COLLEGE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT
MANAGEMENT

PROGRAM TRANSPORT PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

ASSESSESMENT OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

SERVICE CASE OF WOLITA SODDO

BY: _AMANUEL CHUMA

(IDNO, ECSU2202047)
Phone No, 0912356311
Email, [email protected]

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Efficient and effective public transportation plays a crucial role in the development and
sustainability of cities and communities worldwide. The assessment of public transport services
is essential to gauge their performance, ensure the satisfaction and safety of commuters. Key
factors to consider in the evaluation process include reliability, accessibility, affordability,
customer satisfaction. Reliability addresses the frequency and timeliness of services.
Accessibility evaluates how easily public transport can be accessed by all individuals, including
the elderly, disabled, and those with limited mobility. Affordability takes into account the cost of
tickets or fares, ensuring that public transport remains an affordable option for all socio-
economic groups. Through a comprehensive assessment, policymakers and transportation
authorities can make informed decisions to enhance public transport offerings and meet the
evolving needs of their communities.

1.1 BACK GROUND

The assessment of public transport service is vital for evaluating its efficiency, reliability,
accessibility, and overall quality. One ongoing debate revolves around the choice between
objective and subjective measures for assessing public transport service. Objective measures
include factors such as punctuality, frequency, and transit coverage, while subjective measures
focus on passengers' perceptions and satisfaction levels. Authors such as. (Hensher D. A.,
(2019).) Argue that combining both approaches is essential for obtaining a holistic understanding
of service quality.
Another debate concerns the emphasis on performance metrics versus the importance of user
experience in assessing public transport service. Performance metrics traditionally focus on
quantifiable aspects such as on-time performance, ridership, and infrastructure capacity.
However, recent studies by. (Walker, (2020).) Highlight the need to incorporate user experience
metrics, including comfort, accessibility, and ease of use, to provide a comprehensive
assessment.
Different regions and experts often debate the appropriate performance indicators to assess
public transport. Some argue that factors such as ridership and revenue generation should be the
primary indicators, while others emphasize aspects like reliability, accessibility, and customer
satisfaction.
The European Union has been at the forefront of developing standardized assessment
frameworks, such as the European Common Assessment Framework (CAF) for Public
Transport. It emphasizes service quality, customer satisfaction, and sustainability, aligning
assessments across member countries.
In the United States, the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) focuses on sharing best
practices and developing assessment tools through regional partnerships. The American Public
Transportation Association (APTA) provides guidelines and resources for evaluating public
transport service performance.
One of the major challenges in assessing public transport service in Ethiopia is the lack of
reliable data and methodologies. Many studies have highlighted the need for comprehensive data
collection systems that capture key indicators such as passenger demand, travel patterns,
reliability, and affordability. (Shibeshi G. T., . (2019).) Emphasized the importance of utilizing
both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to assess the overall quality and user experience
of public transport services.
The assessment of public transport service in Ethiopia should also consider its impacts on
sustainability goals. (. (Tadesse, (2020).) Inadequate physical infrastructure, such as roads, bus
stops, and terminals, remains a major challenge in public transport assessment. The lack of
proper infrastructure leads to congestion, delays, and operational inefficiencies. (Tefera, (2018).)
Highlight the issue of inadequate vehicle fleets in public transport systems in Ethiopia.
Insufficient public buses and other vehicles mean longer waiting times for commuters and
overcrowding, resulting in discomfort and safety concerns.
Issues such as unprofessional behavior of drivers, lack of cleanliness, and insufficient safety
measures contribute to dissatisfaction among passengers. Access to accurate and real-time
information about bus routes, schedules, and fares is critical for passengers. However, inadequate
information dissemination systems hinder transparency and make it difficult for commuters to
plan their journeys. This finding is supported by. (Assefa, (2014).)
One of the major debates in assessing public transport in Wolayta Sodo is the lack of integration
and inter modality. The existing transportation modes, such as buses and taxis, often operate
independently without sufficient coordination. (Teshome, (2020).) Argue that seamless
integration and intermodal connectivity are crucial for achieving a sustainable and efficient
public transport system.
Assessing the public transport system in Wolayta Sodo is crucial for addressing the growing
urban mobility challenges. By addressing these gaps, policymakers and transportation authorities
can work towards enhancing public transport services and ensuring a sustainable and efficient
transport system in Wolayta Sodo.

1.2 Statements of the problems

Public transportation is a vital component of urban infrastructure, serving as a lifeline for
millions of people around the world. While public transport is often evaluated based on factors
such as affordability, accessibility, safety, and reliability, the assessment of these aspects might
differ in regional contexts. The unique characteristics of each region, including population
density, geographical layout, economic conditions, and cultural preferences, significantly
influence the expectations and requirements of the local population in terms of public transport.
(Gutiérrez J. &., (2021).) Gutiérrez and Matas conducted a comprehensive analysis of user
satisfaction with public transport in different regions of Spain. By considering various factors,
including trip purposes, trip chains, perceived service quality, and accessibility, the authors shed
light on the regional differentiation in user satisfaction and propose recommendations for
improving public transport services accordingly. (Krize, (2020).) Krize and Kroesen conducted a
cross-national study to explore differences in perceived satisfaction with regional public
transport services across various countries. By considering factors such as frequency of use,
travel mode, travel distance, and service quality, the authors identify patterns and variations in
satisfaction levels across different regional contexts. The study presents insights to support the
development of region-specific strategies for assessing and improving public transport services.
Public transport in Ethiopia faces various weaknesses, including inadequate infrastructure,
unreliable and inefficient services, limited accessibility, and safety concerns. For instance, the
absence of well-maintained roads and transportation facilities in many areas hampers the smooth
operation of public transport services. Furthermore, the lack of proper planning and coordination
between different public transport modes, such as buses, light rail, and taxis, compounds the
issues faced by commuters.
To conduct a vigorous research on the assessment of public transport in Ethiopia, it is essential to
gather recent empirical evidence from various sources. (Asmare, (2020).) They examined the
major challenges faced by the urban public transport sector in Ethiopia, such as inadequate
infrastructure, lack of proper regulations, and the absence of a unified transportation authority.
This proposes recommendations for improvement, including the establishment of effective
regulatory frameworks and investments in modernizing public transport infrastructure.
Mahlet Abera, Fitsum Zemichael, and Retta Nigussie Public Transport Accessibility in Addis
Ababa: Identification of Critical Areas and Policy Implications. (Mahlet Abera, (2020).:)This
research focuses on the public transport accessibility challenges within Addis Ababa, Ethiopia it
highlights critical areas with limited access to public transport services and proposes policy
implications to address these gaps. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating land use
and transportation planning and improving last-mile connectivity.
In case of Wolayta Sodo, inadequate public transport services have obstructed urban mobility
and worsened traffic congestion, leading to several social and economic problems. Despite the
evident significance of efficient public transportation, studies focused specifically on the
assessment of public transport in Wolayta Sodo remain limited. The lack of comprehensive
research poses a barrier to understanding the root causes of the existing problems and identifying
potential opportunities for improvement. Hence, conducting in-depth research in this area is
essential to inform policymakers, urban planners, and transport authorities of the gravity of the
current challenges and the necessary measures to tackle them effectively.
Wolayta Sodo lacks an adequate network of well-maintained roads and public transport
terminals, obstructing the smooth operation of public transport services and causing
inconvenience for commuters. The available public transport fleet in Wolayta Sodo fails to meet
the growing transportation demands of the expanding population. This leads to overcrowded
buses and long waiting times for commuters. Inefficient route planning and irregular service
schedules result in an unreliable and inconvenient public transport experience. It leads to
increased travel time, unpredictable waiting periods, and inconvenient transfers, discouraging
public transportation usage. The absence of proper safety measures, such as seat belts, poor
vehicle maintenance, and reckless driving practices, exposes commuters' safety, making public
transport a less desirable option for the community.
Fleet Expansion Increasing the number of public transport vehicles and ensuring timely
replacements can provide to the growing population and mitigate overcrowding issues.
Implementing stricter regulatory measures, such as mandatory vehicle inspections, driver
training, and the enforcement of safety standards, can enhance public trust and encourage greater
utilization of public transport.
As urban areas continue to grow and face mobility challenges, ongoing research in the
assessment of public transport is crucial for sustainable urban development. Addressing research
gaps related to technological innovations, social equity, and intermodal connectivity will provide
valuable insights for policymakers and transport authorities in improving public transport
systems.

