manual crossing
barriers and warning signals, or warning signals only where the volume of traffic is
extremely small or installation of barriers is technically difficult.
2. Barriers shall completely shut off the tracks from both sides.
3. The warning signal shall have two or more red lamps that flash alternately when in
operation.
4. The time from the start to the end of warning shall be as per the following.
a. Where automatic warning signals and non-automatic crossing barriers are installed: 90
seconds as a standard.
b. Where non-automatic warning signals (electric or petroleum lamps) are installed: 120
seconds as a standard.
5. Procedures when a crossing barrier or a crossing warning signal has failed:
Post a railway employee at the crossing to give caution to pedestrians or take other
appropriate measures.

Chapter 9 Maintenance of facilities and rolling stock

Article 102 Maintenance of signal and telecommunication equipment

Article 102-1 Definition of terms

The meaning of the terms used in this clause is as follows.
1. The term "maintenance" is to efficiently maintain the function of equipment and precisely
recover the lost function thereof when necessary.
2. The term "maintenance services" is the replacement, repair, adjustment, supply and other
services implemented to recover the stable state when the equipment has lost its function or
is apprehended to lose the normal and stable state.
3. The term "inspection" is to investigate the degree of deterioration or changed conditions of
equipment, judge whether maintenance services are required to maintain its function it the
normal and stable state and implement maintenance services at the same time when

20
 necessary.

Article 102-2 Categories of maintenance

The categories of maintenance are as follows.
1. Preventive maintenance
The preventive maintenance is to detect that the equipment is apprehended to lose its
function by effective methods and implement maintenance services in advance mainly for
equipment that will seriously affect train operation and passenger services if the function has
been lost.
2. Breakdown maintenance
The breakdown maintenance is the maintenance services implemented in principle after its
function has been lost for equipment that will not seriously affect train operation or
passenger services even if the function has been lost.

Article 102-3 Maintenance of signal and telecommunication equipment

The signal and telecommunication equipment shall be maintained in a state to correctly
function by appropriately implementing inspection and monitoring the state by an equipment
monitoring system. In case a component has failed, it shall immediately be repaired to recover
its normal state.

Article 102 Implementation of inspection

1. Inspection shall be implemented as per the inspection schedule specified by control
organizations.
2. In case the inspection in accordance with the above paragraph "a" can not be implemented
due to bad weathers or for other reasons, the inspection can be postponed until it becomes
possible.

Article 102-5 Inspection of newly constructed facilities

Newly constructed, remodeled or repaired facilities shall be used after their operation, function
and safety have been checked through inspection.

Article 102-6 Procedures after abnormality has been found through inspection
When it is apprehended in inspection that the equipment will lose the normal and stable
function, appropriate measures shall be taken for recovery, adjustment, replacement or
suspension of operation as emergency services.

21
Article 102-7 Records
The results of inspection for newly constructed, remodeled and repaired equipment shall be
kept for five years together with the records and the date of inspection.

Article 102-8 Procedures at a disaster or an accident

1. When a disaster or an accident has occurred on equipment, immediately investigate the cause
and recover its function. In case an erroneous signal accident has occurred, however, due to a
cause related to equipment or when so suspected, immediately suspend the use of the
equipment and keep its status unchanged.
2. Specify the range of the suspension of equipment until it recovers its function after a disaster
or an accident has occurred.
3. After a disaster or an accident or when equipment is used for train operation after suspension
of operation, inspect it to confirm its operation, function and safety in advance.

Article 102-9 Filing of figures, tables and statistic data

File the figures, tables and statistic date required for the maintenance of equipment.

Article 102-10 Equipment requiring care

Keep under vigilance the equipment requiring care for prevention of injury or for other reasons.
Improve and make it thoroughly known among those concerned.

Article 102-11 Changes in the environment

Grasp the changes in the environment of equipment for management and make efforts to
prevent accidents.

Article 102-12 Inspection tools

Inspect and keep instruments, tools, protectors and power equipment under proper conditions.

Article 102-13 Standby machines and materials for emergency use

Specify the place to store standby machines and materials for emergency use and keep them
under proper conditions.

22
 Additional rules and reference materials

Additional rule 1 Special flash signals

There are following two types of special flash signals.

(1) Rotating type
(2) Blinking type
(See Figs. 38-1 and 38-2 for reference.)

The signal aspects indicated by special flash signals shall be visible from a point 800 m or over
distant in the daytime on fine days.

90
390

228
150

500

Fig. 38-1 Fig. 38-2

Rotating type Blinking type

23
Reference material 1 Color light signal

1. Home, departure and block signals shall indicate the following aspects.

Types of home, departure and block signals

Two-position
color light Three-position color light signal
signal
Stop, Stop, speed
Stop, speed
Stop, caution Stop caution, restriction,
Stop and restriction,
and and speed caution, speed
proceed caution and
proceed caution reduction and reduction and
aspects proceed
aspects aspects proceed proceed
aspects
aspects aspects

G G Ｙ Ｙ Ｙ Ｙ

Ｒ Ｙ Ｒ Ｒ Ｒ Ｙ

Ｒ Ｇ Ｙ Ｒ

Ｙ Ｇ Ｙ

24
2. Call-in signals shall have the following configurations and dimensions and indicate the
specified aspects.

色灯式
Color light system 灯列式
Position light system

又は
or 又は
or 又は
or

Y Y Y Y L L
L L

Remarks
1. Y represents a yellow lamp. L shall be a color distinguishable from white or other
colors.
2. Lamps shall be 90 mm or over in diameter.
3. The center distance between the lamps of color light signal shall be 250 mm or over
(150 mm or over in tunnel).

3. The center distance between the lamp of call-in signal and the lowest lamp of home signal
shall be 600 mm or over.
4. The center distance between the lamp of call-in signal and the lowest lamp of shunting signal
shall be 250 mm or over.

25
5. Shunting signals and signs shall have the following configurations and dimensions and
indicate the aspects specified below.

二位灯列式
Two-position system 三位灯列式system
Three-position

L
L
L
L L
L L

Remarks
1. For shunting signals, use white lamps distinguishable from other lamps of color
light signal.
2. Shunting signs shall have purple lamps and the same mechanism as that of shunting
signals.
3. Shunting signals of the position light system attached with a shunting signal
identification lamp can be used in common with a shunting sign.
4. The lamps shall be 90 mm or over (60 mm or over in tunnel) in diameter.
5. The center distance between the lamps of color light signal shall be 250 mm or over
(150 mm or over in tunnel).

6. Relay signals shall have the following configurations and dimensions and indicate the
aspects specified below.

灯列式
Position light system
進行中継信号 注意中継信号 停止中継信号
Proceed relay Caution relay Stop relay aspect

Remarks
1. G, Y and R represent green, orange-yellow and red, respectively. L shall be a
lamp distinguishable from other lamps of color light signal.
2. Lamps shall be 100 mm or over in diameter with color light signals and 90 mm or
over (40 mm or over in tunnel) in diameter with position light signals.
3 The center distance between lamps shall be 200 mm or over (180 mm or over in

26
 tunnel) with color light signals and 250 mm or over (150 mm or over in tunnel) in
diameter with position light signals.

7. Route indicators shall have the configurations and dimensions specified in the following
drawings.

For multiple routes For three routes For two routes

(Dimensions of the
outer configuration are
only for reference.)

27
Reference material 2 Semaphore signal
1. Passing signals shall have the following configurations and dimensions and indicate the
aspects specified below.

Color light system Semaphore system

150

840

Ｇ 450 840 200

Ｙ

Ｙ Ｇ

The front and

The both sides reverse sides shall
shall be black be yellow and
Remarks
1. The dimensions are in millimeters. white, respectively.

2. G and Y represent green and orange-yellow, respectively.

3. Lamps shall be 100 mm or over in diameter.
4. The center distance between lamps shall be 200 mm or over (180 mm or over in
tunnel).

28
2. Semaphore home and departure signals shall have the following configurations and
dimensions and indicate the specified aspects.

Home signal = 1,200 mm

Departure signal = 900 mm

150

280 200
Ｒ

[The front and [The front and

reverse sides shall reverse sides
be white and black, shall be red and
respectively] white,
respectively]

Two-position semaphore signal

Remarks
1. The dimensions are in millimeters.
2. G, Y and R represent green, orange-yellow and red, respectively.
3. Lamps shall be 100 mm or over in diameter.
4. The center distance between lamps shall be 200 mm or over (180 mm or over in
tunnel).

29
3. Distant signals shall have the following configurations and dimensions and indicate the
specified aspects.
Remarks
1. The dimensions are in millimeters.
2. G and Y represent green and orange-yellow, respectively.

Color light system Semaphore system

Caution and Caution, speed
proceed aspects reduction and
proceed aspects

1200 150
Ｙ

280 200
Ｙ
Ｙ
Ｇ
Ｇ
Ｇ
Ｙ
The front and
The front and reverse
reverse sides shall
sides shall be yellow
be white and
and white,
black,

3. Lamps shall be 100 mm or over in diameter.

4. The center distance between lamps shall be 200 mm or over (180 mm or over in
tunnel).

30
 Reference material 3 Operation of ATS

1. Block system and rear-end collision

The ATS system is used to prevent rear-end collisions specific to railways. Fig. 1 shows the
geometrical relation between the block signal and the ground coil of the ATS-S system.
Down 2 (yellow)

信号機外方 Inside the signal

信号機内方
Down 3 Automatic
自動閉そく信号機block signal Outside the signal
Train proceeding 下り３ Down 1
(green)
（緑）
列車の運転方向
direction Down 2
下り２ 下り１
Identification sign for automatic (red)
自動閉そく信号機 （黄） （赤）
(yellow)
block system の識別標識
２ １

続行列車 ６００ｍ ５０ｍ 先行列車

Train running behind Train
（最高運転速度からの
ATS-S形地上子
Emergency brake distance from the maximum
非常ブレーキ距離）
running
ATS-S ground coil
d
閉そく区間長
Length of block system
列車停止位置
Train stop position
図 １ between
Fig. 1 Geometrical relation 閉そく信号機とATS-S形地上子の位置関係
the block signal and the ground coil of the ATS-S

When the train running ahead (1) is at the position specified in Fig., the signal aspect and the
method of train operation are as follows.
▪ Indication of the "down 1" signal: Stop (red) aspect ... The train stops at the position 50 m
outside the signal.
▪ Indication of the "down 2" signal: Caution (yellow) aspect ... The train can proceed inside the
signal at 45 km/h.
▪ Indication of the "down 2" signal: Proceed (green) aspect ... The train can proceed inside the
signal without speed restriction.

The train is normally supposed to decelerate to 45 km/h or lower when the train running behind
has passed the "down 2" signal, enter the "down 2 block section", acknowledge the "red" aspect
of the "down 1" signal at a visibility distance of 600 m and apply service brakes to stop at the
specified position.
In case the driver fails the above manipulation, the automatic train stop (ATS) system is
installed as a backup means at the position indicated in the Fig. When the train passes a ground
coil of the ATS system, the pickup coil on the train issues a warning notice. If the driver does

31
not perform a warning notice acknowledging manipulation, the emergency brake is
automatically applied to prevent a rear-end collision.

2. Background of the introduction of ATS-S system

In the railways of JR companies, there are electrified and non-electrified sections, installed
with automatic or non-automatic signals of the color light or semaphore system, where a
variety of trains are operated, such as steam, electric or diesel locomotive-hauled trains, DMUs,
EMUs and freight trains. Under the circumstances, the ATS-S system made its debut as a
system featuring a simple structure and easiness of adjustment without affecting nearby
equipment, which is applicable across the country irrelevant of gourd facilities or systems.
The ground coil of this system functions linked with signals, in that it controls the ATS function
with a built-in electric circuit in the case of automatic and semi-automatic signals and with a
circuit controller installed under an arm in the case of semaphore (non-automatic) system.
The warning is issued only at the point where the ground coil is installed, after which changes
in the signal aspect cannot be reflected in the operation by the driver on the train. The operation
after a warning acknowledging manipulation or brake application solely depend on the caution
of the driver. This does not perfectly guarantee the eradication of rear-end collisions due to the
erroneous operation by the driver.

3. Composition and operation of the ATS-S system.

The ATS system is composed of ground coils and pickup coils. See Fig. 2 for the geometrical
relation in between.
The ground coil is a tank circuit having Q at 110 to 170 and a resonance frequency of 130 kHz.
This tank circuit is short-circuited not to function as a resonance circuit except when the related
signal indicates a "stop" aspect. The pickup coil is normally composed of part of an oscillator
whose return circuit is drawn out as a pickup coil and installed at a position on the car
underfloor to face the ground coil.
When the pickup coil faces a ground coil, the pulling effect of the resonance circuit modulates
the resonance frequency from 105 kHz to 130 kHz, which drops a relay on the car. In relation
to this phenomenon, the function of the system is summarized as follows.

32
 Filter
Oscillator
Lead wire (passing
(excitation Relay
band)
of f1)
Pickup coil
Pickup coil
Oscillation

Train proceeding direction frequency

Ground coil Pickup coil

Resonance
frequency
Short-circuit

Fig. 2 Geometrical relation between ground and pickup ed circuit

Fig. 3 Circuit composition of

modulation oscillator

33
The status of the train changes thereafter as follows depending on whether the onboard devices
are manipulated appropriately by the driver.

Setting the brake handle at the lapping position within five seconds → Cancellation of the
intervention by the system → Return to the normal state
No manipulations for more than five seconds → Application of emergency brake → Setting
the brake handle at the emergency position → Train stop → Cancellation of the
intervention by the system → Return to the normal state

The maximum train speed responded to by the ATS-S system is 130 km/h. Fig. 4 and 5 are
photos to show the installation of ATS ground coil and that of ground coils used for speed
check, respectively.

Fig. 4 ATS-S ground coil

Ground coil

Fig. 5 Ground coils having the speed check function

34
4. ATS-P type
(1) Outline
There have been ATS systems having the following problems from the viewpoint of security
and operation efficiency.
After an acknowledging manipulation, the system does not function, thereby increasing
the danger of rear-end collision (improved by the ATS-SN type and thereafter)
After issuing a warning, the system is indifferent of changes in the signal aspect to a
severer speed restriction side.
The system does not instruct speed restriction or slowdown where signals do not exit.
To eliminate these drawbacks, the ATS-P type (hereinafter referred to as "ATS-P") uses a
"transponder" system of the digital signal type to armor ground coils with more information.

(2) Operation of ATS-P

When the signal indicates a stop aspect, the system makes the equipment on the train generate a
speed check pattern corresponding to the distance from the ground coil to the stop position, or
the digitized information on the distance up to the stop position and running speed at different
positions continuously thereto, with the running distance from the pattern generating point
calculated by counting the number of pulses generated by a tachometer-generator linked with
the rotation of wheels. Fig. 6 conceptually shows the operation of ATS-P. The train is required
to decelerate in accordance with the pattern. When the speed exceeds the pattern, the maximum
service brake is applied to confine the operation speed in the area lower than the pattern in
Fig.6

35
 Generation of pattern

Check pattern on the train

Manual operation

"Down 3" "Down 1"

(green) "Down 2" (yellow) (red)

Length of block

Train proceeding direction Ground coil for pattern generation Erasing ground coil

600 m
Brake distance
Warning starting point

Fig. 6 Speed check pattern and operation

When the signal aspect has changed to a speed restriction relaxing side, the pattern is erased by
the pattern erasing ground coil to allow advancing the notch. For a home signal, normally six
erasing ground coils are installed. The maximum train speed responded to by the ATS-P system
is 160 km/h.

(3) Categories of ground coil

There are structurally two categories of ATS-P ground coil, power-source type and
non-power-source type.
◇ Power-source type: Installed at positions to be controlled by signals and the interlocking
system
◇ Non-power-source type: Installed at positions between stations where information shall be
sent to trains
The non-power-source type ground coil, which is specific to the "transponder" system, receives
the 245 kHz wave normally transmitted from the pickup coil of a train to start operation with
the wave as a power source and transmits information at 1.7 MHz to the train. This ground coil
can be set at positions where speed restriction is required, independently of the position of
signal.

36
Reference material 4 Cross bond circuit and Cases of train detection systems without
track circuits

An example of cross bond circuit

Receiver for Broken

Rail
train

Cross Cross Bond

Bond

Receiver for
train detection

Examples of train detection system without track circuits

Category Outline of the principle of train detection

A transmitting coil and a receiving coil are installed to sandwich the rail,
with the latter supplied with power at a certain level or over through the
electromagnetic coupling with the former. When a wheel passes
between the two coils, the electromagnetic coupling in between
Wheel axle
weakens to reduce the power received by the receiving coil. This works
detection system
to detect the passage of the wheel.
To count the number of entries and exits of trains to/from a section, a
transmitting coil and a receiving coil are installed at the ends of the section,
which add or subtract the numbers of wheels passing these coils.
Induction wires are installed inside, outside or to the side of the gauge at
certain intervals. Trains are equipped with two coils, one for train entry
detection and the other for train exit detection. These coils on the train,
Cross induction which face the cross induction wires on the ground, normally transmit an
wire system electromagnetic wave. This wave is received by the cross induction wires
on the ground to detect the entry and exit of trains. The cross induction
wires on the ground are normally fed with a current to check their
soundness and that of other equipment on the ground.

37
 Reference material 5 Transmission characteristics of telecommunication equipment.

Request for communication system

Types of railway (such as transmission, switched Remark
service, etc.)
National High speed railway Tokaido shinkansen;
railway 200-350 km/h optical communication:600 Mbps
error rate performance:<1×10-11 Somewhere
else,
Bound high speed 2.4Gbps for
railway train radio system(tohoku/joetsu motion picture
150-200 km/h shinkansen):LCX
error rate performance:<1×10-4
1st level railway
100-150 km/h
JR EAST(TOKYO
2nd level railway
METROPOLITAN DISTRICT);
60-100 km/h
optical communication:100 Mbps
3rd level railway
-60 km/h
Somewhere
Tsukuba express;
else,
Urban railway optical communication:150 Mbps
1Gbps for
error rate performance:<1×10-11
multimedia

38
5 Rolling stock
 Table of contents

Chapter 8 : Rolling Stock

Section 1 General .........................................................................................................3

Article 2 Terminology ..................................................................................................3

Section 2 Rolling Stock Gauge .....................................................................................6

Article 68 Rolling Stock Gauge ...................................................................................6
Article 68-2 ...................................................................................................................6

Section 3 Mass of Rolling Stock ..................................................................................12

Article 69 Mass of Rolling Stock .............................................................................12
Article 70 Stability .....................................................................................................12

Section 4 Running Gear of Rolling Stock ....................................................................12

Article 71 Running Gear ............................................................................................12
Article 72 Propulsion system .....................................................................................17
Article 72-2 Equipment of steam locomotive ............................................................18
Article 73 Brake system .............................................................................................18

Section 5 Body Structure and Devices .........................................................................26

Article 74 Body Structure ...........................................................................................26
Article 75 Structure for lightening remarkable noise .................................................26
Article 76 Structure of crew’s cabin ...........................................................................26
Article 77 Structure of passenger cabin ......................................................................26
Article 78 Doorway structure for passenger ...............................................................31
Article 79 Structure of Gang doorway and gangway .................................................32
Article 80 Fire exit structure ......................................................................................33
Article 81 Coupling system ........................................................................................33
Article 82 Rolling stock structure for
transporting special cargo ............................................................33
Article 83 Facilities of driver cabin ............................................................................34
Article 83-2 Facilities of conductor cabin ..................................................................39
Article 84 Internal pressure vessels and other pressure
supply sources, and accessory devices ..................................................39
Article 85 Auxiliary equipment of rolling stock ........................................................39
Article 85-2 .................................................................................................................40
Article 85-3 Guard Iron ..............................................................................................41

1
 Article 86 Rolling stock Markings .............................................................................41

Section 6 Fire Prevention of Rolling Stock ..................................................................41

Article 87 Fire Prevention of Rolling Stock ...............................................................41
Article 87-2 ...................................................................................................................43
Article 87-3 ...................................................................................................................44
Article 88 Fire Alarm System .....................................................................................46
Article 89 Auxiliary Power Source Facility ...............................................................46

Section 7 Other Equipment ..........................................................................................47

Article 90 Car Facility of a train by one-man driving ................................................47

Chapter 9 : Rolling Stock Maintenance

Section 4 Rolling Stock ................................................................................................48

Article 106 Rolling Stock Maintenance .....................................................................48
Article 106-2 Application ...........................................................................................48
Article 106-3 Training and Education ........................................................................48
Article 108 Train Inspection .......................................................................................48
Article 109 Periodic inspection of Rolling Stock .......................................................48
Article 109-2 Inspection Item .....................................................................................49
Article 109-3 Inspection of suspended rolling stock ..................................................49
Article 109-4 Test Run ...............................................................................................49
Article 109-5 Calculation of periodic inspection date ..............................................49
Article 110 Inspection records ....................................................................................49
Article 110-2 Inspection notation ...............................................................................49

Supplement 1 ..........................................................................................................50
Supplement 2 ............................................................................................................50

Periodical inspection interval of rollingstock ..........................................................50

Appendix1 Electric locomotives and electric cars ....................................................51
Appendix2 Diesel hydraulic locomotives and cars ...................................................73
Appendix3 Passenger cars,Freight,and Baggage cars ...............................................88
Appendix4 Steam locomotive ...................................................................................96

Reference Material （Rolling Stock） ................................................................... 107

2
 CHAPTER 8 Rolling Stock
Section 1 : General
Article 2 Terminology
1. The terminological descriptions of fundamental terms are shown in article 2 of the technical regulation in
addition the terms for rolling stock are explained as below.
(1) The rolling stock means all type car and vehicle of locomotive, passenger car, freight car and any
special car which run a main line, including any vehicle which run a main line temporarily such as
a shunting locomotive or like.
However, the vehicles/cars running on a main line concerned shall be not applied, only if a track
possession is carried out.
(2) “Electric car" means a passenger electric vehicle (electric motor vehicle and trailer vehicle) and an
electric motored freight car (electric motor car and trailer car).
(3) “An internal combustion engine car” means an internal combustion car for passenger and an
internal combustion freight car.
(4) "Train" means the organized cars/vehicles for operating on a track, such as locomotive coupled
with freight wagons or passenger coach, electric multiple unit train, internal combustion engine
cars/ diesel cars, single locomotive/ internal combustion engine car.
(5) “Diesel multi unit (DMU)” means the train composed by diesel cars.
(6) “Electric multi unit (EMU)” means the train composed with some electric motor cars and trailers.
(7) “Locomotive” means an electric locomotive, an internal combustion locomotive/diesel locomotive,
and a steam locomotive.
(8) “Traction motor car” means the car which has a power generating unit.
(9) "Passenger car" means a passenger electric car, an internal combustion car for passengers,
coach (coach is mainly towed by a locomotive and it is used for the transportation of
passengers, that is presented as coach.) and including such car that has not only a passenger
room but also a baggage room.
(10) “Freight car" means an electric motored freight car, an internal combustion freight car, and a
freight car (it is mainly hauled by a locomotive and is used for the transportation of cargos, that is
presented as freight car.) and a baggage car (that is used mainly for a transportation of baggage
and parcel/goods, that is presented as baggage car.).
(11) "Special car" means a track inspection car, an electric inspection car, a wreck tool car, and others
which have special structures or special facilities.
(12) "Special edition car" means passenger coach that having a fundamental performance as a common
passenger car, but being applied a special specification for the facility in its passenger room in
order to use for special purpose.
(13) "The rolling stock for a wheelchair" means that can be free at entrance and exit of a wheelchair for
any handicapped passenger and also can be stay in.

3
 (14) "Rigid wheel base" means the horizontal distance between the axle centers of front side wheel
and behind side wheel, those wheels are composed into one frame of the bogie which dose not
kinked toward the horizontal direction (including a bogie frame) and those wheels have not the
lateral allowance and the steering function.
(15) "Total wheel base" means the horizontal distance of the axle centers in both end at front and
behind of a bogie. (Fig.1)
(16) “Distance between bogie centers” means a horizontal distance between the rotation centers of
bogies in both ends of a car.
(17) “Tare mass”; Total mass of the rolling stock that has full amount of fuel for engine and fuel
system, lubricant, coolant and facilities provided for the operation service without mass of
passenger, crews and materials or goods. (The mass of crews, passengers and any goods are
not included into the mass.)
(18) “Loaded mass”; Total mass of rolling stock having full amount of fuel for engine and fuel
system, lubricant and coolant and facilities provided for the operation service with equivalent
mass of passenger and crew and maximum amount of luggage or baggage. Mass of a single
passenger and crew can be calculated by 55 kg per person
(19) "Passenger capacity" means number of seats or beds for passengers. However, in case there are
standing spaces, it means the sum of the number of seats and the number of standing spaces.
(20) “Brake ratio”; Ratio between total value of working force against brake shoe (cast-iron)
and mass of car. Non-cast iron brake shoe shall be converted into cast-iron brake shoe in
friction coefficient of braking. Loaded brake ration is for loaded and un-loaded brake ration is
for tare mass of rolling stock.
(21) “Inspection” means inspections of rolling stock and the parts concerned, and also repairs
accompanied with inspections.
(22) “Interval of inspection” means the schedule of the interval when the respective inspection should
be carried out according to the inspection type concerned.
(23) “Personnel”; means those who carry out inspections of rolling stocks and repair works
accordingly.

2. Other than terminologies mentioned in the previous clause, technical terms in these criteria is referred to
meanings in Vietnam Railway Law and Vietnam railway technical regulations.

4
Fig 1 (Article 2)

5
 Section 2 : Rolling Stock Gauge

Article 68 Rolling Stock Gauge

Rolling stock shall not exceed the rolling stock gauge under the conditions mentioned below.
(1) In the condition that rolling stock stops on the level and straight track and centerline of the
carbody and the bogie tally to centerline of the track whether the wheel is worn out or not.
(2) In the conditions that rolling stock is loaded by the maximum capacity load.
(3) In the condition that carbody or bogie are not inclined by deviated load due to passenger or cargo.

Article 68-2
1. Rolling stock gauge at the straight section shall be as follows.
(1) Rolling stock gauge in ordinary railway: (Fig.2)
(2) Rolling stock gauge of high speed railway: (Fig.3)
2. Notwithstanding the previous clause, the following parts or devices of rolling stock may exceed the
gauge by each item concerned as provided in principle as follows.
(1) Wheel, rail lubricator and track measuring device
Condition; All inside construction gauge
(2) Rail guard (Pilot)
Condition; Springy part within the construction gauge
(3) Doors including plug door, swing door of non-covered wagon, emergency door and the like
Condition; Case under being opened
(4) Rail measuring wheel, rail crack detector, and construction clearance measuring machine
Condition; Case under operation within the construction gauge
(5) Crane and the other concerned
Condition; Case under operation
(6) Supporting device for passenger getting on and off
Condition; Case under operation
3. Rolling stock clearance in curve section shall be calculated by adding relative value on each side
related to the clearance at straight section in consideration of deviation carbody. And moreover,
carbody shall be considered to be inclined due to the cant concerned.

6
 Rolling Stock Gauge

Sand box, spring ect...gauge

Lamplight ect..gauge

Rolling Stock Gauge

in detail

Fig. 2-1 (Article 68-2)

7
 Rolling Stock Gauge

Rolling Stock Gauge Sand box, spring ect...gauge

in detail Lamplight ect..gauge

NON

Fig. 2-2 (Article 68-2)

8
 Rolling Stock Gauge

Rolling Stock Gauge Sand box, spring ect...gauge

in detail Lamplight ect..gauge

The guage when pantagraph standing

The gauge when pantagraph folding

Fig. 2-3 (Article 68-2)

9
Fig.2-4(Article68-2)

10
 Rolling Stock Gauge

Sand box, spring ect...gauge

Lamplight ect..gauge

The guage when pantagraph standing

Fig. 3 (Article 68-2)

11
 Section 3 Mass of Rolling Stock

Article 69 Mass of Rolling Stock

Rolling stock shall not impose heavier burden on track and structure beyond the capacity.

