Whats New Maya 5

What’s New
in Maya
Version 5
© 2003 Alias|Wavefront, a division of Silicon Graphics Limited. All rights reserved.
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ALIAS|WAVEFRONT 210 KING STREET EAST TORONTO, CANADA M5A 1J7

Table of Contents
1 What’s New in Maya 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

What’s New Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Online help changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Improved search. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Identical help experience on all platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
New capabilities for the next generation of online help . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Move along rotation axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
New attribute to reverse rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Dynamics performance improvements on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3 Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Extrude edges or faces along a path curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Options/Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Extrude a vertex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chamfer a vertex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Reduce the number of faces in a mesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Compatibility with previous versions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Show only a subset of all UVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Copy UVs to another UV set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
UV texture editor toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exponential smoothing smoothes UVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Improvements to Split Polygon tool options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
New option for Move tool in texture editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Additional changes and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Proportional Modification Tool works in parametric space . . . . . . . . . . 28
What’s New in Maya 5

3
Table of Contents
4 Animation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Muting Animation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Mute in the Channel Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Graph Editor and Dope Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Change the status of a mute node from the Channel Box . . . . . . . . . . 30
Ghosting Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Set Local Ghosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Animate > Ghost Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Animate > Ghost Selected > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Animate > Unghost Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Animate > Unghost Selected > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Animate > Unghost All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Changes to Ghosting in the Display menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Clip Snapping Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Changes to Channel colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5 Character Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Parent Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Understanding Parent Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Creating Parent Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Editing a Parent Constraint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Constrain > Parent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Constrain > Parent > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Parent Constraint attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Maintain Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Constraint Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Constrain > Modify Constrained Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Constrain > Remove Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Constrain > Remove Target > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Constrain > Set Rest Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Rest Position in the Attribute Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Constraint Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Animate > IK/FK Keys > Move IK to FK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Freezing Joint Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4
Table of Contents
IK/FK Blending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Blend IK and FK Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Modify the display of IK/FK animated joint chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
New IK Solver Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Animation-Constraint Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Workflow for Animation-Constraint blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Blend Weights in the Channel Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
pairBlend node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Sculpt deformer can use any NURBS surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
MEL command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6 Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Unified Render Globals Settings window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Maya software rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
New options for QuickTime Output (Mac OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
IPR default light improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Convert to File Texture improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
MEL command changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Depth map shadow improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
mental ray for Maya rendering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
About the integration of mental ray for Maya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Selecting the mental ray for Maya renderer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Baking and prelight improvements (mental ray for Maya) . . . . . . . . . 63
mental ray for Maya export improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
File > Export Selection > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Scene Export Optimization Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Extended subdivision surface support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Particle system translation and rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
IFF color and depth format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Improved support for batch rendering with mental ray for Maya . . . 66
Using bake-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5
Table of Contents
About Bake-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Bake-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Texture bake-sets and Vertex bake-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Bake textures and vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Bake vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Bake textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
mental ray Baking Options window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Create a bake-set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Adjust bake-set attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Bake-set attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Texture bake-set attributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Vertex bake-set attributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Assign objects to existing bake-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Create a Bake-Set tab in Hypershade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Maya hardware rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
About Maya’s new hardware renderer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Highlights of supported features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Supported hardware and platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Selecting the hardware renderer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Maya Vector rendering (Windows and Mac OS X) . . . . . . . . 76
About the Maya Vector renderer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7 Paint Effects, Artisan, 3D Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Paint Effects shelf and new brushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Select strokes by name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Flip Tube Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Convert Paint Effects to polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Optimize Paint Effects Mesh quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
ThinLine Brush Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Mesh Brush Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Thorns on Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Mesh Environment Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Mesh Displacement/Bump Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6
Table of Contents
New brush attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Forward Twist attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Bend attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Curl attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Twirl attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Stiffness attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Width Scale attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Branch After Twigs attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Twig Length Scale attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Specular control on components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Texture Flow attribute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
General improvements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Object Shading menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Preset Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Refresh improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Anti-aliasing quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Artisan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Paint Vertex Color Tool and Script Paint Tool ported to the new Artisan
architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Paint vertex or vertex face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3D Paint Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Displacement attribute paintable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Edit existing textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Set Erase Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Color, Flood and Opacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8 Fluid Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Fluid Effects > Set Initial State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fluid Effects > Set Initial State > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > Initial States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > Initial States > . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Set Contents with Curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > With Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > With Curve > . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

7
Table of Contents
Ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Create Ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Pond > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Wakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Create Pond wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Create an Ocean wake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Fluid Effects > Ocean > Create Wake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fluid Effects > Ocean > Create Wake > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Wake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Wake > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fluid Effects > Make Motion Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Motion field attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Create Motion field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Workflow for using Motion fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Cache Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
New Emitter Attribute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
New Fluids Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
New Fluid Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9 Fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
New Fur presets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Fur attractors on polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Attractors on multiple surface points/faces/surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Fur clumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
New Map Width and Height attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Attribute maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Equalizer Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Mapping Fur attributes to animated file textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
10 Cloth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Start/Stop Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Specify number of iterations for local simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Intermediate cache saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

8
Table of Contents
Save Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Query stiffness for seams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
11 MEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
New MEL commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Improve scene efficiency with the dgtimer command . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
How it works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Query output format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Turn on script path caching to improve network performance . . . . 123
New catchQuiet structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
12 Translators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
New features in translators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
IGES for Linux and Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Studio import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
DXF/DWG import and export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
OBJ .mtl file support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
OpenFlight changes (version 1.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
OpenFlight Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
OpenFlight > Create Light Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
OpenFlight > Create Light Points > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
OpenFlight > Create Light Points on Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
OpenFlight > Create Light Points on Curve > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
OpenFlight > Edit Light Points Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
OpenFlight > Edit Light Points Normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Light point functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Additional Light Point Maya Node Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
fltLightPoints Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Shading Models—Flat Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

9
Table of Contents
Other limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Known Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
13 API and DevKit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

New classes and header files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
New examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Important changes to existing examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Important changes to existing classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
M3dView . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
MDGModifier can lock and unlock nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
MFileIO now can prevent users from saving over the current file . 136
MFnCamera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
MFnDependencyNode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
MFnMesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
MFnPlugin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
MItMeshEdge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
MItMeshPolygon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
MModelMessage has new callbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
MNodeMessage has new callbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
MPlug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
MPxDeformerNode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
MPxFieldNode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
MPxFileTranslator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
MPxGeometryData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
MPxGlBuffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
MPxHwShaderNode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
MPxNode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
MPxSurfaceShape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
MPxTransform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
MRenderUtil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
MRenderView . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
MStatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Support for getting and setting default attribute values . . . . . . . . . . 145

10
Table of Contents
Other important changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Macintosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

11
Table of Contents

12
1 What’s New in
Maya 5
What’s Introduction
New This book describes the new features we’ve added in Maya 5.
For the first time, we include information about Maya 5 on all four
platforms in this book (Windows, Linux, IRIX, and Mac OS X). All
features are common to all four platforms unless otherwise indicated.
Some features, Fluid Effects, Cloth, Fur, and Live, are only found in Maya
Unlimited (available on Windows, Linux, and IRIX platforms).
For your convenience, we’ve included complete procedures for using the
new features in this book.

13
1 | What’s New in Maya 5
What’s New > Introduction

14
2 General
We’ve added some new features to Maya to enhance your Maya

experience.
Online help changes

We are making changes to the Maya online help to increase ease of use
and power. Behind the scenes, the help pages are being served to your
browser by a small Java-based web server.
Improved search
Previous versions of Maya used various workarounds (Java applets,
ActiveX controls) to allow something that is normally very difficult to
achieve: local search from HTML pages. While these workarounds
allowed a certain level of functionality, each had limitations.
In Maya 4.5 we introduced server-side search scripts, which gave faster
and more reliable search functionality when you view the online help
from a Web server.
By shipping a small, dedicated Web server with Maya, we can now make
the server-side search the norm, allowing everyone to take advantage of
faster and more reliable search.
The search available in the help server is significantly improved over
previous search engines included with Maya:
• Many times faster than previous versions.
• Phrase searching (enclose words in quotation marks to search for the
entire phrase).
• Boolean searches and wildcards.
• Additional search syntax for power users.
• Improved result ranking.
Identical help experience on all platforms

The help server allows us to deliver the same online help experience to all
platforms, using standard Web-based technologies.
New capabilities for the next generation of online

help
The help server is a base that allows us to explore new possibilities for
help and user assistance tools in future releases of Maya.

15
2 | General
> Move along rotation axes
Move along rotation axes

The Move tool now has a Move: Along Rotation Axis option to orient the
move manipulator to the local rotation axes of the object.
New attribute to reverse rotation

When parent nodes have negative scaling factors they can make dragging
the manipulator rotate the object in the opposite direction.
To correct for this effect, create a dynamic boolean attribute called
flipRotateManip on the transform node and turn it on.
Dynamics performance improvements on

Windows
We have switched to the Intel C++ compiler for compiling Dynamics. As a
result, the performance of Dynamics in Maya for Windows has improved
by 20-90%.

16
3 Modeling
This version of Maya includes significant improvements to polygon

reduction, as well as new extrude and chamfer actions and a toolbar in the
UV texture editor.
Extrude edges or faces along a path curve

1 Select the edges/faces you want to extrude and the curve you want to
extrude along.
2 Select Edit Polygons > Extrude Face > ❒ or Edit Polygons > Extrude
Edge > ❒ .
3 Turn on the Use selected curve for extrusion option.
4 Click Extrude.
5 Use the controls in the attribute editor or channel box to edit the
extrusion.
Options/Attributes
Twist
Rotates the extruded polygons as they travel along the curve.
Taper/Taper Curve
Scales the extruded polygons as they travel along the curve.
To control the taper exactly, open the Taper Curve section and use the
graph control to set scaling along the length of the curve.
Poly Extrude Face History

Divisions
The number of subdivisions along the length of the extrusion.
Keep Faces Together
When this option is on, Maya extrudes each face separately. When this
option is off, Maya extrudes the faces as a whole.
Extrude a vertex
Extrudes the selected vertex along its vertex normal, creating additional
faces for each face that shares the vertex.
1 Select the vertex you want to extrude.
2 Select Edit Polygons > Extrude Vertex > ❒ .

17
3 | Modeling
> Options/Attributes
3 Set the length to extrude the vertex and click Extrude.
Options/Attributes
Length
The distance to move the extruded vertex along its normal.
Divisions
Controls number of sections along the extrusion.
Chamfer a vertex
Removes a vertex and creates a chamfered corner.
1 Select the vertex you want to chamfer.
2 Select Edit Polygons > Chamfer Vertex.
Notes
Due to the way Chamfer Vertex works internally, the node it creates has
Length and Divisions attributes. These attributes are not meaningful to
edit and are left locked.
Options/Attributes
Delete Faces
When this option is on, Maya does not fill the chamfered area with
new faces.
Reduce the number of faces in a mesh

Polygons > Reduce is substantially improved over previous versions.
• Speed and quality are improved.
• The reduction can now respect UV borders and vertex colors as it
reduces. This results in much better feature and texture placement
retention.
In the following illustration, the center model has been reduced by
90% to produce the models on the left and right.
The model on the left was reduced with Influence Reduce: Color Per
Vertex on. The reduction uses the color changes on the vertices to
choose which areas to reduce, giving much better feature retention
than the reduction on the right.