1.3 Research Questions

1. How does the accessibility of public Transport services impacts transportation equity among
different socio-economic groups in urban areas?
2. What are the factors affecting the affordability of public Transport fares and how these can be
measured?
3. What are the factors that contribute to the user satisfaction of public Transport service, and
how can these be assessed?
4. How the reliability of public Transport can be effectively measured to enhance overall service
quality?

1.4 Objectives

1.4.2 General Objective

The major objectives of this study is to assess urban public transport service regarding,
accessibility, affordability, user satisfaction and reliability in case of wolayta sodo.

1.4.3 Specific objectives.

 Evaluate accessibility of public transport system in wolayta sodo.

 Examine the affordability public transport system, in wolayta sodo.
 Assess the, user satisfaction of public transport services in wolayta sodo.
 Measure the reliability, of public transport services, in wolaita sodo.

1.5 Significance of the study

This study document has a critical value in terms of the following aspects:-
  The outcome of this study will able to assess the public transport sector of Wolayta
Soddo from as many perspectives as possible.
 Hence the end result will give all-inclusive overview of the limitations as well as the
potentials of transport offers.
 The outcome of this study can also be used as a facilitator for further studies in the urban
transport area.
 This study will also be significant regarding of providing the necessary resource in light
of the possibility of future urban transport interference projects that might be planned or
even carried out.
 This study also helps wolayta sodo Transport office, authority, and Transport Planning
and Management office to improve their practices.
 The final report of this research will helps transport policy makers as a tool or input for
their decision making.
 Finally it also helps the researcher to gain deep knowledge about the public transport
problem and will also serve as a work of reference for other researchers.

1.6 Scope of the study

The research focuses on Wolayta Sodo, which is located in the Wolayita Zone of the Southern
Ethiopia. Wolayta Sodo serves as the capital of the Wolayita Zone and southern Ethiopia and is
an important economic, political, and cultural center. The research encompasses a defined
period, typically ranging from the recent past to the present and future days. However, it may
also extend to cover historical trends and developments in the public transport sector in Wolayta
Sodo. It is essential to consider the temporal aspect to analyze the evolution of the transport
system and identify any changes or trends.

The research examines various aspects of public transport service in Wolayta Sodo, including
reliability, accessibility, affordability, and customer satisfaction. It assesses how well the public
transport system meets the needs and expectations of the population, taking into account factors
such as availability of vehicles, frequency of services, and coverage of routes. This research will
explores the physical infrastructure supporting the public transport system, including roads, bus
stations, terminals, and vehicle maintenance facilities. It aims to evaluate the adequacy,
condition, and efficiency of the infrastructure in providing a seamless travel experience for
commuters. The impact of public transport on the social and economic aspects of the community
will analyzed. This includes exploring how accessible and affordable transportation improves
mobility for residents, facilitates employment opportunities, supports economic growth, reduces
income inequality, and enhances overall quality of life.

1.7 Operational Definitions

The assessment of public transport depend on a range of operational definitions that consider
key factors such as accessibility, reliability, capacity, safety, affordability, and comfort. These
operational definitions provide a structured approach to evaluate the performance and
effectiveness of public transport systems.

1.7.1 Operational Definition of key terms

1. Accessibility: Accessibility refers to the level of ease with which people can reach public
transport services.
2. Reliability: Reliability refers to the consistency and predictability of service timings
3. Capacity: Capacity refers to the ability of the public transport system to accommodate the
number of passengers efficiently.
4. Safety: Safety involves assessing the overall security and protection of passengers, staff, and
infrastructure.
5. Affordability: It measures the levels of fares and their affordability in relation to the income
levels of the population.
6. Comfort and Quality of Service: Comfort and quality refers to service are subjective measures
that contribute to passenger satisfaction and overall experience.

1.8 Organization of the study

This study has five main parts.

 The first part is addressed in the previous section
 The Second part of this study is related literature review and relevant sub topics, namely,
theoretical review of literature, review of empirical study, research gap and the
conceptual frame work presented from various sources.
  The third Part of this study provides the research methodology. This part also description
of the study of subtopics study area ,research design and approach, types and sources of
data sampling design, sampling unit, sampling size determination, data collection
instruments data validity, reliability, methods of data analysis and ethical consideration
 The fourth part of this study is result and discussions. This part also describes different
subtopics.
 The fifth part of this study is conclusions. This part also discusses the study of sub topics
summary of findings, conclusions, recommendations, future research direction.

CHAPTER TWO

INTRODUCTION
Public transport plays a vital role in the transportation infrastructure of cities, connecting people
to their destinations, reducing congestion, and promoting sustainable mobility in this section I
will investigate into the concepts of accessibility, affordability, user satisfaction, and reliability
in public transport.

2. Review of related literature

2.1. Theoretical Review of Literature

One of the major theories utilized in the literature review of public transport assessment is the
Service Quality theory, are user Satisfaction, accessibility, and environmental sustainability
theory. These theories focuses on understanding the relationship between service quality
dimensions of public transport and user satisfaction. It analyzes various factors that influence
user satisfaction, such as reliability, comfort, safety, accessibility, affordability, and information
provision
User Satisfaction: User satisfaction is a key aspect of evaluating public transport systems. It
involves assessing the perception and experience of passengers regarding various elements of the
system, such as reliability, comfort, accessibility, affordability, and safety.
Service Quality: Service quality theory suggests that the quality of services provided by public
transport systems significantly influences user satisfaction. (Shourov, (2020).)Argues that
evaluating service quality dimensions such as frequency, punctuality, cleanliness, information
availability, and staff behavior is essential for assessing the effectiveness of public transport.
Accessibility: Accessibility is a fundamental concept in evaluating public transport systems.
According to. (Cervero, (2019).)Accessibility focuses on evaluating the ease of reaching various
destinations using public transport, especially for people with diverse needs, including
individuals with disabilities. Assessing accessibility enables policymakers to identify gaps and
improve the inclusiveness of public transport systems.
Environmental Sustainability: Assessing the environmental sustainability of public transport
systems has gained importance with growing concerns over climate change and air pollution.
(Litman, (2020).)Emphasizes the evaluation of environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas
emissions, energy consumption, and land use associated with public transport operations. This
theory suggests that public transport systems need to prioritize sustainability goals to effectively
contribute to reducing the environmental footprint of urban areas Conclusion:
Accessibility, affordability, user satisfaction, and reliability are crucial concepts in evaluating the
quality and effectiveness of public transport systems. By considering these concepts and
incorporating findings from current studies, policymakers and planners can work towards
creating a more accessible, affordable, and user-friendly public transport network.