Article 70 Stability
1. Rolling stock shall be operated in safety and stability under the track condition and other
predictable operation condition.
2. A passenger car shall set the ratio of static load unbalance between pair wheels ( a ratio between a wheel
load of unloaded condition and a half of axle load) into 0.9 or more and 1.1 or less for the car using in
1000mm gauge, and set it into 0.85 or more and 1.15 or less in 1435mm gauge. Furthermore the
structure of bogie could be easily adjusted of the ratio of static load unbalance between pair wheels.
However, this shall not be applied, if it is conformed to the criteria being defined independently such as
the national railway specification.
3. A Rolling stock shall be such structure which is not overturning even though it stops on the track of a
curve installed a cant.

Section 4 Running Gear of Rolling Stock

Article 71 Running Gear

1. Running Gear shall has strong and solid structure enough to secure the running safety and stability
against severe hunting motion.
2. Arrangement and the mounting structure of wheel axle and other structure of installments shall
conform to the followings.
(1) The structure shall pass through turnout, derailment prevention rail and other guardrail
without any damage.
(2) Dimension of wheelbase and wheel and axle of rolling stock shall conform to each one
indicated in the following table.
Table71.1 Running Gear
Ordinary Railway High Speed Railway
Description
1000mm 1435mm 1435mm
a. Wheel Base 4300mm or less 3500mm less
b. Wheel Diameter 680mm more 730mm more
c. Rim width of wheel 120mm - 150mm -
d. Inner distance 921mm – 1350mm 1358mm
between both wheel rims 927mm 1356mm 1363mm
e. Height of Flange 25mm – 35mm
Limiting curve condition R=75 m R=100m 200m radius curve with
for Rolling Stock 5mm gauge-widening
(Fig.4)
Wheels dimension of rolling stock that is less than 680 mm shall be applied to other legal regulation

12
3. Suspension system with air spring shall conform to the followings.
(1) It shall be provided with adequate capacity of air chamber.
(2) It shall support car body safely even though the mechanism does not work as spring due to air
leakage.
4. A car at the most front of train shall be provided with rail guard (pilot), which shall conform to the
following criteria.
(1) Rail guard (pilot) shall be provided some clearance between the lower end and the top of rail
in order to remove an obstacle on the rail.
(2) Rail guard (pilot) mentioned above includes cowcatcher and other structure to drive away
obstacle on the rail.

13
WHEEL PROFILE (GAUGE
1000mm)
VIET NAM RAILWAY

WHEEL PROFILE (GAUGE 1435mm)

VIET NAM RAILWAY

Fig. 4-1 (Article 71)

14
Fig. 4-2 (Article 71)

15
Fig. 4-3 (Article 71)

16
Article 72 Propulsion system
1. Propulsion system, power collecting system, power transmission system, and auxiliary equipment
concerned shall conform to the ground facilities and withstand operation.
2. Electric devices and wire of rolling stock shall conform to the followings.
(1) Any electric shock and fire shall not be caused by dielectric breakdown and the like.
(2) Devices shall be protected against any person so as not to treat without permission.
(3) Inductive disturbance shall not cause any trouble on other electric circuit that is provided for
railway facilities and rolling stock.
(4) Electric wire shall conform to the followings.
a. Wiring that might be damaged by sliding or vibrating motion shall be protected.
b. Protector and lead-in/ out wiring of devices shall be protected structurally against
rainwater infiltration.
c. Wirings used for different voltage shall not be installed in a single and the same protecting
pipe or duct. When insulator used for the highest voltage wiring or the insulating capacity
are used for other lower voltage wiring too, all the wirings can be protected structurally by
a single, however.
3. Power collecting system of electric car or locomotive (hereafter; electric rolling stock) shall
conform to the followings.
(1) Mount of the system shall be insulated.
(2) The system shall follow overhead contact line adequately to collect electricity.
(3) Pantograph shall be pushed up by springs kinetic force or compressed air.
(4) Pantograph shall be pulled down by remote control from driver cabin of electric car formed in
a train.
(5) Collecting system by third rail contact line shall follow the previous items in consideration
about voltage to be used.
4. Main circuit of electric rolling stock shall be provided with the following equipment.
(1) Surge arrester at position electrically not far off from the power collection equipment
(2) Automatic breaker or manual releasing device at a position electrically close to power
collection equipment
However, these equipments can be omitted in case of rolling stock supplied electricity through
the other rolling stock provided with automatic breaker and releasing device.
(3) Emergency ground switch shall be provided at the place near pantograph in case of railway
with alternative current electrification.
(4) Electric rolling stock which is operated connecting some sections with different electric
system or different voltage shall be provided with device at place near collecting system so as
to protect electric equipment while entering to different sections.
(5) Device which protects collecting system against dropping down before main circuit being cut
out. Dropping down some out of more than one pantograph are connected by bus line shall be
excluded from the mentioned above, however.

17
5. Electric circuit shall be provided with following equipment in the supply side.
(1) Fuse or breaker that has the same performance as the fuse. However, these equipments can be
omitted in case of rolling stock supplied electricity from the other rolling stock provided with
the fuse or breaker.
(2) Contactor at power source circuit of power converter, or motor generator, static Inverter,
motor of air compressor and the like. However, this shall be excluded for power source of
motor for air compressor and the like, which is supplied power from other power source with
the breaker
6. Engine of rolling stock shall conform to the followings.
(1) Fuel tank and piping shall have structure protected against leakage by vibration or shock and
the like.
(2) Inlet or air bleeder of fuel tank shall have structure protected against vibration and shall be
isolated from opening of exhaust pipe and devices that may generate arc and besides shall not
be opened in the cabin.
(3) Exhaust piping shall not be installed inside cabin. However, protected piping shall be able to
be installed inside cabin.
7. Engine shall be provided with the following equipment.
(1) Equipment that can stop engine in case of excessively lower lubricant pressure
(2) Equipment that can stop engine or release load from the engine in case of cooling water
overheated.
(3) Drain plug and oil pot at the lower part of silencer
(4) Indicator that warns crew in cabin against exhaust pipe overheated
(5) Automatic extinguisher in power supply car

Article 72-2 Equipment of steam locomotive

Engine of steam locomotive shall be provided with the following equipment in addition to the previous
articles.
(1) More than 2 water feeders and 2 safety valves which work independently on boiler
(2) 2 independent water level indicators on boiler
(3) Melting plug on ceiling of fire chamber
(4) Pressure gauge indicating maximum operation pressure
(5) All stay of fire chamber shall be checked damage from outside excepting for stay on top of the
chamber
(6) Equipment that protect sparks and cinder against scattering on smoke chamber and ash tray

Article 73 Brake system

Rolling stock shall be provided with brake system conforming to each type:
(1) It shall be equipped with a service brake system that works in emergency to stop the running
cars quickly as well as in normal operation. In case of electric car of high speed railway,

18
however, 2 or more brake command control systems that work independently shall be
provided. (Fig.5)

19
 ELECTRIC COMMAND AIR BRAKE SYSTEM WITH ELECTRIC BRAKE

EMERGENCY BRAKE COMAND CIRCUIT

SERVICE BRAKE COMAND CIRCUIT

BRAKE RATIO ELECTRIC BRAKE DYNAMIC BRAKE

CONTROLLER CONTROLLER
SYSTEM
OR
AUXILIARY ELECTRO-
RE-GENERATIVE
BRAKE SYSTEM PNEUEMATIC
BRAKE
CHANGE
SYSTEM
AMPLIFIER

(Feed-Back)
ELECTRO-
PNEUEMATIC
Electro Pneumatic co-operation
CHECK VALVE

LOAD DOUBLE CHECK

COMPENSATING VALVE
VALVE
AIR SOURCE
RELAY VALVE

BRAKE CYLINDER

AUXILIARY BRAKE SYSTEM: Brake system that works from BRAKE CONTROLLER directly in
case of breakdown of other brake systems.

Fig. 5 (Article 73)

20
 (2) Parking brake for preventing car rolling while being parked
(3) Security brake for stopping train when service brake system fails
Table73.1 Brake system

Description of Brake System

Description of Rolling Stock
Service Parking Safety
Locomotive Diesel P P
Electric P P
P P P
Passenger Electric / Diesel Car

Passenger Coach P P

Freight Wagon P P
Car for special use P

P: To be provided

However, some rolling stock which is categorized in multiple, more than one type shall be provided
with brake systems conforming to all types.
2 Notwithstanding the previous provision, parking brake may not be provided for rolling stock
conforming following criteria.
(1) Rolling stock that can be prevented rolling at parking by security brake system.
(2) Freight car that can be prevented rolling at parking by parking brake system equipped in
another car which is coupled permanently
3. Device, piping and function and shall not be caused troubles due to vibration and impact or the like.
4. Function of service brake system shall be conformed to the following criteria. Service brake system
can;
(1) decelerate and stop running rolling stock and keep rolling stock stopped
(2) It shall be capable of stopping rolling stock running on the flat line at the maximum speed
within a distance conforming to ground facilities condition by applying service brake at its
maximum performance.
(3) Work braking force on all wheels of rolling stock excluding leading wheel, trailing wheel of
locomotive and wheel for lightening axle load and some wheel of special usage.
(4) Braking force of ordinary railway rolling stock shall be indicated by loaded brake ratio and as
shown in the following table:
Table73.2 Loaded Brake Ratio
Description of rolling stock Loaded Brake Ratio
Locomotive 70/100
Electric/ Diesel car 70/100
Passenger car 70/100
Freight car 25/100
Special car 25/100

21
 However, rolling stock categorized in multiple functions shall be conformed to each value.
(5) Braking force of high speed railway rolling stock shall be indicated in deceleration ratio at level
and straight track as shown in the following table.
Table73.3 Deceleration
Speed Range (km/h) Deceleration (km/h/s) Deceleration (ｍ/ｓ2)
Over 230km 1.5 0,41
160 – 230 1.9 0,52
110 – 160 2.5 0,69
70 - 110 3.1 0,86
Less than 70 3.4 0,94

Loaded braking ratio (LBR): Proportion of total braking force to the car weight with load
This shall be obtained by the following calculation.
LBR: Loaded braking ration = A / B × C
A: Braking force (kN) = a × b × p × k × f
a: Area of brake cylinder (m2)
b: Number of brake cylinder
p: Air pressure in brake cylinder (k Pa)
k: Lever ratio
f: Mechanical efficiency
B: Weight of car (kN) = (W + L ) × g
W: Tare weight (t)
L: Load (t)
g: Gravity acceleration (m/s2)

C: Conversion ratio of brake shoe material

This value shall be calculated from friction coefficient compared
between base brake shoe (for example, cast iron) and brake shoe
used actually.

(6) Regarding locomotive provided with two driver cabins at both ends, the locomotive may start
structurally only in case of the brake system to be functioned in a manned driver side cabin.
(7) Brake system activated by air pressure as power source for braking shall be as follows.
a. Air reservoir shall have capacity to accumulate air pressure enough to activate barking.
b. Lower air pressure in main air reservoir or piping shall enable structurally rolling stock
not to start.
c. Power supply condition for braking shall be indicated in driver cabin.

22
 d. Devices and piping between the final air reservoir; as power source for braking and brake
cylinder shall be installed inside bogie width including bolster link and other strong parts
installed in bogie structure. However, piping in cabin or devices and piping protected by
strong material shall be excluded.
e. In case of the utmost front car with driver cabin in a train, devices and piping between the
final air reservoir; as power source for braking and brake cylinder shall be installed inside
the front structure of body frame. However, piping protected by strong material shall be
excluded.
(8) Brake system activated by hydraulic operation as power source for braking shall be as
follows.
a. Accumulator shall have capacity to accumulate oil pressure enough to activate barking.
b. Lower oil pressure shall enable structurally rolling stock not to start.
c. Power supply condition for braking shall be indicated in driver cabin.
d. .Devices and piping between the final accumulator as power source for braking and brake
cylinder shall be installed within bogie width including bolster link and other strong
parts installed in bogie structure. However, piping in cabin or devices and piping
protected by strong material shall be excluded.
e. In case of the utmost front car with driver cabin in a train, devices and piping between the
final oil accumulator as power source for braking and brake cylinder shall be installed
inside the front structure of body frame. However, piping protected by strong material
shall be excluded.
5. Function of parking brake system shall be as follows.
(1) In order to prevent car rolling while parked, the capacity shall be the same as those of hand
brake and side brake equipment or more.
(2) Braking force shall be calculated by brake ratio. And the ratio according as the brake
description shall be over the each value indicated in the table below:
However, rolling stock shall be provided with scotch block in order to prevent rolling in case
of brake ratio 5/100 or less of hand brake system.

23
 Table 73.4 Brake Ratio
Description of brake Non-loaded brake ratio Loaded brake ration Calculation
equipment
Hand Brake 20% ― Operating the steering
wheel in case of one hand
handle is 294 Newton and
the both hands handle is
441 Newton, brake
leverage makes 1200 or
less.
Hand Brake (Steam 5% ―
Locomotive)
Spring brake 20% ―

6. Function of safety brake shall be as follows.

(1) It shall activate braking force independently from service brake system and enable rolling
stock stopped and shall be able to maintain rolling stock stopped for time long to be needed.
(2) Braking force shall be calculated by brake ratio, and the non-loaded brake ratio shall be over
70/100.
(3) In case of brake system using air pressure as power source for braking, besides mentions in
the a), c) and d) of Item 7 Clause 4, devices and piping between the final air reservoir as
power source for braking force and brake cylinder shall be independent from other pneumatic
devices and piping as possible as they can.
(4) In case of brake system using hydraulic pressure as power source for braking, besides
mentions in the a), d) and e) of Item 7 Clause 4, devices and piping between the final
accumulator as power source for braking force and brake cylinder shall be independent from
other hydraulic devices and piping as possible as they can.
7. Brake system of rolling stock coupled ordinarily with other car in a train formation shall be
provided with continuous braking function.
(1) Service brake system of all cars coupled in a train formation shall be controlled directly from
the driver cabin.
(2) Splitting car from a train formation shall activate braking force automatically.
(3) Car equipped with pneumatic brake system shall be connected through main reservoir piping
or brake piping (in case of car without main reservoir piping)
8. Electric or diesel car with double driver cabins at the both ends, which runs as a single shall be
structured as follows besides mentions up to the previous clauses.
(1) Service brake system and safety brake system shall be provided with double piping circuits

24
 independently to each other between power source for braking force and brake cylinder
whether it is pneumatic or hydraulic.
(2) Air reservoir or oil accumulator and check valve of safety brake system shall be doubled
structurally in the system and braking function in either front or rear bogie shall be secured
by arranging check valves in right and left side.

25
 Section 5 Body Structure and Devices

Article 74 Body Structure

1. Body shall be structured strongly enough to withstand long operation.
2. A part coupling cars regularly with each other shall be provided with facility to protect passenger
walking through there normally from his falling down.
However, where there is no possibility that any passenger may fall, under the condition of protective
facilities along the platform or suchlike, this regulation shall not be applied.

Article 75 Structure for lightening remarkable noise

1. Rolling stock in high speed railway shall be provided with structure lightening noise remarkably
caused by power collecting system, aerodynamic sound and due to infrastructure while high speed
operation, that is, improving pantograph, smoothing body surface, lighting car weight and the like.
2. Notwithstanding the previous clause, track inspection car, electric inspection car which are operated
in the same speed as commercial train while commercial operation shall be considered about noise
lightening measures within range so as not affect against correct inspection items.

Article 76 Structure of crew’s cabin

1. Structure of crew cabin shall conform to the followings. However, crew cabin of a car for special
purpose shall be excluded from this article. Crew cabin shall be;
(1) Separated from passenger cabin and shall be locked mechanically or electrically.
(2) Provided with doorstep. However, it may be excluded if crew can enter the crew cabin
through passenger cabin with ease.
(3) Provided with inward-open door or slide door at the doorstep on body side.
(4) Provided with hinged door opening toward crew cabin or both ways if doorway mentioned in
(1) is also used as emergency door for passenger.
2. Windows of crew cabin shall conform to the followings:
(1) Front window of driver seat shall be wide view enough for the driver to look out track
condition and so and wiper.
(2) The front window shall secure drivers view and be provided with glass which cannot be
broken through even though window glass is damaged by something flying.
(3) Window on both sides of the cabin shall be provided in order to ease driver to operate a train.
(4) Side windows on both sides or one side window of car to be used by conductor shall be able
to be opened.
(5) Windows of crew cabin shall be safety glass or same performance.

Article 77 Structure of Passenger cabin

1. Structure of passenger cabin shall conform to the followings

26
(1) Windows shall be as follows.
a. Window shall not be able to open outward.
b. With regard to windows that passenger can open, height of the bottom line from the floor
level shall ber 800 mm or more high at the back or side of seat, and 1200 mm or more
high at the aisle.
c. Windows shall be provided with safety glass or the same function as the safety glass and
more.
(2) Opening dimension of window shall be as follows. (Fig.6)
a. Car*1 running in section with narrower distance*2 between both track centers and car
running in section with narrower clearance*3 between rolling stock and construction
gauges shall follows the table below.
*1: Excluding rolling stock having the maximum body width less than the distance between
both track centers reduced by 600 mm.
*2: The distance between center lines both tracks < Maximum width of rolling stock gauge
+ 600 mm
*3: The clearance at the side of rolling stock is less than 400 mm.
Table77.1 Opening dimension of window

Opening dimension of window

Car running in Car running in
section with section with
Height from the narrower distance narrower
floor level between track clearance
centers between
construction and
rolling stock
gauge
Window facing 800 mm or more
side or back of Less than1200 mm 200 mm 150 mm
seat
Window facing 1200 mm or more
standing seat or Less than1400 mm 200 mm 150 mm
aisle

b. Regarding the car running in section with narrower distance between track centers in a,
the car provided with protect bar on windows shall be excluded in the previous point.
However, the protect bar shall be installed at the outer side of windows and distance
between center of the protect bar and bottom line of the opening shall be within the limits
between 150 and 200 mm.
c. Regarding the car running in section with narrower clearance between construction and
rolling stock gauges in a, the car provided with protect bar on windows shall be 250 mm
in the opening dimension. However, the protect bar shall be installed at the outer side of
windows and distance between center of the protect bar and bottom line of the opening
shall be within the limits between 100 and 150 mm.

27
(3) Passenger capacity shall be calculated by followings.
a. Seating passenger capacity is number of seat in case of the seat which is clearly divided by
something like partition. In case of long seat that can not be divided, number that the
width of seat should be divided by 450 mm.
b. Total essential standing passenger capacity shall be calculated from floor space, divided
by the rank of the following table. However, the floor space shall be excluded by seat
space area with 250mm width from the edge and other space with effective width, 550mm
or more and under effective height, 1900mm or more besides.

Table77.2 Number of passengers a square meter

Rank Number of passengers a square meter

A 4
B 6
C 8

(4) Ventilating performance in passenger cabin shall be as follows.

a. Natural ventilation shall be available enough, provided that sum of opening area of
windows and doorway is over 1/20 of area of the said car’s passenger cabin floor the said
car. The area of floor can be calculated by inner length and width of the cabin.
b. Notwithstanding the previous item a., car with motor-driven ventilation volume required
for 1 person is 13 m3 per hour (A rank). However, ventilation volume of car, which is
prohibited to accept passenger exceeding over the capacity can be calculated by provided
passenger capacity.
c. Notwithstanding the previous items a and b, combination with natural and motor-driven
ventilation system shall be provided with capacity complemented by each system.
(5) Lighting in passenger cabin shall be as follows.
a. It shall maintain brightness enough at night and in tunnel.
b. It shall maintain brightness enough to secure safety even in emergency.
(6) Aisle shall be as follows.
a. Passenger car shall be provided with pathway from doorway to seat.
b. It shall be provided with some handrail for passenger to be able to walk in safety and easy.
c. It shall be provided with essential width over 550 mm wide and the lower part 800 mm
high or less from the floor is over 450 mm wide.
d. Notwithstanding the previous item c, if a space for wheelchair is provided, a single
pathway or more between the space and doorway, and lavatory shall be over 800 mm
wide so as to be suitable for wheelchair passing.
e. Essential height of aisle shall be over 1800 mm high.
(7) Passenger car shall be provided with appropriate number of seat for passenger. However, it
shall be excluded for passenger car such as dining car or the like which is not provided with

28
 number of passenger capacity.
(8) It shall be provided straps and handrails for standing capacity.
(9) Lavatory shall be as follows.
a. Passenger car shall be provided with lavatories if necessary.
b. Muck tank shall be provided.
(10) One lavatory per every car shall be provided for physically handicapped passenger on
wheelchair at least.

(11) Lavatory for physical handicapped passenger on wheelchair shall be provided with structure
and facilities for him or her to move and handle easily
2. Rolling stock for wheelchair shall be;
(1) Easy for a physical handicapped passenger on wheelchair to go in and out and to stay
(2) Provided with handrail and the like.
(3) Provided with non-slip floor.
(4) Provided with floor without difference.
(5) Provided with indication for wheelchair space
(6) Seat provided for physical handicapped passenger with wheelchair shall be provided with area
enough for him or her to get in and out.

29
(2) (A)
Maximum width of +600mm
Rolling stock gauge

(A) ≧（B）

400mm
Less than

1 2 1 2

Distance between both track

(2) b.（ narrower distance between track centers ）

Protect bar on windows

150∼200ｍｍ

(2) c.（ narrower clearance between construction and rolling stock gauge ）

Opening dimension of window

Shall be
lower 250mm 150∼200ｍｍ

Fig 6 (Article77)

30
Article 78 Doorway structure for passenger
1. Doorway structure of passenger car shall be structured as follows.
Doorway shall be;
(1) Provided at both sides of a body.
(2) Structured for wheelchair passing through smoothly in the said doorway located at the nearest
position to a wheelchair place.
(3) Structured by the essential width over 660 mm. However, rolling stock for wheelchair shall be
over 800 mm wide essentially.
(4) Structured by the essential height over 1800 mm high.
(5) Provided with as narrow crevice as possible between end of the floor or step and platform
within the limits for car running in safety.
(6) Provided with as small grade difference as possible between the floor or step and platform.
(7) Provided with non-slip floor or step.
(8) Provided with step in case of that the said floor is over 380 mm higher from top of platform in
the tare weight condition.
(9) Provided with handrail or the like in case of doorway equipped with step mentioned above.
(10) Provided with facility announcing moving side of the door by chime or voice. However, this
shall be excluded by personnel announcing it.
2. End of floor in passenger car shall be provided with color tone different from the surroundings in
order to make people recognize easily the appearances.
3. It shall be possible to secure the safe and smooth boarding/deboarding of passengers from
passenger doorway. In case of automatic opening door system is provided at the doorway, the
structure shall be conformed to the followings.
(1) Operated and checked the motion simultaneously by a train crew or personnel.
(2) Provided with electric or mechanic lock system.
(3) Provided with a system that never let door open even by releasing the lock mentioned in the
previous Item (2) and control system concerned while car running.
(4) Provided with a system that let train start only after all the door closed completely. However,
this shall not apply to passenger rooms if the crew confirms directly that the doors are closed.
(5) Provided with a control system to ease door-moving speed just before the stopper in order to
secure passenger safety.
(6) Provided with indicating lamplight that can be switched on automatically by door opening.
The lamplight shall be;
a. Installed on both upper sides of car.
b. Red light.
c. Recognizable clearly from other lightings.
(7) Provided with device that can be handled by hand inside and outside of the car. And the inside
device shall be handled by passenger easily.
(8) The inside device mentioned in the previous shall be indicated by notification about the

31
 location and handling manner in order that passenger can recognize it easily.
(9) The notification mentioned in the previous shall not be indicated in car that runs exclusively
in narrow clearance between construction and rolling stock gauges, less than 400 mm at body
side especially in underground line. However, this shall be excluded if there is an especially
additional notification saying that it is possible for passenger to handle the device only by
instruction from conductor in case of train that runs through from other line.

Article 79 Structure of Gang doorway and gangway

Passenger car shall be provided with gang doorways and gangways more than one each. However, this
shall be excluded by a car being operated exclusively as a single car.
2. Notwithstanding the previous clause, passenger cars designed to run underground or through long
length tunnels (referred to as “passenger cars of subway type”) shall be provided with 2 gangway
doors and 2 gangways. The cars of both ends of a train, those connected to exclusively
locomotives and other specially arranged cars (that is; 1. a passenger train that is made up of trains
of two or more cars and provided with a security staff who is to guide and assist passengers to
evacuate from the train in emergency (referred to as “a security staff“ hereafter) in every one of the
coupled train; 2. a passenger train that is provided with a security staff in any one of the coupled
trains and equipped with an emergency alarm device which comes with a device to enable
conversation between the passenger and the security staff in every one of the coupled cars) shall be
provided with one gangway door and one gangway.
3. The very front or very rear car of a train that runs in a section with narrow clearance between
rolling stock and construction gauges shall be provided with two gang doorways over 600 mm wide
and two gangway over 600 mm wide essentially.
4. Gangway structure shall be;
(1) Essentially over 550 mm wide.
(2) Essentially over 1800 mm high.
(3) Provided with hood and walk board without grade difference in order that passenger can walk
in safety.
(4) Provided with slide door except for gangway at the end of very front car or very rear car of a
train.
5. Gangways at the end of very front car and very rear car of a train formation shall be provided with a
door regularly locked.
6. Door mentioned in the previous clause shall confirm to followings.
(1) Hinged door shall be kept opened at a coupled end.
(2) The door shall not be opened by passenger’s careless action.

32
Article 80 Fire exit structure
1. Passenger cabin with only single emergency route to other car or outside shall be provided a fire
exit for passenger to escape easily. However, this is excluded by a compartment.
2. Fire exist structure shall conform to the followings.
(1) Fire exit shall be provided essentially with over 400 mm wide and over 1200 mm high.
(2) There shall not be any projection and difference at the fire exit and the surroundings
(3) Outward hinged door or slide door including plug door shall be provided.
(4) The door shall be shut securely and opened by manual from inside and outside in emergency
and shall not be closed by its own weight again.
(5) The door shall be opened easily from inside without key and any other special tools.
(6) Notification about location and handling manner of the fire exit shall be provided on its
surface or the surrounding place in order to come easily into passenger view.
(7) Location of the fire exit shall be indicated by green lamplight.
(8) Passenger car with fire exits shall be provided with lamplights that are automatically turned
on by the door opening at both upper sides of car body, and the lamplight shall be recognized
easily in other lamps excluding lamplight of emergency information system and emergency
stop system.

Article 81 Coupling system

Coupling system excluding articulated bogie shall conform to the followings.
Coupling system shall be;
(1) Strong and stiff enough to withstand the operation.
(2) Keeping connection between 2 cars even under vibration or shock.
(3) Connected automatically each other car by sticking both couplers. However, this may be
excluded regularly coupled cars and special coupling equipment used for rescuing works.
(4) Provided with draft gear function.
2. Coupling system provided with air coupling system shall never be caused air-leak by vibration or
shock.
3. Coupling system provided with electric coupling system that never be caused short-circuit by
rainwater, vibration and shock.

Article 82 Rolling stock structure for transporting special cargo

Tank wagon and other freight car for transporting special cargo shall be structured for preventing any
disaster caused by the cargo concerned. Structure of tank shall be as follows.
(1) Tank body shall be installed rigidly on the car body frame and then within the front and the
end beam so as not to be moved or damaged while transporting.
(2) Structure of tank to transport dangerous liquid that is only noninflammable liquid, acid,
oxidized erosive materials and volatile toxic materials shall be as follows.
a) Body steel plate shall be 9 mm thick or more, steel panel shall be 12 mm thick or more

33
 and cover steel plate of manhole and inlet shall be 6 mm thick or more.
b) Projected valve, inlet and the accessories concerned shall be provided with some
protector to prevent them from damaged.
c) A tank for transporting dangerous liquid, which may cause some fire due to static
electricity, shall be provided with earthing device.