18
3 | Modeling
> Reduce the number of faces in a mesh
Two reductions of the center model, both at 90%.
Vertex colors influence reduce Original No influence.
• You can now use Maya paint technology to paint reduction amounts
on the original model and watch the reduced model update
automatically.
To... Do this
Reduce the number of faces in Select Polygons > Reduce > ❒ , set
the selection. the reduce options, then click Reduce.
Reduce the number of faces in Select the faces you want to reduce,
a subset of a mesh. then select Polygons > Reduce > ❒ .
Keep the current polygon mesh In the Polygon Reduce Options

so you can compare the window, turn on the Keep Original
original and reduced versions option.
as you change options.
The reduced mesh appears next to
the original along the X axis.
To get finer control over what areas are reduced

1 Select the faces you want to reduce.
2 Select Polygons > Reduce > ❒ .
3 Set the general reduction percentage and turn on Keep Original, then
click Reduce.
The reduced mesh appears next to the original along the X axis.
4 Select Edit Polygons > Paint Reduce Weights Tool.
5 Paint reduction values on the original.

19
3 | Modeling
> Notes
Darker areas will be reduced more. Lighter areas will be kept as-is as
much as possible.
As you paint on the original, the reduced version will update.
Notes
• You cannot paint reduce weights on the reduced version. You must
use the Keep Original option and paint on the original object.
If you try to paint reduce weights on the reduced version, Maya will
automatically select the original instead.
• When you select faces to reduce (rather than reducing the entire
polyset), faces bordering the selection may move or be reduced as
well.
You can avoid this effect by extracting the polygons from the mesh
before reducing them. Turn on the Preserve: Mesh Borders option so
the extracted mesh can be reattached later.
• When you are painting reduce weights, the Paint Attributes tool’s
default is to only update when you finish a stroke. This is because the
reduce operation can take a noticeable amount of time on large
polysets.
If you want the reduced version to update as you paint, select Modify
> Attribute Paint > ❒ , open the Stroke section, and turn on Update
Continuously.
• Reduce Weights are a bias, not an absolute control. In some extreme
cases polygons that you painted white but are not needed will still be
reduced to preserve shape elsewhere.
• Reduce can work with quads and n-sided polygons, however:
• Unless you really need to preserve non-triangles, leave the
Triangulate option on for better reduction.
• Non-planar polygons can become deformed and do not reduce
well.
Options/Attributes
Reduce by (%)
Maya tries to reduce the number of polygons in the selected mesh or
meshes by the specified percentage. The actual reduction may not
match this number exactly.
Triangle Compactness
Controls the degree to which Maya sacrifices mesh shape accuracy to
produce better triangles, as a number from 0 to 1.

20
3 | Modeling
> Options/Attributes
0 means try to reproduce the original mesh shape as accurately as

possible while reducing, no matter what kind of triangles are
produced. 1 means sacrifice accuracy as much as possible to produce
regular equilateral triangles.
Numbers closer to 0 can produce long skinny triangles that can be
hard to work with. Numbers closer to 1 can produce reduced meshes
that do not match the shape of the original.
Triangulate
Converts the polygons to triangles before reducing them.
Unless you really need to preserve non-triangles, leave this option on
for better results.
Influence Reduce
These options take extra information (in addition to shape) into account
when reducing the mesh.
UVs
Reduces polygons to preserve UV mapping as much as possible.
Turning this option on will preserve texture placement between the
original and reduced polygons.
Color per Vertex
Reduces polygons so that color per vertex data (such as prelighting
and painting) is preserved as much as possible. Turning this option on
will devote more polygons in the reduced mesh to areas with color
changes, and fewer polygons to areas with flat color to preserve the
look of the original.
Preserve
Mesh Borders
Maya attempts to preserve the shape of polygon borders (edges that
are not shared by other polygons).
UV Borders
Maya attempts to preserve the shape of UV borders as it reduces.
Hard Edges
Maya attempts to preserve the shape of edges marked “hard” as it
reduces.
You can set edges on a mesh to be hard or soft using Edit Polygons >
Normals > Soften/Harden > ❒ .

21
3 | Modeling
> Compatibility with previous versions
Marking edges as “hard” can result in more shape retention than

painting reduction weights.
Compatibility with previous versions

Maya now uses an improved reduce method which gives better results
and allows you to preserve important details in your model.
Scene files created with previous versions of Maya may contain reduce
nodes created by the old reduce method. The nodes in these scenes
continue to use the old method. New reductions use the new method.
Show only a subset of all UVs

Maya lets you switch the texture editor between showing all UVs in the
current set and only showing a selected subset in isolation. This can make
it easier to work on part of the model without disturbing or accidentally
selecting other UVs.
To show a subset of UVs

1 If you already have a subset isolated, click the Remove all button on
the toolbar, or select View > Isolate Select > Remove All.
2 Select the UVs you want to isolate.
3 Click the Toggle isolate select button on the toolbar, or select View >
Isolate Select > View Set.
To switch back to showing all UVs, click Toggle isolation again, or
turn off the View > Isolate Select > View Set menu item.
To add to the isolated subset

1 Click the Toggle isolate select button on the toolbar, or select View >
Isolate Select > View Set to switch back to showing all UVs.
2 Select the UVs you want to add to the isolated subset.
3 Click the Add selected button on the toolbar, or select View > Isolate
Select > Add Selected.
To remove UVs from the isolated subset

1 Select the UVs you want to remove from the isolated subset.
2 Click the Remove from isolation button on the toolbar, or select View
> Isolate Select > Remove Selected.
Copy UVs to another UV set

1 In the texture editor, select the UVs you want to copy.

22
3 | Modeling
> UV texture editor toolbar
2 In the texture editor panel, open the panel’s Polygons menu, open the
Copy UVs to UV Set sub-menu and choose a UV set.
UV texture editor toolbar

Most of the items on the texture editor toolbar are shortcuts for actions in
the menus. Right-click a button to show its options.
UV position buttons
Flip UVs U, Flip UVs V

Flips the positions of the selected UVs. Shortcuts for Edit
Polygons >Texture > Flip UVs.
Rotate UVs clockwise, Rotate UVs counterclockwise

Rotates the positions of the selected UVs. Shortcuts for Edit
Polygons >Texture > Rotate UVs.
Cut UVs along selection

Separates UVs along the selected edges, creating borders.
Shortcut for Edit Polygons >Texture > Cut UVs.
Sew UVs
Attaches UVs along the selected borders, but does not move
them together in the texture editor view. Shortcut for Edit
Polygons >Texture > Sew UVs.
Move and Sew UVs

Attaches UVs along the selected borders, and moves them
together in the texture editor view. Shortcut for Edit
Polygons >Texture > Move and Sew UVs.
Split selected UV
Separates UVs from each other along the edges connected
to the selected UV points, creating borders. Shortcut for the
texture editor’s Polygons > Split UVs.

23
3 | Modeling
Layout UVs
Tries to move the UVs into a cleaner layout, based on the
settings in the Layout UVs option box. Shortcut for Edit
Polygons > Texture > Layout UVs.
Cycle U and V
Rotates the U and V values of the selected polygon.
Align Min U, Align Max U, Align Min V, Align Max V

Aligns the positions of the selected UVs. Shortcuts for the
texture editor’s Polygons > Align UVs.
Move UVs to grid

Moves every selected UV to its nearest grid intersection in
texture space. Shortcut for Edit Polygons > Texture > Grid
UVs.
To change the grid, right-click the Toggle Grid button on
the toolbar.
Relax UVs
Spreads out all UVs to make them easier to work with.
Shortcut for Edit Polygons > Texture > Relax UVs.
Isolate Selection buttons

These buttons let you work on a subset of UV faces while hiding the rest.
”Show only a subset of all UVs” on page 22
Toggle isolation
Switches between showing all UVs and only the isolated
UVs. Shortcut for View > Isolate Select > View Set.
Add selected to isolation

Adds the selected UVs to the isolated subset. When you
click the Toggle isolation button the selected UVs will be
visible. Shortcut for View > Isolate Select > Add Selected.
Removed selected from isolation
Removes the selected UVs from the isolated subset.
Shortcut for View > Isolate Select > Remove Selected.

24
3 | Modeling
Remove all
Clears the isolated subset. You can then select a new set of
UVs and click Toggle isolation to isolate them. Shortcut for
View > Isolate Select > Remove All.
View buttons
Toggle grid
Shows or hides the grid. Shortcut for View > Grid.
Toggle image
Shows or hides the texture image. Shortcut for Image >
Display Image.
Toggle filtered pixels

Switches the background image between hardware texture
filtering and sharply defined pixels. Shortcut for Images >
Unfiltered Image.
Toggle image ratio

Switches between showing square texture space and texture
space with the same ratio of width to height as the image.
Shortcut for Image > Use Image Ratio.
Toggle snap to pixel

Chooses whether to automatically snap UVs to pixel
boundaries. Shortcut for Image > Pixel Snap.
Toggle thick texture borders

Chooses whether Maya draws UV borders with a thick line.
Show image RGB/Show image Alpha

These two buttons switch between showing the RGB (color)
channels of the image and the Alpha (transparency)
channel. Shortcuts for Image > Display RGB Channels and
Image > Display Alpha Channels.

25
3 | Modeling
> Exponential smoothing smoothes UVs
UV edit buttons
U coordinate, V coordinate
Show the coordinates of the selected UVs. Edit
the text boxes and press Enter to move the
points.
The UV coordinates in the text boxes on the

toolbar do not update automatically as you
move the selected UV point. Click the refresh
button to update the values in the text boxes.
Copy/paste faces or UVs

Switches the Copy and Paste buttons on the
toolbar between working on UVs and UV faces.
Copy
Copies the selected UV points or faces
(depending on the Copy/paste faces or UVs
button) to the clipboard.
Paste
Pastes UV points or faces (depending on the
Copy/paste faces or UVs button) from the
clipboard.
Paste U to selected UVs, Paste V to selected UVs

Paste only the U or V values on the clipboard
onto the selected UV points.
Exponential smoothing smoothes UVs

The Polygons > Smooth action with exponential smoothing now smoothes
UVs as well, retaining texture placement after smoothing.
Improvements to Split Polygon tool options

• Snap to Edge now constrains point placement to edges.
• Snap to Magnets snaps point placement to regular distances along an
edge.
• Number of Magnets controls the number of magnet points inside
edges.

26
3 | Modeling
> New option for Move tool in texture editor
1 2 3
• Magnet Tolerance controls how close the point must be to a magnet

before the point snaps to it. Set this to 100 to constrain points to
always be at magnet points.
New option for Move tool in texture editor

In previous versions, snapping UVs with the Move tool would snap all the
selected vertices to the same point.
You can now turn on the Retain Component Spacing option in the Move
tool’s options panel to snap the manipulator while maintaining UV layout.
Additional changes and improvements

The Maya texture editor view now always updates interactively. The
MAYA_TEXTURE_VIEW_INTERACTIVE_REFRESH environment
variable no longer has any effect.

27
3 | Modeling
> Proportional Modification Tool works in parametric space
Proportional Modification Tool works in parametric

space
You can now use Modify > Transformation Tools > Proportional
Modification Tool with falloff (the amount of influence the control point
has on its surrounding points) set in parametric space (that is, measured
across the surface, rather than in absolute world space).
This means that the influence on surrounding points is based on how
close they are across the surface, rather than in absolute world space. In
many cases this can lead to more intuitive results.
This feature only works on NURBS.
To use proportional modification with parametric falloff

1 Select a CV on a NURBS surface.
2 Select Modify > Transformation Tools > Proportional Modification
Tool > ❒ .
3 Set the Modification Falloff option to one of the parametric choices.
When you transform the selected CV, other CVs move proportional to
their distance from the selected CV across the surface.
Limitations
• Multiple CVs cannot be selected at this time.
• Performance may be slow for large falloff values on complex surfaces.