2.2. Review of concepts

Accessibility in Public Transport: Accessibility refers to the ease with which individuals can
physically use public transportation services. It involves considerations such as the proximity of
stops, availability of ramps and elevators, provision of Braille signage, and accommodating
individuals with disabilities. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of accessibility in
ensuring equitable access to public transport for all sections of society. A study by. (Li J. &.,
(2020).)Focuses on the impact of accessibility on the travel behavior of individuals with
disabilities in urban areas.
Affordability in Public Transport: Affordability refers to the cost of public transport relative to
an individual's income. It affects the overall accessibility of transport services and directly
influences people's transportation choices. Recent research sheds light on the financial burden of
public transport, especially for low-income individuals. Notable references includes. (Hensher D.
A., (2019).)Investigate the affordability constraints faced by commuters in urban areas and
propose solutions to mitigate financial barriers.
User Satisfaction in Public Transport: User satisfaction is a vital aspect of evaluating the quality
of public transport. It encompasses factors such as comfort, reliability, information provision,
cleanliness, and safety. Understanding user satisfaction is crucial for improving services and
attracting more riders. Recent studies have explored various factors influencing user satisfaction
and highlighted the importance of incorporating user feedback into planning and policy
decisions. Notable references include: A study by Chen et al. (Chen Y. H., (2018).) Assesses
user satisfaction levels and identifies key factors influencing satisfaction in public transport
systems.
Reliability in Public Transport: Reliability refers to the consistency and predictability of public
transport services. It involves aspects such as punctuality, frequency, and continuity of service.
Reliable public transport is essential for attracting users and ensuring a seamless travel
experience. Recent research has examined the impact of reliability on ridership and the economic
benefits of reliable public transport. Notable references include. (Schmöcker, (2016).) Analyze
the perception of reliability in public transport and its influence on travelers' behavior using real-
time data. Accessibility, affordability, user satisfaction, and reliability are crucial concepts in
evaluating the quality and effectiveness of public transport systems.

2.3. Empirical Review of Literature

This empirical review aims to examine recent literature on the assessment of public transport,
providing in-depth insights into various dimensions evaluated and their corresponding
methodology.
John Smith (2019): (Smith J. :., (2019).) John Smith’s empirical study aimed to evaluate the
accessibility features of various public transport, services offered in a metropolitan city. The
study conducted a comparative analysis of the accessibility provided by leading taxi service
providers, considering factors such as availability of accessible vehicles, booking options, app
accessibility, and driver training. Through surveys and user feedback, Smith examined the
experiences of individuals with different disabilities, shedding light on the strengths and
weaknesses of each taxi service. (Johnson, (2020).).Emily Johnson's research focused on
assessing the accessibility of taxi services specifically in urban areas. Recognizing that urban
environments often pose unique challenges in terms of traffic congestion and limited parking,
this study investigated how taxi services cater to diverse populations in urban settings. The
analysis encompassed factors like wait time, physical accessibility of vehicles, and the presence
of accessible infrastructure at common pickup and drop-off locations. The findings provided key
insights on the strengths and areas for improvement of taxi services in urban settings. (Thompson
M. .., (2021)).Michael Thompson's study explored the impact of digital accessibility on the usage
of public transport services, recognizing the shift towards mobile applications as the primary
booking platform. The research assessed the compatibility of taxi service applications with
assistive technologies, such as screen readers and voice commands, to ensure they are accessible
to individuals with visual impairments or other disabilities. Thompson's findings highlighted the
importance of inclusive design in enhancing accessibility and expanding the user base of taxi
services.
A Comparative Analysis by (Smith J. , 2019). In this study, Smith compares the affordability of
taxi fares in major cities worldwide. Analyzing various factors such as income levels, distance,
and average fare cost, the study concludes that taxi fares are generally affordable for the majority
of the population in developed countries. However, it highlights that affordability remains a
challenge in low-income regions, emphasizing the need for policy interventions to ensure
equitable access to affordable transportation.
Understanding the Economic Impact of Taxi Fares by. (Johnson S. e., (2019).).Johnson et al.'s
research focuses on the economic impact of taxi fares on different income groups. The study
finds that high taxi fares disproportionately affect low-income individuals, leading to reduced
access to essential services and increased transportation costs relative to their income levels. The
researchers recommend implementing fare subsidies, expanding public transportation options,
and encouraging ride-sharing to mitigate these affordability challenges.
: (Brown, (2021). )Brown’s study explores the impact of the rise of ride-hailing services on the
affordability of traditional public transport fares. The research reveals that the competition from
ride-hailing platforms has prompted traditional transport companies to reassess their prices,
making them more competitive and affordable. The study suggests that this market dynamic has
benefitted consumers by increasing affordability and providing alternative options for passenger
transportation.(Adams, P. (2018).): Adams and Thompson analyze the impact of taxi fare
regulations on affordability. Their study examines how different regulatory approaches, such as
price controls and fare ceilings, affect the affordability of public transport services. The research
suggests that strict regulations, while intended to ensure fairness, can limit market competition
and stifle innovation, thereby hindering efforts to make taxi fares more affordable.
(Chen Z. T., (2019))Z. Chen conducted a comprehensive study in London to assess passengers'
perception of taxi safety. The research explored factors such as driver behavior, vehicle
condition, and the effectiveness of safety features. The study found that a vast majority of
passengers perceived taxis as safe due to the presence of security cameras, understanding drivers,
and well-maintained vehicles. The author emphasized the importance of continuous monitoring
and improvements to maintain this perception.
(Shibeshi, (2019).)Surveyed passengers to understand their comfort level and overall
satisfaction with public transport services. The study investigated factors like seating comfort,
climate control, cleanliness, noise levels, and ride smoothness. The findings indicated that
passengers highly valued comfortable seating arrangements, clean and noise-free environments,
and a smooth driving experience. The authors suggest that taxi drivers and companies should
focus on these factors to enhance passenger satisfaction.
(Rodriguez, (2021).)A. Rodriguez analyzed incident reports in New York City to evaluate the
safety of taxi services. The study assessed accidents, rider complaints, driver behavior, and
criminal incidents. The findings revealed that although most taxi rides were incident-free, a small
number of incidents included road accidents, driver rudeness, and passenger safety concerns. The
author recommends improved driver training, stricter regulations, and better communication
channels to address safety issues. Factors influencing reliability and efficiency: The time taken
by a public transport service to respond to a customer's request is a key factor in determining
reliability.
Analyzing customer reviews and ratings from various platforms can provide insights into the
reliability and efficiency of public transport services. Studies have shown a link between higher
ratings and perceived reliability, while negative reviews often cite inefficiency in terms of delays
and poor routing.
Service availability: Monitoring the availability of taxi services during peak and off-peak hours
is essential to measure reliability. Studies have utilized real-time data to assess service
availability in different regions, identifying variations that impact reliability.
GPS tracking data: Utilizing GPS tracking data can serve as an objective measure of efficiency.
This approach allows analysis of travel times, average speeds, and adherence to optimal routes,
enabling researchers to quantify the efficiency of different taxi services.
(Thompson J. e., l. (2019). ) . This research employs real-time data analysis to measure the
reliability of taxi services in different cities, considering factors such as response time,
availability, and user satisfaction. (White E. &., (2018). ) This study employs GPS tracking data
to determine the efficiency of taxi services by analyzing travel times, adherence to optimal
routes, and overall customer satisfaction.
Assessing the quality of public transport services is key to meeting customer expectations and
fostering customer loyalty. A study by. (Huertas-Garcia, (2020).) Suggests that service quality in
public transport can be enhanced by improving factors such as driver behavior, vehicle
condition, accessibility, pricing transparency, and technology integration. They argue that
combining traditional elements with innovative solutions can significantly improve customer
satisfaction levels.
Driver behavior plays a crucial role in shaping customers' perceptions of taxi services.
(Soutinho, . (2019). ) Highlights the importance of assessing driver behavior, including factors
such as professionalism, courtesy, adherence to traffic rules, and knowledge of the city. They
propose that implementing driver performance evaluation systems can help identify areas for
improvement and provide incentives for drivers to deliver superior customer experiences.
To accurately assess taxi services, it is essential to consider the perceptions and satisfaction
levels of customers. (Zhang, (2021)). They argue that understanding the voice of the customer is
pivotal in identifying areas of improvement and enhancing service quality. Analyzing online
reviews, feedback platforms, and conducting customer surveys can provide valuable insights for
taxi service evaluations.
Adapting to Sustainable Solutions: With increasing concerns about environmental sustainability,
the taxi industry shold also be assessed in terms of its impact on the environment. (Yang, 2018)
Suggests considering factors such as fuel efficiency, vehicle emissions, and the adoption of
electric or hybrid vehicles in taxi fleets. Assessing the sustainability efforts of taxi services can
contribute to a greener transportation system and align with the growing demand for eco-friendly
alternatives.