Article 83 Facilities of driver cabin

Driver cabin of the utmost front car of a train formation shall be provided with following facility and
equipment.
(1) Handling device of control system
(2) Handling device of service brake system
(3) Handling device of safety brake system if required
(4) Transmission and receiving device of signing or communication system if required
(5) Speed meter
(6) Indicator of on-board signaling system if the car runs in a line required the system if
necessary. (incase electric car)
(7) Handling device to pull down pantograph in car with it
(8) Handling device of emergency ground switch, which is provided in a train concerned
(9) Transmission and receiving device of safety information system, which is provided in the car
(10) Alarm device or transmission device of alarm signal emitting system in a train that runs in
line (exceeding shunting locomotive) with radio system of special warning system.
(11) Whistle system
(12) Air pressure gauge that indicates pressure of main reservoir pipe and brake pipe and brake
cylinder.

(13) Handling device of front marked light

(14) A device which inform the abnormality of the turn of the wheel in the rolling stock in high
speed railway.
(15) The pressure gauge which display the maximum allowable working pressure of the boiler in
the steam locomotive.
(16) Handling device of wiper
2. Driver cabin of the utmost front car of passenger train shall be provided with the followings in
addition to devices and equipments in the previous clause:
(1) Receiving device of emergency information system or indicating device of emergency stop
system in a car provided with the said systems.
(2) Indicating device of warning a fire exit door opened in a car provided with the said fire exit.
(3) Lamplight device of indicating door opened in doorway for passenger
However, driver cabin of locomotive is excluded.

34
3. Speed meter provided in item (5) clause 1 shall conform to the industrial criteria or the same
performance as the technical Criteria or more.
4. Air pressure gauge mentioned in item (12) of clause 1 shall indicate starting and releasing pressure
of air governor concerned. However, this shall be excluded in digital pressure gauge scanning the
pressure in certain interval.
5. Speed meter mentioned in item (5) and (12) of clause 1 shall be provided with self luminescence or
luminous paint on the pointers and the face of the gauge.
6. Car running in line with automatic train stop system or automatic train control system, automatic
train operation system shall be provided with on-board system that conforms to the followings.
(Fig.7) (Fig.8)
(1) Control device and indicator showing the working condition of the said system in driver
cabin
(2) Releasing switch of on-board device, which hall be located for the crew so as not to treat in
his normal situation or be covered with something like a glass panel for preventing him to
easily operate.
7. A switch to bring the train to an emergency operation (at a speed of 25km/h or lower) in case the
automatic train control system (ATC) does not work.

35
 ATS
(AUTOMATIC TRAIN STOP SYSTEM)

When a brake is not treated for 5 seconds

Normal driving operation Wrong operation

Emergency Braking

For alarms transponder tag

Fig. 7 (Article 83)

36
 ATC（Automatic Train Control System）
(Multistep control System ATC)

Allowable speed by
ATC

75

55

40

25
A preceding train

direction of movemetnt
0
V(km/h)
75 55 55 40 40 25 0

ATC（AUTOMATIC TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEM）

(One step brake control A T C)

A preceding train
direction of

movement

The point that should stop is supported

to the continuous train

The position of a

ATC Ground device previous train is detected

Fig. 8 (Article 83 )

37
ATO（AUTOMATIC TRAIN OPERATION SYSTEM）

Fig. 9 (Article 83)

38
Article 83-2 Facilities of conductor cabin
1. Conductor cabin shall be provided with the followings.
(1) Handling device of service brake system only for stopping a train in emergency.
(2) Devices mentioned in item (4), clause 1 of the previous article.
2. Conductor cabin (use with crew cabin) shall be provided with the followings in addition to the
previous clause.
(1) Transmitting device of public announcing system in the car concerned
(2) Handling device of automatic door closing system in the car concerned
(3) Devices mentioned in item (1), (2) of clause 2 in the previous article.

Article 84 Internal pressure vessels and other pressure supply sources and accessory devices
1. Pressured air reservoirs and other auxiliary equipment of rolling stock shall conform to the
followings.
(1) Relief valve shall be installed on the main air reservoir concerned or on the piping connected
with it at the close point.
(2) Main air reservoir shall be provided with drain cock or automatic drain device. A reservoir
supplied pressure air from air compressor with air dryer shall be provided with drain plug
(3) Drain cock mentioned in the previous clause shall be protected against impact caused by
something flying while running.
(4) Pressured air reservoir and the connecting pipe shall be installed so as not to be damaged by
vibration or shock.
(5) Air reservoir shall be installed at the place to be checked easily.
(6) Air compressor shall be installed with an air governor. However, the air governor shall not be
installed on all compressors that are connected with piping each other.
2. Accumulator and the auxiliary equipment concerned shall conform to the followings.
(1) Relief valve shall be installed on the accumulator or on the piping connected with it at the
close point.
(2) Accumulator and the connecting pipe shall be installed so as not to be damaged by vibration
or shock.
(3) Accumulator shall be installed at the place to be checked easily.
(4) Hydraulic pump shall be installed with a governor.

Article 85 Auxiliary equipment of rolling stock

A train that can start by conductor’s sign shall be provided with the followings signing devices:
(1) Transmitting and receiving sign shall be available mutually only among crews.
(2) Receiving sign shall not be able to be cut easily by receiving crew.
However, this shall be excluded in case of that a train can start by signing device on platform.

39
Article 85-2
1. Passenger car shall be provided with communication device including radio system that conforms
to the followings. However, this shall be excluded for a single car operated exclusively or a train
operated by a single crew.
(1) Transmitting nand receiving (hereafter called as communication) shall be available only
among crews. However, this shall be excluded for a system that can give crews precedence
(priority) over other people even though the said system has a function to communicate with
others.
(2) The function mentioned in the previous item shall not be decontrolled only by a receiving
crew.
2. Front of the very front car of a train formation excluding freight car shall be provided with whistle
or the like which has volume enough to give people warning.
3. Passenger cars shall be provided with public announcing system that a crew can announce guide to
passenger all over the train. However, this shall be excluded for a single car operated exclusively
(excluding a train operated by a single crew)
4. Passenger car shall be equipped with emergency alarm device that meets the standards specified in
each of the following paragraphs. However, this shall not apply to the train with emergency
stopping device and a train set of one or two cars (a single car in case of one-man operation).
(1) Passenger cabin with emergency information system shall be provided with transmitter of the
said system. However, this shall be excluded for passenger car with crew cabin and, which
can make passenger easy to contact crew.
(2) The emergency information system shall be notified the location and the handling manner at
the said system or the surroundings so as to make passenger to recognize easily.
(3) Function of the system shall not be decontrolled manually.
(4) Car with emergency information system shall be provided with lamplight that can be turned
on automatically by the said system working. However, this shall be excluded for a case of
that working location can be recognized at the driver or crew cabins.
(5) The lamplight mentioned in the previous item shall be installed at the upper both sides of car
and the lamplight shall be recognized easily in other lamps excluding lamplight that is turned
on automatically by fire exit door opening or emergency train stop system working.
5. Passenger car to be equipped with emergency stopping device shall meet the standards specified in
each of the following paragraphs.
(1) Passenger cabin with emergency train stop system shall be provided with control device of the
said system. However, this shall be excluded for passenger car with crew cabin and, which
can make passenger easy to contact crew.
(2) The emergency train stop system shall be notified the location and the handling manner at the
said system or the surroundings so as to make passenger to recognize easily.
(3) Function of the system shall not be decontrolled manually.
(4) Car with emergency train stop system shall be provided with lamplight that can be turned on

40
 automatically by the said system working. However, this shall be excluded for a case of that
working location can be recognized at the driver or crew cabins.
(5) The lamplight mentioned in the previous item shall be installed at the upper both sides of car
and the lamplight shall be recognized easily in other lamps excluding lamplight that is turned
on automatically by fire exit door opening or emergency information system working.
6. Marked lamp or signal lamp shall conform to the followings.
(1) Front marked lamps at the front of car with driver cabin shall be white lamp and arranged
symmetrically with respect to the centerline of carbody.
(2) The front marked lamp mentioned in the previous clause shall be recognized from a long way
off at night and be reduced illumination or set down ray of the light.
(3) Rear mark equipped at the very rear car of a train shall be red color lamplight or red reflector,
which can be seen or reflected enough by front marked lamp of the following train. However,
in case of car of high speed railway, 2 red color lamplights or more shall be provided at
symmetrical point with respect to carbody center line.
(4) Front marked lamp and rear mark at the same face of a car shall be distinguished easily one
from the other.
7. Passenger car shall be provided with on-board information system in passenger cabin, which shows
name of next station, destination or train code as visual information for passenger.
8. Body side of passenger car shall be provided with destination information board showing
destination and train description. However, this shall be excluded for train whose destination or
train description are very clear.
9. Rolling stock shall be provided with a facility to be loaded with articles needed for operation works.
These articles shall be provided by other criteria.

Article 85-3 Guard Iron

Equipment that can remove obstacles shall be provided at the front of car with driver cabin.

Article 86 Rolling Stock Markings

Rolling stock shall be provided with mark for indentification and management on the body.

Section 6 Fire Prevention of Rolling Stock

Article 87 Fire Prevention of rolling stock

Fireproof criteria concerning rolling stock material preventing fire shall conform to Criteria shown as
following:

41
 Table87.1 Examination standard
Burning Burned

Description Ignition Flame Smoke Force Flame Ash Carbonization Deformation

of
flame
Discoloration 100 mm or
Non
No No Few - - - is 100 mm less on the
Combustible
long or less surface
Shall not
No No Few - - - reach to top
High Fire 150 mm or
of the piece.
Retardancy less
30 mm long
Exist Exist Few Weak No No
or less
Exist Normal Shall reach to Overall or
Incombustible Exist No No top of the hole eaten
piece by fire
Flame does not spread over top of the piece
Remarks:
Dimension of Carbonization and deformation shall be major axis of the size.
Case of extraordinary flame shall be judged by one step down.

42
 Burning Burned
Description Ignition Flame Smoke Force of Flame Ash Carbonization Deformation
flame
Discoloration is 100 mm long or 100 mm or
less less on the
surface

Non
No No Few - - -
Combustible

Shall not reach to top of the

piece.

No No Few - - -

High Fire 150 mm or

30 mm long or less
Retardancy less

Exist Exist Few Weak No No

Shall reach to top of the piece Overall or

hole eaten by
fire

Incombustible Exist Exist Normal No No

Fig. 10 (Article 87)

Article 87-2
Fire prevention concerning electrical wiring and devices shall conform to the followings.
(1) Wiring to be connected or close to devices which might generate arc or heat shall be covered
very flameproof materials including noninflammable materials.
(2) Wiring excepting for ones mentioned in the previous clause shall be covered with flameproof

43
 materials including the very flameproof or noninflammable materials.
(3) Electric devices which might generate arc or heat shall be installed at a place isolated from
wall or provided with noninflammable plate at the said place in a place near to the wall and
the like.
(4) Engine of diesel traction type of rolling stock shall be installed at a place isolated from wall or
provided with noninflammable plate at the said place in a place near to the wall and the like.
(5) Regarding the exhaust piping mentioned in the previous, it shall be provided with
noninflammable plate between the said installment and body in order to prevent spreading
fire on the body even though the chimney was damaged.

Article 87-3
1. Fire prevention of body of passenger car shall conform to the followings.
(1) A roof should be made of metal or other materials that have an equal or greater quality of
fireproofing. (Roof means the top of the car body and upper part from the gutters or creasings.
When the gutters or creasings are situated within 1/3 of the car width from the center of the car, it
is the area covering 1/3 of the car width to both sides from the center of the car body.) In case a
part of the roof is joined with the end plate, it will be regarded as the end plate and the standards
should be applied accordingly.. (Fig.11)

Roof
L/3/2 L/3 L/3 L/3/2

gutter
gutter

Center line of car body

Rolling Stock maximum width L

Fig. 11 (Article 87-3)

(2) Roof of electric car that runs under direct current electric section shall be as follows.
a. Roof shall be covered with fireproofing materials.
b. Equipments and metal fittings on roof shall be isolated from body structure at the mount
or the surface shall be covered with flameproof insulator.
(3) Ceiling, exterior and interior panel shall be produced with noninflammable material or be
covered by noninflammable material on the surface. A material that is not noninflammable

44
 can be utilized by being inserted between metals or something noninflammable insulators.
(4) Ceiling, exterior and interior panel shall be able to be painted only by noninflammable
materials. In case of multiplex painting, the last paint layer shall be noninflammable at least.
(5) Carpet on the floor shall be provided with fireproofing material.
(6) The floor shall not be invaded with smoke or flame.
(7) Underside of floor shall be produced or covered with metal on the surface. Metal panel of
floor underside that is for controlling heat generated by equipments installed under floor shall
be regarded as underside.
(8) Hood of gangway shall be noninflammable.
(9) Sunblind shall be fireproofing materials.
(10) Cover fabric and stuffing of passenger seat shall be noninflammable.
(11) Electric heated under passenger seat shall be protected with noninflammable panel between
electric heater and seat.
2. Notwithstanding the previous clause only concerning item (3), passenger car that runs chiefly in
underground and high speed railway shall be provided with noninflammable materials on the
ceiling, exterior and interior panels.
3. Besides the previous clause, passenger car that runs chiefly in underground or high speed conform
to the followings.
(1) Heat insulator and sound proofing material shall be noninflammable.
(2) Stuffing material under carpet shall be the very fireproofing material. Stuffing in keystone
structure and stuffing between both metal plates and stuffing between carpet and metal
structure are included in this category.
(3) Floor plate shall be noninflammable metal products or have the same performance as the
metal or higher.
(4) Paint material on the surface of underside of floor shall be noninflammable.
(5) Equipment boxes installed underside of floor shall be noninflammable excluding cover of
relay device and the like. However, fireproofing material can be used only for the boxes to be
insulated due to the unavoidable reason.
4. Materials used for specific car shall conform to the followings besides the previous clause.
(1) Finishing material of floor shall be fireproofing.
(2) Seat or the like shall be structured by fireproofing materials.
(3) Wood that is used for floor and other facilities shall be fire-proof processed or covered by
metal film or the like.
(4) The shoji frame of a window should be a thing of nonflammability, such as metal, and shoji
paper is fireproofing.

45
Article 88 Fire Alarm System
Sleeping car and specific car shall be provided with fire alarm system detecting automatically fire by
heat or smoke caused by the fire.

Article 89 Auxiliary Power Source Facility

Facility and equipment mentioned in table below shall be activated by battery for a while regularly
even under main electric power failed due to breakdown of generator or power from overhead contact
line.
Table89.1 Facility and equipment
Description Facility and equipment
Propulsion (Article 72) - Indicator of temperature of exhaust system
overheated
Brake system (Article 73) - Brake system using electricity
Passenger cabin structure - Motor-driven ventilating system
(Article 77) - lightings including emergency lamp
Doorway for passenger - Automatic door engine
(Article 78) - Indicator of door opening for passenger
Emergency exit structure - Notification of location and handling
(Article 80) manual
Driver cabin facility (Article - Indicator of on-board signal
83) - Indicator and releasing switch of automatic
train stop system, automatic train control
system, automatic train operation system.
- Indicator of fire exist opening
- Indicator of door system (Open or close
condition)
Auxiliary equipment of - Sign device
rolling stock (Article 85) - Whistle
- Communication device
- Public announcing
- Emergency communication system,
location of emergency stop system and
notification of handling manual
- Indicator or light of emergency
communication system and stop system
On-board devices for one - Emergency stop system
man operation (Article 90) - On-Board system of safety communication
system

2. Battery mentioned in the previous clause shall be provided with capacity that can activate and hold
device function to be used for 30 minutes or so in emergency. Regarding to the brake system, a
train shall be able to be stopped by a braking once or more.
However, driven ventilator of electric car of high speed railway can be excluded from equipment used in
emergency in case of the followings.
(1) Total opening area of doorway with slide door which can be provided with protection of passenger
falling is more than 1/20 of total area of passenger cabin floor.
(2) Regarding calculation of opening area of doorway with slide door mentioned in the previous
clause, the total opening area can be calculated by including opening area of the next cars only
which are coupled with each other through the gangways. However, total opening area of cars

46
 coupled permanently in a train must be 1/20 or more of total floor area of passenger cabin in a
train.

Section 7 Other Equipment

Article 90 Car Facility of a train by one-man driving

Rolling stock of a train by one-man driving shall be provided with followings.
(1) Car of a train by one-man driving shall be provided by from Article 66 to the previous article
except for article 83-2.
(2) The very front car of a passenger train shall be provided with a transmitter of public
announcing system and handling device for automatic door engine system of passenger
doorway at the driver cabin.
(3) The device mentioned in the previous item shall be handled easily by the driver at his
position.
(4) Handling device of automatic door system shall be located at the position where the driver
can recognize passenger condition at station through mirror. Instead of the mirror, however,
window at side of car shall be provided at position where the driver can check passenger
getting and off.
(5) The driving cabin shall be provided with followings.
a. Device that can stop a train immediately in case of that the crew cannot operate due to
some disease. The said device shall not be able to be released by manual. However, this
shall be excluded for a train without passenger, which is operated by automatic train
control system exclusively in underground and elevated track.
b. Device that can inform automatically about emergency device work to station or operation
dispatching center in case of an underground train provided with the system stopping a
train immediately in emergency.
c. Driver cabin of the very front car shall be provided with on-board device of safety
communication system that can communicate between the train and station or operation
dispatching center. However, this shall be excluded for case of communication system
through facility on the ground.
(6) On-board device of the safety communication system mentioned in the previous point c, shall
not be able to be released by manual and not be combined with public announcing system and
emergency information system.

47
 CHAPTER 9 ROLLING STOCK MAINTENANCE

Section 4 Rolling Stock

Article 106 Rolling Stock Maintenance

This criteria is established based on the provisions from Article 106 to Article 110 of the Ministerial
Regulation specifying the technical regulations concerning railway and aims for rolling stock maintenance
in the condition in which it can be operated safely.

Article 106-2 Application

In accordance with kind of rolling stock, description, interval of inspection and points to be inspected, test
run and notation, record shall be provided in this criteria.

Article 106-3 Training and Education

1.The personnel who inspects and repairs rolling stock shall be educated and trained to acquire knowledge
and skills required for carrying out inspection work. The practical education method shall be prepared in
advance.
2 When it is necessary for railway operator to entrust rolling stock repair work to a third party, the
management of the entrusting party shall implement education and training of required knowledge and
skills for the personnel who carry out the entrusted work.

Article 108 Train Inspection

Description of rolling stock inspection shall be as follows:
(1) ”Daily Inspection”; means that in accordance with operation condition, filling up or replacing
consumable goods with new ones and checking visually operation condition of power collection
system, running gears, electric devices, brake equipment and body.
(2) “Periodic Inspection”; means condition/function inspection and general inspection and repairing,
replacing damageable parts.

Article 109 Periodic inspection of Rolling Stock

1. Rolling stock shall be inspected periodically within a period which does not exceed time indicated for
each type of rolling stock in “Rolling stock inspection and repair method” , provided that some pars
which can be operated exceeding the period indicated in “Rolling stock inspection and repair method”
due to the anti-wear and durable function.
2. In case of rolling stock can not be inspected in the provided by article 108 due to unavoidable case such
like disaster or the like, the rolling stock shall be able to operate only to the first place or facility, where

48
 it can be inspected.

Article 109-2 Inspection Item

Inspection period, item, method of the dailya inspection and the periodic inspection shall be provided in
“Rolling stock inspection and repair method”.
However, some parts excluding critical equipment can be left out from the inspection item in the “Rolling
stock inspection and repair method”under consideration of structure and function of rolling stock
concerned.

Article 109 -3 Inspection of suspended rolling stock

1. In case of suspending rolling stock for operation, all means needed to protect parts against damaged with
careful consideration about deterioration of strength and function which might be caused by corrosion,
deformation, electrical deterioration of rolling stock occurred in the period and to maintain rolling stock
for opening next operation.
2. Regarding rolling stock suspended from operation, the suspended period shall not be calculated in
inspection interval despite inspection interval provided in Article 109. However, the un-counted period
shall be limited at the tem provided as follows in regard to description of inspection.
(1) Consideration/ Function Inspection: 2 months
(2) Semi General Inspection (Critical parts): 2 years
(3) General Inspection: 4 years

Article 109-4 Test Run

Test run shall be carried out after inspection in the following case.
(1) Newly produced or purchased
(2)Provisions in “Rolling stock inspection and repair method”
(3) Other if necessary

Article 109-5 Calculation of periodic inspection date

The next inspection date shall be counted from the day following the inspection completion. In addition,
duration of the inspections below general inspection shall no be counted in period between 2 general
inspections.

Article 110 Inspection records

When the rolling stock inspection is carried out, the inspection date and result shall be recorded and the
records shall be securely stored until the next general inspection to be completed.

Article 110-2 Inspection notation

When the general inspection is completed, the inspection date shall be indicated on the locomotive
concerned.

49
Supplement 1: Temporary Measure
These Criteria shall not be applied to rolling stock that has been introduced and operated actually railways
in the Vietnam before the date of the enforcement.
Supplement 2: Inspection period and inspection items in Japan shall be introduced in the appendix.

PERIODICAL INSPECTION INTERVAL OF ROLLING STOCK

Interval (Period)
Description Condition/Function Semi-General Inspection General Inspection
Check (Critical Part Inspection)
Non Rail Electric Car 30 days 1 year 3 years
Steam Locomotive 40 days 1 year 4 years
Freight Wagon 90 days 2.5 years 5 years
Electric Car of 3 years or 4 years in 6 years or 7 years in
Suspended /Straddled case of the first case of the first
90 days
/Guided Railway inspection after newly inspection after newly
produced produced
Internal Combustion Shorter period of 4 years
90 days 8 years
Locomotive/ Railcar or 500000 km
Electric car Shorter period of 4 years
90 days 8 years
or 600000 km
Electric Car of High Shorter period of 30 days Shorter period of 1.5 Shorter period of 3 year
Speed Railway or less than 300000km year or less than or less than 1200000km
600000km and 2.5 years and 4 years in case of
in case of the first the first inspection after
inspection after newly newly produced
produced
Freight car of High
90 days 2.5 years 5 years
Speed Railway
1. “Condition/Function Check means a periodical inspection for checking condition or function during
operation.
2. “Semi-General Inspection (Critical Part Inspection)” means a periodical inspection for power generator,
running gear, brake system and other important equipments.
3. “General Inspection” means a periodical inspection of overall general of rolling stock.

50
 APPENDIX 1
ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES AND ELECTRIC CARS
1. Individual Inspections

Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of

inspection
1. Drive units (1) Bogie 1) Bogie frame a. Check for cracked, damaged, Damage
and swing deformed or loosened bogie frames inspection
bolster or swinging bolsters.
b. Check for damaged, worn or
loosened wear plates. Check
condition of sliding portions.
c. Check for cracked, damaged, worn
or deformed main motor mounts
and gearboxes.
d. Check for cracked, damaged or
leaking air chambers.
e. Check for worn, cracked,
damaged, deteriorated or loosened
swinging bolster suspenders, and
suspender support bars, pins and
bushings.
2) Center plate a. Check for cracks, damage, wear
and side and looseness.
bearings b. Check for damaged or worn wear
plates and for loosened dust
guards.
c. Check oil level.
d. Check for worn, cracked or bent
center pins in bogies.
e. Neither central plate nor side
bearing is equipped with a
bolster-less bogie.

51
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
3) Axle box and a. Check for wear, damage, or Measure distance
axle discoloration of axle bearings and
suspension check distance between axles and
axle bearings.
b. Check amount of and condition of
lubricant.
c. Check distance between axle
box guard and axle box.
4) Wheels and a. Check for damage to the wheel Measure diameter
axles bases. and thickness
b. Check shape of wheels:
– Diameter of wheels and Axle damage
thickness of tires inspection
– Thickness and height of flanges
– Buck gauge
c. Check for damage to axles.
5) Spring and a. Check for damaged, worn, or
Shock deformed springs.
absorbers b. Check for oil damper leakage and
check operation of oil damper.
c. Inspection of air pressure spring
height valves and differential air
pressure valves is to be performed
in accordance with directions for
inspection of valves under General
pneumatic equipment.
6) Lifeguard and a. Check for cracks, damage,
Snowplow deformation or looseness. Measurement
b. Check height.

52
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
7) Sander a. Check for damage, wear, or
deformation and check to make
sure sander is installed properly.
b. Inspection of electromagnetic
valves is to be performed in
accordance with guidelines for
inspection of electromagnetic
values.
(2) Driving 1) Gear a. Check for cracked, deformed,
unit worn, nicked, damaged
b. Check for gear meshing condition
2) Gear Box a. Check for damaged, deformed,
leaking or loosened gearboxes and
lids.
c. Check oil gauges and magnetic
plugs for damage. Check oil
level.
d. Check roller bearings for wear,
damage or improper gap.
e. Check for cracked, damaged,
deteriorated, deformed or loosened
shock-absorbing rubber parts.
3) Coupler a. Check joints, cushion rubber and
balancing springs for cracks,
damage, wear, deformation or
looseness.
b. Check for oil leakage. Check
amount of oil.
c. Check shaft and gears for proper
key-groove fitting and tapered
surface fitting.

53
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
4) Grounding a. Check boxes and collector rings
device for damage, wear, cracks or
looseness.
b. Check condition of brushes.
c. Check springs for cracks, breakage
or deformation and for proper
spring pressure.
2. (1) Power 1) Pantograph a. Check under frame, main shaft, Measurement
Main Circuit collect and frame pipe, pantograph shoe and
Equipment ion accessories contact slider strips for cracks,
(including device burning, damage, deformation,
Control corrosion, wear or looseness.
Equipment) b. Check pins and pinholes and
bearings for wear, damage or
looseness.
c. Check cylinders, air lines and
rubber hoses for corrosion, leakage
or looseness.
d. Check insulators and other
insulating devices for damage or
soiling. Also check clearance
between live parts and ventilator. Insulation
e. Check for damaged or loosened resistance test
connection boxes.
f. Inspect solenoid valves and
switches as described in the
“General Electrical Equipment”
section.
g. Check to make sure that the
pantograph may be raised and
lowered
h. Check insulation characteristics.

54
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Current a. Check for worn or damaged shoes. Measurement
collector b. Check movable sections for proper
shoe, operation and secure installation.
its supporting c. Check for damaged supporting
device and devices and for worn, partially
beam worn or loosened shaft bolts and
supporting sections.
d. Check for worn or corroded
springs, cylinders and push rods,
and worn or loosened shock- Insulation
absorbing rubber parts. resistance test
e. Check for damaged, cracked,
worn, deformed, or corroded
beams, and for worn or loosened
shock-absorbing rubber parts.
f. Check insulation characteristics.
(2) 1) Rotor a. Check for damaged, worn or Armature layer
(including deformed shafts and fans. short test
armature) b. Check armatures for damaged,
contaminated or discolored
commutation surfaces. Measurement
c. Check for worn, contaminated or
loosened armature brushes.

55
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Frame, field, a. Check for damaged, contaminated
lid and or deformed frames and field coils,
bearing shorted coils, and damaged or
loosened cores.
b. Check for broken conductors,
damaged shielding and cracked
terminals.
c. Check for damaged or Check amount of
contaminated fans, and damaged, oil
worn, deformed or loosened
end-lids, frames and bearing inlets.
d. Check for damaged, worn or
improperly fit bearings.
e. Check amount of oil.
3) Assembly a. Check relative locations of all Measurement
testing parts, and condition of the Insulation
assembled component. resistance test
b. Check insulation characteristics. Dielectric
c. Check rotary operation. endurance test

56
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(3) Devices 1) Line breaker a. Check for damaged boxes. Check
in and main condition of chain locks and lead
control contactor wires.
circuit b. Check for cracked, damaged,
contaminated, deteriorated or
leaking insulation and insulating
joints in air line.
c. Check for cracked, damaged
contaminated or loosened Measurement
spark-extinguisher coils, arc boxes,
and arc guides.
d. Check movable sections and their
joints and slide areas for damage or
wear.
e. Check for damaged or worn
contacts, fingers and contact
markers. Make sure of their
proper contact, security, contact
pressure, wiping action, and
clearance.
f. Check springs terminals, crossover
passages, and braided copper wires
for damaged or loose wires.
g. Check synchronization of the main
and sub contactor sections.
h. Check struts and operating beams
for cracks, damage or looseness.
i. Check for damaged, fouled or
rusted magnets, and for damaged
spring- or lever-contacts or dust
covers.
j. Inspect solenoid valves and
cylinders as described in the
“General Electrical Equipment”
section.

