NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.

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Designation: D 471 – 06

Standard Test Method for

Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 471; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers the required procedures to 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
evaluate the comparative ability of rubber and rubber-like D 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
compositions to withstand the effect of liquids. It is designed Open Cup Tester
for testing: (1) specimens of vulcanized rubber cut from D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
standard sheets (see Practice D 3182), (2) specimens cut from D 287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
fabric coated with vulcanized rubber (see Test Methods Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D 751), or (3) finished articles of commerce (see Practice D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
D 3183). This test method is not applicable to the testing of plastic Elastomers—Tension
cellular rubbers, porous compositions, and compressed sheet D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
packing, except as described in 11.2.2. and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
1.2 ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3, formerly used in this test ity)
method as standard test liquids, are no longer commercially D 611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
available and in 1993 were replaced with IRM 902 and IRM Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
903, respectively (see Appendix X1 for details). D 751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
1.3 ASTM No. 1 Oil, previously used in this test method as D 865 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration by Heating
a standard test liquid, is no longer commercially available and in Air (Test Tube Enclosure)
in 2005 was replaced with IRM 901; refer to Table 1, Footnote D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
A, and Appendix X3 for details. D 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
1.4 This test method includes the following: (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
Change in Mass (after immersion) Section 10 D 1415 Test Method for Rubber Property—International
Change in Volume (after immersion) Section 11 Hardness
Dimensional-Change Method for Water-Insoluble Liq-
uids and Mixed Liquids Section 12
D 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-
Change in Mass with Liquid on One Surface Only Section 13 ucts (ASTM Color Scale)
Determining Mass of Soluble Matter Extracted by the D 1747 Test Method for Refractive Index of Viscous Mate-
Liquid Section 14
Change in Tensile Strength, Elongation and Hardness rials
(after immersion) Section 15 D 2008 Test Method for Ultraviolet Absorbance and Ab-
Change in Breaking Resistance, Burst Strength, Tear sorptivity of Petroleum Products
Strength and Adhesion for Coated Fabrics Section 16
Calculation (of test results) Section 17 D 2140 Test Method for Carbon-Type Composition of In-
sulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the D 2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. Hardness
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the D 2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D 3182 Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets

1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubber For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.15 on Degradation Tests. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 471 – 98e2. the ASTM website.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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D 471 – 06
TABLE 1 Specifications and Typical Properties of ASTM and IRM Reference Oils
Property ASTM Oil No. 1A ASTM Oil No. 5 IRM 901 IRM 902 IRM 903 ASTM Method
Specified Properties:
Aniline Point, °C (°F) 124 6 1 (255 6 2) 115 6 1 (2396 2) 124 6 1 (255 6 93 6 3 (199 6 5) 706 1 (158 6 D 611
2) 2)
Kinematic Viscosity
(mm2/s [cSt])
38°C (100°F) ... ... ... 31.9–34.1 D 445
99°C (210°F) 18.7–21.0 10.8–11.9 18.12–20.34 19.2–21.5 ... D 445
Gravity, API, 16°C ... ... 28.8 6 1 19.0–21.0 21.0–23.0 D 287
(60°F)
Viscosity-Gravity ... ... 0.790–0.805 0.860–0.870 0.875–0.885 D 2140
Constant
Flash Point COC, °C 243 (469) min 243 (469) min 243(469) min 240 (464) min 163 (325) min D 92
(°F)
Naphthenics, CN(%) ... ... 27 (avg) 35 min 40 min D 2140
Paraffinics, CP(%) ... ... 65 min 50 max 45 max D 2140

Typical Properties:
Pour Point, °C (°F) ... −15 (5) −12 (10) −12 (10) −31 (−24) D 97
ASTM Color ... L 1.0 L 3.5 L 2.5 L 0.5 D 1500
Refractive Index ... 1.4808 1.4848 1.5105 1.5026 D 1747
UV Absorbance, 260 nm ... ... 0.8 4.0 2.2 D 2008
Aromatics, CA(%) ... 4 3 12 14 D 2140
A
ASTM Oil No. 1 is no longer commercially available, the specifications are left in place for the purpose of reference until such time as an interlaboratory test program
is conducted to determine precision and bias. Refer to Appendix X3.

D 3183 Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test limited number of participating laboratories, only repeatability
Purposes from Products could be evaluated, and it was necessary to use pooled values
D 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method of four No. 2 type oils (No. 2 plus three candidate replacement
Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing oils) and four No. 3 type oils (No. 3 plus three candidate
Industries replacement oils). Twelve rubbers were tested in this program.
D 4485 Specification for Performance of Engine Oils 3.4 ASTM Oils No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 have been replaced
D 4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend- by IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903, respectively.
ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition
Engine Fuel 4. Significance and Use
E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection And Forced-
Ventilation Ovens 4.1 Certain rubber articles, for example, seals, gaskets,
2.2 SAE Standards:3 hoses, diaphragms, and sleeves, may be exposed to oils,
J 300 Engine Oil Viscosity Classification greases, fuels, and other fluids during service. The exposure
may be continuous or intermittent and may occur over wide
3. Summary of Test Method temperature ranges.
3.1 This test method provides procedures for exposing test 4.2 Properties of rubber articles deteriorate during exposure
specimens to the influence of liquids under definite conditions to these liquids, affecting the performance of the rubber part,
of temperature and time. The resulting deterioration is deter- which can result in partial failure.
mined by measuring the changes in physical properties, such as 4.3 This test method attempts to simulate service conditions
stress/strain properties, hardness, and changes in mass, volume, through controlled accelerated testing, but may not give any
and dimension, before and after immersion in the test liquid. direct correlation with actual part performance, since service
3.2 The precision statement in Section 19 is based on an conditions vary too widely. It yields comparative data on which
interlaboratory test program run in 1981, using six different to base judgment as to expected service quality.
rubbers with ASTM Reference Fuels B, C, D4 and ASTM Oils 4.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliance
No. 1 and No. 3. testing, quality control, referee purposes, and research and
3.3 The precision statement in Appendix X2 is based on an development work.
interlaboratory test program conducted in 1993 to establish
replacements for ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3. Because of the 5. Test Conditions
5.1 Temperature and Immersion Periods—Unless otherwise
3
specified the test temperature and immersion period shall be as
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth indicated in Table 2, depending upon the anticipated service
Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096.
4
The sole source of supply of Reference Fuels A, B, C, D, and E known to the conditions, unless otherwise agreed upon between customer
committee at this time is Phillips Petroleum Co., Customer Service Center, P.O. Box and supplier:
968, Borger, TX 79007. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
5.1.1 When the temperature of the testing room is other than
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which the standard 23 6 2°C (73 6 4°F) the temperature of test shall
you may attend. be reported.