2.3 Research Gap

Although extensive research has been conducted in public transport services area, there are still
notable research gaps that require further exploration.
User-centered assessment: - previous studies have explored various dimensions of public
transport quality, there is a need for more user-centered assessments. Research should focus on
identifying commuters' preferences, expectations, and satisfaction levels regarding different
aspects of public transport, such as accessibility, reliability, affordability, users’ satisfaction and
safety.
Technological advancements and smart mobility: - Considering the rapid growth of smart
mobility solutions, it is vital to explore their impact on public transport effectiveness. Future
studies should assess the integration of technologies such as real-time passenger information
systems, mobile ticketing, and intelligent transport systems into existing public transportation
infrastructures.
Environmental sustainability and social equity: - Public transport is a key component in
promoting both environmental sustainability and social equity. Future studies should explore
the environmental impacts of public transport operations, including emissions reduction and
adoption of alternative fuels, and the integration of electric vehicles. Simultaneously, the
assessment of public transport should also consider social equity considerations such as
affordability, accessibility for vulnerable populations, and inclusivity.
2.4. Conceptual Frame Work

Assessment of public Transport Service

Evaluate the accessibility of Economic growth, time Safe and Comfortable

saving, highest customer Movement
public transport service in satisfaction
wolayta sodo

Examine the affordability of Safety, comfortably, Time and cost save and
convenience, security, increases user satisfaction
public transport fares, in
 wolayta sodo

Measure the reliability, of -Suitable for urban transport  Smooth traffic

MGT, Reduces congestion, movement
public transport services, in -enhances Urban mobility
 Adequate transport
wolaita sodo -suitable to commuters  Safe Road
-Reduces Traffic accident

CHAPTER THRE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area

Wolayita Zone is one of the sixth zones in new structure of South Ethiop, with sixteen weredas
and seven city administrations. Astronomically, the Wolayita zone is located between 6.51oN
and 7.35oN North latitude and 37.23o E and 38.44o east longitude.The relative Geographical
location of the Wolayita Zone is located in one of the most central parts of the southern
region.And, Geographically, the Wolayita Sodo city is located between 60 45’00’’N and
70 0’00’’N and 370 35’00’’E and 370 53’00’’E also Sodo City is located about 330 km
south-west of Addis Ababa via Hossana and 295 km via Butajira Halaba. wolayta sodo city is
the capital city of the new structured southern Ethiopia.Relatively, the zone is bordered by:-
Hadiya and Kembata Tembaro Zones in the north, Oromiya Region in the north-east, Sidama
Zone in the east, Gamo and Gofa Zones in the south, Dawuro Zone in the west, and the Bilate
River and Lake Abaya in the east and southeast, respectively.
Figure 1 Show the location of study area(source: GIS 2024)

3.1.1 Population Size

Determining the exact population of the city is a challenging task due to insufficient immigration
data. However, according to CSA forecasts based on statistics from the previous year, the city's
current population is estimated to be around 268,000 with an annual growth rate of 5.7 percent,
which is higher than the region's average urban population growth rate of 5.13 percent. In 2015
E.C., the city's finance and economic development office estimated the population to be
approximately 268000. Currently, the city is the largest in the region.

3.1.2 Climate
3.1.3.. Rainfall
The mean annual rainfall of Wolayita Sodo City is 1350 mm. The city receives its maximum
rainfall during the summer season [SNNPR Metrology Agency, 2017].
3.1.4. Socio-Economic Condition of Wolayita Sodo

As to the data obtained from the 2007 Population and Housing Census and survey results, two
major economic activity groups are identified as the principal job opportunities and sources of
living for employment in Wolayita Sodo City. Accordingly, employment in public
administration, social, cultural, and personal services accounts for 42% of total employment,
while trade and transport contribute 37% and 11% of the total labor force during the same
period, respectively. However, this time (2018), the major economic activity that leads sources
of living for employment in Wolayita Sodo City by employing almost 52% of the total labor
force is trade, transport, MSE, and other services and industries, while public administration,
social, cultural, and personal services account for 34% of total employment during the same
period (CSA & Wolayita Sodo City Administration office, 2022)

3.2 Research philosophy and Paradigm

3.2.1 Research philosophy

To conduct effective research on the assessment of public transport service, it is essential to

adopt a solid research philosophy and paradigm that can provide a strong basis for data
collection, analysis, and interpretation. For assessing public transport services, in this study a
pragmatic research philosophy will be used. A pragmatic research philosophy allows the
researcher to combine multiple approaches and methods to gain a holistic understanding of
public transport services. It recognizes that multiple stakeholders, such as passengers, operators,
and policymakers, have diverse perspectives and goals.

By adopting a pragmatic research philosophy, researchers acknowledge the complexity of public

transport services and consider multiple perspectives. This helps in obtaining a more
comprehensive and realistic understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. Pragmatism
focuses on the practical implications of research, making it highly applicable to public transport
service assessment. It allows researchers to identify actionable recommendations for improving
service quality and customer satisfaction.
3.2.2 Research Paradigm
The research paradigm refers to the broad framework that guides the research process, including
the assumptions, theories, and methods used. The researcher in this study will use a mixed
methods research paradigm. This paradigm combines both quantitative and qualitative
approaches, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Utilizing a mixed
methods research paradigm allows researchers to gather numerical data on aspects such as
ridership, punctuality, and capacity utilization, as well as qualitative information through
surveys, interviews, and focus groups to capture passengers' experiences, satisfaction, and
perceptions.

The mixed methods research paradigm provides complementary data from both quantitative and
qualitative sources, offering a comprehensive view of public transport services. This ensures that
the research captures both the statistical aspects and the human experiences associated with using
and providing public transport.

3.3 Research Design and approach

3.3.1. Research Design
In this study Mixed-Methods Approach will conduct: Mixed-methods research design,
combining both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, offers a comprehensive
understanding of public transport service assessment. This approach allows for a well-rounded
evaluation by capturing both subjective experiences and objective facts.

By collecting quantitative data, such as ridership numbers, travel time, frequency of services,
and the availability of amenities like Wi-Fi or charging points, researchers can obtain numerical
specifics related to the functioning of the public transport system. These statistics provide an
objective basis for evaluating service quality and identifying areas requiring improvement.

Conducting in-depth interviews, surveys, and focus groups with public transport users and
stakeholders yields qualitative insights on their experiences, expectations, and challenges faced.
Qualitative data helps understand user satisfaction levels, safety concerns, comfort, and
accessibility aspects, providing valuable context to complement the quantitative analysis.
Conducting observational studies allows researchers to directly observe public transport service
operations, passengers' behaviors and interactions, and environmental factors that may affect the
overall quality of service. Researchers can discreetly observe factors like punctuality, adherence
to schedules, vehicle conditions, and the behavior of transport staff.

Real-time Analysis: By observing public transport services in real-time, researchers can capture
the actual experiences of passengers and evaluate the service's effectiveness at specific times and
under varying conditions (e.g., peak hours, weekends, and holidays). This ensures the accuracy
and relevance of data, providing a solid foundation for subsequent analysis and decision-making.

Non-biased Insights: Observational studies minimize biases inherent in self-reported data or

surveys, as researchers can directly observe the service without any potential influence from
respondents' perceptions or response biases. Such objectivity strengthens the reliability of the
evaluation conducted.

Engaging in a comparative analysis allows researchers to evaluate public transport service

quality by comparing it with similar services in other regions or countries. This approach helps
identify best practices, highlight areas for improvement, and provides a benchmark against which
local services can be evaluated.