57
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
Cam shaft and a. Check for damage, worn and
the control installation of cam, cam shaft and
mechanism star wheel
b. Check for damage and worn of
movable and sliding parts
c. Check for damage, worn, contact
pressure and installation of
contactor, finger and tip
d. Check for damage of bearing
e. Check for soiling and damage of
insulation
f. Check for function of magnetic
valve and cylinder
g. Check driving motor function
h. Check function of each part
i Function:
- Wiping motion of contactor and
finger
- Interlocking motion between main
and sub contacting devices
- Intermittent motion by rotating and
stopping

58
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
Reverser and a. Check for damage, worn and
Changer installation of cam, cam shaft and
star wheel
b. Check for damage and worn of
movable and sliding parts
c. Check for damage, worn, contact
pressure and installation of
contactor, finger and tip
d. Check for soiling and damage of
insulation
e. Check for function of magnetic
valve and cylinder
f. Check function of each parts
g. Function:
- Wiping motion of contactor and
finger
- Interlocking motion between main
and sub contacting devices
- Changing motion
4) Master a. Check for damage, worn of
controller movable and sliding parts
b. Check for damage, worn, contact
pressure and installation of
contactor, finger and tip
c. Check for soiling and damage of
isulation
d. Check operation and function of all
parts
5) Main resister a. Check for soiling, damage and Insulation resister
(Resister for deterioration of insulation test
field) b. Check for damage, discolored,
deformation and installation of
resister body and the joint
c. Check for insulation characteristic

59
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
6) Contactor and a. Check for soiling and damage of
Relay insulation
b. Check for damage of movable and
contacting parts
c. Check installation of each part
d. Check the function
7)Semiconductor a. Check for soiling and damage of
for main semiconductor element, insulation
circuit and radiator fan
b. Check installation of each part
8) Controller of a. Check for soiling and damage of
main circuit semiconductor element
semiconducto b. Check installation of each part
r
9) Reactor and a. Check for soiling and damage of
filter each part
b. Check installation
(4) Main 1) Main a. Check for soiled or damaged Insulation
transfo transformer insulators. resistance test and
rmer and b. Check for oil leakage. dielectric
its c. Check insulation characteristics. endurance test (Oil
accesso insulation test
ries should be added at
oil change.)
2) Main rectifier a. Check for soiled or damaged Insulation
insulators. resistance test and
b. Check for oil leakage. dielectric
c. Check insulation characteristics. endurance test (Oil
d. Check performance of elements. insulation test
should be added at
oil change.)
Reverse flow
current test and
test of voltage that
being shared
among elements.

60
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
3) Reactor and a. Check for soiling and damage. Insulation
filter b. Check insulation characteristics. resistance test and
dielectric
endurance test
4) Tap changer a. Check for damage. Measurement
b. Check switching. Insulation
c. Check operating time. resistance test
d. Check insulation characteristics. Dielectric
endurance test
3. Brake (1) 1) Levers and a. Check for worn, cracked or
System Foundation rods deformed levers and rods.
brake b. Check movable and sliding
system sections for damage or wear.
c. Check brake discs for cracks, wear,
or looseness.
2) Brake a. Check cylinder interior, pistons,
cylinder and and rubber bellows for damage,
brake cracks or wear.
diaphragm b. Check oil level.
3) Automatic a. Check for damage, wear, and
clearance deformation.
controller b. Check for proper operation.
(2) Hand a. Check movable and sliding
brake sections for damage or wear.
system b. Check for proper operation.

61
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(3) Air 1) Brake valve, a. Check movable and sliding
brake brake control, sections for damage or wear.
control control valve, b. Check for proper contact between
ler relay valve, valve and valve seat, and for
car operator damaged springs.
valve, direct c. Check for damaged, deteriorated or
solenoid deformed diaphragms and packing.
control, d. All electrical components are to be
electro-pneu inspected in accordance with the
matic control, directions given in the General
readout Electric Controller Guidelines.
changeover,
and device to
respond to
load changing
2) Control see above
valves
(includes
relay and
conductor
valves)
3) Electric air see above
controller
4) Load a. Check for damaged or loose
compensating sensors.
device b. Check operations and adjusted
values.
4. General (1) 1) Motor a. Motors shall be inspected as Measuring of
Electrical generator and described in the “Main Motor” voltages and
Equipment blower section. frequencies
b. Check for damaged rectifiers and generated by the
condensers. generator
c. Check generator output
characteristics.

62
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Power a. Check for fouled or damaged Insulation
converter and insulation. resistance test and
static inverter b. Check for coolant leakage. dielectric
c. Check for looseness. endurance test
d. Check insulation characteristics of Measuring of the
parts, other than semiconductors. generated voltages
e. Check output characteristics. and frequencies
3) Battery and a. Check for corroded, damaged or
charger loosened batteries, jumper cables
and terminals. Check for fluid
leakage.
b. Check weight and volume of
battery fluid.
c. Check charger for proper operation
and secure installation.
(2) Relay, 1) Auxiliary a. Check for damaged, discolored or
solenoi resistor deformed resistors.
d valve, b. Check for installation
and
wiring
2) Fuse and b. Check for soiling and damage of
switch contact surfaces.
c. Check for installation
3) Contactor and a. Check for fouled or damaged
relay insulation.
b. Check movable and sliding
sections for damage.
c. Check all parts for looseness.
d. Check for proper operation.
4) Solenoid a. Check for broken or burned coils.
valve b. Check for proper contact between
valves and valve seats and check
for lifted valves.
c. Check all parts for looseness.
d. Check for proper operation.

63
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
5) Arrester a. Check for damaged or fouled
insulators.
b. Check for looseness.
6) Wiring, a. Check wires, joint boxes, and other Insulation
conduit, and accessories for damage and characteristics
optical fiber looseness. should be
b. Check insulation characteristics. determined by
insulation
resistance test.
5. General (1) Air 1) Air a. Inspect motors as described in the
Pneumatic compres compressor “Main Motor” section.
Equipment sor and b. Check crank chamber, cylinder and
accesso piston for damage.
ries c. Check for proper contact between
valves and valve seats and check
for lifted valves.
d. Check power transmission system
for damage.
e. Check amount of oil, and air and
oil tightness.
f. Check operation.
2) Pressure a. Check body of each device and its
governor and parts for cracks, damage, soiling,
air pressure degradation, and looseness.
switch b. Check for damaged or worn
valves. Check contact between
valve and valve seat.
c. Check operation.
3) Safety valve Check contact between valve and
valve seat.

64
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
4) Dehumidifier a. Check for deteriorated desiccant.
b. Inspect solenoid valves as
described in the “General
Electrical Equipment” section.
c. Inspect discharge valves as
described below in the “supply
valve and pressure reduction
valve” section.
(2) Valves, 1) Supply valve a. Check valve-seat contact. Check
air tank and pressure for damaged springs.
and air reduction b. Check for damaged, deteriorated or
lines valve deformed diaphragms and packing.
c. Check operation.
2) Other valve a. See above
b. Check electric part as described in
the “Relay, solenoid valve, and
wiring” of the “General Electrical
Equipment” section

3) Air tank a. Check tank body and protective

fittings for corrosion and
looseness.
4) Air lines and a. Check air pipe, hose and dust
hoses filters for damage and looseness.
b. Check cocks for proper open/close
operation and installation.
6. Body and (1) Under a. Check beams and lifting beams for
Interior frame damage, deformation, cracks and
corrosion.

65
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(2) Car a. Check roof, floor, exterior surface,
interio interior surface and inter-car plates
r and for damage and corrosion.
exterio b. Check windows, shades, passenger
r seats, sliding doors,
manually-operated doors and other
fittings for damage and check to
make sure that everything is
properly installed.
c. Check paint damage
(3) Roof a. Check roof paint or cloth roofing
for damage and deterioration.
b. Check roof plates, footplates and
gutters for corrosion, water leakage
and looseness.
(4) Door a. Check door engines, belts, arms,
engine links, rollers and sliding devices
(includ for damage, wear, deformation and
ing looseness.
safety b. Solenoid valves, door closing
device switches and safety devices for
for door door closing should be inspected in
closing accordance with the inspection
) specifications for relay, solenoid
valve and wiring given in the
“General Electrical Equipment”
section.
c. Check for air/oil leakage from the
door closing devices and air line.
d. Check open/close operations.

66
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(5) a. Check for damaged or loosened
bulbs and lighting systems.
b. Inspect contactors as described in
the specifications for relay
contactors and relays in the
“General Electrical Equipment”
section.
7. (1) 1) Signaling Check all devices for damage, soiling
Other Signals, devices and looseness.
Equipment intercoms (including
and public whistling and
address emergency
systems notification
devices)
2) Telephone Check all devices for damage, soiling
and on-train and loosening.
announcing
devices
(including
security
communicati
on facilities)
(2) Display Check for damaged or loosened bulbs
units and lighting systems.
(3) a. Check for damaged or loosened Pressure gauge
Instrumenta instruments. test
tion b. Check pressure gauge operation. Speed meter test
c. Check speed meter operation.
d. Check operation of electric
instruments (voltmeters, ammeters,
etc.).

67
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(4) 1) Automatic a. Check coupler bodies, knuckles, Coupler Measure
coupling anchorages, and pin holes for height
device, tight cracks, deformation and wear.
lock coupler, b. Check coupling operation and
rod type coupler heights.
coupler,
semi-permane
nt coupler
2) Buffer Check for damage, deformation and
looseness.
3) Shank Check for damage, deformation and
looseness.
4) Air pipe Check for damaged or deteriorated
coupler hoses and packing.
5) Wire coupler a. Check for damaged or loosened
connecting plugs and plug holders.
b. Check for broken jumper cables Insulation
and damaged shielding. resistance test
c. Check insulation characteristics.
(5) 1) On-board coil Check for damage, soiling and If necessary
Safety and receiving looseness.
devices device
(including
automatic
train stop
system ,con
tr
oller,
train
selection
device and
automatic
train
operation
device)

68
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Speed Check for damaged or loosened parts.
detecting
device
(including
tachometer
generator)

3) Substance Check for damaged or loosened parts.

(Receiver,
speed check
part, logic
part and
power supply
part)
(6) 1) Emergency Check for damaged or loosened parts. EB: Emergency
Emergency braking Brake
braking device
and (dead-man
emergency device and
train EB device)
protection
devices
2) Emergency Check all parts for damage and check TE: One Touch
protection to make sure they are installed Operative
system (TE) properly. Emergency
Devices
(8) Check for damaged or loosened parts. If necessary
Operati
on Data
Recordi
ng
Device

69
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(Reference) (8) Air 1) Unit cooler’s a. Check for secure installation.
Conditi main frame, b. Check main frames and covers for
oner cover and cracks and damage.
adiabatic c. Check adiabatic and packing for
material peeling, deterioration and damage.
d. Check insulating base and
anti-vibration rubber for damage
and deterioration.
e. Check for clogged drainpipes and
holes.
2) Main circuit a. Check for soiling, damage and Insulation
board looseness. resistance
b. Check for proper operation of measurement
temperature display setter.
c. Check insulation characteristics.
d. Circuit breakers are to be inspected
as described in the “General
Electrical Equipment” section.
3) Temperature Check for soiling, damage and
and humidity looseness.
sensors
4) Filter a. Check for soiling, damage and Insulation
looseness. resistance
b. Check for clogging in filter. measurement
c. Check operation and function.
d. Check insulation characteristics.
5) Contactor a. Check box and insulation for
fuse box soiling, damage and looseness.
b. Contactors and fuses are to be
inspected as described in the
“General Electrical Equipment”
section.
6) Air pressure To be inspected as described in the
switch “General Electrical Equipment”.

70
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
7) Air a. Check for soiling, damage and
conditioner looseness.
operating b. Check operation.
switch
8) Freezing a. Check electric compressor for
cycle secure installation.
b. Check outdoor and indoor heat
exchangers for damaged,
contaminated or loosened fins,
copper tubes and frames.
c. Check piping, copper tubes and
soldered areas for damage, cracks
and soiling.
9) Inverter Check as per the specifications in the
“General Electrical Equipment”
section.
10) Air a. Check for soiling, damage and
conditioner looseness.
control box b. Check dust guard packing for
cracks, deformation, discoloration,
deterioration and peeling.
c. Check operation.
11) Outdoor and a. Check for rigid blower installation.
indoor b. Check for damaged or
blowers contaminated vanes.
c. Check condition of motor.

71
2. General Inspection
Points to be inspected Method of inspection
(1) Check to make sure that all systems and devices are
properly installed. Measure height
(2) Check height of lifeguards and sanders.
(3) Check operation of power collection devices.
(4) Check control and protection functions of devices in Insulation resistance and dielectric endurance tests
control circuits.
(5) Check insulation characteristics of electrical circuits Measure leakage
other than those using batteries and semiconductors. Check operation
(6) Check brake operation. Measure angle of inclination
(7) Check for air leakage from pneumatic brake
controllers and ordinary pneumatic devices.
(8) Check air compressor capacity and operation of
related equipment (e.g., pressure controllers and
safety valves). Measure height
(9) Check angle of inclination of car. Operational characteristics measurement
(10) Check operation of automatic door closers.
(11) Check operation of lights. Measure wheel load
(12) Check operation of signals, intercoms and public
address systems.
(13) Check operation of displays.
(14) Check height of couplers.
(15) Check operation of automatic braking system and
related devices.
(16) Check operation of emergency braking and
emergency protection system.
(17) Check static wheel load (only Electric car)

3 Check points of Test run

Points to be inspected Method of inspection

(1) Starting, acceleration and deceleration
(2) Operation of braking system
(3) Creaking, screeching, and vibration
(4) Meter and gauge readings
(5) Operation of automatic train operation devices
(6) Condition of systems and equipment after test
operation
1) Traction motor bearings
2) Devices in main circuits
3) Overheating or leaking of oil in axle bearings
(7) Data recorder condition

72
 APPENDIX 2
DIESEL HYDRAULIC LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS
1. Individual Inspections

Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of

inspection
1. (1) Bogies 1) Bogie a. Check for deformed, cracked, or corroded
Drive frame and bogie frames or swing bolsters.
units swing b. Check for damaged or worn moving parts.
bolster c. Check for damaged or worn swinging
bolster suspenders or swinging bolster pins.
d. Check for cracks in the air chamber.
e. Check for damage or wear in the reverser or
decelerator supports.
2) Center plate a. Check for damage or wear to contact
and side surface.
bearings b. Check the amount of lubricant.
3) Axle box a. Check for wear, damage, or discoloration of
and axle axle bearings and check distance between
suspension axles and axle bearings. Measure distance
b. Check amount of and condition of lubricant.
c. Check distance between axle box guard and
axle box.
4) Wheels and a. Check for damage to the wheel bases.
axles b. Check shape of wheels:
– Diameter of wheels and thickness of Measure diameter
tires and thickness
– Thickness and height of flanges
– Buck gauge Axle damage
c. Check for damage to axles. inspection

73
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
5) Spring and a. Check for damaged, worn, or deformed
Shock springs.
absorbers b. Check for oil damper leakage and check
operation of oil damper.
c. Inspection of air pressure spring height
valves and differential air pressure valves is
to be performed in accordance with
directions for inspection of valves under
General pneumatic equipment.
6) Lifeguard Check for damage, deformation or looseness.
and
snowplow
7) Sander a. Check for damage, wear, or deformation
and check to make sure sander is installed
properly.
b. Inspection of electromagnetic valves is to
be performed in accordance with guidelines
for inspection of electromagnetic values.
2. (1) Engine 1) Crank a. Check crank chamber for wear, damage, or
Traction chamber deformation.
system b. Check for bent built-in bolts and check Measure distance
condition of screws.
c. Check for] damage to crank bearings or Measure
cam bearings. dimensions
d. Check distance between main crank axle
and cam shaft bearings.
e. Check for damaged or worn cylinder
linings.
f. Measure distance of protrusion of cylinder
linings.
2) Crank shaft a. Check for wear, damage, or deformation. Axle damage
b. Check for damaged, worn, or deformed inspection
gears or shock absorber joints.
3) Pistons a. Check for damage or wear. Piston damage
b. Check to make sure that piston rings are inspection
properly attached.

74
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
4) Connecting a. Check for wear, damage, or deformation. Measure clearance
rods. b. Check for wear to connecting rod bearings
and check whether they come into contact
and are attached properly.
c. Check for worn or loosened small-end
bushings.
d. Check clearance of large ends of connecting
rod bearings.
5) Cylinder a. Check cylinders, pre-combustion chamber Cylinder head
heads and nozzle holes for damage, wear or damage inspection
deformation.
b. Check for damaged, worn or deformed
valve parts.
c. Check contacts between valves and valve
seats.
6) Dynamic a. Check for damaged, worn or deformed Cam shaft damage
valves parts. inspection
b. Check all contact surfaces.
c. Check valve clearance.
7) Timing gear a. Check timing gear chamber for damage or
device loosened timing gears.
b. Check for damaged, worn or loosened
gears, shafts or bearings.
(2) Intake 1) Intake a. Check for damage or corrosion and check to
Manifold make sure manifold is installed properly.
b. Check gears, shafts, and bearings for
damage or wear and check to make sure
they are installed properly.
2)Supercharger a. Check flywheels, shafts, and bearings for
damage, wear, or deformation.
b. Check supercharger and chamber for
damage or deformation.
3) Damper and Check all parts for damage, corrosion, or
exhaust deformation, and check to make sure they are
pipes installed properly.

75
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
4) Air filters a. Check all parts for wear, damage, or
and air deformation.
intake vents b. Check cutoff for soiling or damage.
(3) Fuel 1) Fuel tank, a. Check fuel tank and fuel lines for corrosion
system fuel lines, or damage.
and filter b. Check filter to see if it is dirty or damaged.
c. Check oil level meter to see if it is soiled or
damaged.
d. Check high-pressure fuel lines for damage
or deformation.
e. Check all parts for fuel or oil leakage.
2) Fuel a. Check fuel injection pump for wear,
injection damage, or deformation.
pump b. Check fuel supply pump for damage or
wear; check operation of fuel supply pump.
c. Check rack drive linker for damage or wear.
3) Fuel a. Check nozzles and holders for damage or
injection wear.
valve b. Check operation of nozzles and check to
make sure that fuel is sprayed properly from
nozzles.
(4) Fuel 1) Governor a. Check for damage or leaking.
contro b. Check operation.
l
system
2) Fuel Check for damage or leaking.
controller
3) Spark Check for damage.
advance
system
4) Fuel a. Check for damage.
injection b. Check injection time.
pump drive
system

76
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(5) 1) Oil lines, a. Check oil system and gears, shafts, and
Oil system valves, and bearings for damage.
filters b. Check operation.
2) Oil pump a. Check oil system and gears, shafts, and
bearings for damage.
b. Check operation.
3) Oil cooling Check for leaking, soiling, or damage.
system
(6) 1) Tank, lines, a. Check tank, lines, and valves for damage or
Cooling valves, and corrosion.
system filters b. Check to see if filters are soiled or
damaged.
c. Check water level meter to see if it is soiled
or damaged.
d. Check all parts for water leakage.
2) Water pump Check flywheels, gears, shafts, and bearings
for damage or wear and check to make sure
they are installed properly.
3) Fan a. Check flywheels, shafts, and bearings for
damage or wear and check to make sure
they are installed properly.
b. Check drive shaft, joints, and bearings for
damage or wear and check to make sure
they are installed properly.
c. Check fluid joints and static hydraulic pump
for damage or wear and check to make sure
they are installed properly.
d. Check operation of hydraulic pump.
4) Radiator Check for leakage, corrosion, or deformation
and check to make sure radiator is installed
properly.
5) Pre-heater a. Check all parts for damage or leakage and
check to make sure they are installed
properly.
b. Check operation.
(7) Drive Drive system a. Check to make sure that engine may be Load test and fuel

77
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
system started and stopped. control test
b. Check all parts for creaking, vibration,
overheating, or leakage.
c. Check ventilator, fuel system, fuel control
system, oil system, cooling system, and
electrical system to make sure that
everything is installed and operating
properly.
d. Operation characteristics.
3. (1) a. Check system, flywheels, and guide
Transmis Hydraulic flywheels for damage or deformation.
sion transmiss b. Check clutch and free wheels for damage or
system ion corrosion.
c. Check gears, shafts, and bearings for
damage or wear.
d. Check lines, valves, and filters for damage.
e. Check input/output joints for damage or
corrosion.
f. Check all parts for leakage.
(2) Check shaft, spline, and cross-shaped joints for Damage
Propeller damage or deformation. inspection (applies
shaft only to spline
shaft)
(3) a. Check main unit and gears, shafts, and
Reverser bearings for damage or corrosion.
and b. Check operation of reverser.
reduct c. Check all parts for leakage.
ion
gear

78
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
4. (1) 1) Levers, a. Check levers and rods for cracking, wear, or
Brakes Foundatio rods, etc. deformation.
n b. Check moving parts and parts which come
brake into contact with other parts for damage or
system wear.
c. Check brake disks for cracks or wear and
check to make sure brake disks are attached
properly.
2) Brake a. Check cylinder interior, pistons, and rubber
cylinders bellows for damage, cracks or wear.
(includes b. Check oil level.
brake
diaphragms
)
3) Automatic a. Check all parts for damage, wear, or
clearance deformation.
controller b. Check operation.
(2) Hand a. Check moving parts and parts which come
brakes into contact with other parts for damage or
wear.
b. Check operation.
(3) Air 1) Brake a. Check moving parts and parts which come
brake valves into contact with other parts for damage or
contro wear.
ller b. Check contacts between valves and valve
seats and check for damaged springs.
c. Check for damaged, worn or deformed
diaphragms and packing.
d. All electrical components are to be
inspected in accordance with the directions
given in the section on electric controllers.

79
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Control see above
valves
(includes
relay and
conductor
valves)
3) Electric air see above
controller
4) Load see above
compensati
ng system
5. (1) Main a. Check moving parts and parts which come
General Controlle controller, into contact with other parts for damage or
electrical rs control circuit wear.
equipme switch, b. Check contacts, filaments, and edges for
nt switches, etc. damage or corrosion.
c. Check insulation for soiling or damage.
d. Check all parts to make sure they are
installed properly.
(2) Power 1) Engine and a. Check all parts for damage or wear.
unit related b. Check to make sure that engine may be
and equipment started and stopped.
motor c. Check all parts for creaking, vibration,
overheating, or leakage.
d. Check ventilator, fuel system, fuel control
system, oil system, cooling system, and
electrical system to make sure that
everything is installed properly.
2) Electric a. Check all parts for damage. Insulation and
power b. Check operation. resistance test;
generator c. Check insulation characteristics. insulation
endurance test
3) Excitation Check all parts for damage and check to make
controller sure they are installed properly.

80
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
4) Electric a. Check for damage and check to make sure Insulation and
motors that everything is installed properly. resistance test
(includes b. Check operation.
starting c. Check insulation characteristics.
generator)
and
charging
generators
5) Charger a. Check to make sure charger is installed
properly.
b. Check operation.
6) Batteries a. Check batteries, wires, and terminals for
damage, corrosion, or leakage and check to
make sure that they are installed properly.
b. Check weight and volume of battery fluid.
(3) 1) Fuses and a. Check contacts for soiling or damage.
Relays, switches b. Check to make sure fuses and switches are
soleno installed properly.
id
valves
, and
wires
2) Relays and a. Check insulation for soiling or damage.
contacts b. Check moving parts and contacts for
damage.
c. Check all parts to make sure they are
installed properly.
d. Check operation.
3) Solenoid a. Check coils for shorted wires or burning.
valves and b. Check for proper contact between valves
electronic and valve seats and check for lifted valves.
solenoids c. Check all parts to make sure they are
installed properly.
d. Check operation.

81
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
4) Wiring a. Check wiring, wiring boxes, and other Insulation and
related equipment for damage and check to resistance test
make sure everything has been installed
properly and connected.
b. Check insulation characteristics.
6. (1) 1) Air a. Check crank chamber, cylinders, and
General Air compressor pistons for damage.
Pneumati compresso b. Check for proper contact between valves
c r and valve seats and check for lifted valves.
Cequipm and c. Check motor for damage.
ent relate d. Check oil level and check for water or air
d leakage.
equipment e. Check operation.
2) Air pressure Inspection is to be performed in accordance
controller with the section on brakes (i.e., air brake
and air controllers).
pressure
switches
3) Safety Check for proper contact between valves and
valves valve seats.
4) a. Check for any changes in the moisture
Dehumidifier absorbent.
b. Safety valves are to be inspected in
accordance with the directions given in the
section on solenoid valves under General
electrical equipment.
c. Exhaust valves are to be inspected in
accordance with the directions given in the
following item on valves.
(2) 1) Supply a. Check for proper contact between valves
Valves, valves and and valve seats and check for spring
air pressure damage.
tank, reduction b. Check for damaged, worn or deformed
and air valves diaphragms and packing.
lines c. Check operation.

82
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Other a. All other valves are to be inspected in
valves accordance with the directions given in the
item above on valves.
b. Electrical components are to be inspected in
accordance with the directions given for
relays, solenoid valves, and wiring under
General electrical equipment.
3) Air tank Check tank and protective fittings for corrosion
and check to make sure they are installed
properly.
4) Air pipes a. Check air lines, hoses, and dust filters for
damage and check to make sure they are
installed properly.
b. Check to make sure that cocks may be
opened and closed and check to make sure
they are installed properly.
7. Body (1) Under Check beams and lifting beams for damage,
and frame deformation, cracks or corrosion.
interi
or
(2) Car a. Check roof, floor, exterior surface, interior
interi surface and inter-car plates for damage and
or and corrosion.
exteri b. Check windows, shades, passenger seats,
or sliding doors, manually-operated doors and
other fittings for damage and check to make
sure that everything is installed properly.
c. Check paint for soiling or peeling.
(3) Roof a. Check roof paint for soling, wear, or
peeling.
b. Check covers and containers of footplates,
fans, and air conditioners and heaters for
damage and corrosion and check to make
sure they are installed properly.
(4) a. Check door closers, belts, arms, links,
Door rollers, and glides for damage, corrosion, or

83
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
engine deformation and check to make sure
(includin everything is installed properly.
g b. Electrical components of solenoid valves,
g door door-closing switches, and door safety
closing devices are to be inspected in accordance
safety with the directions given for relays,
devices) solenoid valves, and wires under General
electrical equipment.
c. Check for oil or water leaks in door closers
and air lines.
d. Check to make sure doors may be opened
and closed properly.
(5) a. Check for damaged lights or light fixtures
Lighting and check to make sure lights and light
fixtures are installed properly.
b. Contacts are to be inspected in accordance
with the directions given for relays and
contacts under General electrical
equipment.
8. Other (1) 1) Signals Check all parts for damage or soiling and
equip (includes check to make sure they are installed properly.
ment whistles
and
emergency
address
systems)
2) Intercom Check all parts for damage and check to make
and public sure they are installed properly.
address
system
(includes
safety
communicat
ions
systems)

84
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(2) Check for damaged lights or light fixtures and
Displays check to make sure lights and light fixtures are
installed properly.
(3) Gauges a. Check for damage and check to make sure Measure pressure
and that everything is installed properly. Measure speed
meters b. Check operation of pressure gauges.
c. Check operation of speedometer.
d. Check operation of electrical gauges and
meters (voltage meter, current meter, etc.).
(4) 1) Automated a. Check for cracks, wear, or deformation of Measure internal
Couplers couplers couplers, latches, joints, or pins. distance
(includes b. Check internal distance between elbow and
rod arm protector.
couplers) c. Check operation.
2) Shock Check frame, shock absorber springs, auxiliary
absorbers panels, and auxiliary panel guards for damage,
wear, or deformation and check to make sure
that everything is installed properly.
3) Shanks Check for damage, wear, or deformation and
check to make sure shanks are installed
properly.
4) Air line Check hoses and packing for damage or
couplers deterioration.
5) Wiring a. Check couplers, insulation, and jumper
couplers wires for soiling or damage.
b. Check operation.
(5) 1) Brake Check all parts for damage and check to make
Automatic handle sure they are installed properly.
brakin
g
system
2) Receiver Check all parts for damage and check to make
sure they are installed properly.