28
4 Animation
For Maya 5, we have added the following functionality to animation:

• The ability to mute animation channels
• New types of ghosting and enhanced ghosting display
• Improved clip snapping
• New colors for channel status in the Channel Box and Attribute
Editor.
Muting Animation
You can now mute animation channels. Muting temporarily disables the
animation on the selected channel without disconnecting its curve from
the animated object.
Note Muted channels appear brown in the Channel Box.
Example
Muting lets you isolate and focus on a specific motion. When working
with a model whose arms and legs are animated, you can use muting to
turn off the animation of either the arms or legs.
Mute in the Channel Box

In the Channel Box, you can right-click selected channels and select the
following options from the menu that appears.
Mute Selected
Mute the selected animation channels.
Unmute Selected
Removes muting from the selected animation channels.
Mute All
Mutes all channels for the current object(s).
Unmute All
Removes muting from all the channels of the current object(s).
Mute node in the Channel Box

When you mute the animation channels of an object, a mute node is
automatically created in the dependency graph for each muted channel.

29
4 | Animation
> Graph Editor and Dope Sheet
The mute node in the Channel Box has the following format:
mute_objectn_channel. Example mute node names include:
mute_pCube1_translateX, mute_joint1_rotateZ and so on.
When the mute is set to on, all animation nodes that connect to the mute
node are muted. When the mute is set to off, all animation nodes that
connect to the mute node are not muted. Setting the mute node to off in
the Channel Box does not remove it from the dependency graph.
Graph Editor and Dope Sheet
A red icon appears beside a channel’s name when it is muted.

A green icon appears beside a channel’s name when it is not muted, but
still connects to a mute node. When the mute node is set to off in the
Channel Box, the green icon still appears beside the channel’s name in the
Graph Editor. See ”Change the status of a mute node from the Channel
Box” on page 30.
Change the status of a mute node from the Channel

Box
To turn the mute node on or off
1 Select the mute node in Hypergraph.
2 In the Channel Box, click in the Mute field and enter the following:
• Type on or 1 and press Enter to turn the mute node on.
• Type off or 0 and press Enter to turn the mute node off.
Note You can mute a time range by animating the status (on/off) of
the mute node.

30
4 | Animation
> Ghosting Improvements
Ghosting Improvements
You can control ghosting locally on each object in your scene with the new
Ghost Selected and Unghost Selected Options windows or with the
Ghosting Information Attributes. In addition to ghosting individual
objects, you can now ghost entire skeletons or object hierarchies.
The appearance of ghosts in the scene view has also been improved for
Maya 5. The color of ghosts before and after the current frame/keyframe
lightens according to their distance from the current frame/keyframe.
This is visible only when scene view Shading is set to Wireframe. See the
following examples.
Examples
In the following example, the sphere’s Type of Ghosting is Custom Frame
Steps, and the sphere’s ghost options are set to the following: Steps before
Current Frame is set to 3, Steps after Current Frame is 0, and the Step Size
is 3.
Ghosts lighten as their

distance from the object
increases.
In the following example, the cube’s Type of Ghosting is Custom Frames,

and the cube’s ghost options are set to the following: frame numbers 20,
40, 60, and 80 are present in the Frames to Display field and Hierarchy is
on. The cylinder is the child of the cube. The cube also has a Motion Trail
with frame numbers.

31
4 | Animation
> Set Local Ghosting
Set Local Ghosting

To set ghosting options for an object or skeleton
1 Select the object or the root of the hierarchy that you want to ghost.
2 Select Animate > Ghost Selected > .
The Ghost Options window appears.
3 Set the ghosting options. See ”Animate > Ghost Selected” on page 32.
4 Do one of the following:
• Click Ghost to apply the Ghost Options settings to the current
object. The Ghost Options window closes.
• Click Apply to apply the Ghost Options settings to the current
object, overriding any other ghosting settings on the object. The
Ghost Options window remains open.
• Click Close to disregard any changes made to the ghosting
options and close the Ghost Options window.
Animate > Ghost Selected

Animate > Ghost Selected >
Note You can also set local ghosting options with the Ghosting
Information attributes. To access these attributes, select Attribute
Editor > objectShape > Object Display.
Type of Ghosting
Global
Preferences Uses the ghosting settings from Windows >
Settings/Preferences > Preferences > Animation.
Custom Frames Generates ghosts at the frames specified in the
Frames To Display field. See ”Frames to Display” on
page 33.
Custom Frame
Steps Controls the number and spacing of ghosts for
frames.
Custom Key
Steps Controls the number and spacing of ghosts for
keyframes.

32
4 | Animation
> Animate > Ghost Selected >
Keyframes Generates ghosts at the range of keyframes defined

by the Frame Range options. See ”Frame Range” on
page 34.
Frames to Display
Lets you define a list of frames at which ghosts are generated for the
current object. When entering frame numbers, use the following
syntax:
#, #, #, #
For example: 1, 5, 10, 15. This field is available only when the ghosting
type is Custom Frames.
Steps Before Current Frame
Only available when the ghosting type is Custom Frame Steps or
Custom Key Steps.
When the ghosting type is set to Custom Frame Steps, this field sets
the number of ghosts that appear before the current frame. Spacing of
these ghosts is defined by the Step Size field.
When the ghosting type is set to Custom Key Steps, this field sets the
number of ghosts that appear before the current frame. Spacing of
these ghosts is defined by the number of keyframes on an object and
the Step Size.
Steps After Current Frame
Custom Key Steps.
For Custom Frame Steps, this field sets the number of ghosts that
appear after the current frame. Spacing of these ghosts is defined by
the Step Size field.
For Custom Key Steps, this field sets the number of ghosts that appear
after the current frame. Spacing of these ghosts is defined by the
number of keyframes on an object and the Step Size.
Step Size
Custom Key Steps.
For Custom Frame Steps, Step Size determines the number of frames
between each ghost. For example, if the Step Size is 10, every tenth
frame is ghosted.
For Custom Key Steps, Step Size and the number of keyframes control
the spacing of ghosts. For example, if the Step Size is 2, then every
other key is ghosted.

33
4 | Animation
> Animate > Unghost Selected >
Frame Range
These options are available only when the ghosting type is Keyframes.
Timeslider Generates a ghost of the current object at every
keyframe on the timeline.
Start/End Generates a ghost of the current object at the
keyframes between the specified Start Frame and
End Frame.
Start Frame
The frame at which the ghosting of keyframes begins. This field is
available only when Start/End under Frame Range is selected.
End Frame
The frame at which the ghosting of keyframes ends. This field is
available only when Start/End under Frame Range is selected.
Hierarchy
The specified ghost options are applied to the entire hierarchy below
the selected joint or object. If Hierarchy is not selected, only the
selected object is affected by the Ghost Options.
Note • Hierarchy can seriously affect performance. We recommend

that you use Hierarchy sparingly.
• For Custom Key Steps and Keyframes, ghosts only appear
for objects in the hierarchy that possess keyframes, unless
Ghost Driver is on.
Use Ghost Driver
Note Ghost Driver is relevant for only keyframe-based ghosting.
When on, the specified keys from the first selected object drive the
ghosting for the rest of the selected objects. When off, all the selected
objects use their own keys for ghosting. Use Ghost Driver is useful for
comparing timing.
Animate > Unghost Selected

Animate > Unghost Selected >
The Unghost Selected menu item turns ghosting off for selected objects.

34
4 | Animation
> Changes to Ghosting in the Display menu
Hierarchy
When on, the selected object and its child bones or objects are
unghosted. When off, only the selected object is unghosted.
Animate > Unghost All

Turns off ghosting for all objects in the scene.
Changes to Ghosting in the Display menu

Ghosting and No Ghosting have been removed from Display > Object
Display.
Clip Snapping Improvement

In previous versions of Maya, clips in the Trax Editor could only snap to
the nearest frame. Now when you move or scale a clip on a track where
multiple clips are present, the edges of the clip will snap to the edges of its
neighboring clips. This is useful when working with clips that begin or
end with a value that is not a whole number or if you are viewing many
frames and require accuracy.
Changes to Channel colors

The colors that represent the state of channels in the Channel Box and
Attribute Editor have changed for Maya 5. The following table illustrates
these changes.
State Color
Locked • Gray (Windows, IRIX, and Linux)

• Pink (Mac OS X)
Muted Brown
Blended Green
Keyed Light Orange
Expression Purple
Constrained Blue
Connected Yellow

35
4 | Animation
> Changes to Channel colors

36
5 Character Setup
For Maya 5, we have added the following functionality to character setup:

• The Parent constraint and many other constraint features
• The ability to blend IK and FK animation on the same skeleton
• The ability to apply keyframe animation and constraints to the same
object
• The ability to use a NURBS object as the sculpt deformer’s sculpting
tool.
Parent Constraints
With a parent constraint, you can relate the position—translation and
rotation—of one object to another, so that they behave as if part of a
parent-child relationship that has multiple target parents. An object’s
movement can also be constrained by the average position of multiple
objects.
Understanding Parent Constraints

A parent constraint lets you constrain the X, Y, and Z translation and
rotation of one object to another—mimicking a parent-child relationship.
When a parent constraint is applied to an object, the constrained object
does not become part of the constraining object’s hierarchy or group, but
remains independent and behaves as if it is the child of its targets. The
constraining object is also known as the target object.
For more information, search the online help for Target objects.
An object with a parent constraint does not behave the same as an object
with a point and orient constraint. When a Parent constraint is used,
rotating the target objects affects the constrained object’s rotation along
the world axis. When a Point and Orient constraint are used, rotating the
target objects affects the constrained object’s rotation along its local axis.
This is shown in the following figure.

37
5 | Character Setup
> Understanding Parent Constraints
Original
position Local
rotation
Parent Constraint Point and Orient Constraint
Workflow for Parent Constraints

Scenario
A character walks, looks around, stops, and then removes his hat from his
head and places it on a table nearby.
1 Select the character’s head, and then the hat.
2 Parent constrain the hat to the head, making sure that Maintain Offset
is on and the weight is set to 1 in the constraint options.
For the procedure on creating parent constraints see ”To create a
parent constraint” on page 40.
Maintain Offset preserves the original, relative translation and
rotation of the constrained object.
The Weight attribute sets the amount of influence that the target’s
position and orientation has on the constrained object. For information
on parent constraint weighting see ”Weight” on page 42.
A parent constraint is created. Now when the character moves, the hat
respects the position and orientation of the character’s head in the
scene.
3 Select the hat, and then select the head’s weight in the Channel Box.
Note When the hat is selected, the parent constraint and all its target
weights appear in the Channel Box.

38
5 | Character Setup
> Understanding Parent Constraints
4 Right-click the head’s weight and select Key Selected from the menu
that appears.
This anchors the parent constraint’s weighting, and the state of the
hat, at the current time in the character’s animation.
5 Animate the character so that it appears to walk, look around, and
then stop.
The parent constraint forces the hat to follow the head’s movements
as it nods up and down and rotates from side to side.
6 Animate the character’s arm and hand so that it reaches up and takes
hold of the hat’s brim.
7 Select the hand, and then the hat.
8 Parent constrain the hat to the hand, making sure that Maintain Offset
is on and the weight is set to 0 in the constraint options.
9 Key the weight of the head and the hand. See steps 3 and 4.
10 Advance one frame along the timeline.
11 Set the weight of the head to 0 and the weight of the hand to 1.
The hand now fully controls the translation and rotation of the hat.
12 Key the head and hand weights. See steps 3 and 4.
This anchors the weighting of the head and hand at the current time
in the character’s animation.
13 Transform the arm and hand to the position where it appears to be
placing the hat on the table.
14 Set the hat’s current position as its rest position.
Setting the hat’s rest position prevents it from popping back to its
original position when the hand’s weight is set back to 0. For more
information on the rest position, see ”Constrain > Set Rest Position”
on page 45.
15 Set the weight of the hand to 0 and key the weight.
16 Animate the hands so that they return to their original positions
hanging at the characters sides.
Since the hands no longer have any influence over the hat’s position
or rotation, the hat remains on the table as the hands move back to the
character’s sides.
Note If you want to ensure that their is no interpolation between

weights (weights switch between 1 and 0 with no blend), set the
tangent types of the weights to Stepped.