3.2.3 Research Approaches

This study will explore the most effective methods, considering both qualitative and quantitative
approaches, along with various data collection techniques.

Surveys and Questionnaires: Surveys and questionnaires are widely used research tools that
provide quantitative data on public transport satisfaction levels and preferences of passengers.
These can be conducted onboard, at stations, or through online platforms. Utilizing close-ended
questions helps in analyzing responses efficiently, while open-ended questions allow passengers
to elaborate on their experiences or suggest improvements. The large sample size obtained
through surveys ensures the validity and generalization of the findings.

Observational Studies: Observational studies involve direct observations of public transport

services, capturing different aspects such as punctuality, frequency, crowd management, and
level of comfort. Researchers may document the behavior and experiences of passengers,
operators, and staff using methods like video recordings, field notes, or even ethnographic
techniques. This approach offers valuable insights into the real-time performance and challenges
faced by public transport systems.

Focus Groups and Interviews: Qualitative research techniques, like focus groups and interviews,
provide an in-depth understanding of passengers' perceptions, experiences, and opinions
regarding public transport services. Conducting focus groups allows researchers to explore
different perspectives and group dynamics, while interviews offer individual insights. This
approach enables the identification of themes, patterns, and narratives that influence public
perception and satisfaction.

Case Studies: Performing detailed case studies on specific public transport services or systems
presents an in-depth analysis and evaluation of various aspects. Researchers can utilize diverse
data sources, including official reports, operational statistics, financial data, and stakeholder
interviews. Case studies offer a comprehensive view of the challenges, successes, and specific
factors impacting the effectiveness of a particular service or system.

Data Analysis and Statistics: Complementing the aforementioned methods, thorough data
analysis using appropriate statistical techniques aids in dissecting and interpreting the collected
data. Researchers can analyze factors such as passenger demographics, service reliability,
ticketing systems, and accessibility. This data-driven approach allows for evidence-based
decision making and enables the comparison of different aspects of public transport services.

3.3 Types and Sources of Data

Accurate and reliable data plays a vital role in assessing the quality and effectiveness of public
transport services. In the case of Wolayta Sodo, a comprehensive understanding of the existing
transportation system is essential for identifying shortcomings and devising strategies to improve
the overall experience for commuters. In this study I will use the following types and sources of
data on the assessment of public transport services in Wolayta Sodo, Ethiopia.
 Surveys and Questionnaires: Conducting surveys and questionnaires among commuters is an
effective method for gathering primary data on public transport services. Questions can focus on
various aspects, including frequency, reliability, affordability, safety, cleanliness, accessibility,
and overall satisfaction. Surveys can be carried out through face-to-face interactions, phone
interviews, or online platforms to reach a wider audience and gather diverse perspectives.

On-Ground Observations: Direct observations of the public transport system provide valuable
insights into the actual operations, efficiency, and infrastructure conditions. Researchers can
analyze factors such as route planning, vehicle conditions, adherence to schedules, stop
accessibility, crowding levels, and behavior of drivers and passengers. This method helps
highlight areas requiring immediate attention and facilitates comparisons with established
standards and benchmarks.

Stakeholder Interviews: Interviews with key stakeholders, such as transport operators, local
authorities, regulatory agencies, and urban planners, can provide comprehensive insights into the
challenges, policies, and strategies governing the public transport system in Wolayta Sodo.
These interviews help researchers understand the decision-making processes, institutional
frameworks, and potential barriers to improvement. Stakeholder interviews can be
complemented by reviewing relevant documentation, policy papers, and statutory guidelines.

Secondary Data Sources: Various secondary sources can complement primary data collection
methods. These sources may include government reports, academic articles, industry
publications, and statistical data. Analyzing existing studies and reports can broaden the
understanding of public transport issues and provide historical context for improvements.
Credible secondary data sources facilitate comparisons with national and international best
practices and aid in benchmarking the public transport system of Wolayta Sodo.

3.4 Sampling Design

Using the mixed design that supports both qualitative and quantitative approaches will be applied
for this study. Thus, it’s aimed to minimize the weaknesses of one method by compensating with
the strengths of another due to their supplementary nature. This is a descriptive survey data-
based study that uses collected based on the probability sampling method. The population of the
study includes city dwellers and the study uses randomly selected sample frequently public
Transport user .The sampling procedure used is two-stage simple random sampling. First
appropriate whereas will be selected randomly from the city, followed by sample public
Transport user’s selection.

3.4.1. Total population

The total population number of wolayta sodo is 268,400, target population is the universe that
the sample frames, sample size and unit of analysis has extracted from, and to which the
result/findings of the research will be generalized to the whole population 268000. Therefore, the
population or universe in this research will all residents/ Taxi transport users, who found in
wolayta sodo.

3.5.2 Sampling Frame

The sampling frame will consist of all areas within the authority of Wolayta Sodo where public
transport services are available, (Taxi routes). The town transportation authority and local
government can provide detailed information on the current network and coverage.
Two stages of simple random sampling technique will be employed for primary data collection.
Qualitative information will be collected through in-depth interviews and focus group
discussions selected purposefully from representative community institutions, residents, and
provider institutions. Secondary data will collect from the relevant office reports and policy-
related documents.

3.5.3 Sampling Unit

The sampling units are passengers; drivers, (vehicle owners) Traffic authorities, Transport
authority’s experts and focus group discussion selected purposefully from representative
community institutions, residents, and provider institutions.

3.5.4 Sampling Technique

By applying Probability sample techniques; a Simple random sampling technique will be

employed for primary data collection. Primary data collection tools include a structured and
semi-structured questionnaire on the coverage and factors challenging the provision. Qualitative
information will collect through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions selected
purposefully from representative community institutions, residents, and provider institutions.
Secondary data will collect from the relevant office reports and policy-related documents.

3.5.5 Sample Size Determination

The target population of the study will be public transport especially taxi users of the town, it is
difficult to get the exact number of people who uses public transport service because no data
available in the concerned body. However, as it is dominating and only public transport supplier
it is expected that almost the entire town dwellers use the public transport, therefore the study
population of the city is 268000. As above target, population indicated is greater than 10,000.
According to Kothari (2004), if the target population is greater than or equal to 10,000, using of
below formula has been advised for researchers to determine representative sample size.
According to
2
PQ∗Z
(C.R Kothari 2004 edited) Sample size n¿ e2 =
Where, n= required sample size
P and q = population proportion (If not known, 0.5 for both)
e= Margin of error or sampling error expressed as a proportion i.e. 5%=0.05
Z is the value from the standard normal distribution for the selected confidence is 95% = 1.96
2 2
n Z pq n ( 1.96 ) ❑ ( 3.8416 ) 0.25
n= 2 = ¿ (0.5) (0.5) = =384.16=384.
E 0.05 20.0025
Sample
The model sample size of the target population is large enough to serve an adequate
representative and small enough to be chosen cost-effective in terms of both time and difficulty
of analysis. The total routes of the city are 30. After determining sample size, in order to get
more or less representative sample of transport user the study will be taken by using convenience
sampling from destination and origin of eight (8) corridors of Taxi service (Referral Hospital,
Bunabord, Key meskel, Agip, Mazoria, Menaharia, Agriculture college and University).In
addition to this,8 officials, experts and Taxi association workers also will be included by
purposive sampling method and 10 another officials including public transport Drivers will be
taken to discussed on the issue to get more information .As the transport office different
 categories of public transport will be assigned to each corridors based on the proportional
numbers of people served from the corridors and by considering the number of routes served
under the corridors.
Table 1 Proportional samples of transport users in each terminal

no Name, of corridors No.of Proportional, no.of pop. served Proportional sample size
PT. by PT.
1 Referral Hospital 10 10*268000/81=33,086.00 33086*384/268000=47.00
2 Buna board 10 10*268000/81=33,086.00 33086*384/268000=47.00
3 Key meskel 12 12*268000/81=39,704.00 39704*384/268000=57.00
4 Agip(Awel hintsa) 15 15*268000/81=49,630.00 49630*384/268000=71.00
5 Mazoria(Arada) 8 8*268000/81=26,469.00 26469*384/268000=38.00
6 Menaharia 6 6*268000/81=19,852.00 19852*384/268000=29.00
7 Gibrna college 12 12*268000/81=39,704.00 39704*384/268000=57.00
8 University(Fana) 8 8*268000/81=26,469.00 26469*384/268000=38
9 Total 81 268,000.00 384
Source: self-made
Table 2 Sample size for each key informants on interview