85
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(6) 1) Emergency Check all parts for damage and check to make
Emergency braking sure they are installed properly.
braking system
and (includes
emergency dead-man
protectio brake and
n emergency
system brakes)
2) Emergency Check all parts for damage and check to make TE: One Touch
protection sure they are installed properly. Operative
system (TE) Emergency
Devices

86
2. General Inspection

Points to be inspected Method of inspection

(1) Check to make sure that all systems and devices are
installed properly.
(2) Check height of lifeguards and sanders. Measure height
(3) Check that engine may be started and that engine operates
properly.
(4) Check operation of brakes.
(5) Check insulation characteristics of electrical circuits other Insulation and resistance test; insulation
than those using batteries and semiconductors. endurance test
(6) Check for air leakage from pneumatic brake controllers and Measure leakage
ordinary pneumatic devices.
(7) Check air compressor capacity and operation of related Measure capacity and check operation
equipment (e.g., pressure controllers and safety valves).
(8) Check angle of inclination of car. Measure angle of inclination
(9) Check operation of automatic door closers. Measure angle of inclination
(10) Check operation of lights.
(11) Check operation of signals, intercoms and public address
systems.
(12) Check operation of displays.
(13) Check height of couplers. Measure height
(14) Check operation of automatic braking system and related Check operation and monitor functioning
devices.
(15) Check operation of emergency braking and emergency
protection system.
(16) Check static wheel load (Only Diesel railcar)

3. Check points of Test Run

Points to be inspected Method of inspection

(1) Starting, acceleration and deceleration
(2) Condition of engine when in operation
(3) Operation of braking system
(4) Creaking, screeching, and vibration
(5) Meter and gauge readings
(6) Condition of systems and equipment after test operation
a. Engine leaks
b. Overheating or leaking of oil in axle bearings

87
 APPENDIX 3
PASSENGER CARS, FREIGHT CARS, AND BAGGAGE CARS
1. Individual Inspections
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
1. Drive (1) 1) Bogie a. Check for deformed, cracked, or corroded
units Bogies frame and bogie frames swing bolsters, or supports.
swing b. Check for damage or wear to contact
bolster surface.
c. Check for damage or corrosion of swing
bolsters or swing bolster pins.
d. Check for damage to air chamber.
2) Center a. Check for damage or wear to the contact
plate and surface.
side b. Check the amount of lubricant.
bearings
3) Axle box a. Check for wear, damage, or discoloration of
and axle axle bearings and check distance between
suspensio axles and axle bearings. Measure distance
n b. Check amount of and condition of lubricant.
c. Check distance between axle box guard and
axle box.
4) Wheels a. Check for damage to the wheel bases.
and axles b. Check shape of wheels: Check shape
– Diameter of wheels and thickness of
tires Axle damage
– Thickness and height of flanges inspection
– Buck gauge
c. Check for damage to axles.
5) Shock a. Check for damaged, worn, or deformed
absorbers springs.
b. Check for oil damper leakage and check
operation of oil damper.
c. Inspection of air pressure spring height
valves and differential air pressure valves is
to be performed in accordance with
directions for inspection of valves under
General pneumatic equipment.

88
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2. (1) 1) Levers, a. Check levers and rods for cracking, wear, or
Brakes Foundati rods, etc. deformation.
o b. Check moving parts and parts which come
n brake into contact with other parts for damage or
system wear.
2) Brake a. Check cylinder interior, pistons, and rubber
cylinders bellows for damage, cracks or wear.
(includes b. Check oil level.
brake
diaphrag
ms)
3) Automatic a. Check all parts for damage, wear, or
clearance deformation.
controller b. Check operation.
(2) Hand a. Check moving parts and parts which come
brake into contact with other parts for damage or
s wear.
b. Check operation.
(3) Air 1) Control a. Check moving parts and parts which come
brake valves into contact with other parts for damage or
controll (includes wear.
er relay and b. Check contacts between valves and valve
conductor seats and check for damaged springs.
valves) c. Check for damaged, worn or deformed
diaphragms and packing.
2) Load see above
compensa
ting
device
3. (1) Power 1) Drive a. Check all parts for damage and check to Insulation and
General unit shaft make sure that everything is installed resistance test
electrical and power properly.
equipment motor generator b. Check operation.
c. Check insulation characteristics.

89
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Engine a. Check all parts for damage or wear.
and b. Check to make sure that engine may be
related started and stopped.
equipment c. Check all parts for creaking, vibration,
overheating, or leakage.
d. Check ventilator, fuel system, fuel control
system, oil system, cooling system, and
electrical system to make sure that
everything is installed properly.
e. Check operation.
3) Electric a. Check all parts for damage. Insulation and
power b. Check operation. resistance test;
generator c. Check insulation characteristics. insulation endurance
and fans test
4) Excitation Check all parts for damage and check to make
controller sure they are installed properly.
5) Auxiliary a. Check to make sure that auxiliary Insulation and
transform transformer is installed properly. resistance test;
er b. Check insulation characteristics. insulation endurance
test
6) Rectifiers a. Check all parts for damage. Insulation and
(includes b. Check operation. resistance test
chargers) c. Check insulation characteristics.
7) Batteries a. Check batteries, wires, and terminals for
damage, corrosion, or leakage and check to
make sure that they are installed properly.
b. Check weight and volume of battery fluid.
(2) 1) Fuses and a. Check contacts for soiling or damage.
Relays, switches b. Check to make sure fuses and switches are
solenoid installed properly.
valves,
and
wires
2) Relays a. Check insulation for soiling or damage.
and b. Check moving parts and contacts for
contacts damage.

90
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
c. Check all parts to make sure they are
installed properly.
d. Check operation.
3) a. Check coils for shorted wires or burning.
Solenoid b. Check for proper contact between valves
valves and and valve seats and check for lifted valves.
electronic c. Check all parts to make sure they are
solenoids installed properly.
d. Check operation.
4) Wiring a. Check wiring, wiring boxes, and other Insulation and
related equipment for damage and check to resistance test
make sure everything has been installed
properly and connected.
b. Check insulation characteristics.
4. (1) 1) a. Motors are to be inspected in accordance
General Air Air with the directions given under General
pneumatic Compress compressor electrical equipment and under Motor
equipment or and power generators and Motor fans.
related b. Check all parts for damage or wear.
equipmen c. Check oil level and check for oil or air
t leaks.
d. Check operation.
2) a. Check all parts for damage or wear.
Air pressure b. Check operation.
controller
and safety
valves
(2) 1) a. Check for proper contact between valves
Valves, Supply and valve seats and check for spring
air valves and damage.
tank, pressure b. Check for damaged, worn or deformed
and air reduction diaphragms and packing.
lines valves c. Check operation.

91
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Other a. All other valves are to be inspected in
valves accordance with the directions given in the
item above on valves.
b. Electrical components are to be inspected in
accordance with the directions given for
relays, solenoid valves, and wiring under
General electrical equipment.
3) Air tank Check tank and protective fittings for corrosion
and check to make sure they are installed
properly.
4) Air pipes a. Check air lines, hoses, and dust filters for
damage and check to make sure they are
installed properly.
b. Check to make sure that cocks may be
opened and closed and check to make sure
they are installed properly.
5. Body (1) Check beams and lifting beams for damage,
and Under deformation, cracks or corrosion.
interior frame
(2) a. Check roof, floor, exterior surface, interior
Car surface and inter-car plates for damage and
Interior corrosion.
and b. Check windows, shades, passenger seats,
exterior sliding doors, manually-operated doors and
other fittings for damage and check to make
sure that everything is installed properly.
c. Check sliding doors, fan doors, opening
doors, and latches for damage and check to
make sure that everything is installed
properly.
d. Check paint for soiling or peeling.
e. Check tank and other fixtures for damage or
corrosion and check to make sure they are
installed properly.

92
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(3) Roof a. Check roof paint for soling, wear, or
peeling.
b. Check covers and containers of fans, and air
conditioners and heaters for damage and
corrosion and check to make sure they are
installed properly.
(4) a. Check door closers, arms, links, rollers, and
Automati glides for damage, corrosion, or
c door deformation and check to make sure
engines everything is installed properly.
(includi b. Electrical components of solenoid valves,
ng door-closing switches, and door safety
g door devices are to be inspected in accordance
closing with the directions given for relays,
safety solenoid valves, and wires under General
devices) electrical equipment.
c. Check for oil or water leaks in door closers
and air lines.
d. Check to make sure doors may be opened
and closed properly.
(5) a. Check for damaged lights or light fixtures
Lighting and check to make sure lights and light
fixtures are installed properly.
b. Contacts are to be inspected in accordance
with the directions given for relays and
contacts under General electrical
equipment.
6. Other (1) 1) Signals Check all parts for damage or soiling and
equipm Signals, (includes check to make sure they are installed properly.
ent Intercom emergenc
s y address
and systems)
public
address
systems

93
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) Intercom Check all parts for damage and check to make
and public sure they are installed properly.
address
system
(2) Check for damaged lights or light fixtures and
Displays check to make sure lights and light fixtures are
installed properly.
(3) a. Check for damage and check to make sure Check operation of
Gauges that everything is installed properly. pressure gauges
and b. Check operation of pressure gauges.
meters d. Check operation of electrical gauges and
meters (voltage meter, current meter, etc.).

(4) 1) a. Check for cracks, wear, or deformation of Measure internal

Couplers Automated couplers, latches, joints, or pins. distance
couplers b. Check internal distance between elbow and
(includes rod arm protector.
couplers) c. Check operation.
2) Check frame, shock absorber springs, auxiliary
Shock panels, and auxiliary panel guards for damage,
absorbers wear, or deformation and check to make sure
that everything is installed properly.
3) Check for damage, wear, or deformation and
Shanks check to make sure shanks are installed
properly.
4) Check hoses and packing for damage or
Air line deterioration.
couplers
5) a. Check couplers, insulation, and jumper
Wiring wires for soiling or damage.
couplers b. Check operation.
(5) Check all parts for damage, wear, or
Containe deformation and check to make sure that all
r parts are installed properly.
Emergenc
y device

94
2. General Inspection

Points to be inspected Method of inspection

(1) Check to make sure that all systems and devices are properly
installed.
(2) Check for air leakage from pneumatic brake controllers and Measure leakage
ordinary pneumatic devices.
(3) Check operation of brakes.
(4) Check insulation characteristics of electrical circuits other than Insulation and resistance test; insulation
those using batteries and semiconductors. endurance test
(5) Check angle of inclination of car and side bearing clearance. Measure angle of inclination
(6) Check operation of automatic door closers.
(7) Check operation of lights.
(8) Check operation of signals, intercoms and public address systems.
(9) Check operation of displays.
(10) Check height of couplers. Measure height
(11) Check static wheel load

3. Check points of Test Run

Points to be inspected Method of inspection

(1) Creaking, screeching, and vibration
(2) Overheating of axle bearings and leaking of oil from axle bearings
after test operation

95
 APPENDIX 4
STEAM LOCOMOTIVE

1. Individual Inspections

Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of

inspection
1. (1) a. Check for abrasion, crack, damage, or
Drive Main Frame loosened part
units/Body b. Check for crack or loosened of boiler
support and pedestal, end beam, lateral
stay.
c. Check for crack, damage, worn or
deformation of axle box stay.
d. Check for crack, damage or leaking air Measurement
chambers.
e. Check for difference between center
lines of cylinders at both sides.
(2) a. Check for cracks, damage, wear and
Intermediate looseness of seat and stopper of buffer.
Buffer b. Check for damage or worn of wear
plates and head.
c. Check for worn and crack or
deformation intermediate pull bar.

(3) a. Check for crack, deformation and

Bogie Frame loosened of frame and accessories.
(4) a. Check for worn, crack and clearance of
Center Pin center pin and center pin guide of leading
bogie.
(5) a. Check for damage, worn of sliding
Center Plate surface.
and b. Check for lubricant volume
Side support
(6) a. Check for worn, crack of Roller, roller
Righting frame, swing bolster, bolster guide and
Device guide bar
(7) a. Check for worn, crack of axle box, box

96
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
Axle box of wedge, wedge bolt and oil pan
Driving b. Check for installation condition of
Wheel driving wheel Measurement
c. Check for clearance between bearing
plate and journal
(8) a. Check for damage, worn, colored and
Axle Box and gap between bearings
Pedestal b. Check for dirtiness and amount of Measurement
Guide lubricant
c. Check for gap between stay and axle box
(9) a. Check for damage to the wheel bases.
Axle and Wheel b. Check profile of wheels:
– Diameter of wheels and thickness of
tires
– Thickness and height of flanges
– Back gauge
c. Check for damage of axles.
(10) a. Check for damage, worn and
Spring System deformation of spring
b. Check for worn and deformation of
spring hanger, equalizer beam, spring
seat and spring mount
c. Check for worn and deformation of pin
and bushing
d. Check for damage of hanger pin of
bolster
(11) a. Check for cracks, damage, deformation
Lifeguard or looseness.
(12) a. Check for damage, wear, or deformation
Sander and check to make sure sander is
installed properly.
(13) a. Check for water leakage of cock, pipe
Rail water and joint
Sprayer
(14) a. Check for deformation. worn, crack and
Frame loosened of frame

97
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(15) a. Check for corrosion, crack and leakage
Water Tank of of tank
Tender
2. Power (1) 1) a. Check for corrosion, crack, swelling and
System Boiler and Fire scale of outer plate, rear plate, ceiling
equipment Chamber plate and piping sheet of fire chamber
b. Check for corrosion, crack and swelled
of plate joint.
c. Check for crack and deformation of
bottom frame
d. Check for leakage and damage of arched
pipe
2) a. Check for leakage and damage
Stay b. Check for block and damage of check
hole
3) a. Check for corrosion, crack and leakage Water Pressure
Heat Check
Exchanging
(Smoke)
Pipe
4) a. Check for worn and leakage of screw
Melting
Plug
5) a. Check for leakage of screw
Flushing
Plug
6) a. Check for corrosion, crack and leakage
Boiler Body of body
b. Check for corrosion, crack and leakage
of steam pipe
7) a. Check for damage, deformation and
Smoke corrosion of front plate, door and body
Chamber of smoke chamber
b. Check for fixing condition of door
c. Check for leakage of inserting of exhaust
pipe and main steam pipe

98
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
d. Check for loosened of exhaust pipe
opening
e. Check for corrosion and damage of spark
protector and reflector
f. Check for damage of blower pipe and
opening
g. Check for loosened, crack and leakage of Water pressure
superheated vapor pipe plate and main test
steam pipe
h. Check for corrosion, crack and leakage
of superheated vapor pipe
8) a. Check for worn, sliding, gap, lift and
Governor opening condition of body, main valve
Valve and sub valve
b. Check for worn and leakage at fitting of
connecting rod.
c. Check for lifting movement of valve
9) a. Check for worn, crack and gap between
Safety Valve body and valve
b. Check for worn and damage of tip of
push rod
10) a. Check for worn and damage of body and
Water valve
Supply
Valve and
Overflow
Valve
11) a. Check for worn and damage of body,
Injector steam valve, check valve, nozzle and
cock
12) a. Check for worn and crack of body and
Water Valve valve
and Cock
13) a. Check for worn and damage of upper
Indicator cock, bottom cock, drain cock and plug
b. Check for dirtiness of glass cylinder

99
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
14) a. Check for damage, loosened, worn and
Stud bolt leakage
15) a. Check for damage and deformation of
Stoker Door stoker frame, door hinge
b. Check for damage of each accessory
16) a. Check for damage and deformation
Grillage
17) a. Check for damage, deformation and
Ash Box fixing
b. Check for condition of ash disposer
a. Check for condition of plate and leakage
of heat exchanging pipe, stay, base Water pressure
frame and other accessory installation test
(2) 1) a. Check for loosened and crack of body
Cylinder and Cylinder b. Check for damage of inner sleeve and
Auxiliary loosened of bushing
Equipment c. Check for loosened, worn and crack of
cover
2) a. Check for worn and crack of cylinder
Bypass and piston
Valve b. Check for worn and swelling of spring
and piston ring
3) a. Check for worn, crack and fitting
Bypass between cylinder and piston
Cock
4) a. Check for worn and crack of valve body
Cylinder and valve
Safety b. Check for worn and damage of tip of
Valve spindle
c. Check for damage of spring
5) a. Check for worn, crack and opening
Cylinder movement of body and valve
Drain Valve
6) a. Check for worn and crack of body and
Air Valve valve
b. Check for damage of cover and steel net

100
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
7) a. Check for gap, worn, deformation and
Piston damage of piton bar and piston body
b. Check for contact fitting between taper
of piston bar and cock
c. Check for crack, worn and deformation
of lead bar support, plain bearing and
wedge
8) a. Check for worn and damage of valve seat
Steam and inner surface of bushing
Chamber b. Check for loosened of cover
9) a. Check for worn and damage of body,
Oil Pump sliding sleeve and crankshaft
b. Check for worn and damage of
lubricating valve, plunger and piston
c. Check for damage of gear box, gear and
adjusting screw and check valve
d. Check for damage of driving unit
10) a. Check for damage of steam check valve,
lubricator oil control valve and oil nozzle
3. 1) a. Check for worn and crack of sliding
Valve System Slide Valve valve, strip and equalizing plate
and Piston b. Check for worn crack and gap between
valve frame and spindle
c. Check for spindle condition and gap
between body and steam chamber
bushing
d. Check for worn, damage and
deformation of piston valve and spindle
e. Check for gap between piston and ring
f. Check for loosened of stop screw for ring

101
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
2) a. Check for worn and deformation of valve
Link spindle crosshead and slider
System b. Check for worn and deformation of
governor ring and slider
c. Check for worn and deformation of
turning crank
d. Check for worn and deformation of
reverser screw and slider
e. Check for worn, damage and
deformation of eccentric bar, link bar,
reversing bar, spindle
f. Check for worn and damage of bushing
of eccentric bar
g. Check for condition of bolt
h. Check for worn and damage of pin
3. Traction (1) a. Check for worn and crack of body, slider
System Crosshead and crosshead pin
b. Check for gap between sliding head and
sliding bar of crosshead
c. Check for fitting between crosshead pin
hole and pin taper, between wedge and
bushing
d. Check for status condition of crosshead
(2) a. Check for damage and worn of body
Sliding Bar b. Check for crack of sliding bar support
c. Check for status condition of sliding bar
(3) a. Check for deformation and crack of body
Main Crank b. Check for worn of fitting of support
Shaft c. Check for fitting condition of frame and
wedge
(4) a. Check for deformation and crack of body
Connecting Rod b. Check for worn between fitting hole of
connecting end

102
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
(5) a. Check for deformation and damage of
Knuckle Pin body
b. Check for fitting between knuckle pin
hole of connecting rod, taper of elbow
pin and wedge
(6) Crank Pin a. Check for loosened, worn, damage and Measurement
deformation of body Measurement
b. Check for eccentric worn of crank pin
4. Brake (1) 1) a. Check for worn, crack or deformation
System Foundation Levers and levers and rods.
brake system rods b. Check movable and sliding part for
damage or wear.
2) a. Check for damage, crack and worn of
Brake inside of cylinder and pistons
Cylinder b. Check for lubricant volume
and brake
diaphragm
(2) a. Check for damage and worn of movable
Hand brake and sliding part
system b. Check for proper function
(3) 1) a. Check for damage and worn of movable
Air Brake Brake and sliding part
System Valve b. Check for contact between valve and
valve seat and damage of spring or the
like
c. Check for damage, deterioration,
deformation of diaphragm and packing
2) a. Check for worn and damage of steam
Air cylinder, air cylinder and piston.
Compressor b. Check for gap between cylinder and
piston
c. Check for worn and damage of steam
chamber. Steam valve, reverser valve,
reverser bar and air valve

103
 Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
3) a. Check for damage and worn of movable
Pressure and sliding part
Governor
4) a. Check for damage and worn of movable
Steam and sliding part
Supply
Valve and
Reducing
Valve
5) a. Check for damage and worn of movable
Distributing and sliding part
Valve
6) Air Tank a. Check for corrosion and installation of
body and safety attachment
7) a. Check for damage, and installation of air
Air Piping piping, hose and filter
c. Check for oil opening motion and
installation of cock
(2) a. Check for worn, crack of inside of
Steam Brake cylinder, piston, piston ring and piston
System bar and damage of spring
b. Check for leakage and worn of valve
and the seat of brake valve
5. Other (1)Whistle a. Check for damage, dirtiness and
Device System installation of parts
(2) Indicators a. Check for damage, dirtiness and
installation of parts
(3)Gauges and a. Check for damage and installation
meters b) Check for function of pressure gauge Measurement
c. Check for function of speed meter Measurement
d. Check for function of voltage meter

(4) Couplers 1)Automatic a. Check for cracks, deformation and worn

coupling of coupler body, knuckles, anchorages,
device and pin Measurement
b. Check for distance between elbow and
stay

104
Item(s) to be inspected Points to be inspected Method of
inspection
c. Check for function

2)Buffer a. Check for damage, worn, deformation

and installation of frame, draft spring,
follower plate and guide
3)Shank a. Check for damage, worn, deformation
guide and installation
4)Air pipe a. Check for damage and deterioration of
coupler hoses and packing.
5) Water a. Check for damage and deterioration of
supply hose hoses and packing
(5) Lighting a. Check for worn or damage of turbine
System frame, shaft, bearing, governor, piston
valve, valve
b. Check for worn and damage of
generator frame, cover, bearing,
armature and field coil
c. Check for worn, damage and loosened Rotation test
of brush, brush holder and commutator
d. Check for rotation characteristic
e. Check for dirtiness, damage and
installation of lighting, lens, reflector,
plug support and switch Insulation
f. Check for damage and installation of resistance test
wiring, connection box and other
devices
g. Check for insulation characteristic
(6) Operation a. Check for damage and installation
Recorder

105
2. General Inspection
Points to be inspected Method of inspection
(1) Check for Installation of devices
(2) Check for tilting of body Measurement
(3) Check for height of pilot, sanding pipe and water spray Measurement
(4) Check for device condition under operation
- Function of boiler safety valve and cylinder safety valve
- Installation of injector and leakage of piping
- Temperature and function of injector
- Function of bypass valve
- leakage of air piston of bypass valve
- Installation of reverser
- Leakage of cylinder and steam chamber
(5) Check for leakage of air brake control system Measurement
(6) Check for function of brake system
(7) Check for capacity of air compressor and function of governor
(8) Check for function of whistle
(9) Check for function of indicators
(10) Check for insulation characteristic of electric circuits excepting Insulation resistance test
for circuits with battery and semi-conductor Measurement
(11) Check for height of coupler
(12) Check for lighting system

3 Check points of Test run

Points to be inspected Method of inspection

(1) Check for condition of starting, acceleration and deceleration
(2) Check for cut-off condition
(3) Check for combustion condition, blowing condition and steam
pressure condition under operation
(4) Check for leakage of piston packing
(5) Check for function of brake system
(6) Check for abnormal noise and rolling
(7) Check for indication of meters
(8) Check for heating or leakage of bearing and sliding parts
(9) Check for function of operation recorder

106
REF 1-1: DEVIATION OF ROLLING STOCK
Rolling stock deviates toward outside at the both corner of the end and toward inside at the body center from the track while the rolling stock passes a
curve section. The deviation can be estimated by the rough calculation as follows and the Fig. ref-1.

1. Deviation toward inside (W1)

W1 can be gained from triangle △PQO and the following formula.
(R − W 1)2 = (R − d)2 − (L1 / 2)2 − − − − − ( f − 1)

d=R− {R 2
− (L 0 / 2) } − − − − − − − ( f − 2)
2

W1 = R − {(R − d) 2
− (L / 2) } − − − − − − − ( f − 1 − 1)
1
2

2. Deviation toward outside (W2)

W2 can be also gained from triangle △STO and the following formula.

W2 = {(R + B / 2 − W ) 1
2
+ (L 2 / 2)
2
} − R − B / 2 − − − − − − − ( f − 2)
L0: Fix wheel base R: Radius of curve
L1: Distance between both centers of bogies W1: Deviation toward inside
L2: Length of body W2: Deviation toward outside
B: Body width d: Deviation inside bogie due to the double axle

3. Rough Calculation of Deviation

Formula (f-1-1) can be transformed by (f-2) as follows;

W1 = R − R 2 − (L20 + L21 ) 2 / 4 − − − − − − − ( f − 4)
f-4 can be transformed by

(L2
0 + L21 ) 2
/ 4 = m2
107
and then,

(
W1 = R − R 2 − m 2 )1/ 2
− − − − − − − ( f − 5)

f-5 can be further arranged by R;

⎢⎣
{
W1 = R ⎡1 − 1 − (m / R ) }
2 1/ 2 ⎤
⎥⎦
− − − − − − − ( f − 6)

In the formula,f-6 {1− (m / R) }

2 1/ 2 is processed by Maclaurin expansion, and very small item less than fourth power items is neglected;

[ {
W1 = R 1 − 1 − 1/ 2(m / R )
2
}] − − − − − − − (f − 7)
f-7 can be transformed again by m , and the rough calculation formula shall be as follow.

L20 + L21
W1 =
8R

Therefore, deviation W1 shall be limited within clearance of rolling stock gauge at curve section. Generally, since deviation toward outside (W2) is far
less than W1, the deviation of rolling stock at the curve is regulated by the W1. Equipment mounted at roof top of rolling stock shall be also checked in
this formula. Cant at curve section shall be considered in this calculation.

108
 L0
L2
P Body Center
T S
d Ra
L0 il C
B en
2 ter
W1
P Body Center
B
W2 Q d

Ra
il
L1 Ce
nt
er

Fig. ref-1 Deviation of Rolling Stock

109
REF 1-2: MASS OF ROLLING STOCK

(Weight limit against track and Bridge)

1. Rolling stock shall not cause any harmful effect to track and bridge by the load in excess of the capacity of track and bridge concerned.
2. Mass of a wheel set of rolling stock load shall be 18 ton or less at the stopping. However, rolling stock such like locomotive shall be filled with fuel,
water and lubricant.
3. Mass a wheel set of rolling stock excluding locomotive shall be 14 ton or less per one wheel set at the stopping.
4. Mass of rolling stock excluding locomotive shall be 5 ton or less in average per every 1 m in the distance between both couplers.

(Case of High speed railway)

Under construction

110
REF 1-3 STABILITY
(Wind velocity limit against downfall)
1. Wind velocity limit shall be 30 m/s or more. (This regulation shall be provided by the operation rules)
2. Calculation formula shall be as follows. (Fig. ref-3)
(1) Calculation; Downfall index (D)

hG ⎛ V 2 C ⎞ hG ⎛ µhGT ⎞ hBC • ρµ2 SCD

D= ⎜ − ⎟+ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ αy +
bW ⎜⎝ Rg 2bw ⎟⎠ bW ⎜⎝ 1 + µhG ⎟⎠ 2bwmg

mB : Half mass of body (kg)

mT: Mass of bogie (kg) (Including mass of wheel and axle)
YW: Wind pressure force (N)
YV: Inertia force caused by vibration of body (N)
hGB: Gravity center height of body from the rail (m)
hGT: Gravity center height of bogie from the rail (m)
R : Radius of curve (m)
g: gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2)
V: Running velocity (m/s)
E: Distance between gravity center of body and wind pressure force center (m)
θ: Cant (rad) tan θ = C/G (C: Cant (m), G: Gauge (m))
hG* : Effective height of gravity center of rolling stock on spring of bogie (= 1.25 hG (m))
hBC* : Effective height of wind pressure center of rolling stock on spring of bogie (= 1.25 hBC (m))
2bw: Distance between wheel contact (= Inner distance between rims + width of rim: (m))
m: Half mass of rolling stock (= mB + mT+ 2mW (kg))
µ: Mass ratio between bogie and body (=( mB + 2mW )/ mB (kg))
αy: Lateral vibration acceleration at gravity center of body (G)

111
 ρ : Air density (=0.125 (kg· s2/m4)
u: Wind velocity (m/s)
S: Half of side projection are of body (m2)
CD: Resistance ratio of body against lateral wind (= 1.0 )

(2) Judgment
- Downfall Index shall be between 1.0 and 0.8 at all speed from 0 km/h to maximum at the curve section concerned.