39
5 | Character Setup
> Creating Parent Constraints
Creating Parent Constraints

Before creating your first parent constraint in a Maya session, we
recommend that you set the Parent constraint options. See the ”Constrain
> Parent” on page 42.
After you’ve created a parent constraint, you can add more target objects
for additional control over the constrained object’s position and rotation.
Adding more target objects changes the target point, which in turn
changes the constrained object’s position.
For more information, search the online help for Target Point.
To create a parent constraint

1 Select one or more target objects, followed by the object you want to
constrain.
2 Select Constrain > Parent > .
The Parent Constraint Options window appears.
3 Set the constraint options or select Edit > Reset Settings.
For information on these options, see ”Constrain > Parent” on
page 42.
4 To finish setting the constraint, do one of the following:
• Click Add to create a parent constraint. The Parent Constraint
Options window closes. Select Edit > Save Settings to save the
constraint options.
• Click Apply to create a parent constraint. The Parent Constraint
Options window remains open. By clicking apply, you can also
apply the current constraint options settings to other objects.
Select Edit > Save Settings to save the constraint options.
• Click Close to close the Parent Constraint Options window
without setting or creating the constraint.
A parent constraint is created with the current constraint options.
The constrained object’s position attributes (Translate X, Y, and Z) and
rotation attributes (Rotate X, Y, and Z) are now influenced by the
target point.
For more information, search the online help for Target Point.
To add a target object

1 Select one or more objects to add as target objects, followed by the
constrained object.
2 Select Constrain > Parent.

40
5 | Character Setup
> Editing a Parent Constraint
The constrained object’s position and rotation change, indicating that

it is now constrained by the objects you have added as target objects.
Note If you turn on Maintain Offset in the Parent Constraint Options,

the constrained object’s position and rotation will not change
when you add a target to the constraint.
Editing a Parent Constraint

You can edit a parent constraint’s attributes in the Channel Box and
Attribute Editor. When you select a constrained object, its constrained
axes appear blue in the Channel Box and Attribute Editor. This means that
any changes you make to the Parent constraint affects only those axes.
Offset Parent Constraints

There are no offset values or fields present in the settings for Parent
constraints. Unlike other constraints, you cannot offset Parent constrained
objects from the Channel Box or options window. However, you can use
the Maintain Offset option to set the offset of your constrained object or
you can set a single key on the object to change its offset position.
To offset a Parent Constrained object using Maintain Offset

1 Select the constrained object.
2 Translate and rotate the object to where you want it positioned in your
scene.
3 Select the target objects, followed by the constrained object.
For more information, search the online help for Targets.
4 Select Constrain > Parent Constraint > .
The Parent Constraint Options window appears. See ”Constrain >
Parent” on page 42.
5 Set the Parent constraint options to reflect the values of the
constrained object’s channels and settings in the Channel Box.
6 Verify that Maintain Offset is on.
7 Click Add or Apply.
The constrained object is now offset from its targets by its current
rotation and translation.

41
5 | Character Setup
> Constrain > Parent >
Constrain > Parent

Constrain > Parent >
Maintain Offset
Preserves the original (state prior to constraining), relative translation
and rotation of the constrained object. Use this option to maintain
spatial and rotational relationships between constrained objects. See
”Offset Parent Constraints” on page 41.
Constraint Axes
Determines whether the parent constraint is restricted to a specific
axis (X, Y, Z) or to All axes. When All is checked, the X, Y, and Z
boxes are dimmed.
Weight
This is useful only when there are multiple target objects.
Sets the amount of influence that a target object’s position and
rotation has on the constrained object. If the weight is 0.0000, the
target object has no influence over the translation and rotation of the
constrained object. If the weight is 1.0000, the target has full control
over the constrained object’s translation and rotation. Default weight
is 1.0000.
Parent Constraint attributes

In the Attribute Editor, you can view or edit the characteristics of the
parent constraint node. To edit this node, you must first select its name in
the Outliner or its tab in the Attribute Editor. If you selected it in the
Outliner, go to Windows > Attribute Editor or use the shortcut Ctrl+a to
view its attributes.
For more information, search the online help for Constraint node
attributes.
The following section describes the attributes specific to the Parent
constraint node (parentConstraint).
Interp Type
Sets the rotation interpolation type for the constraint. Interp Type is
relevant only when the constrained object has multiple targets.
Average Averages rotation between the constrained object
and its targets.

42
5 | Character Setup
> Maintain Offset
Shortest Finds the shortest path between rotations from the

constrained object to its targets using quaternion
interpolation.
Longest Finds the longest path between rotations from the
constrained object to its targets using quaternion
interpolation. This path is in the opposite direction
from Shortest.
No Flip and
Cache No Flip caches the current rotation onto the
constrained object. Once you select No Flip, you
must click the Cache button to create the cache.
Cache appears in the Interp Type menu field when
there is cached interpolation on the constrained
object.
Cache button Caches the current rotation interpolation onto the
constrained object and creates an animation curve
for the current rotation interpolation on the
constraint’s node. Caching reduces the chance of
flipping. Only available when you select No Flip.
Delete button Deletes the current rotation interpolation cache from
the constrained object. Only available when Cache
appears in the Interp Type menu field.
Constraint Translate
Displays the constrained object’s current position. This value can be
useful when specifying the Offset Translate value. This field is read-
only.
Constraint Rotate
Displays the constrained object’s current rotation. This value can be
useful when specifying the Offset Rotate value. This field is read-only.
Maintain Offset
With Maintain Offset, you can now preserve the original, relative
translation, rotation, and scaling of a constrained object. Maintain Offset is
present in all constraint option menus.
Constraint Axes
You can now select which individual axes (X, Y, Z, or All) of the
constrained object are affected by the constraint. The Constraint Axes
checkboxes are located in the constraint options windows.

43
5 | Character Setup
> Constrain > Remove Target >
Constrain > Modify Constrained Axis

Modify Constrained Axis lets you change which axes of a constrained
object are influenced by the target object. Use this feature when you want
to modify the axes of a constraint. Modify Constrained Axis can only be
used in conjunction with the following constraint types: point, orient,
scale, aim and parent.
To modify the axes of a constraint

1 Select the constrained object and its targets.
2 Select Constrain > Modify Constrained Axis.
The Modify Constrained Axis options window appears.
3 Check the Constrain axes (X, Y, Z). You can also turn on Maintain
Offset to preserve the relative position, rotation, or scaling of the
constrained object.
4 To finish setting the node’s new axes, do one of the following:
• Click Modify to change which of the constrained object’s axes are
influenced by the target object. The Modify Constrained Axis
options window closes.
• Click Apply to change which of the constrained object’s axes are
influenced by the target object. The Modify Constrained Axis
options window remains open.
• Click Close to cancel the modify constrained axis operation. The
Modify Constrained Axis options window closes.
Constrain > Remove Target

Constrain > Remove Target >
With Remove Target, you can sever the connection between a target object
and a constrained object without deleting the constraint node. When you
remove a target from a constrained object, it no longer affects the
constrained object.
To remove a target
1 Select the target object from which you want to remove the constraint
connection, followed by the object it is constraining.
2 Select Constrain > Remove Target > ❒ .
The Remove Target Options window appears.
3 Check the constraint types whose connections you want to sever.
• If you want to sever all constraint connections between the
selected target and the constrained object, turn on All.

44
5 | Character Setup
> Constrain > Remove Target >
• If you want to preserve the relative transformation (translation,

rotation, scale, and so on) of the constrained object, turn on
Maintain Offset.
4 To finish this operation, do one of the following:
• Click Remove to remove the specified connection between the
selected target object and the constrained object. The Remove
Target options window closes.
• Click Apply to remove the specified connection between the
selected target object and the constrained object. The Remove
Target options window remains open.
• Click Close to cancel the remove target operation. The Remove
Target options window closes.
Constrain > Set Rest Position

With Set Rest Position, you can set where in world space your constrained
object is positioned when its target weight is 0. Rest position gives you
control of the constrained object, rather than relying on the last position of
the target objects. Setting the rest position prevents constrained objects
from sticking to undesired positions in the scene when their target
weights are set to 0.
For example, a book is point constrained to a character’s hand. When the
character places the book on the table, the book’s position on the table is
set as its rest position. This prevents the book from popping back to the
model’s hands when the weight of the hand changes to 0. The books
target (the model’s hand) weight is then set to 0. The hand now no longer
influences the book’s position. The character then proceeds to release the
book, turn, and walk away from the table. The book does not snap back to
the hand because its rest position was set.
To define a constrained object’s default position

1 Select the constrained object for which you want to define the rest
position.
2 Set the constrained object’s target weights to 0.
3 Move the constrained object to a new position or leave it at its current
position.
4 Select Constrain > Set Rest Position.
The current position of the constrained object is now its default
location in world space when its target weights are 0.

45
5 | Character Setup
> Rest Position in the Attribute Editor
Rest Position in the Attribute Editor

The rest position settings for each constraint are located in the constrained
object’s constraint attributes.
Enable Rest Position
If on, the rest position is active for the constrained object. If off, the
rest position is inactive for the constrained object. Turning Enable Rest
Position off does not remove it from the constrained object.
Rest Translate
Sets the X, Y, and Z translation for the constrained object’s Translate
rest position. These fields are present for only Point and Parent
constraints.
Rest Rotate
Sets the X, Y, and Z rotation for the constrained object’s Rotate rest
position. These fields are present only for Orient, Aim, and Parent
constraints.
Rest Scale
Sets the X, Y, and Z scaling for the constrained object’s Scale rest
position. These fields are present only for Orient and Parent
constraints.
Constraint Improvements
You can now transform constrained objects regardless of their targets’
weight settings. For example, if a cube is constrained by a sphere, you can
manipulate the cube (constrained object) whether the sphere’s (the target)
weight is 0 or 1. This is useful when applying animation and constraints to
the same object. See ”Animation-Constraint Blending” on page 52.
Animate > IK/FK Keys > Move IK to FK

Move IK to FK moves an IK handle to the last joint of its IK joint chain.
In a typical FK/IK rig, the IK handle does not move with the skeleton
during FK manipulation and thus appears out of sync. This can cause
confusion when there are many IK handles. When animating with IK and
FK, you can use Move IK to FK to synchronize the IK handle’s position
with the end effector’s position.
If the IK handle is grouped or constrained in a control hierarchy, use
Animate > IK/FK Keys > Connect IK to FK in conjunction with Move IK
to FK to move the entire hierarchy.