No. Target Respondents Number of respondents Methods of

selection
1 Transport Authority 2 Purposive
2 Traffic Authority 2 Purposive
3 Drivers 2 Purposive
Municipality 2 Purposive
Total 8
Source:-self made
Table 3 sample size for FGD each key informants

No Office Number of respondents Methods of selection

1 Road Authority 2 Purposive

2 Transport Authority 2 Purposive
3 Drivers 2 Purposive
4 Municipality 2 Purposive
5 8
Source: self-made, 2024

3.6.2 Sample Techniques and Procedures

To gather relevant data, a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques can be

employed. Some effective techniques include: Conducting structured surveys among a
representative sample of passengers, transport operators, and other stakeholders Conducting in-
depth interviews with key informants such as local authorities, transport planners, and experts to
gain a comprehensive understanding of the issues surrounding public transport Collecting data
through direct observations of the public transport system, including routes, operational
characteristics, infrastructure condition, and service frequency.
Asking question key informants the collected, data needs to be analyzed to determine the causes
and consequences of public transport problems. Statistical Analysis: Employing statistical
methods like regression analysis to identify

3.6 Data Collection Instruments

3.6.1 Surveys:

Surveys are commonly used instruments to collect primary data on public transport problems.
They involve administering questionnaires to a representative sample of residents, transport
users, and stakeholders in Wolayta Sodo. The surveys can cover topics such as frequency,
reliability, affordability, accessibility, and safety of public transportation.

3.6.2 Observations:

Direct observations of the public transport system provide valuable information on the daily
operations, infrastructure, and service quality. Researchers can observe and document issues
such as overcrowding, route congestion, road conditions, and the overall performance of buses or
taxis.

3.6.3. Interviews:
 Interviews with key stakeholders, such as transport authorities, local government officials,
transport operators, and community leaders, can help to identify underlying causes and
consequences of public transport problems.

3.6.4 Focus Group Discussions:

Conducting focus group discussions with public transport users and community members
enables the exploration of shared experiences, perceptions, and suggestions for improvement.
These discussions can delve deeper into issues highlighted in surveys and interviews and provide
a platform for brainstorming potential solutions.

3.6.5. Document Analysis:

Analyzing relevant documents such as reports, policies, and regulations related to public
transport in Wolayta Sodo can provide a comprehensive understanding of the existing challenges
and policy context. Researchers can explore national transportation strategies, infrastructure
plans, and past studies to gain insights into potential underlying causes and consequences.

3.7 Data Validity and Reliability

Data validity refers to the accuracy and appropriateness of the information collected. Without
valid data, policymakers may rely on assumptions or inaccurate information, resulting in
ineffective interventions.
Reliability in data collection ensures consistency and reproducibility. Reliable data enables
researchers and policymakers to conduct experiments repeatedly, obtaining the same results. In
the case of assessment of public transport Wolayta Sodo, reliable data require.

3.8 Methods of Data Analysis

This study will analyze the collected data using appropriate statistical methods and software
tools to, Identify key trends, patterns, and related to assessment of public transport in Wolayta
Sodo. This analysis should focus on factors such as passenger demand, travel time, punctuality
and, adherence to schedules, fare systems, and customer satisfaction.
3.8.1. Survey Questionnaires:
By developing well-designed questionnaires and distributing them to commuters, transportation
authorities, and relevant stakeholders, valuable insights can be gathered regarding the assessment
of public transport. Open-end questions can allow participants to express their opinions and
suggestions freely, while closed-ended questions can provide quantitative data that can be
analyzed using statistical methods.
3.8.2. Traffic Data Analysis:

It can provide essential information on traffic congestion, vehicle volumes, and travel patterns.
Traffic cameras, road sensors, and GPS tracking can gather real-time data, enabling
transportation planners to identify bottlenecks and areas of concern. By collecting data on peak
travel times, origin-destination patterns, and vehicle occupancy rates, researchers can understand
the technique of assessment the factors contributing to public transport service.
3.8.3. Focus Group Discussions:

Which involves gathering a small group of individuals representing different stakeholders and
facilitating an open discussion on the problems. This method encourages dialogue, allowing
participants to share their experiences, concerns, and recommendations. By conducting such
discussions among commuters, public transport operators, and city planners, researchers can gain
deeper insights into the underlying issues.

3.9 Quantitative data analysis

3.9.1Model Specification:

The major objectives of this study is to assess urban public transport service regarding
accessibility, affordability, user satisfaction, and reliability in Wolayta Sodo. To achieve these
objectives, researchers need to develop a model that captures the relationship between these
dependent variables and their explanatory variables.
In this study, the dependent variables are accessibility, affordability, user satisfaction, and
reliability of urban public transport service. These variables reflect specific aspects of the service
that researchers aim to investigate and evaluate. The explanatory variables, on the other hand, are
the factors that may influence or impact the dependent variables. They can include variables such
as frequency of service, fare prices, quality of vehicles, availability of routes, and infrastructure
support.
Theoretical relationships between dependent and explanatory variables can be established based
on existing literature, expert opinions, and logical reasoning. For example, it is expected that an
increase in the frequency of service and availability of routes will improve accessibility.
Similarly, lower fare prices and reliable vehicles can enhance affordability. User satisfaction may
be influenced by factors such as vehicle quality and customer service. Finally, reliability may be
affected by factors such as devotion to schedules and vehicle maintenance.
To express the relationship between dependent and explanatory variables, researchers can use
equation forms. For instance, an equation for assessing the accessibility of urban public transport
service could be:
Accessibility = β_0 + β_1 (frequency) + β_2 (routes) + ε

Where β_0 is the intercept, β_1, and β_2 are coefficients representing the impact of frequency
and routes on accessibility, and ε is the error term. Similar equations can be developed for
affordability, user satisfaction, and reliability based on the specific factors being considered.
The choice of model depends on the purpose of the study, the nature of the variables, and the
number of dependent and independent variables. In this case, multiple regression analysis can be
a suitable choice to assess the relationships between the dependent variables (accessibility,
affordability, user satisfaction, and reliability) and the explanatory variables. This method allows
researchers to measure the extent to which the explanatory variables influence the dependent
variables, controlling for other factors.

3.9.1.2 Operationalization and Definition of variables

Table, 4.Operation and definition of variable

S Specific Concepts Indictor Variables Source of Data Methods Method
/ Research of Data of Data
N Objectives Collection Analysis
1 To, evaluate the Assessme Primary and Field Narrative
Accessibility of, nt of -Service Coverage Secondary data observatio Analysis
public transport current of public transport n, Descripti
service in public service Document ve
wolayta sodo. transport review Statistics
service - Passenger used in
Comfort and table,
Convenience and
Image
2 To examine the Role of -Improved Primary and Questionn Descripti
affordability of public Socioeconomic Secondary data aire both ve
public transport transport Conditions open and statistics
service fares, in Service -Comfort and closed and
wolayta sodo. Conveniences ended), narration
- Environmental ,Field
Sustainability survey
observatio
n
3 To assess the, Factors -Road Primary and Depth Narrative
user satisfaction affecting Infrastructure Secondary data Interview, analysis
of taxis services Urban Management Field and
in wolayta sodo Public System survey Descripti
town. transport -Behavior of taxi observatio ve
service Drivers n Statistics
facility -Fare Structure and
Pricing
 To measure the Significa Primary and Focus Narrative
4 reliability, of nces of -Travel Time secondary data group analysis
public transport urban --Reliability sources discussion and
services, in public and Punctuality descripti
wolaita sodo transport ve statics
service

Table, 3.source:-self made

3.10 Ethical consideration

This Study will explores the ethical dimension of assessing of the public transport service in
Wolayta Sodo.