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D 471 – 06
TABLE 2 Test Temperatures and Immersion Periods TABLE 3 ASTM Reference Fuels
Immersion Fuel Type Composition, Volume %
Temperature in °C (°F)
Period, h
Reference Fuel A IsooctaneA, 100
−75 6 2 (−103 6 4) 85 6 2 (185 6 4) 22 Reference Fuel B IsooctaneA, 70; TolueneA, 30
−55 6 2 (−67 6 4) 100 6 2 (212 6 4) 46 Reference Fuel C IsooctaneA, 50; TolueneA, 50
−40 6 2 (−40 6 4) 125 6 2 (257 6 4) 70 Reference Fuel D IsooctaneA, 60; TolueneA, 40
−25 6 2 (−13 6 4) 150 6 2 (302 6 4) 166 Reference Fuel E TolueneA, 100
−10 6 2 (14 6 4) 175 6 2 (347 6 4) 670 Reference Fuel F Diesel Fuel, Grade No. 2B, 100
062 (32 6 4) 200 6 2 (392 6 4) 1006 Reference Fuel G Fuel D, 85; anhydrous denatured ethanolC, 15
23 6 2 (73 6 4) 225 6 2 (437 6 4) 2998 Reference Fuel H Fuel C, 85; anhydrous denatured ethanolC, 15
50 6 2 (122 6 4) 250 6 2 (482 6 4) 4990 Reference Fuel I Fuel C, 85; anhydrous methanol, 15
70 6 2 (158 6 4) Reference Fuel K Fuel C, 15; anhydrous methanol, 85
A
Motor Fuels, Section 1, Test Method D 2699
B
Specification D 975.
C
Anhydrous ethanol denatured with unleaded gasoline, Section 4, Performance
5.1.2 When the relative humidity (RH %) of the testing Requirements, Specification D 4806.
environment is known to effect the performance of a test liquid,
the RH % shall be reported. vulcanizates and produces results of the same order as low swelling
5.1.3 The choice of the immersion period will depend upon gasolines of the highly paraffinic, straight run type. Reference Fuels B, C,
the nature of the vulcanizate, the test temperature, and the and D simulate the swelling behavior of the majority of commercial
liquid to be used. To obtain information on the rate of gasolines, with Reference Fuel C producing the highest swelling which is
deterioration it is necessary to make determinations after typical of highly aromatic premium grades of automotive gasoline.
several immersion periods. Reference Fuel F (diesel fuel) swells rubber vulcanizates to a lesser extent
than Reference Fuel B. Reference Fuels G, H, and I are fuel-alcohol
5.1.4 The tolerance for any immersion period shall be blends (gasohol), which have a stronger swelling action than the corre-
615 min or 61 % of the immersion period, whichever is sponding fuel alone, where blends with methanol are more severe than
greater. blends with ethanol. Reference Fuel K, a methanol-rich blend, has a
5.1.5 The immersion periods enumerated in Table 2 are substantially weaker swelling action than that of the fuel used to prepare
frequently used, and are considered standard; however, they the blend. Reference Fuels I and K are also referred to as M15 and M85,
may be varied according to a material’s testing requirements or respectively.
anticipated exposure in service. 6.1.3 Service Liquids—Some commercial oils, fuels and
5.2 Illumination—Immersion tests shall be made in the other service liquids (see Table 4) are either non-petroleum or
absence of direct light. are compounded from special petroleum hydrocarbon fractions

6. Standard Test Liquids

TABLE 4 ASTM Service Liquids
6.1 For test purposes, it is desirable to use the liquid that
Liquid Composition
will come into contact with the vulcanizate in service. For A
Service Liquid 101 di-2 ethyl hexyl sebacate, 99.5 mass %; phenothiazine,
comparative tests with liquids of unknown or doubtful com- 0.5 mass %
position, samples of liquid from the same container or ship- Service Liquid 102 B
IRM 901, 95 mass %; hydrocarbon compound
ment shall be used. Many commercial products, particularly additiveC, 5 mass % (29.5–33.5 mass % sulfur,
1.5–2.0 mass% phosphorus, 0.7 mass % nitrogen)
those of petroleum origin, are subject to sufficient variation that Service Liquid 103D tri-n-butyl phosphate, 100 mass %
it is not practical to use them for test liquids. It is then Service Liquid 104E ethylene glycolF, 50 volume %; distilled water, 50
advisable to use a standard test liquid, such as described in volume %
Service Liquid ASTM Reference Oil TMC 1006
6.1.1 and 6.1.2, covering the range of properties that may be 105G,H
encountered in the particular service. Service Liquid ARM 200 (Aerospace Reference Material 200)
6.1.1 IRM and ASTM Oils—The test shall be conducted in 106I,H
A
one of the petroleum-base IRM or ASTM oils (Note 1) Service liquid 101 is intended to simulate the swelling action of synthetic
diester-type lubricating oils.
specified in Table 1 that has its aniline point nearest that of the B
Service liquid 102 approximates the swelling behavior of hydraulic oils.
oil with which the vulcanizate is expected to come in contact C
This hydrocarbon oil additive properties are as follows: Kinematic viscosity
in service except as indicated in 6.1.3. (mm2/s [cSt]) at 99°C (210°F) − 9.70 6 0.52 (Test Method D 445); Flash point
COC °C (°F) − 45 (113) min (Test Method D 92); Density at 16°C (61°F) − 1.065 6
NOTE 1—The aniline point of a petroleum oil appears to characterize 0.015 (Test Method D 1217).
D
the swelling action of that oil on rubber vulcanizates. In general, the lower Service liquid 103 simulates phosphate ester-type aircraft hydraulic oils.
E
Service liquid 104 approximates the swelling behavior of automotive engine
the aniline point, the more severe the swelling action by the oil. The oils coolant.
specified in Table 1 cover a range of aniline points commonly found in F
Ethylene glycol, reagent grade, shall be used.
lubricating oils. G
Service Liquid 105 is an API SJ/ILSAC GF-2 SAE 5W-30 reference engine oil
meeting the requirements of Specification D 4485 and SAE J 300. The sole source
6.1.2 ASTM Reference Fuels—When gasolines or diesel of supply known to the committee at this time is ASTM Test Monitoring Center,
fuels are to be encountered in service, the test shall be 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206–4489. Fax: (412) 365–1047.
H
conducted in one of the ASTM reference fuels (Note 2) If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to
ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-
specified in Table 3, except as indicated in 6.1.3. ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.
I
Service Liquid 106 is intended to eventually replace Service Liquid 101 which
NOTE 2—The ASTM reference fuels in Table 3 have been selected to is no longer readily available for purchase as a mixture. The sole source of supply
provide the maximum and minimum swelling effects produced by of ARM 200 known to the committee at this time is SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
commercial gasolines. Reference Fuel A has a mild action on rubber Warrendale, PA 15096.