46
5 | Character Setup
> Freezing Joint Orientation
Freezing Joint Orientation

You can now freeze the local joint rotation axes to match world space by
turning on the new Orient option in Modify > Freeze Transformation > .
If Orient is off, the local joint rotation axes are not affected by Freeze
Transformation.
IK/FK Blending
IK/FK blending lets you apply keyframe animation to joints and also
control them with IK animation. Due to the addition of IK/FK blending,
the IK Solver Enable attribute has now changed from an on/off value to a
numeric 0.000–1.000 blend. Also, Ik Blend has replaced Enable Solver in
the IK Handles Attributes. See ”Ik Blend” on page 52.
Now when you select a joint chain and its IK handle, the joint chain is
drawn using three default or user defined colors. The blue joint chain
represents the skeleton with pure FK animation, the brown joint chain
represents the skeleton with pure IK animation, and the magenta joint
chain represents the resulting animation blend. Also, you can customize
the colors of the IK/FK joint chains and the size of the IK/FK joints. See
”Modify the display of IK/FK animated joint chains” on page 50.
Note In addition to blending IK and FK animation over multiple

frames, a blend can occur over a single frame. Blending over a
single frame switches IK to FK or FK to IK instantly.
Blend IK and FK Animation
Note For skeletons with IK animation created in previous versions of

Maya, turn on Ik Fk Control if you want to rotate or key the
joints in the skeleton’s joint chains. See ”New IK Solver
Attributes” on page 52.
To create an animation blend from FK to IK

1 Select your joint chain and IK handle.
2 In the IK Solver Attributes, drag the Ik Blend slider to 0.000.
The animation mode is now set to pure FK.
3 Set a key (default hotkey: s key).
4 Deselect the IK handle, select a joint in your joint chain, and set a key
once more.

47
5 | Character Setup
> Blend IK and FK Animation
You will now be keying the joint (for FK)—not the handle (for IK).
5 Drag the current time indicator along the timeline and translate or
rotate the joint.
6 Set a key.
7 Repeat steps 5 and 6 until you complete the FK portion of your
animation.
8 Once you set the last FK key, deselect the joint and select the IK
handle of your joint chain.
9 Verify that the Ik Blend slider is at 0.000, and set a key.
10 Drag the Ik Blend slider to 1.000 and set a key on the handle.
Since there is no period of animation between the last pure FK key
and the first pure IK key, the FK animation switches to IK instantly
(without a blend).
The animation mode is now set to pure IK.
Note When there is a period of animation between a pure FK key and

a pure IK key, it is interpolated by the IK Solver. The
interpolated animation then appears as Ik Blend values between
0.000 and 1.000.
Example
Blending the FK animation of a swinging arm with the IK animation of a
waving arm.
IK
FK
FK keys
1 40 80 120 160 200 2
arm swings

48
5 | Character Setup
> Blend IK and FK Animation
A simple animation of a swinging arm during a walk cycle is created by

selecting the root of an arm’s joint chain (the shoulder joint), rotating it
along the Z axis, and then setting keys for the joint. This produces a
rudimentary FK animation.
IK
FK
IK Blend 0.000 IK Blend 1.000

IK key IK key
FK key FK key
FK/IK blend
1 40 80 120 160 200 2
arm rises
This FK animation sequence is blended with the directed motion of the

arm waving by setting keys on the IK handle and the shoulder joint at the
end of the FK animation, moving the timeline indicator to create a blend
region, changing the Ik Blend value to 1.000 (pure IK), and once again
setting keys on the shoulder joint and IK handle. In the area between the
pure FK and IK animation—the blend region, the IK Solver interpolates
the animation from 0.000 to 1.000.

49
5 | Character Setup
> Modify the display of IK/FK animated joint chains
IK
FK
IK keys
1 40 80 120 160 200 2
arm waves
Pure IK animation is reached once the Ik Blend value is 1.000. The IK

handle is then translated and rotated while setting keys, to produce the
animation of the arm waving.
When the animation of the waving arm is complete, the animation is set
back (using another blend region and changing the Ik Blend value to
0.000) to pure FK. The resulting animation resembles a swinging arm (FK)
that rises into a wave (IK) and then descends back into a swinging motion
(return to FK).
Modify the display of IK/FK animated joint chains

To set the display parameters for bones with FK or IK
animation
1 Select Window > Settings/Preferences > Preferences from the Maya
main menu bar.
The Maya Preferences window appears.
2 Click Kinematics under Display to open the Kinematics Display
Preferences.
The Inverse Kinematics preferences appear.
3 Select a display option:
• Choose None if you do not want to display any of the IK/FK
blend skeletons.
• Choose IK if you want to display only the IK and blend skeleton.
• Choose FK if you want to display only the FK and blend skeleton.

50
5 | Character Setup
> Modify the display of IK/FK animated joint chains
• Choose Both if you want to display all the IK/FK blend skeletons.
Both is the default setting.
• Click Save to save all changes to the IK/FK Blending Display. The
Maya Preferences window remains open.
• Click Cancel to disregard any changes to the IK/FK Blending
Display. The Maya Preferences window closes.
To set the color of IK/FK joint chains

1 Select Window > Settings/Preferences > Colors from the Maya main
menu bar.
The Colors settings window appears.
2 Click the arrow beside IK/FK Blending to reveal the IK/FK joint color
settings.
3 Click-drag the sliders beside FK Joints and IK/FK Blended Joints to
set their display colors.
• Click Save to save all changes to the Blend and FK Joint display
colors. The Color settings window remains open.
• Click Reset to Saved to cancel any changes made to the Blend and
FK Joint display colors and revert to the color settings from your
last file save. The Color settings window remains open.
• Click Close to cancel any changes to the Blend and FK Joint
display color. The Color settings window closes.
To set the joint size for bones with FK or IK animation

1 Select Window > Settings/Preferences > Preferences from the Maya
main menu bar.
The Maya Preferences window appears.
2 Click Kinematics under Display to open the Kinematics Display
Preferences.
The Inverse Kinematics preferences appear.
3 Set the joint size using the Ik/Fk Joint Size field or slider.
• Click Save to save all changes to the Ik/Fk Joint Size. The Maya
Preferences window remains open.
• Click Cancel to disregard any changes to the Ik/Fk Joint Size. The
Maya Preferences window closes.

51
5 | Character Setup
> New IK Solver Attributes
New IK Solver Attributes
Note • Ik Blend has replaced Solver Enable.

• The new Ik Fk Control attribute turns off global and local IK
Handle Snap.
Ik Blend
An Ik Blend value of 0.000 sets the animation mode to pure FK, and
an Ik Blend value of 1.000 sets the animation mode to pure IK. When
the Ik Blend value is a number between 0.000 and 1.000, then the
animation on the current skeleton is blended IK and FK.
Ik Fk Control
Lets you manipulate and key the joints of a joint chain that has an
animated Ik handle. In addition to being located in the local Ik Handle
Attributes, Ik Fk Control is also present in the global skeleton settings
(Skeleton > Enable Ik Fk Control).
Animation-Constraint Blending
You can now blend keyframe animation and constraints on the same
object.
Examples
• A man runs to a parked convertible car, jumps over the door and into
the driver’s seat, and then drives away. In this example, both the
character and car models are animated, and various parts of the man
are point constrained to the car’s door, seat, and steering wheel.
• A basketball player dribbles the ball, picks it up, and throws it to
another player. The player that catches the ball pauses and then
shoots for the hoop. In this example, the ball and all the players hands
are animated, and the ball is parent constrained to the various player’s
hands.
Workflow for Animation-Constraint blending

Scenario
A basketball player character passes a ball to his teammate.
1 Select the first player’s hands, and then the basketball.
2 Parent constrain the ball to the hands, making sure that Maintain
Offset is on and the weight is set to 1 in the constraint options.

52
5 | Character Setup
> Workflow for Animation-Constraint blending
For the procedure on creating parent constraints, see ”To create a

parent constraint” on page 40.
Maintain Offset preserves the original, relative translation and
rotation of the constrained object.
The Weight attribute sets the amount of influence that the target’s
position and orientation has on the constrained object. For information
on parent constraint weighting see ”Weight” on page 42.
3 In the Channel Box, set keys for the weights of the first player’s hands.
Note When the basketball is selected, the parent constraint and all its
target weights appear in the Channel Box.
This anchors the parent constraint’s weighting, and the position and
orientation of the basketball, at the current time in the character’s
animation.
4 Animate the arms of the first player so that they appear to be
throwing the ball.
5 At the point in the first character’s animation where he is to let go of
the ball, set a key on the ball and on the weights of the hands.
Since the basketball now has both a constraint and keyframe
animation, a new blend weight attribute appears in the Channel Box.
6 Change the blend weight to 1, and key the blend weight.
8 Set the weight of the first player’s hands to 0, and set the blend weight
to 0.
When the blend weight is 0, the keyframe animation has full control
over the position and orientation of the ball.
9 Key the hands’ weights and the blend weight.
This anchors the animation-keyframe blend weight and the first
player’s weight at the current time in the character’s animation.
10 Keyframe the ball as it is thrown from the first player to the second
player.
11 When the ball reaches the position where the second player catches it,
parent constrain the ball to the hands of the second player, making
sure that Maintain Offset is on and the weight is 0 in the constraint
options.
12 Key the weights of the second player’s hands and that of the blend
weight.

53
5 | Character Setup
> Blend Weights in the Channel Box
14 Set the blend weight to 1 and the second player’s hands’ weights to 1.
When the blend weight is 1, the parent constraint has full control over
the position and orientation of the ball.
15 Key the blend weight and the weights of the second player’s hands
again.
This anchors the weighting of the ball’s animation and that of the
parent constraint at the current time in the characters’ animation.
16 Animate the second player.
Note If you want to ensure that the transitions between the blend
weights are clean (no interpolation), set the tangent types of the
weights to Stepped.
Blend Weights in the Channel Box
Note When the driven object is selected, all its target and blend weight
values can be viewed in the Channel Box under SHAPES >
objectn_typeConstraintn or INPUTS > pairBlendn.
Blend Constraintn
The keyframe animation-constraint blend value determines the
amount of influence that the constraint and keyframe animation have
on the constrained object. If the value is 0, the keyframe animation has
total control over the constrained object’s transformations. If the value
is 1, the constraint has total control over the constrained object’s
transformations.
If there are more than one of the same type of constraint applied to the
object, n stands for the constraint number. This value appears in the
pairBlend node’s attributes as Weight.
pairBlend node
The pairBlend node is automatically generated when both keyframe
animation and a constraint are applied to an object. Once the animation
and constraint are linked to the pairBlend node, you can modify the
weight of the animation-constraint blend to generate various effects. See
”Blend Weights in the Channel Box” on page 54.
In the dependency graph, the pairBlend node functions as a link between
constraints, animation, and the object to which both are applied. The
pairBlend node connections resemble the following: all target objects

54
5 | Character Setup
> pairBlend node
connect to the constraint node, the constraint node and keyframe

animation connect to the pairBlend node, and the pairBlend node connects
to the object.
When multiple constraints are applied to the same object, a separate
pairBlend node is created for each constraint and the animation channels
of the constrained object connect to the same pairBlend node as their
related constraints.
pairBlend attributes
Note Input 1 always represents the keyframe animation on the

constrained object and Input 2 always represents the constraint
node.
Caching
Unlike other cache data in Maya (for example, caches in Dynamics, Cloth,
and Fluid Effects), the cache data for pairBlend is also an animation curve.
For more information, search the online help for node Caching.
Node State
For more information, search the online help for the Node State
Attributes.
InTranslaten
The InTranslate fields display the X, Y, and Z translation values for
Input 1 and Input 2. n represents the input number.
InRotaten
The InRotate fields display the X, Y, and Z rotation values for Input 1
and Input 2. n represents the input number.
Weight
Displays a blend value that determines the amount of influence that
the constraint and keyframe animation have on the constrained object.
This field is read-only. See ”Blend Constraintn” on page 54.
TranslateXMode
Blend Inputs The blended X translation of Input 1 and Input 2
controls the driven object’s X translation.
Input 1 only The X translation of Input 1 controls the X
translation of the driven object.
Input 2 only The X translation of Input 2 controls the X

55
5 | Character Setup
> pairBlend node
TranslateYMode
Blend Inputs The blended Y translation of Input 1 and Input 2
controls the driven object’s Y translation.
Input 1 only The Y translation of Input 1 controls the Y
Input 2 only The Y translation of Input 2 controls the Y
TranslateZMode
Blend Inputs The blended Z translation of Input 1 and Input 2
controls the driven object’s Z translation.
Input 1 only The Z translation of Input 1 controls the Z
Input 2 only The Z translation of Input 2 controls the Z
RotateMode
Rotation is calculated by blending the rotation of the specified inputs
along all axes.
Blend Inputs The blended X, Y, and Z rotation of Input 1 and
Input 2 controls the driven object’s rotation along all
axes.
Input 1 only The X, Y, and Z rotation of Input 1 controls the
driven object’s rotation along all axes.
Input 2 only The X, Y, and Z rotation of Input 2 controls the
driven object’s rotation along all axes.
Rotation Interpolation
Euler Angle Use Euler Angles when the pairBlend weight value
is between 0 (driven by keyframes) and 1 (driven by
the constraint). Euler is the default rotation
interpolation.
For more information, search the online help for Independent Euler
Angles.
Note Euler angles may cause flipping when used to interpolate

between keyframes and constraints. If this occurs, we
recommend that you switch to quaternion rotation.