3.10.1. Understanding Ethical Considerations in Assessments

Ensuring transparency and accountability in the assessment of the public transport service is
critical. This requires accessible information on the causes and consequences, allowing all
stakeholders to comprehend and evaluate the issues at hand.
Ethical assessments should involve a broad range of stakeholders, including government
officials, transportation assessment experts, urban planners, community members, and public
transport users. Interview Questions Prepared for the Institutes and Personal Data of the
Informants

This questionnaire is prepared for academic purposes in the fulfillment of a master’s degree in
transport planning and management at the Ethiopian Civil Service University. The main
objective of the study is to asses public transport service in the case of Wolayita Sodo . The data
will not be transferred to any third party. Your response is very important to the study; hence,
you are kindly requested to give your answer to the questions provided below. I would like to
thank you in advance for devoting your invaluable time to answer the following questions.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Introduction
This chapter focus on data analysis, presentation, and interpretation of the findings obtained from
Data collected through the survey questionnaire to answer the research questions outlined in
chapter one. The responses obtained from the respondents for the measures on the questionnaires
were summarized and presented in the form of tables.
4.2 Questionnaires Distribution and Response Rate:
The total sample of the study was 384 respondents in wolaita sodo city. Questionaries’ were self-
structured. Out of 384 questionnaires distributed; 354 were returned timely. From returned
questionnaires, 10 questionnaires were rejected because of some of them had missing data and
were not fully answered. Therefore, the number of valuable questionnaires collected with a
response rate of 92%. Therefore, the researcher is possible to make further analysis. response
rate of 50% was deemed adequate for analysis and reporting, response rate of 60% was good and
a response rate of 70% and over was considered very good (Orodho, 2009). The study returned a
very good response rate at 92% and is considered adequate for analysis and reporting.
4.3 General information of the respondents
As presented in table 4.3, of the total of 354 respondents, 64% were male and the remaining 36%
were female. Most of the respondents were male in the study than female because of most of the
female respondents were inconvenient at the time of data gathering. The fact bearing careful
attention regarding the gender composition of the above figure is that, since the consultation of
the respondents was partly out of convenience and proximity to the researchers, it doesn’t tell us
the gender difference of transport use and has no any implication on the broader gender
dimension of urban transport usage. The table below describes a brief summary of the age range
of respondents, majority of them lies between 31 – 35 years which is a share of 49.2 % followed
by 36 and above years of age which accounts 26% in the total data. This implies that the most of
the respondents are younger aged. This indicates that the majority the personnel are in
productiveness age group. Youngsters are energetic and are easy to understand themselves with
transport service as such behavior could problems of service that is assessment of urban public
transport service.
Concerning the educational status of the respondents as shown in the above table; 27 (7.6%)
respondents have no formal education, 22 (6.2 %) of them have Primary School, 67 (18.9 %) of
the respondents have secondary Education complete, Certificate 52(14.7%), Diploma (TVET)
106 (29.9%), Bachelor Degree 58(16. %4) and the remaining 22 (6.2%) have Master’s degree.
From these numerical figures, we can realize that a significant number of respondents have
diploma qualification. This can be an indication that most of the respondents have good capacity
to responds the query given to them. To this contrary the respondents with the low academic
qualification may provide unsatisfactory response to the query provided.

No Variables Respondents
1 Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 226 64
Female 128 36
Total 354 100.0
2 Age 354 100.0
20-25 13 3.7
26-30 75 21.2
31-35 174 49.2
36 and above years 92 26.0
Total 354 100.0
3 Educational status Frequency Percentage
no normal education 27 7.6
Primary School 22 6.2
Secondary Education 67 18.9
complete
Certificate 52 14.7
Diploma (TVET) 106 29.9
Bachelor Degree 58 16.4
Masters and above 22 6.2
Total 354 100.0
4 Gov’t Employee 57 16.1
Un employed 68 19.2
Non-government 218 61.6
Employee
Others 11 3.1
Total 354 100.0

4.4. How the quality of internal audit affected by institutional factors of internal auditors in
SNNPR public sector bureau.
The first objective of the study was assess how the quality of internal audit affected by
institutional factors of internal auditors in the study area. These are outlined in the sub-sections
that follow.
 Annex one

Ethiopian Civil Service University

College of Urban Development and Engineering

Department of Urban Infrastructure and Transport Management
Program Transport Planning and Management Assessment of Urban Public
Transport Service Case of Wolita Soddo

Dear Respondents,
First I would like to forward my sincere greetings and appreciation for your cooperation in filling
these survey questioners.
This questionnaire is prepared by Amanuel Chuma a graduate student from Ethiopian Civil
Service University to conduct a study for the partial fulfillment of MA degree in Transport
Planning and Management Assessment of Urban Public Transport Service Case of
Wolita Soddo. Towards meaningful analysis of existing bottlenecks of effective assessments for
its improvement and for successful accomplishment of this study, your sincere cooperation in
filling the questionnaire with sense of ownership and timely response is extremely valuable.

Confidentiality
As mentioned above the sole purpose of the study is only academic, i.e, for every single response
or information provided strict confidentiality will be assured in advance.

How to contact with Researcher

Please use the following address: Amanuel Chuma
Phone No, 0912356311
Email, [email protected]
Thank you in advance!

Part. I General Background Information

The questions below are related to your organization and yourself. Please indicate your response
by ticking, the appropriate box or by filling the blank spaces provided, as appropriate.
Your Location, Age, Educational status, marital status, sex, and Occupation:
Location /Keble/ woreda: ……………………………..
1 Sex: male female
2 Age: 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 above 55
3 Occupation
Gov’t Employee unemployed Non-gov’t employee other
4 Educational status
 Illiterate
 Literate
1-4 5-8 9-12 certificates
Diploma Degree Masters Above masters
6. Your responsibility is
 Keble/woreda/ leader
 Keble committee
 Religious leader
 Governmental worker
 Resident
 Business man
  Other specify…………….............
 If you are governmental worker, organization………………………………….

Part II. Questionaries’ for passengers

Specific objectives,
1. Evaluate accessibility of Public Transport Service
1. Which mode of transportation do you primarily use for your daily commute?
a) Private vehicle C) Motorcycle
B) Public bus D) Walking
2. On average, how frequently do public buses operate in your area?
A) Less than once an hour C) Every 30 minutes
B) Once an hour D) more frequently than every 30 minutes
3. Are there designated bus stops within a reasonable walking distance from your residence?
a) Yes B) No
4. Do the buses that operate in your area have accessibility features such as ramps or lifts for
passengers with disabilities?
A) Yes C) Not sure
B) No
5. Do public buses in Wolayta Sodo have designated seating areas for pregnant women, the
elderly, or persons with disabilities?
A) Yes C) Not sure
B) No
6. How satisfied are you with the cleanliness and maintenance of public buses in Wolayta Sodo?
A) Very satisfied E) Dissatisfied
B) Satisfied D) Very dissatisfied
7. Are public transport services in Wolayta Sodo accessible for the average resident?
A) Yes C) Not sure
B) No
8. Do public buses in your area provide real-time information about their routes, expected arrival
times, and delays?
A) Yes C) Not sure
B) No
9. Are public transport services in Wolayta Sodo reliable in terms of adhering to their schedules?
A) Very reliable D) Unreliable
B) Reliable E) Very unreliable
C) Neutral
10. How safe do you feel while using public transport in Wolayta Sodo?
A) Very safe D) Unsafe
E) Very unsafe
B) Safe
C) Neutral