Yw
M
Y
2
v
e mBRg
Yv
Z
CG
2
v
mBg m TRg

hGB

hGT
A
B

Z'

Fig. ref-3.1 Stability of Rolling Stock

112
 (Static Wheel weight Ratio :SWR)
(1) Static wheel weight ratio of rolling stock for passenger shall be 0.85 -1.15 in tare weight of body.
W1 OR W2
SWR = SWR =
( W1 + W2 ) 2 ( W1 + W 2 ) 2
(2) The structure shall be easy to adjust wheel weight ratio.

W1 W2

Fig. ref-3.2 Static Wheel Weight Ratio

(Running stability)
Running stability shall be judged by following criteria.

Description Criterion
Derailment Ratio (Q/P) Less than and including 0.8
Wheel unloading ratio Up to 80% of static wheel weight (1 revolution more)

113
 P

Fig.ref-4 Dynamic Ratio of wheel weight

114
REF 1-4 STRENGTH OF BODY

(Safety Criterion against crash at level crossing)

(1) Body structure shall be strong enough to withstand operation.
Strength of car body may be referred to the followings.
- JIS E 7103 (Electric railcar for commuter use – General requirement for design of bodies)
- JIS E 7105 (Test methods for static load of body structures of railway rolling stock)
JIS: Japan Industrial Standard

(2) Body to be installed with equipment shall not be resonated within the bound up to the design maximum speed.

Description Crash condition Requirement

Commuter Type or - Train speed: 60 km/h - Reinforced front structure
Line with few level - Train weight: train with passenger capacity - Strength of the front structure
crossing - Road vehicle weight: 40 t Section Modulus (Zy)
Zy= 1.58 ×105 (mm3)
Limit Express Type - Train speed: 70 km/h - Impact absorbing structure
or line with level - Train weight: train with passenger capacity against 10 G to driver and
crossing - Road vehicle weight: 40 t passenger

115
(Body structure strength)
Strength of body structure shall be simulated by the followings.
Load Description Definition Load Standard Remarks
Tare Load Mass of Body structure Car weight without bogie, equipment and facilities Distributed load
- Passenger
Commuter type: 55 kg/person
Limited express type: 60 kg/person
Passenger Load Passenger weight Distributed load
- Maximum load
Vertical Load
Commuter type: Capacity ×250%
Limited express type: Capacity ×200%
Equipment Load Equipment weight Weight concerned Concentrated load
Inertia force generated - Coil spring bogie Inertia mass ×0.3
Vertical inertia force
by running vibration - Air spring bogie Inertia mass ×0.1
- Car with tight lock coupler: 343 kN
- Car of High Speed Railway: 490kN
Hauling load Pulling force - Other Car: 686 kN
- Locomotive: 784 kN
- Freight wagon: 784 kN
Back and forth End Load
- Car with tight lock coupler: 490 kN
load - Car of High Speed Railway: 980kN
Compression
Compressing force - Other Car: 980 kN
load
- Locomotive: 980 kN
- Freight wagon: 980 kN
Impact load Load by impact (Car weight + Passenger Load)×0.3
Inner pressure load of car body Pressure in cabin: 8.0 kPa High speed Railway

Reference: JIS E 7105 ((Test methods for static load of body structures of railway rolling stock)

116
REF 1-5 BOGIE STRUCTURE

(Bogie strength)
Running Gear including bogie, suspension system and rail guard (pilot) installed on bogie shall has strong and solid structure enough to secure the
running safety and stability against considering hunting motion.
Reference: JIS E 4206(spring rigging for railway rolling stock)
JIS E 4207(Truck frames for railway rolling stock – General rules for design)
JIS E 4208 (Test methods of static load for truck frames and truck bolsters if railway rolling stock)
JIS E 4501(Railway rolling stock – Design methods for strength of axles)
JIS E 4502-2(Axles for railway rolling stock – Dimensional requirements)

117
REF 1-6 COUNPLING DEVICE

(Profile Coupler)
1. Profile of automatic Coupler shall conform to the Fig. ref 6-1.
2. Profile of tight lock coupler shall conform to the Fig. ref 6-2.

(Height of coupler)
1. Center of coupling device shall be 880 mm high from the top of rail.

(Strength of coupler)
1. Tensile breaking load shall be as follows.
Description Tensile Breaking Load
Automatic Coupler 980 kN
Tight Lock Coupler 588 kN

118
 
 

Tange ntial Line




 







 

 






  
Tange ntial Line






Tan gential Line

 C oupling S urface










  

Tange ntial Line






 





Tangen tial Line

Tang ential Line U n it: m m

Fig. ref 6-1 Profile of Automatic Coupler

119
 Coupling Surface



























 












Unit: mm

Fig. ref 6-2.1 Profile of Tight Coupler

120
 Coupling Surface











 


















Unit: mm
Fig. ref 6-2.2 Profile of Tight Coupler (High Speed Railway)

Fig. ref 6-2.2 Profile of Tight Coupler(High Speed Railway)

121
(Air Coupler)
3. Air Coupler Profile shall conform to the Fig. ref 6-3
.




 †











†


 †


†


 





†


5




†

†







 



Unit: mm

Fig. ref 6-3 Profile of Air Coupler

122
REF 1-7 BRAKE SYSTEM

(Function of Brake System of Standard Railway with maximum speed 150km/h or less)
1. Running train shall be decelerated, stopped and maintained to stop by service braking
On – 5 ‰ downward section, running train at the maximum speed shall be stopped by emergency braking within distance regulated by the ground
safety installation.
Stopping train running at the maximum speed within distance conforming capacity of ground facilities on level section by the maximum force of
service braking

2. Distance regulated by the ground safety installation means 600 m or less. (see Figure below)
3.
4. All wheel of rolling stock shall be provided with braking function. However, some wheel of special use shall be excluded.
5.
6. Braking force shall be provided with brake ratio by following values in the table. Transmission coefficient of force is defined by 100/100.

Description Loaded Braking Ratio

Locomotive 70/100
Electric and diesel car 70/100
Passenger coach 70/100
Freight wagon 25/100
Specific car 25/100

123
7. Braking ratio indicated in table above shall be calculated by following formula.
(a) Tread Brake case
1) Brake force: B1 (kN)
B1=π/4·D2·δ·n·P
2) Loaded mass of rolling stock: W (kN)
W
Brake Shoe
W= Weight of rolling stock (t) ·9.8 (m/s2)
3) Friction coefficient ratio (Cast iron conversion ratio) =µ1/µ2 B
4) Loaded braking ratio = B1/W·µ1/µ2·100
Wheel

(b) Disc Brake

1) Brake force: B2 (kN)
B2=π/4·D2·δ·n·P
2) Loaded mass of rolling stock: W (kN)
W= Weight of rolling stock (t) ·9.8 (m/s2)
3) Disc ratio (Tread brake conversion) = r/R
Friction coefficient ratio (Cast iron ratio) =µ1/µ2
4) Loaded braking ratio = B2/W·r/R·µ1/µ2·100

D: Diameter of Cylinder (m)

δ: Lever ratio
n: Number of Cylinder
P: Cylinder Pressure (kPa)
r: Essential radius of disc (mm)
R: Radius of wheel (mm)

124
 µ1: Friction coefficient of composite brake shoe
µ2: Friction coefficient of cast iron shoe (0.15)

Max. Speed

(600 m)
ATS Max. Distance for Visual Check

All kinds of trains must stop within 600 m from the maximum speed because ground safety facility is fixed for any train.

125
(Function of Brake System of High Speed Railway with maximum speed 200km/h or more)
Braking function of high speed railway rolling stock with tare at level section shall be provided by deceleration at level as follows.

peed Range Deceleration

(km/h) (km/h/s)
Over 230 1.5
160 – 230 1.9
110 – 160 2.5
70 – 110 3.1
Less than 70 3.4

126
REF 1-8 FIRE PROTECTION

1. Fire Protection
(1) Fire protection for electric cable and devices
Description Protection Measure
Cable installed near or Covered with high fire retardancy
connected with device that may
1. Electric Cable generate arc or heat
Others Covered with Incombustible material
Equipment that may generate Installed apart from floor or wall and with
2. Electric Equipment arc or heat heat insulation plate with incombustibility
Installed apart from floor or wall and with
heat insulation plate with incombustibility
3. Internal Combustion Engine Installed with heat insulation plate
between exhaust duct and body even
under deteriorated condition of exhaust.

127
(2) Fire Protection on Passenger Car
Part of Rolling Stock General Railway Subway / High Speed Railway Special Railway
Non-Combustible - Mono-Rail
material - Guide Railway
Roof Non-Combustible material which is equivalent to steel
Incombustible material - Non Track way
equivalent to steel - Rope way
Roof
Roof surface Covered with incombustible material, only for passenger car with overhead contact line.
Equipment or
Mounting support shall be insulated against body and the surface shall be covered with incombustible
device mounted
material
on roof
Incombustible material /or finished with Non-Combustible material/ finished with non-combustible
End panel non-combustible paint paint
Outer Panel
Non-Combustible material or covered Non-Combustible material/ finished with non-combustible
Other Panel
with non-combustible material/ finished paint
with non-combustible paint Non-Combustible/
Ceilings Non-Combustible Non-Combustible Pait
Passenger Cabin
Inner Panel Non-Combustible
Heat Insulator and sound proof panel Non-Combustible
Floor Protected against smoke or fire
Carpet Incombustible
Pad under carpet High fire retardancy
Floor panel Non-Combustible /covered with steel Non-Combustible material Covered with
Floor panel equivalent to steel Non-Combustible Paint
Non-combustible material or
Non-combustible material or covered covered with steel and Covered with
Under floor
with steel besides finished with Non-Combustible Paint
non-combustible paint
Non-Combustible or incombustible material due to electric
Under Floor Equipment
insulation
Cover Incombustible
Padding Incombustible
Seat
With heater Installed heat insulator between seat and heater
under seat
Shade Incombustible
Gangway bellows Incombustible
Fireproof criteria concerning rolling stock material preventing fire shall conform to the followings and Fig. ref .8.
128
2. Structure of test method:
(1) Fuel container;
a. Metal product of 17.5 φ, 7.1 mm depth and 0.8 mm thick
b. This shall be supported by material with low thermal conductivity like cork so as that bottom line of the container is set at the position 24.5 mm from
surface of the test piece.
c. Pure ethyl alcohol 0.5 cc shall be burned in this container
(2) Test piece of non metal material:
a. Size 182 mm wide and 257 mm long
b. Process for testing
Test piece shall be dried for 5 days and more at place 1 meter high from floor in a room with breath but without direct sunlight.
(3) Condition of laboratory
a. Temperature: 15 – 30⁰C
b. Relative humidity: 60 – 75%
c. Any breeze shall be prohibited.

129
3 Flameproof judgments
Material shall be judged under burning and after burned.
(1) Burning
It shall be judged by observing the ignition, fire, smoke and force of the flames.
(2) After burned
It shall be judged by observing flame, ash, carbonization, and deformation.
JUDGEMENT
Burning Burned
Description Ignition Flame Smoke Force of Flame Ash Carbonization Deformation
flame
Discoloration is 100 100 mm or less on
Non Combustible No No Few - - -
mm long or less the surface
Shall not reach to top
No No Few - - -
High Fire Retardancy of the piece. 150 mm or less
Exist Exist Few Weak No No 30 mm long or less
Normal Shall reach to top of Overall or hole
Incombustible Exist Exist No No
the piece eaten by fire

Remarks: Flame does not spread over top of the piece

Dimension of Carbonization and deformation shall be major axis of the size.
Case of extraordinary flame shall be judged by one step down.

130
 Test Piece (182mm x 257mm)

Fuel Container 19.5O x 9.1 0.8t

24.5 mm
45
‹

Fig. ref-8 Flameproof Test Stand

131
REF 1-9 MODIFIED ARC WHEEL PROFILE

560 mm: Distance between tread 745 mm: Distance between tread
860 860
and center of a couple of wheels and center of a couple of wheels
φ 125 125
φ
60 65 Wheel Diameter 60 65 1360 mm:Inner distance between
Wheel Diameter rims of a couple of wheels rims of a couple of wheels
26 4.15 26
R1000 19
R400 30 15.5 16
R80
R80
24.8 12 14 10 8
5
3 10 70 ‹ 10
27 5
3 R1000R14 75 ‹ 30
Incline: 1/100 R900
R14
33.86 R14 25
R320 R14 R650 R12
29 R12
29
709mm:Distance between outer surface of
524mm:Distance between outer surface of
flange and center of a couple of wheels
flange and center of a couple of wheels

MODIFIED ARC WHEEL PROFILE (Gauge 1435)

MODIFIED ARC WHEEL PROFILE (Gauge 1067) JR Railways of Japan
JR Railways of Japan Unit: mm
Unit: mm

132
REF 1-10 ROLLING STOCK GAUGE (1067MM)

R30
0
250
950 950

700 700

R1
85
0
1600 1600

4300
4100
3150
1500 1500

1880
1425 1425
1160

355

1145 1145
75

ROLLING STOCK GUAGE (1067)

JR Railways of Japan

133
REF 1-11 RUNNING GEAR

(Running Gear)
(2) Dimension of wheelbase and wheel and axle of rolling stock shall conform to each one indicated in the following table .

Ordinary Railway -
Description
1067mm
a. Wheel Base 4300mm less
b. Wheel Diameter 680mm more
c. Rim width of wheel 120mm more
150mm less
d. Inner distance between 989mm more
both wheel rims 994mm less
e. Height of Flange 25mm more
35mm less
f. Distance between
centers of wheel set and
tread
Limiting curve condition for 100 m radius curve with 15 mm
Rolling stock gauge-widening (However,100m
radius curve without gauge widening
for rolling stock with 2 axle bogies)

134
REF 1-12 EMERGENCY INFORMATION SYSTEM

○Buzzer sounds ●Lighting ○Buzzer sounds ○Buzzer sounds

Buzzer

Conductor Facilities
Side lampligh Receiving device of emergency
Cabin of driver cabin
L li ht information system

Receiving device
of emergency
information
system

135
 REF 4 APPROVAL PROCEDURE

The Railway Law (No.35/2005/QH11) provides that rolling stock shall be certificated technically in article 38. Following shows some procedure for
approval.

(Approval of rolling stock)

Railway operator shall be approved of rolling stock by the Government when the operator wants to operate rolling stock for railway service.

Operator shall be approved of rolling stock by the Government when the operator wants to change structure of rolling stock that has been already
approved. However, light change can be excluded.
(Approval Procedure)
Article 1: (Method of approval of rolling stock)
The confirmation shall be done on the documents and drawings about the said rolling stock and the operation section, or territory to be submitted
by the operator.
Article 2: (Request of approval of rolling stock)
Operator must submit application for approval of rolling stock following procedure as mentioned below.
(1) Name of representative, name and address of operator
(2) Operation section or territory for rolling stock to be approved
(3) Type of rolling stock and code name
(4) Structure and equipment (shown in the table as follows)

Equipment Structure
1 General 1 Tare weight
2 Passenger capacity
(Passenger capacity or maximum number of passenger in case of cable way)
3 Unit area in cabin per passenger (square meter) for seating and standing passenger each

136
 4 Maximum load
5 Maximum speed in design
6 Dimension and measurement related with rolling stock clearance
(This shall be shown by drawings, plan, elevation, cross section and end view.)
7 Major equipment arrangement
(This shall be shown by drawings.)
8 Fire countermeasures
2 Running Gear 1 Material and structure of bogie (Shown by drawings)
2 Material and structure of wheel and axle (Shown by drawings)
3 Spring characteristics of supporting system (Excluded locomotive)
4 Material and structure of guide steering system (only for guide rail type) (Shown by drawings)
5 Material and structure of steering system (only for non-track electric car) (Shown by drawings)
6 Maglev system (Omitted)
3 Traction System 1 Type and output of power source (Shown by drawings)
2 System of traction
3 Control system
4 Traction characteristic (Shown by drawings)
4 Brake system 1 Type and structure of brake system in service brake, parking brake, security brake (Shown by drawings)
2 Braking ratio in service brake, parking brake, security brake)
3 Device and location of air piping and oil piping (Shown by drawings)
4 Piping of air reservoir, actuator and auxiliary equipment (shown by drawings)
5 Capacity of air compressor or oil pump
6 Air pressure regulated by governor or safety valve
5 Electric system 1 Electric circuit (Shown by drawings)
(Excluded devices 2 Type, voltage and output of generator

137
 unrelated to
3 Voltage and capacity of battery
safety operation)
6 Coupling system 1 Type of coupler
2 Type of draft gear
Operation safety
7 1 Type, function and structure of onboard device of automatic train stop system, automatic train control system
system
and automatic train operation system (Shown by drawings)
2 Type, function and structure of onboard device of communication system (Shown by drawings)
3 Frequency and type of transmission of onboard train radio system
8 Other equipment Material of window glass and the proper equipment

(Remarks)
Each item mentioned in column "structure" can be omitted by the notification as follows;
Item is,
1) the same as that of which the operator has already operated under approval.
2) the same as that of which other operator has already operated under approval.
3) the same as that of which Minister of MLIT has already announced the specification.

138
6 Train Operation
 Table of Contents

Chapter 2 The official in charge

Article 9 To guarantee operating safety ···················································3
Article 12 To have theoretical and practical training for
an official in charge ································································3
Article 13 To have a crewman who drives a motor car on board,
and so on·················································································4

Chapter10 Operation
Section 1 Loading limits etc.
Article 111 Vehicle loading limits, etc.······················································6
Article 112 Indication when hazardous materials are loaded ····················6
Article 113 Hazard control for vehicles loaded with hazardous materials 6

Section 2 Train Operation

Article 114 Maximum number of vehicles to be coupled, etc. ··················6
Article 115 Train brakes ············································································7
Article 116 Train braking force ·································································7
Article 117 Operation of the main line outside station ······························8
Article 118 Train working time ·································································9
Article 119 Prevention of accidents at train departure·······························9
Article 120 Safety assurance between trains ·············································9
Article 121 Train driving position ···························································15
Article 122 Train running speeds·····························································15
Article 123 Train backward operation ·····················································16
Article 124 Simultaneous entry or departure of trains·····························17
Article 125 Train protection ····································································17
Article 126 Track possession ···································································17
Article 127 Prevention of train disaster ···················································17

Section 3 Vehicle Operation

Article 128 Shunting················································································18
Article 129 Parking of vehicles ·······························································19

Section 4 Railway Signals

1
 Article 130 Relationship between railway signals and operation ············19
Article 131 Indication of stop signal························································19
Article 132 Inaccurate signal indication ··················································20
Article 133 Prohibition of dual-purpose use of signals ···························20
Article 134 Conditions for clear aspect signals ·······································20
Article 135 Other matters concerning signal aspect ································20
Article 137 Signs and indicators······························································29

Reference Material 1 Substitute block system ··················································31

Reference Material 2 Indication systems of signals, indicators, etc.
(Example of Japanese system)·······························37
Reference Material 3 Indication systems of signals, indicators, etc. of
Vietnamese Railways)·····················································45
Reference Material 4 Driver license system for train operation in Japan······49

2
 Chapter 2 The official in charge

Article 9 To guarantee operating safety

Persons engaging in the work of driving (hereinafter “officials”) shall observe the following
regulations and canons on safety faithfully.
1. The officials shall fully understand the regulations on the conduct of driving.
2. The officials shall observe the regulations on the conduct of driving faithfully and precisely.
3. The officials shall endeavor to be well versed in the conduct of driving and in case a question
arises about the way of conduct, the conduct thought to be the safest shall be taken.
4. In working, the officials shall be in close contact with the persons concerned, discuss correct
arrangements with them and cooperate mutually.
5. In working, the officials shall make necessary confirmation meticulously and refrain from
working on unsupported assumption.
6. The officials shall be well aware of the times of operating trains related to their work.
7. The employees shall always ensure accuracy of a timepiece used on business.
8. The officials shall make effort to prevent accidents in cooperation with others and do their
best lest damage should be done to passengers and the general public.
9.. If an accident occurs, the officials shall judge the situation calmly, and particularly when a
human life is exposed to danger, they shall do everything in their power for lifesaving.

Article 12 To have theoretical and practical training for an official in charge

1. The officials engaging in the work of driving are listed in the following items..
(1) “The officials directly involved in driving trains”
a. The staff provided in Article 46 of the Vietnamese Railway Law (hereinafter “the Law);
b. The officials on board for train protection, brake operation or signaling as needed for train
operation;
c. An official who deals with singly directs or supervises work directly related to the train
operation in maintenance or construction of railway tracks, electric railway tracks, safety
device and so forth.
(2) “The officials engaging in the maintenance of facilities and rolling stock and similar work to
it”
a. The officials engaging in maintenance service for structures and railway tracks;
b. The officials engaging in maintenance service for electric equipment and safety devices for
driving;
c. The officials engaging in inspection and repair of rolling stock;

3
 d. The officials who personally switch apparatuses of electric equipment.
2. The officials as provided in 1(1) shall fulfill the requirements set forth in Article 46 paragraph
2 of the Law and shall have to accomplish their work on their own responsibilities as stipulated
in Article 34 paragraph 3.
3. Railway operators shall educate and train the officials periodically and confirm that they have
necessary knowledge and skill.
(1) Implementation guidelines shall set forth types of such education and training, teachers and
trainers, persons to be educated/trained, and other necessary matters concerning the
education/training.
(2) Education and training shall be conducted regularly according to an established annual
schedule.
(3) In addition to those who are assigned to a new work, education and training shall cover
persons transferred to a new location even for the same types of work as before and education
and training on rolling stock, railway tracks, security equipment for driving and the manners
of driving in the newly-assigned location shall be given as occasion demands.
(4) Education and training for a crew member who drives a motive power unit for
familiarization when assigned to a new line (including the case where new transport service is
opened) shall be conducted as follows.
a. To give basic knowledge of the motive power unit and educate on matters concerning track
equipment and electric equipment;
b. To carry out a study tour and practical training for driving in the section concerned. The
frequency of driving practices shall be increased or decreased appropriately in consideration
of the section in which the person will work, the length of railway track, and complicatedness
of signal indication.
c. Driving practice shall be carried out in the same operating mode as that of trains in service
(in a condition of service to be applied once a new transport business is opened). Hereinafter
the same applies. Nevertheless, if some interference with the existing section in service is
foreseen in the case of opening a new service on an extended line, for example, practice
should be carried out in the form of operation which resembles as much as possible that of the
trains in service.
4. For a train driver and an assistant train driver among the officials provided in 1(1) a, and the
officials of 1(1) b, a system enabling appropriate supervision, such as requesting them to
report or giving them instructions on matters necessary for the operation before getting on
board, while in driving and at some other suitable time, must be established.

Article 13 To have a crewman who drives a power car on board, and so on

4
 The phrase “cases where there is no problem with safe driving without a crewman on board
owing to the structure and the like of facilities and rolling stock” in a proviso of Paragraph 1
shall apply when each of the conditions mentioned below is satisfied, and at the same time, it
shall be conformed to the standards set forth in Subparagraph 3 of Article37 (Platform), Article
89（Devices for automatic operation）, and Paragraph 2 of Article ※(equipment of cars of a
train or the like in which a driver of motive power unit is singly on duty)
(1) The railway is constructed in such a way that people cannot easily enter the tracks and there
is no possibility of the passage of the train being impeded as a result of, for example, rocks
falling onto the track. Note that, however, this shall not apply to a case where a device capable
of detecting anything that is likely to impede the progress of the train and stop a train
automatically is equipped or where some other measures that do not impede the safe running
of the train are taken.
(2) The railway is of a structure or in a form that requires no protection of train against adjacent
tracks. Note that, however, this shall not apply to a case where a device capable of detecting
anything that is likely to impede the progress of the train and stop a train automatically is
equipped.
(3) The railway permits passengers to be readily evacuated in an emergency

5
 Chapter 10 Operation

Section 1 Loading Limits, etc.

Article 111 Vehicle loading limits, etc.
1. Anything that exceeds a maximum load indicated on the car shall not be loaded.
2. In case an outsized cargo is transported, the route shall be checked in advance for any
obstacle and necessary measures shall be taken to ensure safety.

Article 112 Indication when hazardous materials are loaded

The indication of a car loaded with a hazardous material shall tell, in addition to the name of
the material, its description allowing one to know its properties easily so as to contribute to the
selection of appropriate means in an emergency.

Article113 Hazard control for vehicles loaded with hazardous materials

1. Hazardous material for transport shall be handled in conformity with the Law No. 102
(Transport of Hazardous Cargo).
2. Hazardous material shall be loaded in cars or the like of sealed construction (including those
which are equipped with tanks containers, etc. Hereinafter the same applies.)
3. When a car loaded with hazardous material is connected to a train, a certain interposition car
shall be connected in consideration of possible effect on passengers and crew members, as
stipulated in the detailed explanation of Article 114.
4. In parking a car loaded with hazoudous material, or loading and unloading of it, if it is feared
that a surrounding area is exposed to danger, a step for risk prevention, such as moving it onto
the furthest railway track, shall be taken.
5. Harzardous material is as provided in Chapter 5 of the Guideline for Enforcing the
Vietnamese Railway Law (Cabinet Order No. 109/2006/ND-CP)

Section 2 Train Operation

Article 114 Maximum number of vehicles to be coupled, etc.
1. When a train is composed, the number of cars to be connected shall not exceed the fixed
traction number. In case the maximum number of connectable cars needs to be reduced in order
to limit the length of train due to the effective length of the railway tracks in a station, more cars
than the reduced number shall not be connected.
2. Any passenger train shall not be longer than the effective length of the platform of station.
Nevertheless, this rule shall not apply to cases where only a very limited number of passengers

6
get on or off the train at the platform and it is unavoidable for the operation of trains on
condition that the measures are taken such as announcement and guiding to protect passengers
from falling down.
3. When a car loaded only with hazard material (excluding a car of sealed construction or the
like) is connected to a train, a necessary interposition car shall be connected in consideration of
possible effect on passengers and crew member.

Article 115 Train brakes

1. A train shall be put in a condition in which a continuous brake works on all the shafts. This
rule does not apply, however, in the cases listed in the following subparagraphs and in which no
risk of interfering safe operation of the train is found.
(1) A train comprising only locomotives, each of which is manned by an official who drives a
motive power unit, and a work train, a rescue train, or a train manned by an official who is
capable of taking a safety measure to stop the train or a separated car or to prevent a car from
wheel movement.
(2) A train of which the continuous brakes (brakes provided in Paragraph 7 of the detailed
explanation for Article 73) do not work on some of its cars, which is connected with such cars
in a middle portion thereof, and of which the brakes are used in the foremost and the rearmost
cars.
(3) A train with a damaged car on which a continuous brake does not work or a special car
(limited to those which are unable to be connected in a middle portion of the train) coupled to
the front or the rear thereof and on which an official in charge of keeping watch on such a car
or is so arranged that the car should not be separated.
2. A procedure for the brake test of train shall be established in accordance with the condition at
the time when the train is composed, when the composition is changed, or when the driver
changes the operating position.

Article 116 Train braking force

1. For the braking force of a train, certain criteria including the ratio in number of axle of cars
on which prescribed braking force is exerted to the axle of all the cars composing the train shall
be established and it shall be arranged so that a quick judgment is possible.
2. The ratio in Paragraph 1 should be standardized as 100, and in case the ratio needs to be
reduced to a level below 100 due to a brake failure or connection of a special car, etc.,
alternative new ratio shall be set in accordance with a standard gradient of the railway track and
a speed.
3. If the number of braked axles is less than the established ratio, an operation controller’s

7
instruction shall be requested.
(For reference) Examples in Japanese railways
Rate of 100 Minimum 80 Minimum60 and Minimum40 and
brake a axle and less than 100 less than 80 Less than 60
Train
composition
Train composed 130km/h 120km/h
of cars with
maximum speed
of 130km/h
Train composed 120km/h 105km/h
of cars with
maximum speed
of 120km/h
Train composed 110km/h 100km/h
of cars with
maximum speed
of 110km/h
Train composed 100km/h 90km/h
of cars with
maximum speed
of 100km/h
Train composed 95km/h 85km/h
of cars with
maximum speed
of 95km/h
Train composed 85km/h 75km/h
of cars with
maximum speed
of 85km/h
Train composed 75km/h 70km/h
of cars with
maximum speed
of 75km/h
Train composed 65km/h 65km/h 60km/h 60km/h
of cars with a
speed of 65km/h
or lower
Note: A train of cars of different may speeds should take the lowest speed to apply.