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D 471 – 06
or mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbon fractions and other 8.3.2 Ovens—Type IIB ovens specified in Specification
ingredients resulting in materials having properties beyond the E 145 are satisfactory for use through 70°C. For higher
range of the reference fluids listed in Table 1 and Table 3. temperatures, Type IIA ovens are necessary.
Immersion tests of rubber vulcanizates that are to come into 8.3.2.1 The interior size shall be as follows or of an
contact with such fluids should be made in the actual service equivalent volume:
liquid. Interior size of air oven:
6.1.4 Water—Since the purity of water varies throughout min 300 by 300 by 300 mm (12 by 12 by 12 in.)
max 900 by 900 by 1200 mm (36 by 36 by 48 in.)
the world, all water immersion tests shall be conducted in
distilled or deionized water. 8.3.2.2 Provision shall be made for placing immersion test
tubes in the oven without touching each other or the sides of
7. Preparation of Specimen the aging chamber and allowing proper air circulation around
7.1 Except as otherwise specified in the applicable specifi- them.
cations, specimens shall be prepared in accordance with the 8.3.2.3 The heating medium for the aging chamber shall be
requirements of Practices D 3182 and D 3183. air circulated within it at atmospheric pressure.
8.3.2.4 The source of heat is optional but shall be located in
8. Apparatus the air supply outside of the aging chamber proper.
8.1 For non-volatile liquids, a glass test tube, having an 8.3.2.5 A recording thermometer located in the upper cen-
outside diameter of 38 mm (1.5 in.) and an overall length of tral portion of the chamber near the center of the aging
300 mm (12 in.) fitted loosely with a stopper (see 8.2.1) shall specimens shall be provided to record the actual aging tem-
be used. Glass beads shall be used in the liquid as a bumper and perature.
to separate the specimens; refer to 8.3.1. 8.3.2.6 Automatic temperature control by means of thermo-
8.2 For volatile liquids, the test tube described in 8.1 shall static regulation shall be used.
be tightly fitted with a stopper (see 8.2.1) and a reflux 8.3.2.7 The following special precautions shall be taken in
condenser. An air-cooled reflux condenser shall be used for order that accurate, uniform heating is obtained in all parts of
ASTM Oils No. 15,6 and No. 5 and for IRM 9025,6 and IRM the aging chamber:
9035,6 at test temperatures of 125°C (257°F) or more. This
8.3.2.8 The heated air shall be thoroughly circulated in the
condenser shall be a glass tube, approximately 500 mm (20 in.)
oven by means of mechanical agitation. When a motor-driven
or longer, in length and 15 mm (0.6 in.) in outside diameter,
fan is used, the air must not come in contact with the fan motor
tightly fitted to the immersion tube by means of a stopper (see
brush discharge because of danger of ozone formation.
8.2.1). The bottom of the condenser tube shall project about 12
mm (0.47 in.) below the stopper. A suitable (water-cooled) 8.3.2.9 Baffles shall be used as required to prevent local
reflux condenser shall be used for water or other low-boiling overheating and dead spots.
liquids. Glass beads shall be used as in 8.1. 8.3.2.10 The thermostatic control device shall be so located
8.2.1 The stopper shall not contaminate the test liquid. as to give accurate temperature control of the heating medium.
When in doubt, cover the stopper with aluminum foil. The preferred location is adjacent to the recording thermom-
8.3 Maintaining Test Temperatures—The apparatus and eter.
method chosen to maintain the specified temperature during 8.3.2.11 An actual check shall be made by means of
immersion testing varies with test conditions, requirements, maximum reading thermometers placed in various parts of the
and circumstances. Water baths, appropriate temperature trans- oven to verify the uniformity of the heating.
fer oil baths, hot air ovens Note 3, or aging blocks may be used.
9. Test Specimens—Change in Mass or Volume
NOTE 3—When hot air ovens are used, it should be noted that
contamination with volatile components of the immersion liquid may 9.1 The standard specimen shall be rectangular, having
occur. This can affect test results, when the same ovens are subsequently dimensions of 25 by 50 by 2.0 6 0.1 mm (1 by 2 by 0.08 6
used for hot air aging. 0.004 in.). Specimens from commercial articles shall be the
8.3.1 The preferred method for elevated-temperature testing thickness of the material as received when they are less than
is the use of aging block ovens (test tube type), as they have the 2 mm (0.08 in.); otherwise they should be reduced to a
widest temperature capability and are designed specifically for thickness of 2.0 6 0.1 mm (0.08 6 0.004 in.). Data obtained
fluid immersion tests as described in Test Method D 865. on test specimens having different original thicknesses are not
comparable.

5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
10. Procedure for Change in Mass
be obtained by requesting Research Reports RR: D11-1004 (for ASTM Oil No. 1) 10.1 Test three specimens of a single composition. Calculate
and RR: D11-1069 (for IRM 902 and 903). Detailed information on IRM 901 will
be available in a forthcoming Research Report. the test results of the three specimens (see 17.1, Eq 1) and
6
The sole source of supply of ASTM Oil No. 5, IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM average the results. Weigh each specimen in air to the nearest
903 known to the committee at this time is R. E. Carroll, Inc., P.O. Box 5806, 1 mg, record the mass as M1, and immerse in the test tube (see
Trenton, NJ 08638-0806. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide
8.1) containing 100 cm3 of the test liquid (see 10.1.1). Separate
this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which each test specimen from any adjacent test specimen and the
you may attend. walls of the test tube by approximately 6 mm (0.25 in.), for

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D 471 – 06
11.2.1) if data are desired on the progressive changes that occur
with increasing time of immersion. It is important that each
manipulation take place promptly with the least possible lapse
of time. When utilizing liquids that tend to volatilize at room
temperature, no more than 30 s should elapse between removal
from the test liquid and stoppering the weighing bottle.
10.3 Relatively viscous oils may be difficult to remove from
the specimens with a quick acetone dip and blotting or even
more vigorous wiping when the specimens are cooled in the
test liquid after immersion; this can yield erroneous test results.
Since these oils do not readily volatilize, specimens may be
cooled by suspending them for about 30 min in air at room
temperature shielded from draft, after removal from the im-
mersion liquid at the test temperature. This will allow the
majority of the oil to drip off the surface of the specimen. Then
proceed with the acetone dip and blotting as described in 10.2.
Report when this alternate method of specimen cooling is used.

11. Procedure for Change in Volume

11.1 Water Displacement Method for Water-Insoluble Liq-
uids and Mixed Liquids—Test three specimens, calculate the
test results for each specimen (see 17.2, Eq 2), and average the
results. Obtain the mass M1 of each specimen (see 11.2.2) in
FIG. 1 Method of Separation
air, to the nearest 1 mg, and then obtain the mass M2 of each
specimen immersed in distilled water at room temperature.
example, by perforated glass beads7 as shown in Fig. 1. The Quickly dip each specimen in alcohol (methanol or ethanol) to
materials used to suspend and separate the specimens shall not remove water (see 11.2.3), blot dry with filter paper free of lint
affect the test liquid or the rubber. and foreign material, and place in the immersion apparatus
10.1.1 Test liquids shall not be reused. described in 8.1 or 8.2. Add 100 cm3 of liquid (see 10.1.1) to
10.1.1.1 For non-volatile liquids, condition the test tube the test tube and complete the immersion test as described in
assembly at the specified temperature within the limits given in 10.1.1.1 or 10.1.1.2. At the end of the required immersion
5.1 for the specified length of time. A check of the actual period, remove each specimen from the test tube. Cool the
temperature of the test liquid contained in the test tube should specimens to room temperature by transferring them to a cool,
be made to ensure that the liquid is within the test temperature clean portion of the test liquid for 30 to 60 min, then dip
specified. quickly in acetone at room temperature, blot lightly with filter
10.1.1.2 For volatile liquids, fit the test tube assembly with paper free of lint or foreign material, place in a tared, stoppered
a reflux condenser (see 8.2) and condition at the specified weighing bottle, weigh, and record the mass as M3. Remove
temperature within the limits given in 5.1 for the specified each specimen from the bottle, weigh in distilled water, and
length of time. A check of the actual temperature of the test record the mass as M4 in immediate consecutive order to
liquid contained in the test tube should be made to ensure that determine the water displacement after immersion (see 11.2.2
the test liquid is within the test temperature specified. and Note 4). When data on progressive changes with increasing
10.2 After the immersion test has proceeded for the required time of immersion are desired, dip each specimen after
length of time, remove the test specimens. If the immersion has weighing in alcohol (methanol or ethanol) to remove water (see
been at elevated temperature, cool the test specimens to room 11.2.3), blot dry with filter paper free of lint and foreign
temperature by transferring them to a cool clean portion of the material, and again immerse in the same test liquid (see
test liquid for 30 to 60 min. Then dip the specimens quickly in 11.2.1). It is important that each manipulation following
acetone at room temperature, blot lightly with filter paper free removal of the test specimen from the test medium take place
of lint and foreign material, place them immediately in a tared, promptly with the least possible lapse in time. When utilizing
stoppered weighing bottle, and determine the mass after test, liquids that tend to volatilize at room temperature, no more
M2, of each specimen to the nearest 1 mg. After weighing, than 30 s should elapse between removal from the test liquid
again immerse the test specimen in the same test liquid (see and stoppering the weighing bottle, and no more than an
additional 30 s between removal from the weighing bottle and
immersion in water.
7
The sole source of supply of hollow perforated glass beads (Catalog No. 11.2 Relatively viscous oils may be difficult to remove from
11-311C) known to the committee at this time is Fisher Scientific Co., 711T Forbes the specimens with a quick acetone dip and blotting or even
Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide
this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
more vigorous wiping when specimens are cooled in the test
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which liquid after immersion; this can yield erroneous test results.
you may attend. Refer to 10.3 for an alternate method of specimen cooling.