56
5 | Character Setup
> Sculpt deformer can use any NURBS surface
Quaternion Quaternions smoothly interpolate the keyframe-

constraint blend without producing anomalies (such
as flipping). Use Quaternion when the pairBlend
weight value is 1 or 0.
For more information, search the online help for Synchronized
Quaternions.
Sculpt deformer can use any NURBS surface

The sculpt deformer can now use a NURBS object as the sculpting tool
instead of the default implicit sphere.
Note Deleting the sculpt node or the deformed object does not delete
the custom sculpt tool.
To use a NURBS surface with the sculpt deformer

1 Select the object to deform, and then the NURBS surface to use as a
sculpting tool.
2 Select Deform > Create Sculpt Deformer > ❒ .
3 Turn on Use Secondary Object as Sculpt Tool.
4 Click Create.
MEL command
Two new flags have been added to the sculpt command to support this
functionality.
• -st/-sculptTool objectName
The -sculptTool flag takes the name of the NURBS object to use as the
sculpt tool when creating the deformer. If you do not specify this flag,
the command uses an implicit sphere.
• -e/-edit
Use the -edit flag with the -sculptTool flag to replace the sculpt tool
with a different object.
Limitations
• Geometry types other than implicit spheres and NURBS objects are
not currently supported. To use another type of surface, convert it to a
NURBS surface.
• Performance can degrade as the number of vertices in the sculpt tool
and/or the object being deformed increase.

57
5 | Character Setup
> Advanced
• For best results use closed, convex objects as sculpting tools.
Advanced
• As with previous versions of Maya, it is possible to have multiple
sculpt deformers deforming the same object.
• You can use the connection editor or the MEL connectAttr command
to manually connect a different object as the sculpt tool.

58
6 Rendering
Overview
We’ve added new rendering features and made the following
enhancements in Maya 5:
• We’ve provided new options for QuickTime output for Mac OS X and
made improvements to the way the IPR default light and the Convert
to File Texture and depth map shadows algorithms work.
For more information, see ”Maya software rendering” on page 60.
• The mental ray for Maya plug-in has been integrated into the Maya
application, and a significant number of improvements have been
made, including:
• the integration of bake-sets, which let you bake several objects
with different baking options during the same baking process
• improvements that optimize the export to .mi process
• extended support for the IFF image format that permits both color
and depth information to be written into a single file
• support for Subdivision surface rendering
• support for Particle types
For more information, see ”mental ray for Maya rendering” on
page 62.
• Maya’s new Hardware renderer provides an intuitive workflow to
generate hardware rendered images for previews, specific passes, and
hardware rendered particles. In some cases, image quality may be
good enough for final delivery.
For more information, see ”Maya hardware rendering” on page 74.
• Maya’s new Vector renderer lets you create stylized renderings (for
example, cartoon, tonal art, line art, hidden line, wireframe) in various
bitmap image formats and 2D vector formats.
For more information, see ”Maya Vector rendering (Windows and
Mac OS X)” on page 76.
• Render globals for Maya’s new hardware renderer, the newly
integrated mental ray for Maya renderer, Maya’s software renderer,
and the Maya’s new Vector renderer have been consolidated into one
Render Globals Settings window.
For more information, see ”Unified Render Globals Settings window”
on page 60.

59
6 | Rendering
> Unified Render Globals Settings window
Unified Render Globals Settings window

Render globals for the new Maya Hardware renderer, the integrated
mental ray for Maya renderer, the Maya Software renderer, and the Maya
Vector renderer have been consolidated into one Render Globals Settings
window.
To choose the renderer

• Do one of the following:
• Click Render > Render Using, then choose the renderer.
• Select the renderer from the dropdown list in Render View or the
Render Global Settings window.
To open the Render Global Settings window

• Click Window > Rendering Editors > Render Globals.
• Click the Display Render Globals Window button on the main
toolbar or in Render View.
The new Common tab of the Render Global Settings window contains
the common attributes, which decreases the number of parameters
you need to modify when switching between renderers. Settings
specific to the chosen renderer are available in another tab.
For descriptions of options in all tabs, see the online Rendering guide.
Maya software rendering
New options for QuickTime Output (Mac OS

X)
For the Maya software renderer (and the new Maya Hardware renderer),
QuickTime output now supports over 20 different compression codecs for
batch rendering and Playblast.
This provides more flexible output options, and removes the necessity to
edit uncompressed movies in another application.
Tip Hold down the Ctrl key when adjusting the quality slider for
finer control.

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6 | Rendering
> IPR default light improvements
IPR default light improvements

The IPR default light that is created when doing an IPR render of a scene
without a light operates like the Maya Software default light.
• The IPR default light is removed from the scene as soon as the IPR
session is terminated (for example, when you click the IPR stop
button).
• The IPR default light is not saved with the scene, preventing you from
accidentally adding the IPR default light to their saved scene.
Convert to File Texture improvements

The algorithm Maya uses to Convert to File Texture has been improved to
produce more reliable visual results more quickly and efficiently. Seams in
UV space are now handled better. The algorithm is used for subdivision
surfaces and polygons.
The new algorithm consists of two passes by default. The first pass
samples the color of the inside of triangles; the second pass extends the
sampled color slightly in each direction along the polygon border to fill
texture seams. Games developers, or other users who have no room for
overscanning, can disable the second pass by turning off the Fill Texture
Seams option.
MEL command changes

The following flag for the mel command convertSolidTx is now obsolete:
-ubi/-uvBBoxIntersect boolean
The following flag has been added:
-fts/fillTextureSeams boolean
This specifies whether or not to overscan a polygon beyond its outer
edges when creating the file texture. The default is true.
Depth map shadow improvements

The algorithm to compute mid dist depth shadows has been improved,
making them more robust and removing some artifacts.

61
6 | Rendering
> About the integration of mental ray for Maya
mental ray for Maya rendering
About the integration of mental ray for Maya

mental ray for Maya has been integrated into the Maya application. It
allows interactive and batch mental ray rendering from within the Maya
user interface. With the help of built-in shaders supporting almost any
effect available in Maya, mental ray for Maya allows the rendering of
scenes created within Maya or their export into the mental images file
format (mi).
The mental ray for Maya plug-in is based on the new mental ray 3.2 core.
All features of this version are accessible by mental ray for Maya.
For more information, see the online Rendering guide.
Note Because of the unified render global settings (see ”Unified

Render Globals Settings window” on page 60), the mental ray for
Maya ‘derive from Maya’ settings no longer exist. You may need
to modify some older files for which ‘derive from Maya’ was set
by setting the mental ray for Maya render global settings.
Selecting the mental ray for Maya renderer

When you select the mental ray for Maya renderer, Maya’s user interface
is automatically configured to use mental ray for Maya. If you render the
current frame, Maya uses mental ray for Maya. If you click the Display
Render Globals Window button (in the main menu or in Render View),
the unified Render Globals Settings window appears, showing the mental
ray tab.
To select the mental ray for Maya renderer

• Click Render > Render Using > mental ray.
• Select mental ray from the dropdown list in Render View or the
For more information on the mental ray for Maya render settings, see
the online Rendering guide.

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6 | Rendering
> Baking and prelight improvements (mental ray for Maya)
Baking and prelight improvements (mental

ray for Maya)
The procedures for baking to textures and vertices with mental ray for
Maya have been optimized to improve workflow for baking illumination,
shadow, shading, and textures. These improvements benefit users such as
game developers who require more flexibility to perform complex baking
options.
Bake-sets, which let you bake several objects with different baking options
during the same baking process, have been implemented. For information
on bake-sets and instructions on how to bake textures and vertices with
mental ray for Maya, see ”Using bake-sets” on page 66.
Note Maya’s Convert to File Texture command and Polygon Prelight

command remain unchanged.
mental ray for Maya export improvements

Improvements let you optimize the export to .mi process. If objects do not
change, reprocessing before exporting to .mi is not required, and the
export process is significantly shortened as a result.
File > Export Selection >

Additions have been made to the Export Selection Output options for File
Type mental ray.
Export Selection Output
Renderable
Scene This is the default.
Maya exports all scene entities (lights, cameras,
shaders, globals, etc.) that are necessary to render
the selected geometry. The resulting scene will be
renderable using the mental ray standalone.
Scene
Fragment Maya exports only the nodes that are selected. This
mode can be used to export particular lights,
cameras, shaders, or geometry. The resulting .mi
file will most likely not be directly renderable, so it
is called a Scene Fragment.

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6 | Rendering
> Scene Export Optimization Controls
Export Materials
In addition to the selected nodes, this setting also exports any
materials that they are connected to. This applies to selected geometry
and shading nodes.
Export All Incoming Shaders
In addition to selected shading nodes, also exports all inputs to those
nodes. For example, if a surface shader is selected, this mode causes
any texture networks feeding into the shader to be exported along
with the shader.
Export Entire Child DAG
This option specifies that in addition to selected geometry, any
children of that geometry should also be exported.
The standard export filters (enabled by turning on Export Selected Items
Only) are also applied to the nodes identified for export. This allows you
to prevent the export of unwanted node types.
Scene Export Optimization Controls

Several new controls let you manually optimize the process of exporting
scenes to .mi format. The translator now recognizes a specific set of
dynamic attributes that you can add to nodes to control how they are
exported.
You can accelerate the process of exporting scenes to .mi format by
disabling deformation checking for objects that are known to be static over
an animation (buildings, for example), and by disabling tangent vector
export for objects that do not use bump mapping or other tangent-based
shading effects.
miDeformation
Controls whether or not the translator tries to detect deformation of
an object.
To support per-object control of deformation determination and
motion vector calculation of shape nodes, this dynamic attribute of
type boolean is recognized. It overrides the global Export Shape
Deformation option and either marks the current shape for or
excludes it from deformation motion blur. Two common scenarios are
supported:
• disable deformation globally but enable it for specific shapes
• enable deformation globally but disable it for specific shapes
miTangents
Controls export of tangent vectors on objects.