Article 117 Operation of the main line outside station

1. The phrase “the time of shunting” referred to in the proviso of Article 117 is limited to the
shunting for which a necessary area must be extended to the outside of the station for
unavoidable reasons like the condition of facilities of the station.
2. Boundary between the inside and the outside of a station shall be defined as follows.
(1) In the case of railway tracks for trains to enter a station which is in a double-track section
or railway tracks in a station in a single-track section;
The outermost home signal ,a home indicator or a ground signal or marks indicating the

8
 station area;
(2) In the case of railway tracks for trains to depart from a station which is in a double-track
section.
Marks indicating the station area (On high speed railways, the outermost stopping limit
indicator).

Article 118 Train working time

1. When the state of trains in service is examined or operation adjustment is carried out, stations
not covered by such work shall be allowed not to fix the schedule of train operation.
2. Whenever operation adjustment is needed, an instruction of a person in charge of operation
adjustment shall be asked for instructions.

Article 119 Prevention of accidents at train departure

In consideration of actual conditions of platforms or train operations in a station, railway
operators shall establish procedure for on-the-spot action to prevent a train from leaving a
platform with a passenger caught in the train doors or an inclined cargo remains inclined.

Article 120 Safety assurance between trains

1. Cases where a train is run by “the block system” provided in Paragraph 1 item 1 of the Article
120 shall be as follows.
(1) The main track shall be divided into block sections;
(2) The main track within a station is allowed not to be a block section;
(3) Except the following cases, more than one train shall not be run simultaneously in one
block section.
①When a train is divided and run in a block section;
②When a train is guided into a block section in which another train already exists;
③When a train follows a train that running by a block system, and it runs by the method of
using a device to maintain intervals between trains or by the method that an official who drives
the motive power unit operates in consideration of visibility ahead and other requirements for
safe operation of train (hereinafter “the method of relying on a motive power unit drive’s full
attention”)
(4) Types of block systems normally used for running a train are listed below.
①For double-track operation
・ Automatic block system
②For single-track operation
(a) Automatic block system

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 (b) Semiautomatic block system
(d) Tablet block system
(5) Under the automatic block system , the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, a device prescribed under Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 3 of Article 56 shall be
used;
②In a single-track section, before starting a train from a station equipped with a starting
signal, the direction of running shall be decided on upon consultation with the station ahead
which is equipped with a starting signal. However, this does not apply to operation by
remote control.
(6) Under the semiautomatic system, the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, a device and an electric bell set forth in Paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 56 as
well as a specified telephone shall be used.
②When a train is driven into a block section, approval of the station ahead shall be received
in advance. When the station gives approval, it shall be confirmed that the block section is
free of train.
(7) Under the tablet block system, the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, a device set forth in Paragraphs 1 of Article 56 shall be used；
②The tablet of an adjoining block section shall be of a different type；
③A tablet once used for a train operation shall not be used again before it is once put in a
tablet blocker. This does not apply, however, when a train crosses another or returns in a
short time (within 10 minutes or so) according to a train operating chart.
④A driver who operates a train shall carry on board the tablet of the block section.
⑤A official who adjusts a tablet shall be appointed beforehand.
⑥ (6)②shall applies mutatis mutandis.
(8) Despite (4), for running a train on a line on which more than one train is not operated
simultaneously throughout the line, procedure of such operation shall be established.
2. In case a train is operated by the “Use of a device to secure an interval between trains,” as
prescribed in the Item 2, Paragraph 1 of Article 120, a device prescribed in Paragraph 2 and 3,
of Article 56 shall be used.
3. An operation “relying on a motive power unit driver’s full attention” prescribed in Item 3,
Paragraph 1 of Article 120 shall be performed only when the “block system” operation or the
operation “by the use of a device to secure an interval between trains” is not possible in cases as
follows:
(1) A train stops following the stop signal of a block signal and it starts again despite the
indication of the stop signal. (Referred to as “non-blocking operation with full attention”
hereafter) As the device to keep the distance between trains fails to work, the train is

10
 operated by some other system. (Referred to as “emergency operation” hereafter)
(2) It is impossible to operate a train neither by “block system” nor “use of a device to secure an
interval between trains” due to some device failures in a double track section and a necessity
arises to dispatch trains to the same direction in a certain time intervals from a station.
(Referred to as “special time interval method” hereafter)
(3) In case of operation “relying on a motive power unit driver’s full attention,” the following
shall be observed.
① Other than high-speed railways
(A) Non-block operation with full attention or emergency operation
(a) The motive power unit driver shall drive at the speed that will allow the train to stop
within the distance he could see ahead.
(b) When an operation system is changed, the train shall restart in one minute after the train
stopped.
(c) When a train gets too closer to the preceding train, it should stop immediately and start
again in one minute after the preceding train gets moving.
(B) Operation by special time interval method
(a) The motive power unit driver shall drive at the speed that will allow the train to stop
within the distance he could see ahead.
(b) Trains to run in the same direction shall be operated with a certain intervals of distance
with each other.
(C) Use of a device that limits the acceleration
When driving by the operation system of (A) or (B), make use of the device like an automatic
train stop device that will prevent the train from accelerating beyond a certain speed if
available.
②High speed railway
(a) The motive power unit driver shall drive at the speed that will allow the train to stop within
the distance he could see ahead.
(b) Trains to run in the same direction shall be operated with a certain intervals of distance
with each other.
4. In case a device normally used for blocking or a device to maintain intervals between trains
becomes unable to be used for failure or some other reason and at the same time a train is
operated under the block system, the following shall be observed.
(1) Any of the block systems cited in 1(4) or of the following systems
① For double track operation:
(a) Communication system
(b) Command-type

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 (c) Detection system
② For single track operation:
(a) Pilot and telephone system
(b) Pilot and dispatching system
(c) Pilot and detection system
(d) Pilot system
(2) In case, due to a problem on a railway track or the like, more than one adjacent station
allowing trains to pass each other are divided into more than one block section and at the
same time trains are operated under a block system, the instruction system shall be used for
such sections.
(3) In the operation under the communication system, the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, a section between stations shall be taken as one block section and in the
stations at both ends of the block section, telephones shall be designated and a
communication system register shall be used. In the case of using a device capable of
confirming whether there is a train or not in a block section, the use of communication
system register may be omitted.
②In the communication system register, approval of blocking, train arrival and departure and
release of blocking shall be recorded.
③Before entering a train into a block section, approval shall be obtained from the station at
the other end. In giving such approval, it shall be ascertained that the section is free of a
trains, etc.
(4) In the operation under the command-type, the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, a section between stations shall be taken as one block section and a person in
charge of operation adjustment shall carry out blocking by using a train radio device.
②Before entering a train into a block section, a directive shall be received from the person in
charge of operation adjustment. The person in charge of operation adjustment shall give a
direction only after confirming that the block section is free of a trains, etc.
(5) In the operation under the detection system, the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, a section between stations shall be taken as one block section and a device
which automatically detects the existence of a train, etc. in the section shall be used.
②Before entering a train into a block section, the stations at both ends of the section shall
confirm by the device prescribed in ① above that the block section is free of a trains, etc.
(6) In the operation under the instructional pilot and telephone system, the following shall be
observed.
①For blocking, a section between stations shall be taken as one block section and the
stations at both ends of the section shall designate a pilot for the section and telephones and

12
 make pilot cards ready for use.
②The pilot shall be appointed upon consultation between the stations at both ends of the
block section and the name of the pilot shall be put on record.
③The pilot shall wear a red armband.
④In a pilot card, the names of stations on both ends of the block section, the date of issuance,
and the number of the train to carry the card shall be entered. A pilot card once used for a
train operation shall not be used for another train operation.
⑤A pilot card shall be issued by the pilot when two or more trains are successively driven in
the same direction. In this case, the first train shall carry the pilot card and the last train shall
carry the pilot
⑥The pilot card shall be handed personally by the pilot of the block section to an official
who drives the motive power unit.
⑦ A train in operation shall either have a pilot of the block section on board or carry a pilot
card.
⑧When, in a double-track section, train service is stopped on one of the tracks and the pilot
and telephone system is carried out, for trains running in the same direction as in the
double-track operation, the method of using a device to maintain intervals between trains,
the automatic block system or the cab signal block system may be used in combination.
⑨(3)③shall applies.
(7) In the operation under the Pilot and dispatching system, the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, a section between stations shall be taken as one block section, for which one
instructor shall be chosen, and a person in charge of operation adjustment shall use a train,
radio device. In this case, the stations at both ends of the block section shall have the pilot
card.
②A pilot shall be appointed and his or her name shall be put on record.
③(4)②and (6)③ through ⑧ shall apply.
(8) In the operation under the pilot and detection system, the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, a section between stations shall be taken as one block section, for which one
pilot shall be chosen, and the stations at both ends of the block section shall use a device
which automatically detects that there is not a train, etc. in the block system. In this case,
the stations at both ends of the block section shall have the pilot cards.
②(5)2 and 6② through ⑧ shall apply.
(9) In the operation under the pilot system, the following shall be observed.
①For blocking, one pilot shall be chosen for one block section.
② A train in operation shall have the pilot of the block section on board.
③(6)③ shall applies.

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 (10) In case the Pilot and telephone system, the Pilot and dispatching system, the pilot and
detection system and the pilot system is carried out, for a line section including a section for
which the use of a pilot is difficult, it is possible to use a pilot card in place of a pilot if such a
section is identified beforehand. In this case, one pilot card shall be used for one block
section and one meant for an adjacent section shall be of a different type.
5. In case “a method used in the case of running a rescue train or the case of running another
work train in a section in which another work train already exists” as set out in Paragraph 2 is
established separately, it shall be called “the messenger system” and the following shall be
observed.
(1) A train as the object of rescue or a train ahead shall not move from the position on which it
stops and indicate to the rescue train or any other work train the limit for it to stop.
(2) In addition to (1), the following shall be observed.
① One messenger shall be chosen for a section in which the system is carried out;
② The messenger shall wear a white armband.
③ When the train is driven, the messenger shall ride together.;
④ Once the train is started, another train shall be allowed to enter the section only after the
arrival of the messenger at the station is confirmed.
(3) In carrying out the messenger system, for a line section including a section in which using
a messenger is difficult, a message voucher may be used in place of a messenger if the section
is specified in advance. In this case, one message voucher shall be used for each of sections in
which the messenger system is carried out.
6. The blocking when the block system is carried out or the matters provided in 5(2) for the
messenger system shall be taken care of by the operation adjustment officer or the station
master concerned (or in case some person other than the station master is appointed, that
person).
7. In case the methods are changed from that of using a device to maintain intervals between
trains to blocking, or a block system is changed to another block system or returned to a
predetermined method, careful consideration shall be given to ensure the safety of the first train
after such a change and necessary rules for handling such a case shall be established.
8. The following cases shall be handled each time in accordance with a directive of a person in
charge of operation adjustment.
A case where the method of train operation is changed temporarily or a block section is changed
temporarily and a case where these are returned to the predetermined ones.

14
Article 121 Train driving position
1. “Cases where there is no possibility of interfering with safe driving of a train” in the proviso
of Article 121 include the following.
(1) When a railway track, electric railway track or a train car has same problems.
(2) When a work train or a rescue train is operated;
(3) When a train is run between a station and a sidetrack branched off in the middle of the main
track outside the station;
(4) When a train turns back in a turn-back type station;
(5) When a train is operated for testing a facility or train cars;
(6) When train is operated in a particular section specified beforehand.
2. For applying the provisions of (4) and (6) of Paragraph 1, railway operators shall specify the
station name or the section.

Article 122 Train running speeds

For driving a train, the maximum speed shall be fixed in accordance with the conditions of
the railway tracks and the electric railway tracks, the performance of the cars, and the system
of train protection. Besides, in the following cases, the speed limits provided respectively shall
be observed.
(1) Speed limits fixed according to the method of driving:
① Other than high speed railways
(a) 25km/h maximum; when a train is operated in any other position than the front of a train.
(b) 25km/h maximum; when a train is operated backward.
(c) 45km/h maximum; when a locomotive with a tender runs backwards turned (only when
coupling to the very front of a train),
(d) 25km/h; at the max when a train started in a certain interval of time following a preceding
train, and a train change its operation method to that of relying on a motive power unit
driver’s full attention after such cases as a train operated with a block system is stopped by a
stop signal, or a train operated by using a device to keep an interval between trains is
stopped by controlling device.
(e) The actual implementation of each of the above items from (a) to (d) shall be done under
the direction of an operation adjustment officer.
② High speed railways
(a) 45km/h maximum; when a train is operated in any other position than the front of a train.
This rule does not apply, however, to driving using a device to maintain intervals between
trains.
(b) 45km/h maximum; when a train is operated backward (excluding a case where backward

15
 operation is scheduled and the case of (a).
(c) 45km/h maximum; when a train is operated by method of relying on a motive power unit
driver’s full attention.
(2) Speed limits fixed according to the conditions of signals:
(a)Alarm signal
25km/h maximum or below a speed suitable for stopping on arrival/departure lines
designated in advance.
(b) Caution signal
A speed suitable for stopping at the indication point of the next stop signal (if there is no
indication of stop signal, a stop position) or below a speed suitable for passing an indication
point of the next alarm signal at a pre- determined speed;
(c) Reduced speed signal
A speed suitable for passing the indication point of the next caution signal or alarm signal at
a prescribed speed or below a speed suitable for stopping at the indication point of the next
stop signal (if there is no indication of stop signal, a stop position);
(d) Call-on signal
15km/h maximum
(e) Slow-speed signal
A specified speed or less
(f) The case of using a cab signal system
Below a speed indicated by figures (excluding 0). (If indicated by other means than figures,
below a speed fixed separately)
(3) The case of using a wayside signal
45km/h maximum

Article 123 Train backward operation

Trains must not be operated backward except when some trouble arises with a railway tracks
or rolling stock, when it an operation of trains or relief trains or when it is a test run for
facilities or rolling stock and at the same time, any of the following applies.
(1) When a backward operation is scheduled;
(2) When instructed by a person in charge of operation adjustment or by a person responsible
for blocking in a station behind;
(3) When the reversing is very slight and it is so arranged that the succeeding train is stopped
at a point at an appropriate distance outwardly from the range of the reversing.

16
Article 124 Simultaneous entry or departure of trains
In case a system capable of automatically stopping a train such as ATC (automatic train
control) or ATS (automatic train stop) (limited to those which have a speed verification
function) is installed and when a safety siding is provided, it shall be considered that there is no
risk of trains interfering with each other’s courses due to overrun.

Article 125 Train protection

1. Train protection shall be done in the following cases.
(1) When a derailment of a train, etc. interferes with the course of a train running on an
adjacent track.
(2) When a problem which causes the need of stopping trains arises on a railway track, an
electric railway track or some other places.
2. Train protection shall be done at an appropriate distance outwardly from the place where a
problem arises, by indicating stop signal on a main signal, a cab signal, a temporary hand signal
or an accident warning signal or by using an emergency ground switch.
3. In case the train protection is supposed to be done by an official on board, the train shall have
an official to do the job on board during operation.
4. In case a train protection measure using a portable signal apparatus is taken, the officials
concerned, the type of the signal apparatus which they will carry with them or is always
provided, and others shall be specified beforehand.
5. In the event a portable fusee and a protection radio are usable, a stop signal shall be indicated
to the train.
6. Stop signal indication by a portable fusee and a portable obstruction warning signal shall be
on a spot more than 800m apart outwardly from the place where a problem arises.

Article 126 Track possession

1. The closure of a railway track shall be carried out as instructed by a person in charge of
operation adjustment or a person in charge of blocking of a station.
2. When maintenance of a railway track, etc. is carried out without closing the railway track, or
a trolley is used, care must be taken so as not to interfere with the operation of train, etc.

Article 127 Prevention of train disaster

1. Preventive measures against disaster caused by weather conditions
When there is a risk of disaster caused to a train due to meteorological conditions or a
terrestrial phenomenon, temporary suspension of train operation, restrictions on a train speed
and other measures should be taken, and procedure of carrying out such measures, sections to be

17
covered and other details have to be decided on beforehand.
2. Disaster preventive measures when a fire outbreaks on a train in railway of subway type
construction
For the prevention of disaster, safety of passengers and prompt evacuation when a fire breaks
in a train which is running underground, the following rules shall be stipulated beforehand. In
this case, if individual handling is required because of the conditions of facilities, etc., such
handling shall be specified.
(1) In the event a fire outbreaks on a running train, the train shall be driven to the next station
or out of the tunnel in principle;
(2) The relevant trains shall be stopped at their nearest stations and shall be kept there.
(3) In the event a train on fire stops at a station or a station is on fire, trains approaching the
station shall not be stopped at the station in principle.

Section 3 Vehicle operation

Article 128 Shunting
1. Shunting of train cars shall be carried out as follows.
(1) “The method of shunting by cues or other safe methods” shall employ any of the following.
Nevertheless, shunting free of a risk of interfering with other railway tracks and simple
shunting as a routine can be carried out by the method that a motive power unit driver
considering the visibility ahead and other conditions necessary for safe operation of cars.
①Method using a device for automatic operation of train cars
②Method using signals
③Method using cues
④Method using signs
⑤Method using a radio device
(2) Shunting by the method using cues or signs shall be carried out after confirming that there is
no obstacle ahead before starting operation of train cars.
(3) Kick off shunting shall not be made unless the cars are capable of braking to a certain degree.
Those cars with passengers, explosives or cargo with a potential risk of hazard when affected
by kick off shunting shall not be exposed to any form of kick off shunting.
(4) In case a train car is shunted on the main line by manual operation, it shall be kept under
observation.
(5) Except the following cases, shunting which interferes with the main line outside a station in
the direction from which a train approaches shall not be carried out.
① In a section in which a block system is carried out as discussed between stations at both
ends of the block section, when approval of blocking is not given;

18
 ② In a section in which a block system using one evidence or one designated official is
carried out, when the evidence or the designated person exists in the station;
③ In a case where an action to suspend train operation is taken or there is some inevitable
reason, and at the same time sufficient protective measures are taken for the direction from
which a train approaches.
(6) The speed of shunting shall be as follows. Nevertheless, this rule does not apply to the
shunting using an automatic train control device.
① Other than high speed railways
(a) 45km/h maximum for shunting by a shunting signal (excluding the shunting using a
call-on signal or a case where a train passes facing a point that is not chain-locked.
(b) 25km/h maximum for other shunting than (a),
② High speed railways
45km/h maximum
2. The shunting of a train shall be performed in the same way as that of a train car.

Article 129 Parking of vehicles

“Necessary steps” in parking train cars means establishing a system to prevent the train from its
self-movement by its own motive power and also its non-self-movement due to a slope or
natural force such as strong wind. They include stationing a watcher to pull the key out of the
brake controller, clamping a hand brake and side brake, placing a hand-scotch, etc., to prevent
self-movement of the train.

Section 4 Railway Signals

Article 130 Relationship between railway signals and operation
The types of railway signals are listed below.
(1) Signals refer to the means which indicate conditions/instructions for driver of a train or
rolling stock in a certain in section, by means of shapes, colors, sounds, etc.
(2) Signs refer to the means which are used by driving-related officials to communicate each
other by means of shapes, colors, sounds, etc.
(3) Indicators refer to the means which provide necessary information indicating positions of
objects, directions, conditions, etc., by means of shapes, colors, etc.

Article 131 Indication of stop signal

1. A train, etc. must stop before the end of the stopping position whenever a signal indicates a
stop. This “before the end of the stopping position” means “not exceeding the stop signal (in
case of a cab signal , it shall be before an indicator that shows the limit for a train to stop, etc.)

19
or before the protected area of the indicating signal.
2. When a train, etc. stops at a stop signal, it shall not restart before;
(1) a proceed signal turns on; or
(2) being instructed to proceed; or
(3) being guided a shunting cue; or
(4) being instructed to do a non-blocking operation: or
(5) being emergency instructed to do an operation.

Article 132 Inaccurate signal indication

“A signal of the maximum restriction on the operation of train, etc.” means a stop signal as a
main signal and a cab signal and as a subsidiary signal, it means a signal that warns a train of a
stop signal of the main signal or a repeating signal of a stop signal ahead.

Article 133 Prohibition of dual-purpose use of signals

1. “Cases where it causes no hindrance to the safe operation of a train, etc.” in the prohibition of
dual-purpose distance use of signals are as listed below.
(1) When a distant signal, a repeating signal or a signal with a route indicator and a cab signal
are used for two or more railway tracks concurrently;
(2) A signal provided on a junction point of adjacent railway tracks which are identical in the
conditions concerning driving safety is used for two or more railway tracks concurrently;
(3) When a cab signal is used also as a signal for a train or shunting rolling stock;
(4) When a wayside signal is used also as a signal for a train or shunting rolling stock;
(5) When a shunting signal (including a wayside signal) is used also as a route clear indicator.
2. When a signal is used concurrently for two or more purposes, it should be so indicated that its
purposes are easily understood as required.

Article 134 Conditions for clear aspect signals

Only when there is no problem with the route of a train, etc., a clear signal can be indicated at
the protected section concerned or a clear signal by a hand signal ca be indicated.

Article 135 Other matters concerning signal aspect

1. Regarding the signal-related matters, some new provisions have been added to what are
presently in effect in Vietnam railway.
2. “Types of signals and their indication systems and conditions” shall be as shown below.
(1) For a signal to which different indication systems are applied between day and night, the day
system shall be used from sunrise to sunset and the night system from sunset to sunrise.

20
 Nevertheless, in the case of a line in which two or more trains might be operated
simultaneously between stations, the night system shall be used even between sunrise and
sunset if it is difficult to recognize the indication by the day system on account of a weather
condition, a tunnel or the like.
(2) Fixed signals (those which are installed in fixed places on the ground and indicate signals)
shall be classified as follows.
① Main signals
② Subsidiary signals
③ Signal appendix
(3)The main signals shall be classified as follows.
①Home signal: Indicates a signal to a train entering a station;
②Starting signal: Indicates a signal to a train leaving a station;
③Block signal: Indicates a signal to a train entering a block section;
④Call-on signal: Indicates a signal to a train, etc. which is guided and goes beyond the signal;
⑤Shunting signal: Indicates a signal to a train, etc. to be shunted.
⑥Wayside signal: Indicates a signal to a train entering or leaving a station as a substitute for a
cab signal in case it failed, and to a train being shunted as a shunting signal where a shunting
signal is not installed.
(4) Subsidiary signals shall be classified as follows.
① Distant signal: Subordinates to a home signal and indicates to a train what will be indicated
on a following principal signal;
②Passing signal: Subordinates to a starting signal and indicates to a train entering a station what
will be indicated on a following principal signal, telling whether it can pass the station.
③Repeating signal: Subordinates to a home signal, a starting signal or a block signal and
relays a signal to be indicated on a following principal signal.
(5) Signal appendix is of the following type and it shall be used after specifying an indication
system.
① Route indicator: In case a signal of a home signal, a starting signal or a call-on signal is used
in common for tracks branching to two or more lines in its protection area, this indicates the
route for a train, etc., to take as a subsidiary to that signal.
(6) Types of signals and indication systems of signals of a cab signal (which gives signal
indication from the driver’s cabin of a train, etc.) shall be as shown in the following table.
Type of signal Indication system
Stop signal A code representing a stop or a light with letter(s) or a red light
proceed signal A code representing a speed or figures (except 0) or a color light except a red
one.

21
(7) Types and indication systems of main signals shall be as shown in the following table.
①Home signal, starting signal and block signal
Indication System
3 position system 2 position system
Type of signal
Color light system Color light system Mechanical semaphore system
Daytime night
Stop signal Red light Red light Arm horizontal Red light
Top, orange Top, orange
light; light;
Alarm signal
Bottom, orange Bottom, orange
light light
Caution Orange light Orange light
signal
Orange light Orange light
Reduced speed or or
signal Orange light and Orange light and
green light green light
Green light Green light Arm to lower green light
Proceed signal
left at 45°
Proceed Top, green light; Top, green light;
signal (for bottom, green bottom, green
starting on light light
branch line

②Call-on signal
Type of signal Indication system
Color light system Position light system
Call-on signal Orange light or white light Position of light to lower left at 45°
Remarks: Call-on signal shall indicate the above aspect on the conditions that the principal
signal indicates a stop signal for main signal.
③Shunting signal and wayside signal

Indication system
3-position system 2-position system
Type of signal
Color light Color light
Position light system Position light system
system system
Stop signal Red light Horizontal position Red light or Horizontal position
of lights purple light
of light
Caution signal Orange light Position of light to
lower left at 45°
Proceed signal Green light Vertical position of Green light, Position of light to
light orange light or
white light 45°lower left at 45°

(8) Types of signals and indication systems of a subsidiary signal shall be as shown in the
following table.

22
 ① Distant signal
Indication system
When signal of
principal signal is When signal of principal signal is of 2-
Type of signal of 3- position position system
system
Color light Semaphore system
Color light system
system Daytime Night
When principal Caution Orange light Orange light Arm Orange light
signal indicates signal horizontal
stop signal
When principal Reduced Top, orange light; Top, orange
signal indicates speed signal bottom, green light;
alarm signal or or proceed light, or green bottom, green
caution signal signal light light
When principal Proceed Green light Green light Arm to Green light
signal indicates signal lower left at
proceed signal 45°

②Passing signal
Indication system
When principal signal is of 2-position system
Type of signal
Semaphore system
Color light system
Daytime Night time
When a principal Alert signal Orange light Arm horizontal Orange light
signal indicates
stop signal
When principal Proceed signal Green light Arm to lower left at Green light
signal indicates 45°
proceed signal

③Repeating signal
Indication system
Type of signal
Color light system Position light system
When principal
Stop repeating Horizontal 2 position of white
signal indicates Red light
signal light
stop signal
When principal Restriction Top, orange light; bottom, Position light to lower left at
signal indicates repeating signal orange light 45°
alarm signal
When principal Orange light
signal indicates
caution signal
When principal Top, orange light; bottom,
signal indicates green light
reduced speed
signal
When principal Proceed Green light Vertical position of light
signal indicates repeating signal
proceed signal

23
 Remarks: Lights in the position light system shall be made free of the risk of being mistaken
for a white light or a signal of any other color light systems.
(9) A temporary signal shall be provided temporarily to indicate signals in case a train, etc. is
unable to run at a prescribed speed due to a track obstruction or some other reason. Types of
temporary signals and their indication systems shall be as shown in the following.
①Types of temporary signals
(a) Slow-speed signal: Indicates a slow-speed signal to a train, etc. entering a section that
requires driving at a reduced speed;
(b) Slow-speed warning signal: Subordinates to a slow-speed signal and indicates a warning of
slow-speed signal to a train, etc.;
(c) Slow-speed release signal: Indicates a slow-speed release signal to a train, etc. which leaves
a section requiring driving at a reduced speed.
② In case a slow-speed signal requires trains to slow down, the speed shall be indicated.
③ Temporary signal shall be used only after fixing their indication systems.
(10) Hand signals shall indicate a signal when a signal is unable to be used or not installed.
Their types and indication systems shall be as shown in the following.
①Types of hand signals
(a) Substitute hand signal: For use as a substitute when a home signal, a starting signal, a cab
signal or a device for maintaining intervals between trains (limited to those which are used
for trains entering or leaving a station) is unable to be used;
(b) Passing hand signal: To be used for a train passing a station when a passing signal is
unable to be used;
(c) Temporary hand signal: To be used as occasion demands besides (a) and (b).
② Types and indication systems of hand signals shall be as shown in the following table.
(a) Substitute hand signal

Indication system
Type of signal
Daytime Night
Stop signal Red flag Red light
Proceed signal Green flag or orange flag Green light

(b) Passing hand signal

Type of signal Indication system

Daytime Night
Proceed signal Green flag or orange flag Green light

(c) Temporary hand signal

24
 Type of signal Indication system
Daytime Night time
Stop signal A red flag or a red light. If neither Red light. If red light is not
a red flag nor a red light is available, however, any other light
available, however, an object than green light shall be waved
other than a green flag shall be around in a circle..
waved around in a circle by an
arm raised high.
Slow-speed signal An opened orange flag shall be Flashing green light
hoisted high above the head, or
folded green flags shall be crossed
high above the head. If orange
flags are not available, extend
both arms to right and left and
move up and down slowly.
Proceed signal A green flag or a green light. If Green light
neither a green flag nor green
light is available, raise an arm
high.
Remarks: The green flag is not used in the Vietnam railways at present.
③A flag or a light used for hand signals shall be identifiable at a distance of 400m minimum.
④When a train is to pass a station while a passing signal is unable to be used, a passing hand
signal shall indicate a proceed signal in the protection area of a home signal.
⑤The substitute apparatus for hand signal listed below can be used in place of hand signals.
Type of signal Indication system
Stop signal Red light
Slow-speed signal Flashing green light
Proceed signal Green light
(11) A special signal shall be indicated when the need of stopping a train arises in an
unexpected place. Special signals have the following types and indication systems.
①Types of special signals
(a) Fusee signal: Stops a train by a flame.
(b) Accident warning flashing signal: Stops a train by a light
(c) Accident warning signal: Stops a train by a warning sound
(d) Detonating signal: Stops a train by an explosive sound
(e) Obstruction warning signal: Stops a train by a light
②Special signals shall give only a stop signal by the following indication systems.
(a) Fusee signal: Red flame from a fusee.
(b) Accident warning flashing signal: Flashing red light
(c) Accident warning signal: Warning sound via radio communication
(d) Detonating signal: Explosive sound from detonator
(e) Obstruction warning signal: Lighting of red light (In case a cutoff signal is indicated,
however, a red light is lighted on a obstruction notice signal.)