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D 471 – 06
11.2.1 Report if fresh test liquid is used, which can be a 10.1.1.1 or 10.1.1.2. At the end of the required immersion
requirement for certain test methods or specifications. period, remove each specimen from the test tube and bring to
11.2.2 It is important that all air bubbles clinging to the test room temperature by transferring them to a cool clean portion
specimen be removed before weighing in distilled water. If, in of the test liquid for 30 to 60 min. Dip the specimens quickly
the course of weighing, air bubbles appear on the surface of the in acetone at room temperature, blot lightly with filter paper
specimen, or the computed volume changes 0.5 % in 5 min, the free of lint and foreign material, and promptly remeasure as
specimen is too porous to permit volume determination in this described above, recording the immersed length, width, and
manner. In that case, the initial volume of the specimen, if the thickness as L, W, and T, respectively. If the immersion liquid
latter is a simple geometrical solid, can be determined from the tends to volatilize at room temperature, the measurements
overall dimensions by employing an appropriate mensuration should be completed within 30 s after removing the test
formula, and the same procedure followed in determining the specimens from the liquid at room temperature. Calculate test
volume after the immersion test; or, if volume increase occurs results according to Eq 4 in 17.3 and report the average of three
principally in the thickness dimension, a simple change in specimens.
thickness may be substituted for change in volume. If, in the
course of weighing the test specimen floats, AISI No. 316 13. Procedure for Change in Mass with Liquid on One
stainless steel can be used as ballast to immerse the test Surface Only
specimen in the test liquid. In those cases where ballast is 13.1 Scope—This test method provides a procedure for
needed to submerge the specimen, the following procedure exposing thin sheet materials (rubber-coated fabrics, dia-
may be used. phragms, etc.) that are in contact with the immersion liquid on
11.2.2.1 Weigh the test specimen with ballast in water, only one surface under definite conditions of time and tem-
11.2.2.2 Weigh the ballast alone in water, and perature.
11.2.2.3 Determine the difference between the weighings, 13.2 Test Specimen—A disk 60 mm (2.4 in.) in diameter and
and proceed with the calculations. thickness of thin sheet or rubber-coated fabric being tested.
11.2.3 The acetone dip before and after immersion shall be 13.3 Apparatus—The essential features are illustrated in
omitted when water is employed as the test medium. Fig. 2 and consist of a base plate, A, an open-ended cylindrical
NOTE 4—A Jolly balance, adequately shielded from air currents, may chamber, B, which is held tightly against the test specimen, C,
be used for making these determinations. When utilizing liquids that tend by wing nuts, D, mounted on bolts, E. During the test, the
to volatilize at room temperature, no more than 30 s should elapse opening in the top of the chamber is tightly closed by a suitable
between removal from the test liquid and completion of the weighing plug, F.
operation. 13.4 Procedure—Weigh the test specimen in air to the
11.3 Displacement Method for Water-Soluble Liquids and nearest 1 mg, record as M1, and place in the apparatus as
Mixed Liquids (Other Than Water)—For immersion liquids indicated in Fig. 2. Fill the chamber of the apparatus with the
that are readily miscible with water or react with it, the water test liquid to a depth of 15 mm (0.6 in.), replace plug F and
displacement method as described in 11.1 may not be suitable. complete the test at the specified conditions as described in 5.1
For such liquids that are not too viscous or volatile at room and 5.2. At the end of the required immersion period, bring the
temperature, weighings for M2 and M4 may be made in the apparatus to standard room temperature, remove the test liquid,
immersion liquid instead of water with weighing for M4 made and release the test specimen. Remove any excess liquid from
in a fresh portion of the immersion liquid. These values are the surface by wiping or blotting with filter paper free of lint
then used in calculating volume change using Eq 2 in 17.2. If and foreign material and place the specimen immediately in a
this is not practicable, the water displacement method shall be tared, stoppered weighing bottle. Determine the mass of the
used, except that the final weighing for M4 is omitted and specimen to the nearest 1 mg and record as M2. When the
change in volume is calculated according to Eq 3 in 17.2. This immersion liquid tends to volatilize at room temperature, no
formula may be only approximate if the immersion liquid is a more than 30 s should elapse between removal of the test
mixture, because the density of the absorbed liquid may differ specimen from the liquid and stoppering the weighing bottle.
from that of the bulk. Also the density of any matter extracted Use Eq 5 in 17.4 to calculate test results. If more than one
from the rubber may differ from that of the immersion liquid. specimen of the same composition is tested, report the result as
the average.
12. Dimensional-Change Method for Water-Insoluble
Liquids and Mixed Liquids
12.1 Dimensional Change Method—Measure the original
length and width of three test specimens used in 11.1 to the
nearest 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) using an average of three measure-
ments in each direction recording the dimensions as L 0 and W0,
respectively. Measure the thickness of each test piece using a
dial micrometer as described in 6.3 of Test Methods D 412, and
record as T0. Place specimens in the immersion apparatus
described in 8.1 and 8.2. Add 100 cm3 of liquid (see 10.1.1) to
the test tube and complete the immersion test as described in FIG. 2 Typical Surface Immersion Apparatus