64
6 | Rendering
> Extended subdivision surface support
To support per-object control of tangent vector calculation for polygon

meshes and NURBS surfaces, this dynamic attribute of type boolean is
recognized. It overrides the global Export ... Derivatives options and
marks or ignores the current shape accordingly for tangents
computation. Two common scenarios are supported:
• disable tangents globally but enable them for specific shapes
• enable tangents globally but disable them for specific shapes
The tangents are first order derivatives supplied as mental ray bump
basis vectors. They are required for mayabase shader filtering and
bump mapping purposes.
Extended subdivision surface support

Subdivision surface rendering is now supported.
The support for subdivision surfaces has been added and includes
hierarchical edits, hierarchical material assignments, edge and vertex full
creases only, uncreases, texture reference objects, deformation motion
blur, and derivatives (for bump mapping and texture filtering). Unlike
Maya, however, mental ray for Maya can handle only quadrilateral base
meshes (a number of Maya standard subdiv shapes are therefore rejected),
and UV coordinates can only be specified on the base mesh (level 0).
To prepare subdivision surfaces not directly supported (for example,
where the base mesh does not contain only quads), you must bake the first
level of subdivision surfaces to get quads everywhere.
To get quads everywhere in a rejected subdivision surface

1 Select Subdiv Surfaces > Collapse Hierarchy > .
2 Set Number of levels to 1.
3 Click Apply.
Particle system translation and rendering

Particle types for software rendering are now supported on all platforms
for rendering with mental ray. To render particles, a new mayabase
shader library is required, which is also provided for all platforms.
Particle data are also exported to .mi files. These files cannot be rendered
yet on machines with different byte ordering (big end or little end) than
the machine where Maya has been used (for example, mixing IRIX and
Windows). Particle translation and rendering is limited and may not be
able to handle large particle counts. Light linking is not supported with
particles. However, software particles and particle instancing should work
together seamlessly.

65
6 | Rendering
> IFF color and depth format
IFF color and depth format

The IFF image support in mental ray 3.2 has been extended to permit both
color and depth information written into a single file. This requires the
proper parameters to be set in the Render Global Settings (Depth Channel
(Z Depth) in the Image File Output section must be turned on).
Improved support for batch rendering with

mental ray for Maya
Any batch render with mental ray for Maya issued from the Maya user
interface reports progress back to the Maya script editor. This has been
improved to report frame numbers and file name extensions correctly.
Using bake-sets
About Bake-sets
Bake-sets
Bake-sets, which let you bake several objects with different baking options
during the same baking process, have been implemented in Maya.
Bake-sets and their attributes define the properties with which sets of
objects are baked.
Bake-sets let you:
• Easily apply different settings to different objects. For instance, you
can texture-bake objects with different UV ranges or output
resolution, or vertex-bake objects with different color blending or
clamping.
• Save different baking parameter configurations, making it easier to re-
bake periodically when needed.
Texture bake-sets and Vertex bake-sets

If you want to bake objects with different settings, you can create bake-
sets and assign objects to them. When you bake textures (see ”Bake
textures” on page 67) or vertices (see ”Bake vertices” on page 67), Maya
automatically bakes the objects according to the attributes of the bake-set
to which they are assigned.
(Bake-sets are derived from object sets. See the online documentation for
more information about object sets.)

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6 | Rendering
> Bake textures and vertices
Bake textures and vertices

If you bake objects that you have not assigned to a bake-set, the objects are
automatically assigned to the initial bake-set, and the baking proceeds.
In other words, if your baking requirements are simple (for example, you
want to bake all objects in your scene with the same settings), you don’t
need to create bake-sets and assign objects to them. An initial bake-set is
automatically created, and you can just bake textures or vertices.
Note Although no additional tasks are required for simple baking, the
steps you must follow have changed for baking textures. Baking
vertices using the Polygon Prelight command has not changed.
Note Usually you don’t modify the attributes of an initial texture

bake-set or an initial vertex bake-set. However, you can modify
them if you want to change one or two of the default attributes
with which new objects are baked. See ”Adjust bake-set
attributes” on page 70.
Bake vertices
To bake vertices with mental ray for Maya
1 Select the objects for which you want to bake vertices.
2 Do either of the following:
• In the Rendering menu set, select Lighting/Shading > Batch Bake
> .
• In the Modeling menu set, select Edit Polygons > Color > Polygon
Prelight (mental ray) > .
3 If desired, adjust any attributes, then click Convert and Close or
Convert.
For a description of the mental ray Baking Options window, see
”mental ray Baking Options window” on page 68.
Bake textures
The process of baking textures using mental ray for Maya is no longer
available from the Hypershade menu Convert File to Texture (it remains
for Maya Software rendering). Instead, new menu items from the
Rendering menu in the Rendering menu set let you do the following:

67
6 | Rendering
> mental ray Baking Options window
• Assign object to a new bake-set, which creates a new bake-set, letting

you bake that object according to the attributes of that bake-set. See
”Create a bake-set” on page 69.
• Assign object(s) to an existing bake-set, which lets you bake those
objects according to the attributes of that bake-set. See ”Assign objects
to existing bake-sets” on page 73.
• Batch bake selected objects, which immediately bakes the selected
objects according to:
• the options set in the mental ray Baking Options window (see
”mental ray Baking Options window” on page 68)
• the attributes in their respective bake-set(s) (see ”Bake-set
attributes” on page 70)
To bake a texture
1 Select one or more objects you want to bake.
2 Select Lighting/Shading > Batch Bake (mental ray) > .
3 Set the desired options, then click Convert or Convert and Close.
mental ray Baking Options window
Note Most of options in the mental ray Baking Options window

(formerly available from the Hypershade) have now moved to
either the Texture bake-set Attribute Editor (see ”Texture bake-
set attributes” on page 70) or the Vertex bake-set Attribute Editor
(see ”Vertex bake-set attributes” on page 72).
Objects to Bake
Select from this list to bake all objects, or only selected objects.
Skip objects in initialBakeSets
If you select Select All from the Objects to Bake option, then all objects
that are not assigned to the initial bake-sets are baked.
For information on initial bake-sets, see ”Bake textures and vertices”
on page 67.
Bake To
Bake either textures or vertices. The default is Texture when you
access this window through the Lighting/Shading menu. If you select
vertices, vertices are baked in the same manner as ”Bake vertices” on
page 67.

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6 | Rendering
> Create a bake-set
Color Mode
Allows mental ray for Maya to bake only illumination versus surface
color with illumination. This is the converse of Maya’s Bake Shading
Group Lighting option, which allows you to bake only surface color
vs. surface color with illumination. Select from one of the drop-down
list options: Fully Lit and Shaded (default) or Incoming Global
Illumination Only.
Bake Shadows
Turn this checkbox on to bake shadows.
Orthogonal Reflection
This option is off by default, which is useful if you are baking in order
to accelerate software rendering and the reflections will only be
viewed from the baked position. However, the textures or vertex
colors it generates are not for use as textures in a game engine. When
turned on, the Orthogonal Reflection option causes all reflection rays
to be orthogonal to the surface being baked. They are no longer true
reflection rays, pointing instead parallel to the surface normal vectors,
but the resulting baked texture or vertex colors will be meaningful
when viewed later from any direction.
Use Face Normals
mental ray for Maya lets the user specify the use of face normals for
baking instead of interpolated vertex normals, as usually used for
rendering.
Normal Direction
Determines in which direction the normals of the object to be baked
should be pointing. The options in the drop-down list are: Face
Camera, Front, and Back Camera.
Create a bake-set
You can create your own bake-sets to be able to bake objects in different
ways. To create a bake-set, you must have an object in your scene that you
want to assign to the bake-set.
To create a bake-set
1 Selected one or more objects for which you want to create a bake-set.
2 Use one of the following methods to assign the bake-set:
• Click Light/Shading > Assign New Bake-Set > Texture Bake-set
(to create a Texture bake-set) or Vertex Bake-Set (to create a Vertex
bake-set).

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6 | Rendering
> Adjust bake-set attributes
• Right click the object, then select Baking > Assign New Bake-Set >
Texture Bake-set or Vertex Bake-Set.
• Use the MEL command:
createNode [textureBakeSet|vertexBakeSet]
The new bake-set’s attributes appear in the Attribute Editor (unless
the Attribute Editor has been hidden).
3 Adjust the bake-set’s attributes, see ”Adjust bake-set attributes” on
page 70.
Adjust bake-set attributes

Bake-set attributes
To adjust the attributes of a bake-set
• If the bake-set’s attributes are shown in the Attribute Editor,
proceed to the next step. (If you can’t see the Attribute Editor,
make sure it is not hidden.)
• If the bake-set’s attributes are not shown in the Attribute Editor,
right-click the object, then select Baking Attributes.
• To select a bake-set without selecting an object, you can select it
from the tab that contains bake-sets in the Hypershade. If you do
not see a tab that contains bake-sets, you must create one. See
”Create a Bake-Set tab in Hypershade” on page 74.
2 Adjust the attributes.
Texture bake-set attributes

Prefix
Any bitmaps generated by this bake-set are prefixed with the value
typed in this box.
x resolution, y resolution
The horizontal and vertical resolution of the image file, measured in
pixels. The slider range is 1 to 512. The default value is 256.
File format
Lets you choose a format in which to save the file texture. The default
is IFF.
Bits per channel
Specifies the number of bits per channel to use in the output bitmap.

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> Texture bake-set attributes
Bake Alpha
Turn this on to bake the alpha channel (equivalent to Maya’s Bake
Transparency option) and then select an Alpha Mode.
Alpha mode
When Bake Alpha is turned on, the Alpha Mode specifies how it’s
computed. Select one of the options, which include Pass Through
(alpha as output from shading network), Surface Transparency,
Luminance of Surface Color, and Coverage.
Note The Pass Through option is mainly for custom shader usage
within Maya. The returned baked color alpha component is
retained and is not further affected by Maya's matte channel.
Custom shaders usually set the fourth component of a mental
ray color to provide the alpha channel.
UV range
Specifies the amount of the surface to sample in UV space. For
example, if you select one or more faces on a polygonal object, instead
of sampling the whole surface, only the selected faces are sampled.
U min, U max
Slider values specify how much to stretch the sampling range of U or
V components. Maya stretches the sample region to fit the output
image size within the [0,0] to [1,1] sampling range.
V min, V max
Minimum V and maximum V for baking.
Fill texture seams
If the selected UV space contains boundaries, these boundaries may
appear as black stripes in renderings that use the baked textures. This
occurs when the texture is sampled so close to a boundary that the
filter picks up values (generally black) from outside the desired space.
This setting artificially extends the boundaries by a small amount to
alleviate this problem. It is measured in texels (pixels of texture).
Typically, the filter is only a few texels in diameter and can only reach
as far as its radius into these boundary spaces, so a value of 1 or 2 is
usually enough.

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> Vertex bake-set attributes
Fill scale
This option carries out a boundary detection in the UV space to be
baked. If UVs are normalized to the unit square and the mesh is finely
tessellated, accuracy problems (such as zero-size triangles) can occur.
Temporary up-scaling the UVs helps in this case.
Override mesh UV set assignments
Activate this option to bake meshes as if they were in the specified UV
set instead of the UV sets to which they are currently associated.
UV set name
The UV set to use for the meshes in this textureBakeSet.
Vertex bake-set attributes

Shared Vertices
A vertex often exists in a few different faces. Use this option to bake a
single result for each vertex in the mesh rather than a single result for
each vertex in each face in the mesh. Choosing shared vertices usually
softens (sometimes dramatically) the shading of a mesh.
Bake Alpha
Turn this on to bake the alpha channel (equivalent to Maya’s Bake
Transparency option) and then select an Alpha Mode.
Alpha Mode
When Bake Alpha is turned on, the Alpha Mode specifies how it’s
computed. Select one of the options, which include Pass Through
(alpha as output from shading network), Surface Transparency,
Luminance of Surface Color, and Coverage.
Scale Rgba
Scale vertex colors by the specified value.
Clamp Min, Clamp Max
Turn on these options to clamp the minimum and maximum RGBA
values so that the values are forced to be within the range you set.
Min Color
The lower limit to which to clamp vertex color.
Max Color
The upper limit to which to clamp vertex colors.