25
 ③The indication of special signal shall be identifiable at a distance which allows a train to
stop before reaching the point of obstruction.
(12) Requirements for signal indication shall be as follows.
① A alarm signal shall be indicated on the following signals.
(a) A home signal, a starting signal or a block signal, in case there is a risk of trains causing
some trouble each other due to overrunning when they enter or leave station. (excluding a
case where a safety siding is provided)
(b) A signal before a home signal, when the home signal indicates a stop signal, and either
the distance between the signal and point that lies the closest to the signal in the protection
area or the stopping distance is short.
② A alarm signal may be indicated on the following signals in addition to the ones cited in ①.
(a) The signal closest to the protection area of a terminating track in a station when
prevention of overrunning of a train entering the station is required.
(b) A three-position system signaler in approach of a signal which indicates a stop signal.
③ A caution signal shall be indicated on the following signals.
(a) The three-position system signal closest to the stopping position (except those which
indicate an alarm signal) of a terminating track in a station;
(b) A distance signal and a passing signal which subordinate to a signal indicating a stop
signal.
④ Besides the ones shown in ③, a caution signal may be indicated on a three-position
system signal in approach of a signal which indicates a stop signal or a alarm signal.
⑤A reduced speed signal shall be indicated on a distance signal which subordinates to a
home signal indicating an alarm signal or a caution signal.
⑥Besides the one cited in ⑤, a reduced speed signal may be indicated on a three-position
system signal in approach of signal which indicates an alarm signal or a caution signal.
⑦A proceed signal may be indicated on a three-position system signal in approach of signal
which indicates a caution signal and a reduced speed signal.
⑧A home signal, a starting signal and a block signal in a section in which the automatic
block system is carried out by a three-position system signal may be exempted from the
provisions of ① through ⑦．
⑨If a certain speed is fixed for the indication of a caution signal, a shunting signal installed
in a section in which shunting is carried out by a three-position system may be exempted
from the provisions of ③ and ④.
(13) A signal indicated by a main signal (excluding the type which indicates to a train or the
like at a stop) shall allow a train approaching the signal to confirm it at a distance at which the
train can decelerate or stop according to a signal indicated by the signal. This rule does not

26
 apply, however, to a case where the distance at which the train can confirm such a signal is not
long enough but has a subordinate signal indicating a signal and when added with the
confirmation distance of the principal signal, the subordinate signal’s confirmation distance
exceeds a distance enabling a train approaching the principal signal to decelerate or stop
according to a signal indicated by the subordinate signal.
3. Signals shall be dealt with as follows.
(1) When a signal denoting proceeding is indicated, the following shall be observed.
① On sight of the indication of a stop repeating signal, a driver shall move the train forward
in anticipation of the indication of a stop signal on the principal signal of which the
confirmation distance is short;
② On sight of the indication of an alarm signal, a driver shall move the train forward in
anticipation of the indication of a stop signal or a stop position and shortness of an allowable
distance for overrunning;
③On sight of the indication of a caution signal, a driver shall move the train forward in
anticipation of the indication of a stop signal or an alarm signal on the next signal or a stop
position;.
④On sight of the indication of a reduced speed signal, a driver shall move the train forward in
anticipation of the indication of an alarm signal or a caution signal on the next signaler;
⑤On sight of the indication of a restriction repeating signal, a driver shall move the train in
anticipation of an alarm signal, a caution signal or a reduced speed signal on a principal
signal of which the confirmation distance is short;
⑥On sight of the indication of a proceed signal, a driver shall move the train forward at a
lower speed than a fixed speed (lower than a displayed speed in the case of a proceed signal
on a cab signal);
⑦On sight of the indication of a proceed repeating signal, a driver shall move the train
forward in anticipation of the indication of a proceed signal on a principal signal of which the
confirmation distance is short;
⑧On sight of the indication of a call-on signal, a driver shall move the train forward in
anticipation of a train or the like on the course;
⑨A home signal, a starting signal and a block signal in a section in which the automatic block
system is carried out by a three-position system signal may be exempted from the provisions
of ②through ④；
⑩A shunting signal in a section in which shunting is carried out by a three-position system
shunting signal may be exempted from ③ if a certain speed is fixed for the indication of a
caution signal.
(2) When a signal is indicated by a temporary signal, the following shall be observed.

27
 ①On sight of the indication of a slow speed signal, a driver shall move the train forward at a
lower speed than the prescribed one;
②On sight of the indication of a slow speed warning signal, a driver shall move the train
forward in anticipation of subsequent indication of a slow-speed signal;
③On sight of the indication of a slow speed release signal, a driver may cease to proceed at a
reduced speed once the train gets over the point of the indication
(3) Signals shall be handled as set forth in the following
①When a signal is indicated on a three-position signal, the following shall be observed.
(a) A proceed signal shall not be indicated before a caution signal or a reduced speed signal is
indicated on a signal in protection area thereof;
(b) A reduced speed signal shall not be indicated before an alarm signal or a caution signal is
indicated on a signal in protection area thereof.
②A starting signal (excluding one installed in a section to which the automatic block system is
applied) shall indicate a proceed signal only after blocking of the section;
③A call-on signal shall not be indicated before a train, etc. to be guided stops in protection of
a home signal or a shunting signal. This rule does not apply, however, when the equivalent
level of safety is assured in indicating a call-on signal as the case of indicating a call-on
signal after a train, etc. stops;
④A distant signal shall not indicate a proceed signal before the indication of a proceed signal
on a principal signal, and a reduced speed signal before the indication of an alarm signal or a
caution signal on the principal signal;
⑤A passing signal shall not indicate a proceed signal before a proceed signal is indicated on
the principal signal and on a home signaler installed on the same point;
⑥A repeating signal shall not indicate a proceed repeating signal before a proceed signal is
indicated on the principal signal, and a restriction repeating signal before an alarm signal, a
caution signal or a reduced speed signal is indicated;
⑦A route indicator shall not indicate a route before a signal to denote proceeding is indicated
on a signal to which the indicator subordinates;
⑧A preliminary route indicator shall not indicate a notice of route before its attached signal
and the next signal indicate a proceeding signal.
⑨A person who handles a fixed signal shall be an official in charge of operation adjustment or
a station master (if any person other than the station master is appointed, the appointed
person).
(4) A temporary signal and hand signals of a slow-speed signal and a proceed signal shall be
indicated only after the persons concerned are informed of such indication.
(5) When a train enters or leaves a station in a case where the use of a device for maintaining

28
 intervals between trains, a home signal, a starting signal or a cab signal is not possible on
account of mechanical trouble or the like, a substitute hand signal shall be indicated. A
substitute hand signal may not be used, however, when a person in charge of operation
adjustment or a station master (if any person other than the station master is appointed, the
appointed person) gives instructions necessary for proceeding upon confirmation of the
condition of the route in question, or when a starting signal does not work in case of carrying
out any block system other than the automatic block system or the semiautomatic block system
and a point in a protected area is a trailing point with a point sign or is a spring point.
4. Train signal (Train indicator in Japan)
(1) Each train shall display a train signal. The systems of showing signal shall be as follows.
(a) Other than high speed railways
Method of display
Type of signal
Daytime Night time
One or more white light on the front of the foremost car of a train
Head signal (It is allowable to show no signal during daytime).
One or more red light or red Two or more red lights or red
Tail signal disc on the back of the rearmost discs on the back of the
car of a train rearmost car of a train。
Train signal in case of backward operation shall remain the same as they had been before the
backward operation started. A head signal shall be displayed in addition to a tail signal on the
front side of a train in backward operation at night if possible.
(b) High speed railways
Type of signal Method of display
Head signal White light on the front of the foremost car of a train
Red light on the back of the rearmost car of a train (white light
Tail signal
in the case of train to be driven backward)

(2) On a motive power unit for use in shunting, a shunting motive power unit signal shall be
shown. This does not apply to the case when a train signal is indicated.

Article 137 Sign and indicators

1. Signs and indicators shall be used after classifying their types and indication systems. The
signs and indicators in the following cases shall be handled according to the rules specified
respectively.
(1) Signs
① A starting sign shall be given when necessary at the start of train;
② A whistle sign shall be given for the following purposes
(a) To warn against danger;
(b) To attract attention;

29
 (c) To inform an approach of train;
(d) To inform emergency accident
③ A shunting sign shall be given in case a sign is used for shunting of rolling stock.
(2) Indicators
① The following indicators shall be shown, on railway tracks in a section in which trains are
operated by the method of using a device to maintain intervals between train, except when
wayside signals are provided.
(a) A home indicator on a track for trains entering a station
(b) A starting indicator on a track for trains leaving a station
② A shunting indicator shall be shown, on a track on which indicator is used for shunting.
③ A point indicator shall be shown, on a point that requires the indication of opening route.
④ A train stop indicator shall be installed, if it is necessary to indicate a stopping limit for
train on a track without a starting signal or a track for which a starting signal cannot be
installed on a prescribed point.
⑤ A car stop indicator shall be installed, on a place that requires an indication of a stopping
limit for rolling stock.
⑥ A car stop marker shall be installed, on a track that requires an indication of a track
termination.
⑦ A contact wire terminal indicator shall be installed on a track that requires an indication of
a contact line termination.
⑧A whistle board shall be posted in an appropriate spot, at a railroad crossing without a
barrier or a level crossing signal, which is considered to be difficult for passers-by to know
the approach of a train, etc.
2. As for signs and indicators which have different display systems in daytime and night time, it
shall apply item 1 paragraph 2 of the detailed explanation of Article 135. Here, “signals” shall
be read as “signs and indicator.

30
Reference Material 1
Substitute block systems

1. General description of substitute block systems

In the event it becomes impossible to carry out the regular block system on account of
failure of a blocking device, a signaler or the like, some other system is carried out in place of
the regular block system; it is called “a substitute block system.”
Any substitute system is the same as the regular one with respect to the basic block
mechanism of preventing trains from colliding with each other by having one block section
occupied by one train.

2．Substitute block systems

The types of following substitute block systems are as listed below.
(1) For double track operation
Communication system
Command-type
Detection system
(2) For single-track operation
Pilot and telephone system
Pilot and dispatching system
Pilot and detection system
Pilot system

3．Examples of substitute block systems carried out

3.1 For double- track operation
3.1.1 Communication system
(1) This is carried out when double- track operation is possible but the regular block system
is unable to be carried out on either one of the up or down tracks in a double-track section.
(2) In this system, by the station masters of stations on both ends make sure of no trains
between the stations and start trains one by one using the telephones and communication
record books designated for blocking by the station masters.

31
【Example of communication system】

The train X leaves the station A when the starting signal for down track does not work as well as most of the
block signals for down tracks between stations A and B.

Block section

Starting signal Down2nd block Home signal

Down 1st block

Train X

Station A Station B
（Regular block system for up track carried out)

Home signal Up 1st block Up 2nd block Starting signal

Telephone for blocking Telephone for blocking

Two station masters discuss for

arrangement

Confirmation of train number of

・Point lock arriving train
・Hand signal
・Departure sign or instruction
for departure

3.1.2 Command-type
(1) This is carried out when double-track operation is possible but the regular block system is
unable to be carried out on either one of the up or down tracks in a two-track section and
basically the same as 3.1.1 but is used for a CTC controlled section or the like.
(2) In this system, a CTC dispatcher makes sure of no train in the block section and between
the stations and start trains one by one using a device displaying the condition of train
operation, a radio, etc.

32
 【Example of directive system 】

The train X leaves the station A when the starting signal for down track does not work as well as most of the
block signals for down tracks between stations A and B.

Block section

Starting signal Down 2nd block Down 1st block Home signal

Train X Train X
Station A Station B
(Regular block system for up track carried out)

Home signal Up 1st block Up 2nd block Starting signal

CTC Center
To instruct time for starting To confirm train arrival

・Point lock
・Hand signal

3.1.3 Detection system

(1) Basically, like 3.1.1and 3.1.2 above, this system is carried out when double -track
operation is possible but the regular block system is unable to be carried out on either one of
the up or down track in a two-track section. However, this is carried out in case such devices
as the one that displays the conditions of train operation or communication equipment to
talk any time with a dispatcher are unable to be used in an ATC section.
(2) Detectors installed in the stations on both ends of the block section automatically detect
that there is no train, etc. in the block section.

3.2 Single-track operation

3.2.1. Pilot and telephone system
(1) The pilot and telephone system is carried out when operation on one track in a double
-track section suspended or when the regular block system is unable to be used in a
single-track section.
(2) Practically, it is carried out in the same way as the communication system for a
double-track operation, that is, the station masters of stations on both ends make sure of no
trains between the stations and start train one by one using telephones and communication

33
 record books designated for blocking by the station masters.
(3) In this system, it is so arranged that a train is safe from colliding against a train from an
opposite direction by having a pilot appointed to be on board a train as a proof of safety of
the block section. This is the conspicuous difference from the communication system.
(4) When some trains start successively from the station with a pilot in the same direction,
every driver of the preceding trains shall have a “pilot card” and the last train shall have the
pilot aboard .The drivers shall be handed the “pilot card” directly from the pilot as the fact
that having a pilot serves to insure the safety of the trains against the trains from the
opposite direction.

【Example of instructional communication system carried out】

After the train X leaves the station A , the train Y is started consecutively.

Block section Driver carries a pilot card

A pilot goes on board

Starting signal
Train Down 1st block Home signal Train
Y X
Station A Station B

Home signal Up 1st block

Starting signal

Telephone for blocking Telephone for blocking

Two station masters

discuss for arrangement

・Pilot-locked ・Confirmation of train number of

・Hand signal aspect arriving train
・Departure sign or instruction for departure

3.2.2 Pilot and dispatching system

The pilot and dispatching system is the single-track version of the command-type. In this
system is a CTC dispatcher makes sure of no trains in block section by using a device which

34
 displays the conditions of train operation and the radio. Practice of the “pilot” is the same as
pilot and telephone system.

【Example of instructional directive system carried out】

The train X leaves the station A followed by the train Y successively.

Block section
Starting signal Driver carries pilot card

Train Down 1st block Home signal

Y Train X
StationA Station B

・Pilot goes on board

・Point lock Up 1st block
Home signal
・Hand signal
Starting signal

To instruct time for CTC Center To confirm train arrival

departure

3.2.3 Pilot and detection system

(1) The pilot and detection system is the single-track version of the detection system. Like the
detection system of double track an automatic detector observes the train’s existence in a block
section.
(2) Practice of the ”pilot card” and the “pilot” is exactly the same as that of 3.2.1 and 3.2.2
above.

3.2.4 Pilot system

(1) The pilot system is a substitute block system carried out when a section between two stations
is divided into two or more on account of a disaster or for some other reasons.
(2) It is similar to the pilot and telephone system and the pilot and dispatching in that one pilot
system is appointed for a block section and gets him aboard a train. As shown in the following
example, however, “a pilot card” is unusable as two or more trains are never operated at the

35
 same time in this system.

【Example of pilot system carried on】

Trains shuttle back and forth between a section and the site of landslide which happened some

where between A and B.

Block section Block section

・Point lock
・Hand signal
Starting signal
Home signal ・Pilot aboard
Train Down 1st block
X
Station A Station B

YY
Train
Home signal st
Up 1 block
・Point lock
Starting signal
・Hand signal
・Pilot aboard

36
Reference Material 2 Indication systems of signals, indicators, etc.
(Example of Japanese System)
Material-1 Indication system of home signal, starting signal and block signal
Reduced
Alarm Caution Proceed
Type of Signal Stop signal speed Remarks
signal signal signal
signal

Two aspect
signal(limited to
home signal)

Two-aspect signal
(limited to starting
signal and home
signal having a
function of starting
signal)

Three-aspect
position system
Three-

Color light system

Indication system

Four-aspect

Five-aspect
position system

Limited to
Two-

the home and

starting signal
Semaphore
system

37
Material-2 Indication system of call-on signal, repeating signal and distant signal
2-1 Call-on Signal
Type of signal Calling-on signal

Position light
system
Indication
system
Color light
system

2-2 Repeating signal

Stop repeating Restriction Proceed repeating
Type of signal
signal repeating signal signal
▪ Alarm signal
Aspect of the master ▪ Caution signal
▪ Stop signal ▪ Proceed signal
signal ▪ Reduced speed
signal

Position
Indication
light
system
system

2-3 Distant signal

Reduced speed
Type of signal Caution signal Proceed signal
signal
▪ Alarm signal
Aspect of the principal signal ▪ Stop signal ▪ Proceed signal
▪ Caution signal

Principal signal
of
three-position
Color
Indication
light
system
signal

Principal signal
of two-position

38
Material-3 Shunting Signal
3-1 Indicate system of the shunting signal
Proceed
Type of signal Stop signal
signal

Position
Indication Two-position
light
system system
system

3-2 Indication system of shunting signal appendix (route indicator)

(1) Three-route indicator
Direction of Route is open to the left Route is open to the Route is open to the
open route from the center center right from the center
Position light system
Indication system

(2) For multiple route

Direction of Route is open to the direction shown by a
open route number or an English character
Position light system
Indication system

3-3 Indication of shunting signal indicator

Note: This is attached to a shunting signal

to show that it is a shunting signal when the
light is on.

3-4 Car stop indicator

Note: Light or a reflective material is used.

Material-4 Indication systems of cab signal

39
4-1 Speed signal system (The system of indicating a proceed signal as a speed signal showing a
speed at which a train can proceed)
Speed signal (proceed
Type of signal Stop signal
signal)

Indication
system 25
（Example）
The above exemplifies the
・Indicated to prohibit a train
Indicated when a train speed signal allowing a
from entering the route
Remarks needs to be stopped before train to move forward at a
・Indicated when a train
the end of the route. speed of 25km/h or low. (It
needs to stop immediately.
is called the 25 signal.)

4-2 Speed information system (The system of indicating a speed allowable for moving
forward as control information, in addition to a proceed signal)
Type of signal Stop signal Proceed signal Control information
A speed allowable for
proceeing is indicated
by orange light on a
speed meter.

A speed allowable for

Indication
proceed is indicated
system by the position of
proceed signal on a
speed meter.
・Indicated to prohibit
a train from Indicated when a
entering the route. train needs to stop
Remarks
・Indicated when a before the end of
train needs to stop the route.
immediately.

Cab signal
車内信号機

▼(進行)
Proceed

▼(停止)
Stop

×(停止)
Stop

40
Material-5 Indication systems of signal appendix (route indicator)
① For 2 route
Direction of When route is open to When route is open to
open route the left the right

Position light system

Indication system

② For 3 route
Direction of Route is open to the left Route is open to the Route is open to the
open route from the center center right from the center
Position light system
Indication system

③ For multiple route

Direction of Route is open in the direction shown by a
open route figure or an English character
Position light system
Indication system

Note: The above example shows that the route is open to the track No.4.
Material-6 Indication systems of temporary signal
Name of signal Slow-speed warning signal Slow-speed signal Slow-speed release signal
Warning of a slow speed
Type of signal Slow-speed signal Slow-speed release signal
signal

Indication system

Note 1: The figures on the bottom of the slow-speed warning signal and the slow-speed signal
show, as an example, that the speed is to be as show as 35km/h or low..
2: High visibility even at night must be ensured.
3: The white portions of the slow-speed warning signal may be orange in color.

41
 Material-7 Substitute apparatus for hand signal

Type of signal Stop signal Proceed signal

Indication
system

Material-8 Indicators
8-1 ATC system home indicator and starting indicator
(1) Home indicator

Note 1: In case there are multiple home

rote, the respective route are shown by
figures on the top.
Note 2: A reflective material is used.

(2) Starting indicator

Note 1: In case there are multiple starting

route, the respective route are shown by
figures on the top.
Note 2: A reflective material is used.

8-2 Repeater of starting signal

When stop signal is indicated on When proceed signal is indicated on
Indication system

starting signal starting signal

8-3 Train stop indicator

Note: A light or a reflective material is

used.

42
8-4 Point indicator
Type of indicator Ordinary point indicator Spring point indicator Derailment point indicator

When opened
Directio When opened
in the
n of In usual In reverse In usual In reverse in the
Direction that
opening position position position position direction that
does not
of point derails a train
derail a train i
Indication system

Daytime

Night

time

Note: Derail point indicator may be used also for lifting type point.
Material-9 Indicators for overhead line
9-1 Contact wire terminal indicator

Note: A light or a reflective material is

used

9-2 Dead section indicator of catenary

For AC use For AC/DC use Note: A light or a reflective material is

Indication system

used

43
Material-10 Other Indicators
10-1 Whistle board

Note: Reflective material is used

.
10-2 Car stop marker

44
Reference Material 3
Indication systems of signals, indicators, etc. of Vietnamese Railways
Material-1 Indication systems of home signal, starting signal and block signal
Type of Stop signal Alarm signal Caution signal Reduced speed Proceed signal Remarks
Signal
signal
Home signal

Combinations of
2-asepect signals

Starting signal
(Automatic
section)
3-aspect signal
Color light system

Starting signal
(Semi-automatic
Indication system

section)
2-aspect signal

Starting signal
(Semi-automatic
section; for
starting from
branch lines)

For
starting
from
yard

Home
Semaph
system
ore

signal,
Starting
signal

Note: In the Vietnam Railways, all the aspects except for stop signal are called “Proceed” although the
speed is reduced according to the respective signal aspects.

45
 Material-2 Call-on Signal and Shunting Signal

2-1. Call-on Signal

Type of signal Call-on signal

Color light system

Indication system

2-2. Shunting Signal

Type of signal Proceed signal

Color light system
Indication system

46
 Material-3 Indication system of distant signal and passing signal
3-1. Distant signal
Indication of
Caution Proceed
approaching signal
Reduced
Indication of main Alarm Caution Proceed
Stop signal speed
signal signal signal ssignal
signal
When central-position signal is of

Color light
system
2-position type
Indication system

Semaphore
system

3-2. Passing signal

Pass with caution Proceed and pass

Semaphore
system

47
 Material-4 Main Indicators
1 Slow-speed warning 2 Slow-speed indicator 3 Slow-speed release
indicator ・Installed before a slow-speed indicator
・Installed on the point of giving point. ・Installed at the end of a slow-
warning of slow speed. speed.

Note: Yellow ground, Note: Black letters on white

black-framed, with the back in ground with a black line, Note: Black line on white
white. black-framed ground, black-framed
4 Obstruction warning signal 5 Stop-movement signal 6 Whistle board
・Used to stop a train urgently for ・For train protection from ・Installed in place in need of
in a problem with a railway construction work or giving a warning to railway
crossing or the like. obstruction. crossings, bridges, etc. of an
approaching train.

k Ðo
cßi

Note: For stopping a train, it Note: Black letters on white

turns on a red light. Note: Red ground, white-framed. ground, black-framed.
7 Clearance post of tracks 8 Passenger train stop
・Dimensional limit for rolling position marker
stocks not to interfere with ・Installed so that passengers can
other railway tracks at a get on and off a train smoothly
divergence or crossing point. at a station.

Note: Half top in red and half Note: Red letter on white
bottom in black, track ground, circled in red.
numbers in black on white
ground.

48
Reference Material 4

Driver license system

for train operation in Japan

Flow of Acquisition of Driver License

Ministerial ordinance relevant to driver license
・No crew drive any power car without driver license
・Driver license is given to those who passed driver license examination
・Those who are 20 years old or more are eligible for the exam
・Examinees need to pass the exam of four items ; 1.Medicine aptitude,
2. Driving aptitude, 3. Paper test, 4. Skill test

Railway operator（JR east etc.）

・Obtain authorization of driver license training center from the Minister of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport
・Qualification of examination：Experience as a station staff for one year and as
a conductor for two years or more
･Examination to enroll training center: The successful applicants who passed 1 and
2 of the ministerial ordinance take the paper test
・568 hours (four months) of academic subject followed by 515 hours (four months)
of the practical skills for those who passed the subject exam
Apply for a driver license Issue a driver license
The successful applicant Announce by a railway
MLIT
in practical skill exam operator to a driver

49
 Lecture of Driver License Course
The name, brief resume and present duty of a qualified lecturer
are notified to MLIT

Manager

Lecturer of Subject Lecturer of Practical Training

course center
skill

Driver’s Instructor
Field

Courses and hours of each subject

Courses Hours （DC electric railcar）
General of railway 24
Railcar Control system 116
Brake ・ Bogie 56
Operating regulation 112
Signal ・ 32
Signal ・Track Communication
Track 10
Railway electricity 40
Operating theory 60
Check & Repair for rolling stock 18
Safety for work 10
Sub total 478
Moral education 8
Site survey ・ Exercise 47
Preservation & Gymnastics 15
Midterm exam ・ Final exam 20
Sub total 90
Total 568

50
 Contents of practical skill
Courses Hours Contents
System of command and direction, Standard of work, Bylaw of Depot,
Basic course 15 Operation regulations,
Explanations and site survey of training line
Basic Status of line, How to confirm signal,
３０ Handling of equipment at the time of coming-in, coming-out and operation
Handling of standard notch, of break and of ATS(ATC), Operation of trains of each
type, Transfer, Succeed of work, Shuttle operation, Operation of coupling and
First term １２８ decoupling at a station, Shunting operation
Stations, duties and signals that need special attention
Sense of running speed, Eye measurement distance, Responding to call-on signal,
Driving Catch-up operation, Operation of congested trains
training Second Operation under some particular conditions such as:
１８２ ・Pushing operation ・Backward operation ・Released ATS (or ATC)
term ・Changed block system ・Conductor’s valve in use, ・Bad weather ・Overrun
・Emergency buzzer going on ・Disrupted train schedule
Knowing the operation route of one’s own line in emergency
Comprehen-
sive 100 Repetitive training of above program
training
Inspection before
departure from depot １０ Inspection before departure and arrival

Measures to take in case of railway accident

・Procedure ・Train protection
・Handling of fatal/injury accident ・Handling of transportation trouble
Emergency
measure ５０ ・Guiding passengers to safety
Measures to take in case of vehicle breakdown
Measures to take in case of overhead line failure
Measures to take in case safety device failure
Total ５１５

51