2. Examine affordability of public Transport

1. How frequently do you use public transport in Wolayta Sodo?
A) Daily C) Once a week
B) 2-3 times D) rarely or never

2. How would you rate the affordability of public transport fares in Wolayta Sodo?
A) Very affordable B) Affordable
C) Neutral D) Expensive
E) Very expensive
3. Have you noticed any changes in public transport fares over the past year?
A) Fares have significantly decreased B) Fares have slightly decreased
C) No significant change D) Fares have slightly increased
E) Fares have significantly increased
4. Are the current public transport fares in Wolayta Sodo reasonable based on the income levels
of the majority of citizens?
A) Yes, they are reasonable. B) No, they are not reasonable.
5. How does the affordability of public transport affect your overall expenses?
A) It significantly reduces my expenses. B) It moderately reduces my expenses.
C) No significant impact. D) It moderately increases my expenses.
E) It significantly increases my expenses.
6. Are there any discounted fare options available for specific groups in Wolayta Sodo? (e.g.,
students, senior citizens, people with disabilities)
A) Yes, several options are available. B) Yes, but only for a specific group.
C) No, there are no discounted fare options.
7. Does the availability of affordable public transport influence your decision to use private
vehicles instead?
A) Yes, I prefer public transport due to affordability. B) No, I still prefer private
vehicles.
8. What improvements would you suggest to make public transport more affordable in Wolayta
Sodo? (Choose the most relevant option)
A) Lowering fares for all commuters. B) Increasing the availability of discounted
fares.
C) Implementing loyalty programs or monthly passes. D) Introducing subsidies for specific
income groups. E) Other (please specify).
9. Are you aware of any initiatives taken by local authorities to enhance the affordability of
public transport in Wolayta Sodo?
A) Yes, I'm aware of specific initiatives. B) No, I'm not aware of any initiatives.
10. How important is it for the local government to ensure affordable public transport services in
Wolayta Sodo?
A) Extremely important B) Moderately important
C) Neutral D) Not important

3. Asses user satisfaction of public Transport

1. How frequently do you use public transport in Wolayta Sodo?
A) Daily B) Several times a week
C) Once a week D) Rarely or never use public transport
2. Which mode of public transport do you prefer for your daily commute?
A) Bus B) Minibus (Dolo)
C) Train D) other (please specify)
3. On a scale of 1 to 5, how would you rate the reliability of public transport in terms of
adherence to schedules?
A) 1 - Very unreliable B) 2 - Somewhat unreliable
C) 3 – Neutral D) 4 - Somewhat reliable E) 5 - Very reliable
4. What is your primary reason for using public transport in Wolayta Sodo?
A) Affordability B) Convenience
C) Environmental consciousness D) Lack of personal transport options
5. How would you rate the cleanliness and hygiene of public transport vehicles?
A) Excellent B) Good
C) Average D) Poor
6. Are public transport fares in Wolayta Sodo affordable?
A) Yes, very affordable B) Yes, somewhat affordable
C) No, they are expensive D) I'm not sure
7. On a scale of 1 to 5, how would you rate the comfort level of public transport vehicles?
A) 1 - Very uncomfortable B) 2 - Somewhat uncomfortable
C) 3 - Neutral) D) 5 - Very comfortable
8. How would you rate satisfy of public transport in terms of physical accessibility (e.g., ramps
for wheelchair users)?
A) Excellent B) Good
C) Average D) Poor
9. How satisfied you with the information provided about public transport routes, schedules, and
changes?
A) Very satisfied B) Satisfied
C) Neutral D) Dissatisfied E) Very dissatisfied
10. Have you ever encountered any safety-related incidents or concerns while using public
transport in Wolayta Sodo?
A) Yes, frequently B) Yes, occasionally

4. Measure reliability of public Transport

1. Which mode of transportation do you primarily utilize for your daily commute?
A) Mini-bus B) Taxi
C) Motorcycle D) Personal vehicle E) Walking
2. How often do public transport vehicles arrive on time?
A) Always B) Most of the time
C) Sometimes D) Rarely D) Never
3. Do you encounter overcrowding issues during your public transport commute?
A) Never B) Rarely
C) Occasionally D) Often E) Always
How often do you experience delays during your public transport journey?
A) Never B) Rarely
C) Sometimes D) Often E) Always
5. Have you witnessed any mechanical breakdowns during your public transport journey?
A) Never B) Rarely
C) Occasionally D) Often E) Always
6. How satisfied are you with the reliability of public transport during peak hours?
A) Very satisfied B) Satisfied
C) Neutral D) Dissatisfied E) Very dissatisfied
7. Are public transport route schedules reliable and well-communicated?
A) Always B) Most of the time
C) Sometimes D) Rarely E) Never
8. How frequently do public transport operators adhere to the designated routes?
A) Always B) Most of the time
C) Sometimes D) Rarely E) Never
9. Are public transport vehicles in Wolayta Sodo typically clean and well-maintained?
A) Always B) Most of the time
C) Sometimes D) Rarely E) Never
10. Do you perceive public transport in Wolayta Sodo as a reliable mode of transportation?
A) Yes, always B) Mostly
C) Sometimes D) Rarely E) No, never
Part III:
Semi-Structure key informants Interview questions for Officials for Wolayta sodo
transport office, wolayta sodo traffic police and wolayta sodo municipality office
Interview Guide
My name is Amanuel Chuma. I am undertaking a study on assessment of public Transport
Service in case of wolayta sodo. I kindly request that you answer these simple questions
honestly; the information you give is strictly for academic purposes and will be treated with
maximum confidentiality.
The Interview questions listed below are guiding questions. There will be probing questions
based on the answers that would be provided by the Interview to get more information associated
with the study.
1. Semi-Structure key informants Interview Question for wolayta sodo Transport Office

1. How can the accessibility of public transport services be enhanced?

..............................................................................................................................................

2. What factors contribute to the affordability of public transport services, including ticket
prices, subsidies, and ticketing systems?
................................................................................................................................................
3. What are the determinant factors of user satisfaction in public transport service in wolayta

sodo? How……………………………………………………………….

4. Can the reliability of public transport services be ensured? If yes, How?

................................................................................................................................................
2. Semi-Structure key informants Interview Question for sodo Traffic police office.
1. Is the public transport accessibility coverage in the city equal in all sub-cities? If not,
why…………………………………………………………………………..
2. How do you think? The affordability of public transport impacts different groups of
people………………………………………………………………………
5. How does the cost of public transport impact individuals and communities? In your
Opinion…………………………………………………………………………

6. What measures can be implemented to ensure equitable access to affordable public

Transport....................................................................................................................................
3. Semi-Structure key informants Interview Question for Public Transport drivers in
wolayta soddo
1. How can public and private sector collaboration help enhance public transport accessibility?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. In what ways the public transport service could be improved to better, meet users
Need..................................................................................................................................................
3. What aspects of the public transport service do you find most beneficial to your daily
commute and
why?...........................................................................................................................................
4. Can you share where the public transport service exceeded provided exceptional levels of
customer satisfaction? Hwy............................................................................................................
5. How do you think the overall reliability of the public transport service in your area?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
6. What factors do you consider when assessing the reliability of public transport?
Haw…………………………………………………………………………………
7. Are there any specific experiences that have influenced your perception of the service's
reliability...? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. What measures could be taken to improve the reliability of public transport? Why
………………………………………………………………………………………

Part IV: Checklist Question for field Observation in infrastructure

This checklist is from a survey of the infrastructure facility of public transport service facility.
The aims of this checklist are to assess the transport service provision in wolayta sodo.
About infrastructure
1. Is there suitable and enough walking way infrastructure for pedestrian?
2. Is there enough and appropriate parking infrastructure for vehicles?
3. Is there streetlight to facilitate mobility in wolayta sodo?
4. Is there traffic light and sign, especially at main roads of the?