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D 471 – 06
14. Procedure for Determining Mass of Soluble Matter lightly with filter paper that is free of lint and foreign material
Extracted by the Liquid and immediately apply bench marks.
14.1 This test method is applicable for immersions in 15.2.1 Determine the tensile strength and ultimate elonga-
volatile-type immersion liquids, such as ASTM reference fuels tion in accordance with Test Methods D 412, using the original
(see 6.1.2). Conduct the immersions as described in 10.1, unimmersed thickness or cross-sectional area (see 17.6, Eq 8).
10.1.1.1, and 10.1.1.2. Test three specimens of a single Determine the hardness of each immersed specimen in accor-
composition, and report the result as the average. The extracted dance with Test Methods D 1415 or D 2240. The time interval
matter can be determined either by the difference in mass of the between removal from the cool liquid and testing shall be not
specimen before and after immersion or by evaporating the test less than 2 or more than 3 min.
liquid and weighing the non-volatile residue (Note 5). The 15.2.2 It may be desirable to calculate the tensile strength
mass is determined in air to the nearest 1 mg. based on the swollen cross-sectional area. In that case Eq 9 in
17.6 shall be used. Report when this method of calculation is
NOTE 5—Both methods are subject to error. Results obtained by the
employed.
mass difference of specimens before and after immersion can be affected
by possible oxidation of the material during immersion. Results obtained 15.3 Relatively viscous oils may be difficult to remove from
by evaporating the test liquid may be affected by partial loss of volatile the specimens with a quick acetone dip and blotting or even
extracted material during drying. The method of choice will depend on the more vigorous wiping when specimens are cooled in the test
material under test and the test conditions. For example, the evaporation liquid after immersion; this can yield erroneous test results.
method would be preferred if further testing is to be done on the extracted Refer to 10.3 for an alternate method of specimen cooling.
matter.
15.4 Properties After Evaporation of Test Liquid—This test
14.2 Mass-Difference Method—At the end of the required method is applicable for immersions in volatile-type immer-
immersion period, remove the test specimens from the test tube sion liquids, such as ASTM reference fuels (see 6.1.2). For
and dry to a constant mass at a temperature of approximately determining the tensile strength, ultimate elongation, and
40°C (104°F) and an absolute pressure of 20 kPa (150 mm Hg). hardness of specimens after evaporation of the immersion
Record the original mass of the test specimen before immer- liquid, immerse the specimens in the test liquid in accordance
sion as M1, the mass after immersion as M2, and express the with 15.2. At the end of the required immersion time, remove
change in mass as a percentage of the original mass, using Eq the specimens and, if necessary, cool them to room temperature
6 in 17.5. Report the results as the average if more than one in a fresh sample of the same liquid for 30 to 60 min.
specimen of the same composition is tested. 15.4.1 For room temperature drying, suspend the specimens
14.3 Evaporation Method—Transfer the liquid from the test for 4 6 0.25 h in air at ambient conditions shielded from drafts.
tube in which the three test specimens have been immersed to After the drying period apply bench marks and determine
a suitable vessel, wash the specimens in the test tube three tensile strength and ultimate elongation in accordance with
times with 25 cm3 of fresh liquid and transfer the liquid to the Test Methods D 412 using the original thickness or cross-
same vessel. Evaporate the liquid and dry the residue to a sectional area of the untreated specimens (see 17.6, Eq 8) and
constant mass under an absolute pressure of 20 kPa (150 mm hardness according to Test Methods D 1415 or D 2240.
Hg) and a temperature of approximately 40°C (104°F). Record 15.4.2 For determining properties after complete evapora-
the sum of the original mass of three specimens before tion of the test liquid, suspend specimens after the 4-h
immersion as (M1, the mass of the dried residue as M3, and air-drying cycle at room temperature for 20 h 6 15 min at 70
express M3 as a percentage of (M1, using Eq 7 in 17.5. 6 2°C (158 6 4°F) in a circulating-air oven. After the heat
15. Changes in Tensile Strength, Elongation, and drying cycle, remove the specimens from the oven, allow them
Hardness to cool to room temperature and measure the required physical
properties as described in 15.4.1. Report when the heat drying
15.1 Original Properties—The original tensile strength,
procedure is used.
ultimate elongation (Test Methods D 412, Die C) and hardness
(Test Methods D 1415 or D 2240) shall be determined, using 15.5 The tensile strength and ultimate elongation after
three specimens cut from the sheet or article adjacent to those immersion and evaporation also can be expressed as percent
that are to be immersed in the liquid. Report results in change from the original values, using Eq 10 in 17.6, and
accordance with the appropriate test method. hardness in unit change from the original value, according to
15.2 Immediate Deteriorated Properties—For determining Eq 11 in 17.6.
the tensile strength, ultimate elongation, and hardness, prepare
three test specimens from flat vulcanized sheets 2.06 0.1 mm 16. Changes in Breaking Resistance, Burst Strength,
(0.08 6 0.004 in.) in thickness (see 9.1) using Die C of Test Tear Strength, and Adhesion for Coated Fabrics
Methods D 412. Measure the thickness of each test specimen, 16.1 Original Properties—The original properties for
place the specimens in the test tube described in 8.1, and add breaking resistance, burst strength, tear strength, and adhesion
150 cm3 of liquid (see 10.1.1) to the test tube. Complete the shall be determined in accordance with Test Methods D 751,
immersion period in accordance with 10.1.1.1 or 10.1.1.2. At using the specified number of specimens cut from the coated
the end of the required immersion period, remove the speci- fabric adjacent to those that are to be immersed in the liquid, or,
mens from the test tubes and cool immediately to room if necessary, from other pieces of coated fabric that were
temperature in a fresh sample of the same liquid for 30 to produced from the same lot(s) of materials under the same
60 min. Then quickly dip each sample in acetone and blot conditions.

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D 471 – 06
16.2 Immediate Deteriorated Properties—For determining DV = change in volume, %,
breaking resistance, burst strength, tear strength, and adhesion, M1 = initial mass of specimen in air, g,
prepare the number of specimens specified for each parameter M2 = initial mass of specimen in water, g,
in Test Methods D 751. Place the specimens in the test tube M3 = mass of specimen in air after immersion, g,
described in 8.1 and add 150 cm3 of liquid (see 10.1.1) to the M4 = mass of specimen in water after immersion, g, and
test tube. Complete the immersion test in accordance with d = density of immersion liquid at standard laboratory
10.1.1.1 or 10.1.1.2. At the end of the required immersion room temperature, Mg/m 3.
period, remove the specimens from the test tubes, and cool 17.3 Calculate the percent change in dimensions as follows
immediately to room temperature in a fresh sample of the same (Section 12):
liquid for 30 to 60 min. Then quickly dip each specimen in ~ L 2 L0 !
acetone and blot lightly with filter paper that is free of lint or DL, % 5 L0 ·100 (4)
foreign material. Measure the required physical properties in
accordance with Test Methods D 751 (see 17.7). The time where:
interval between removal from the cool liquid and testing shall DL = change in length, %,
be not less than 2 min or more than 3 min. L0 = initial length of specimen, mm, and
L = length of specimen after immersion, mm.
16.3 Relatively viscous oils may be difficult to remove from
the specimens with a quick acetone dip and blotting or even Calculate the percent change in width, DW, and thickness,
more vigorous wiping when specimens are cooled in the test DT, accordingly.
liquid after immersion; this can yield erroneous test results. 17.4 Calculate the change in mass for single surface expo-
Refer to 10.3 for an alternate method of specimen cooling. sure as follows (Section 13):
16.4 Properties After Evaporation of Volatile Test Liquid— ~ M2 2 M 1 !
DMA, kg/m 2 5 A ·1000 (5)
For determining breaking resistance, burst strength, tear
strength, and adhesion of specimens after evaporation of a
where:
volatile immersion liquid, such as ASTM reference fuels (see DMA = change in mass per unit surface area, kg/m2,
6.1.2), immerse the specimens in the test liquid in accordance M1 = initial mass of specimen in air, g,
with 15.2. At the end of the required immersion time, remove M2 = mass of specimen in air after exposure to the test
the specimens, suspend them for 2 h 6 5 min at ambient liquid, g, and
conditions shielded from draft and then place them in a A = area of the specimen in actual contact with the test
circulating-air oven at a temperature of 70 6 2°C (158 6 4°F) liquid, mm2.
for a period of 2 h 6 5 min. At the end of the drying period, 17.5 Calculate percent extracted soluble matter as follows
remove the specimens from the oven, allow them to cool to (Section 14):
room temperature and measure the required physical properties
~ M1 2 M 2 !
in accordance with Test Methods D 751 (see 17.7). The time ME, % 5 ·100 (6)
M1
interval between removal from the oven and testing shall be not
less than 1 h or more than 2 h.
M3
16.5 If desired, report results after immersion and evapora- ME, % 5 (M ·100 (7)
1
tion in percent change from the original property values, as
described in 15.5. where:
ME = extracted soluble matter, %,
17. Calculation M1 = initial mass of specimen in air, g,
17.1 Calculate the percent change in mass as follows M2 = mass of specimen in air after immersion and drying,
(Section 10): g,
~ M2 2 M 1 !
(M1 = sum of the initial mass of three specimens in air, g,
DM, % 5 M1 ·100 (1) and
M3 = mass of the residue in air after evaporating and
where: drying the immersion liquid of three specimens, g.
DM = change in mass, %,
M1 = initial mass of specimen in air, g, and 17.6 Calculate tensile strength of the specimens both on
M2 = mass of specimen in air after immersion, g. immediate deteriorated properties and properties after evapo-
17.2 Calculate the percent change in volume as follows ration of the test liquid as described in the Calculation section
(Section 11): of Test Methods D 412.
~ M3 2 M 4 ! 2 ~ M 1 2 M 2 ! 17.6.1 Based on the original unstretched cross-sectional
DV, % 5 ·100 (2) area:
~ M1 2 M 2 !
~ M3 2 M1 ! F
DV, % 5 ·100 (3) TSo 5 A (8)
d~M 1 2 M2!
17.6.2 Based on the swollen unstretched cross-sectional
where:
area:

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D 471 – 06
F 19. Precision and Bias 8
TSs 5 (9)
S DV
A 1 1 100 D 2/3
19.1 This precision and bias section deals with property
changes in tensile strength, ultimate elongation, hardness, and
17.6.3 To express tensile strength and ultimate elongation volume after immersion in test liquids and has been prepared in
after immersion as a percentage change from the original accordance with Practice D 4483. Refer to this practice for
properties, use the following formula: terminology and other statistical calculation details.
P i 2 Po 19.2 The precision results in this precision and bias section
DP, % 5 Po ·100 (10) give an estimate of the precision of this test method with the
17.6.4 Calculate hardness change after immersion in hard- materials used in the particular interlaboratory test program as
ness units: described in the following paragraphs. The precision param-
eters should not be used for acceptance or rejection testing of
DH 5 Hi 2 H o (11)
any group of materials without documentation that the param-
where: eters are applicable to the particular group of materials and the
TSo = tensile stress based on original unstretched cross- specific testing protocols of the test method.
sectional area, 19.3 A Type 1 interlaboratory test program was evaluated in
TSs = tensile stress based on swollen unstretched cross- 1981 using six different vulcanized rubber compounds (mate-
sectional area, rials). These compounds were prepared in one laboratory and
F = observed force, test specimens were distributed to nine participating laborato-
A = original unstretched cross-sectional area of the test ries. Each laboratory prepared and purchased from approved
specimen before immersion, sources, the liquids and fuels, or both, used for testing. A test
DV = volume swell after immersion, %, result (as used for these calculations) is the average of three
DP = change in property (tensile strength and ultimate individual test specimen values. Each laboratory conducted
elongation) after immersion, %, tests (that is, obtained one test result) on each of two days. Both
Po = original property before immersion, repeatability and reproducibility are therefore short term; a
Pi = property after immersion, period of a few days separates test results.
DH = hardness change after immersion, units, 19.4 The results of the precision evaluation are given in
Ho = original hardness before immersion, units, and Table 5 and Table 6 for each of the six rubbers or materials for
H i = hardness after immersion, units.
immersion tests in (1) Reference Fuels B, C and D, for 70 h at
17.7 Calculate breaking resistance, burst strength, tear 23 6 2°C (73 6 4°F), and (2) ASTM Oil No. 2 and ASTM Oil
strength, and adhesion both on the immediate deteriorated No. 3 for 70 h at 150 6 2°C (302 6 4°F).
properties and properties after evaporation of volatile test 19.5 The precision is given in terms of Sr, r, SR, and R for
liquid as described in Test Methods D 751. If desired, results four measured physical properties: (1) percent change in tensile
may also be expressed in percentage change after immersion as strength, (2) percent change in ultimate elongation (that is,
detailed in 17.6.3. percent change in percent elongation), (3) hardness change in
hardness units, and (4) percent change in volume of the test
18. Report specimen. No values are given for (r) and (R), the normal
18.1 State that the test was conducted in accordance with precision parameters used to express relative precision because
Test Method D 471 and report the following: numerous average values for properties (1), (2), and (4) are
18.1.1 Description of the sample and its origin, near zero, thus resulting in extremely large (r) and (R) values.
18.1.2 Date and temperature of testing room (see 5.1), These large values are essentially meaningless for precision
18.1.3 Duration, temperature, and date of vulcanization of comparisons when average values are near zero.
test specimens, 19.6 The precision of the test method may be expressed in
18.1.4 Dates of the various periods of exposure, the following statements that use an appropriate value of r and
18.1.5 Immersion liquid used, R. The appropriate value is that value of r or R, associated with
18.1.6 Temperature of exposure, a mean level in the tables closest to the mean level under
18.1.7 Exposure period, consideration for any immersion liquid or rubber, for any test
18.1.8 All observed and recorded data, to include the type of result for a similar material in routine testing operations.
properties being reported, 19.7 Repeatability—The repeatability, r, of this test method
18.1.9 Results calculated in accordance with Section 17, has been established as the appropriate value tabulated in Table
18.1.10 Statement of condition of exposed specimens from 5 and Table 6. Two single test results, obtained under normal
visual and manual examination, test method procedures, that differ by more than this tabulated
18.1.11 Report which test method was used for determina- r (for any given level) must be considered as derived from
tion of hardness, and nonidentical sample populations.
18.1.12 Any deviations from standard test methods. 19.8 Reproducibility—The reproducibility, R, of this test
method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated

8
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D11-1069.

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D 471 – 06
TABLE 5 Type 1 Precision DataA
Change in Tensile Strength, % Change in Elongation,% Change in Hardness, Units
Rubber Within-Lab Between-Lab Within-Lab Between-Lab Within-Lab Between-Lab
Mean Sr r SR R Mean Sr r SR R Mean Sr r SR R
ASTM Reference Fuel B:
CR −48.0 3.12 8.8 3.26 9.2 −43.7 4.55 12.9 5.36 15.2 −16.0 0.76 2.1 1.87 5.3
FKM −7.9 1.94 5.5 3.55 10.0 −0.1 3.25 9.2 3.58 10.1 −2.3 0.90 2.6 1.68 4.8
FVMQ −30.6 4.17 11.8 6.08 17.2 −27.1 2.47 7.0 7.05 19.9 −9.6 1.12 3.2 2.16 8.1
NBR-1 −63.6 2.90 8.2 4.27 12.1 −50.3 3.44 9.7 7.24 20.5 −9.8 0.87 2.5 1.32 3.7
NBR-2 −11.8 2.59 7.3 3.75 10.6 −16.3 2.41 6.8 4.55 12.9 −12.7 1.15 3.3 1.73 4.9
CO −8.6 3.35 9.5 5.23 14.8 −26.0 4.19 11.9 3.04 8.6 −12.4 1.00 2.8 1.68 4.8
Pooled Values ... 3.07 8.7 4.47 12.6 ... 3.52 10.0 5.38 15.2 ... 0.98 2.8 1.76 5.0
ASTM Reference Fuel C:
CR −57.4 2.70 7.6 3.49 9.9 −54.2 3.51 9.9 5.47 15.5 −17.7 1.58 4.5 3.36 9.5
FKM −11.1 3.32 9.4 6.34 17.9 −0.6 2.29 6.5 6.55 18.5 −2.8 0.80 2.3 1.64 4.3
FVMQ −30.9 2.74 7.8 7.20 20.4 −28.4 4.01 11.3 6.83 19.4 −9.7 1.76 5.0 2.87 8.1
NBR-1 −68.9 2.77 7.8 4.17 11.8 −58.1 5.27 14.9 5.53 15.7 −10.7 1.33 3.8 1.22 3.5
NBR-2 −14.8 3.78 10.7 5.15 14.6 −21.0 2.87 8.1 6.30 17.8 −18.3 1.12 3.2 2.95 8.3
CO −18.0 3.24 9.2 3.38 9.6 −33.9 4.52 12.8 2.64 7.5 −17.3 1.18 3.3 1.85 5.2
Pooled Values ... 3.10 8.8 5.16 14.6 ... 3.89 11.0 5.73 16.2 ... 1.35 3.8 2.43 6.9
ASTM Reference Fuel D:
CR −54.8 2.69 7.6 2.36 6.6 −50.9 1.83 5.2 3.62 10.2 −16.9 0.60 1.7 2.57 7.3
FKM −9.2 2.26 6.4 6.00 17.0 −0.2 2.83 8.0 6.83 19.3 −1.9 0.85 2.4 2.46 6.9
FVMQ −33.2 3.45 9.8 5.90 16.7 −28.5 3.44 9.7 7.13 20.2 −9.6 1.39 3.9 2.48 7.0
NBR-1 −67.4 2.01 5.7 4.00 11.3 −55.8 2.35 6.7 5.05 14.3 −10.9 1.06 3.0 0.98 2.8
NBR-2 −12.4 3.05 8.6 2.56 7.2 −18.3 1.78 5.0 6.21 17.6 −15.1 0.79 2.2 3.39 9.6
CO −14.6 3.02 8.5 3.36 9.5 −30.0 3.08 8.7 3.31 9.4 −15.3 1.17 3.3 3.41 9.7
Pooled Values ... 2.81 7.9 4.29 12.1 ... 2.63 7.4 5.63 15.9 ... 1.02 2.9 2.67 7.6
ASTM Oil No. 1: (Reference Table 1, Footnote A.)
CR −15.4 2.78 7.9 5.01 14.2 −31.3 1.94 5.5 5.20 14.7 −8.6 1.39 3.9 2.80 7.9
FKM −6.1 5.25 14.8 6.11 17.3 −9.3 4.38 12.4 5.74 16.2 −2.8 1.84 5.2 3.34 9.4
FVMQ −4.3 5.93 16.8 9.48 26.8 −11.9 4.89 13.8 4.34 12.3 −2.4 1.54 4.4 3.20 9.0
NBR-1 −18.9 3.55 10.0 6.38 18.1 −12.5 5.07 14.3 10.49 29.7 −4.0 1.09 3.1 2.74 7.8
NBR-2 −7.7 3.38 9.6 9.67 27.4 −70.7 3.67 10.4 7.17 20.3 17.2 1.32 3.7 2.08 5.9
CO 20.2 4.81 13.6 7.25 20.5 −48.5 3.72 10.5 4.17 11.8 8.6 0.67 1.9 3.24 9.2
Pooled Values ... 4.43 12.5 7.52 21.3 ... 4.06 11.5 6.55 18.5 ... 1.36 3.8 3.11 8.8
ASTM Oil No. 3:
CR −42.5 3.43 9.7 4.19 11.9 −42.0 2.64 7.5 4.41 12.5 −19.1 1.27 3.6 4.46 12.6
FKM −11.3 4.27 12.1 17.20 48.7 −2.4 4.58 12.9 7.95 22.5 −2.9 1.15 3.3 3.67 10.4
FVMQ −18.2 2.84 8.0 10.65 30.1 −17.9 5.28 14.9 6.83 19.3 −1.9 1.25 3.5 1.74 4.9
NBR-1 −37.2 5.32 15.1 12.82 36.6 −19.5 6.12 17.3 12.19 34.5 −12.7 1.44 4.1 4.67 13.2
NBR-2 −27.0 5.67 16.0 14.64 41.4 −69.7 3.80 17.3 5.72 16.2 10.6 1.39 3.9 2.22 8.3
CO 21.7 6.50 18.4 10.29 29.1 −39.7 5.42 10.7 4.40 12.4 3.3 0.97 2.8 2.73 7.7
Pooled Values ... 4.85 13.7 12.33 34.9 ... 4.76 13.5 7.55 21.4 ... 1.25 3.5 3.61 10.2
A
Sr = repeatability standard deviation, in measurement units; r = repeatability = 2.83 3 Sr; SR = reproducibility standard deviation, in measurement units; and
R = reproducibility = 2.83 3 SR.

in Table 4 through Table 6. Two single test results obtained in value (of the test property) is exclusively defined by the test
two different laboratories, under normal test method proce- method. Bias, therefore, cannot be determined.
dures, that differ by more than the tabulated R (for any given
value) must be considered to have come from different or 20. Keywords
nonidentical sample populations.
19.9 Bias—In test terminology, bias is the difference be- 20.1 elevated temperature; fluid immersion; liquid immer-
tween an average test value and the reference (or true) value. sion; reference fuel; rubber articles; rubber products; service
Reference values do not exist for this test method since the liquid

10

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D 471 – 06
TABLE 6 Precision DataA
Change in Volume, %
Rubber Within-Laboratory Between-Laboratories
Mean Sr r SR R
ASTM Reference Fuel B:
CR 66.2 0.94 2.7 5.40 15.3
FKM 1.5 0.36 1.0 0.34 1.0
FVMQ 5.1 0.48 1.4 0.92 2.8
NBR-1 46.9 0.38 1.1 3.96 11.2
NBR-2 12.0 0.73 2.1 0.63 1.8
CO 15.6 0.39 1.0 1.27 3.6
Pooled Values ... 0.60 1.7 2.95 8.4
ASTM Reference Fuel C:
CR 108.9 1.04 2.9 4.99 14.1
FKM 2.6 0.46 1.3 0.32 0.9
FVMQ 17.8 0.53 1.5 1.61 4.5
NBR-1 76.8 0.59 1.7 3.47 9.8
NBR-2 22.6 0.69 2.0 0.77 2.2
CO 25.3 0.51 1.4 0.59 1.7
Pooled Values ... 0.64 1.8 2.60 7.4
ASTM Reference Fuel D:
CR 90.6 1.52 4.3 3.15 8.9
FKM 2.3 0.33 0.9 0.56 1.6
FVMQ 15.9 0.92 2.6 3.05 8.6
NBR-1 62.2 1.23 3.5 2.10 5.9
NBR-2 18.1 1.38 3.9 1.55 4.4
CO 20.4 0.89 2.5 1.25 3.5
Pooled Values ... 1.11 3.1 2.26 6.4
ASTM Oil No. 1: (Reference Table 1, Footnote A.)
CR 15.8 0.50 1.4 0.61 1.7
FKM 1.2 0.29 0.8 1.12 3.2
FVMQ 0.6 0.57 1.6 1.05 3.0
NBR-1 3.4 0.69 1.9 1.88 5.3
NBR-2 −11.2 0.45 1.3 0.47 1.3
CO −5.2 0.42 1.2 0.64 1.8
Pooled Values ... 0.50 1.4 1.67 4.7
ASTM Oil No. 3:
CR 75.6 1.03 2.9 1.84 5.2
FKM 3.1 1.47 4.2 1.97 5.6
FVMQ 2.8 0.61 1.7 3.75 2.4
NBR-1 31.4 0.18 1.5 4.21 11.9
NBR-2 −2.1 0.14 2.5 0.67 1.9
CO 4.2 0.24 0.7 0.77 2.2
Pooled Values ... 0.88 2.5 2.70 7.6
A
Sr = repeatability standard deviation, in measurement units; r = repeatability = 2.83 3 Sr; SR = reproducibility standard deviation, in measurement units; and
R = reproducibility = 2.83 3 SR.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. REPLACEMENT OF ASTM OILS NO. 2 AND NO. 3 WITH IRM 902 AND IRM 903

X1.1 ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3 became subject to cancer six candidate oils as No. 2 and No. 3 replacements from three
hazard warning label requirements under the OSHA Hazard different suppliers, using twelve different types of vulcanized
Communication Standard, published November 25, 1983. This rubbers. As a result of this ITP, two oils from Calumet
contributed to the discontinuation of commercial production in Lubricants Company were selected as best (but not equivalent)
1990. matches for the ASTM oils, and confirmed independently by
ASTM Subcommittee D11.15 and the SAE Committee on
X1.2 ASTM Subcommittee D11.15 on Degradation Testing Automotive Rubber Specifications (SAE-CARS). Calumet No.
began a program in 1985–1986 to establish replacements for 2, the replacement for No. 2 oil, provided a closer match than
these oils, with the objective to match the action on vulcanized Calumet No. 3, the replacement for No. 3 oil. The two oils
rubbers as closely as possible, while eliminating the need for were established as industry reference materials, IRM 902
cancer hazard labeling (negative modified Ames Test). An (Calumet No. 2, replacement for ASTM Oil No. 2) and IRM
interlaboratory test program (ITP) was organized in 1993 with 903 (Calumet No. 3, replacement for ASTM Oil No. 3).

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X1.2.1 Details of the ITP are described in Research Report X1.3 Since the inventory of ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3
RR: D11-1069, which can be obtained from ASTM headquar- was depleted by the end of 1993, Committee D-11 published
ters. A precision statement on volume swells generated in this Emergency Standard ES 27 in 1994 to address the replacement
test program is given in Appendix X2. with IRM 902 and IRM 903.

X2. PRECISION AND BIAS—TEST PROGRAM FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF ASTM OILS NO. 2 & NO. 3

X2.1 This precision statement was prepared using data TABLE X2.1 Precision Data for Within-Laboratory Variation
from the comprehensive ITP evaluation program conducted in N OTE —Sr = repeatability standard deviation;
1993 to establish replacement oils for ASTM Oils No. 2 and r = repeatability = 2.83 3 Sr; (r) = repeatability on relative basis (percent
No. 3. Because of the limited number of laboratories (three), of percent); and CV = coefficient of variation, % = (Sr/Mean) 3 100.
only within-laboratory variation or repeatability could be Change in Volume, % (Pooled Values)
evaluated. Some terminology used in this appendix is con- Rubber
Mean Sr r (r) CV
tained in Practice D 4483. Refer to Practice D 4483 for ASTM Oil No. 2 Types:A
background details. ACM 1.3 0.57 1.60 119.0 42.2
AEM 27.8 0.82 2.33 8.4 3.0
X2.2 In the evaluation program twelve compounds were CR 36.0 1.63 4.61 12.8 4.5
ECO 3.9 0.58 1.65 42.7 15.1
tested in groups of four; each group of four was tested by three
EPDM 120.2 2.17 6.14 5.1 1.8
laboratories. There are only three duplicates (one duplicate set EVM 34.1 0.60 1.68 4.9 1.8
of tests in each laboratory) for an estimate of within-laboratory FKM 0.7 0.20 0.57 76.5 27.0
FVMQ 0.4 0.31 0.87 198.0 70.0
variation for any combination of rubber and oil. This is an HNBR 9.4 0.30 0.85 9.1 0.3
inadequate number of degrees of freedom (DF) for such an NBR 7.6 0.35 0.99 13.1 4.6
estimate. However, a reasonable assumption may be made that TPV 48.4 1.98 5.62 11.6 4.1
VMQ 10.4 1.36 3.84 37.0 13.1
for any given rubber, the true test variation with each of the
four oils is equivalent. On this basis for any candidate set of the ASTM Oil No. 3 Types:B
ACM 8.3 1.31 3.71 44.6 15.8
four oils, the three DF estimates of test standard deviation for AEM 50.3 0.71 2.01 4.0 1.4
each of the four oils may be pooled to obtain a twelve DF CR 68.1 1.15 3.26 4.8 1.7
estimate of test standard deviation. The within-laboratory ECO 7.1 1.22 3.48 48.5 17.1
EPDM 161.5 5.19 14.70 9.1 3.2
precision of this appendix is based on such pooled values. EVM 58.7 1.04 2.94 5.0 1.8
FKM 1.6 0.34 0.95 59.1 20.9
X2.3 The precision results are given in Table X2.1 for FVMQ 2.0 0.43 1.21 59.5 21.0
percent volume swell. This is the only property that was HNBR 15.9 0.46 1.29 8.1 2.9
NBR 14.8 0.72 2.05 13.8 4.9
evaluated for precision, since it shows the highest sensitivity to TPV 79.5 1.92 5.43 6.8 2.4
variation. VMQ 43.4 2.30 6.52 15.0 5.3
A
Pooled results for No. 2 oil plus three candidate replacements.
X2.4 Table X2.1 lists the repeatability standard deviation, B
Pooled results for No. 3 oil plus three candidate replacements.
Sr; the repeatability, r , in units of % volume swell, the relative
repeatability, (r), which is a percent of a percent for volume
swell measurements, and for completeness, the coefficient of selecting the level of volume swell value in Table X2.1 closest
variation, CV, in %. The mean volume swell values range from to the measured volume swell of the commercial rubber.
near zero to about 160 %. The precision parameters also X2.5.1 Two test results of the commercial rubber that differ
display a wide range. Regression and graphical analysis reveals by more than the tabulated r or (r) values as selected by the
that (1) there is a direct (positive slope) log-log relationship for above process, must be considered to have come from different
Sr versus mean volume swell, and (2) an inverse (negative sample populations (that is, be significantly different).
slope) relationship between the relative repeatability (r) and X2.5.2 Alternatively normal testing operations should pro-
mean volume swell. These relationships apply to both sets of duce values for duplicate test results that are within the r and
data and to the combined data sets. (r) intervals as selected by the above process.

X2.5 The results of Table X2.1 may be applied to within- X2.6 Bias reference values do not exist for this type of
laboratory data comparisons using either IRM 902 or IRM 903 testing, since the value of the test property is defined exclu-
for any commercial or proprietary compound by selecting the sively by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be
Table X2.1 rubber closest to the commercial compound and determined.

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X3. REPLACEMENT OF ASTM OIL NO. 1 WITH IRM 901

X3.1 A precision statement has not been prepared due to the D 4483 at the conclusion of the forthcoming interlaboratory
sudden unavailability of ASTM Oil No. 1. The Precision and test program.
Bias statement will be prepared in accordance with Practice

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