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> Assign objects to existing bake-sets
Color Blending
Merges existing vertex colors with the ones just baked, if any. The
Don’t Overwrite option means that no color data is written onto the
mesh. If the mesh already has color data, those values remain
untouched. If the mesh has no color, it remains colorless.
Alpha Blending
Merges existing vertex alphas with the ones just baked, if any. The
Don’t Overwrite option means that no color data is written onto the
mesh. If the mesh has color data already, those values remain
untouched. If the mesh has no color, it remains colorless.
Assign objects to existing bake-sets

After you create a bake-set, you can assign any additional objects you
create to that bake-set.
To assign objects to existing bake-sets

• Assign each object, instance, or group to be baked to a bake-set, using
one of the following methods:
• The Maya Relationship Editor
• Lighting/Shading menu > Assign Existing Bake-Set > then choose
from the list of existing bake-sets.
• Right-click the bake-set node in the Hypershade, then select
Assign Selection to Bake Set.
• Right-click the object, then select Baking > Assign Existing Bake-
Set > then select the Bake-Set.
• Use the MEL command. For example,
sets –add myBakeSet nurbsSphere2;
To change the attributes of the initial bake-set

1 Select any object in your scene.
The object’s attributes appear in the Attribute Editor.
2 Select the initial bake-set tab.
3 Set any of the attributes.
To change the attributes of the initial texture bake-set, see ”Texture
bake-set attributes” on page 70.
To change the attributes of the initial vertex bake-set, see ”Vertex
bake-set attributes” on page 72.

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6 | Rendering
> Create a Bake-Set tab in Hypershade
Create a Bake-Set tab in Hypershade

You can create a bake-set tab in the Hypershade to be able to view and
select bake-sets.
To create a Bake-set tab

1 In the Hypershade, select Tab > Create New Tab.
2 In the Create New Tab window, type Bake-sets in the New Tab
Name field.
3 In the Show Nodes Which Are field, select Bake Sets.
4 Click Create.
Maya hardware rendering
About Maya’s new hardware renderer

Maya’s new hardware renderer presents a seamlessly integrated
rendering solution that leverages the ever increasing power of next-
generation graphics cards to render frames.
Benefits include an intuitive workflow to generate hardware rendered
images for previews, specific passes, and hardware rendered particles.
The integration takes advantage of the new unified rendering workflow;
you can render and display images using the Render View, which lets you
compare images during the shading and lighting tasks.
The user experience and the visual quality of the final images significantly
surpass that of the current hardware render buffer. You can produce
broadcast-resolution images in less time than with software rendering. In
some cases, the quality may be good enough for final delivery.
The hardware renderer uses Maya's existing interface and workflow for
assigning shaders, textures, particles, light linking, and so on.
To prevent the windows of other applications from interfering with the
rendering of the image, you can perform off-screen batch rendering.
Highlights of supported features

Supported features include:
• Integrated rendering workflow and interface
• Polygons and NURBS geometry
• Multiple textured channels
• Advanced transparency
• Hardware particles

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6 | Rendering
> Supported hardware and platforms
• Instancing
• Point, Directional, Spot, and Ambient Light types
• Any number of lights
• Light linking
• Per-vertex and per-pixel shading effects
• Multi-pass and multi-sampling anti-aliasing
• File textures for any supported channel
• On-the-fly procedural and shading network conversions
• Specular highlights
• Bumps
• Reflections
• Shadows
• Motion blur
• RBG color, alpha matte (mask), and Z depth output
• Command line rendering
• Render diagnostics. Warnings for unsupported primitives, shaders,
and light types and light features are provided.
Supported hardware and platforms

Only specific hardware and platform combinations are supported by
hardware rendering. For more information, see:
www.aliaswavefront.com/qual_charts
Selecting the hardware renderer

When you select the hardware renderer, Maya’s user interface is
automatically configured to use the hardware renderer. If you render the
current frame, Maya uses the hardware renderer process the image and
display it in the Render View. If you click the Display Render Globals
Window button, the unified Render Globals Settings window appears,
showing the Common tab and Maya Hardware tab.
To select the hardware renderer

• Select Maya Hardware from the dropdown list in Render View or
• Select Render > Render Using > Maya Hardware.

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6 | Rendering
> About the Maya Vector renderer
For more information about the Maya Hardware Global render

settings, see the online Rendering guide.
Maya Vector rendering (Windows and

Mac OS X)
About the Maya Vector renderer

You can use the Maya Vector renderer to create stylized renderings (for
example, cartoon, tonal art, line art, hidden line, wireframe) in various
bitmap image formats (for example, IFF, TIFF, and so on) or in the
following 2D vector formats:
• Macromedia Flash (non-interactive) version 3, 4 or 5 (SWF)
• Adobe Illustrator version 8 (AI)
• Encapsulated PostScript Level 2 (EPS)
• Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG).
Example Animations
helicopter.swf flowers.swf
boat.swf car.swf

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6 | Rendering
Note The Maya Vector renderer cannot render certain Maya features
(see “Maya features that will not vector render” in the Rendering
online documentation.
For more information see “The Maya vector renderer” in the online
Rendering guide.

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6 | Rendering

78
7 Paint Effects,
Artisan, 3D Paint
We've added or enhanced the following painting features in Maya.
Paint Effects
• ”Paint Effects shelf and new brushes” on page 79
• ”Select strokes by name” on page 80
• ”Flip Tube Direction” on page 81
• ”Convert Paint Effects to polygons” on page 81
• ”Optimize Paint Effects Mesh quality” on page 82
• ”ThinLine Brush Type” on page 83
• ”Mesh Brush Type” on page 84
• ”Thorns on Mesh” on page 87
• ”Mesh Environment Reflections” on page 89
• ”Mesh Displacement/Bump Mapping” on page 90
• ”New brush attributes” on page 91
• ”General improvements” on page 97
Artisan
• ”Paint Vertex Color Tool and Script Paint Tool ported to the new
Artisan architecture” on page 99
• ”Paint vertex or vertex face” on page 99
3D Paint Tool
• ”Displacement attribute paintable” on page 99
• ”Edit existing textures” on page 99
• ”Set Erase Image” on page 99
• ”Color, Flood and Opacity” on page 100
Paint Effects
Paint Effects shelf and new brushes

We’ve added a Paint Effects shelf that contains a range of Paint Effects
tools and brushes, including some new brushes.
If you are upgrading to Maya 5, the Paint Effects shelf will not be
displayed. You can load the shelf manually using the instructions below
in “To load the Paint Effects shelf.”

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7 | Paint Effects, Artisan, 3D Paint
> Select strokes by name
If you are new to Maya, the Paint Effects shelf, like the other Maya
shelves, is loaded automatically on Windows and Mac OS X. The shelves
are not loaded by default on IRIX and Linux because they can seriously
impede the start up performance of Maya. To load these shelves on IRIX
or Linux, follow the instructions in “Load the default shelves” in the
Basics guide. To load only the Paint Effects shelf, follow the instructions
below in “To load the Paint Effects shelf.”
To load the Paint Effects shelf

1 Open the Script Editor (Window > General Editors > Script Editor).
2 Copy and paste the following in the Script Editor:
loadNewShelf "shelf_PaintEffects.mel";
saveAllShelves $gShelfTopLevel;
3 Select Script > Execute.
Example created using the new Mesh type brush

Image courtesy of Duncan Brinsmead
Select strokes by name

You can now select multiple strokes by name, for example, to have them
share one brush. Use the Select Brush/Stroke Names Containing menu
item in the Paint Effects menu.

80
> Flip Tube Direction
To select strokes by name

1 Select a stroke.
2 Select Paint Effects > Select Brush/Stroke Names Containing.
3 In the Name Fragment text box, type the name of the stroke, for
example, daisy.
4 Click Select Strokes. The strokes of that name are selected.
Flip Tube Direction

We’ve added a new menu item, Flip Tube Direction, to the Paint Effects
menu, and a new Flip Tube Direction button on the toolbar in the Paint
Effects panel.
Use this to switch the direction of the current brush between Along Path
(best for canvas painting of plants) and Along Normal (best for scene
painting of plants). This command is available as a hotkey.
In addition, we’ve added a Force Tube to be Along Path checkbox to the
Canvas section of the Paint Effects Globals. Force Tube Direction to be Along
Path causes brushes with tubes whose elevationMin is greater than 0.5 to
be drawn along the path rather than along the normal in Canvas mode.
This has the effect of making plant brushes draw in the expected direction
when painting in the canvas.
Convert Paint Effects to polygons

You can convert Paint Effects strokes to polygonal meshes, including
construction history, using Modify > Convert > Paint Effects To Polygons.
This allows you to:
• render in any renderer, including the Maya Software renderer, mental
ray for Maya, the Hardware renderer, and the Vector renderer (For
more information, see the online Rendering guide.)
• have Paint Effects show up in reflections, refractions and through
transparent objects (For more information, see the online guides
Lights and Cameras, and Shading.)
• use other polygon editing tools on them (For more information, see
the online Modeling Polygons guide.)

81
> Optimize Paint Effects Mesh quality
You can edit brush attributes and see the effect on the output mesh.
Shaders that closely match the look of the Paint Effects render are
automatically generated and assigned to the resulting meshes. You can
optionally choose to output color per vertex and also to bake lighting onto
the mesh.
Note To optimize converting Paint Effects to polygons, see ”Optimize

Paint Effects Mesh quality” on page 82.
These are the options in the Paint Effects To Polygons Options window
(Modify > Convert > Paint Effects To Polygons > ):
Vertex Color Mode
The default is None. Other options include Color and Illuminated.
Quad Output
Turn this on to output to quads. The default is off, defaulting output
to triangles.
Hide Strokes
Turn this on to hide the Paint Effects strokes once they’re converted
to Polygons. Even if a stroke is hidden, its attributes can still be
updated and will affect the polygon mesh. The default is on.
Poly Limit
This value indicates that when converting the Paint Effects stroke to
polygons, it should stop after it has reached approximately this
number of faces. This can be used to avoid creating excessively large
meshes that could cause you to run out of memory. The default is 100
000. A value of 0 indicates no limit.
Optimize Paint Effects Mesh quality

Paint Effects Mesh Quality settings can be useful in simplifying both
normal Paint Effects strokes as well as strokes that have been converted to
polygons.
When converting Paint Effects to polygons, you can optimize the
conversion by keeping some attribute values as low as possible, such as
Segments, Leaf Segments, Petal Segments, Sub Segments, Split Max
Depth, and Tube Sections. Also the Flatness value should be exactly 1 on
leaves and petals as this can dramatically reduce the number of triangles if
the Tube Sections value is large.

82
> ThinLine Brush Type
All the attributes mentioned above are located in different sections of the
Paint Effects Brush Settings editor, so it can be time consuming to find and
modify them for each brush you want to edit. To save time, use the Paint
Effects Mesh Quality window (Paint Effects > Paint Effects Mesh Quality).
The Paint Effects Mesh Quality window is a collection of attributes from
the selected brush and, where indicated, stroke. It refers to the first valid
selection found and only represents one brush at a time. The brush may be
selected indirectly through a stroke, a surface that was painted on, or a
mesh that resulted from converting Paint Effects to polygons.
Changing the segments, Leaf Segments and Petal Segments may change
the overall shape of the tubes. You can compensate for this somewhat on
leaves and petals by adjusting the leaf and petal Stiffness, which also
appear in this window. For segments you may need to modify Force
attributes in the Paint Effects Brush Settings editor.
You can increase the number of sub segments without affecting the tube
shape, although this will not remove nickling as the sub segments are
linearly interpolated between the main segments. Sub segments are most
useful if the brush has displacement turned on and you want to better
resolve the displacement texture with more triangles, but don’t want to
affect the overall shape of the tubes. There may be other situations where
more triangles are desired, but you don’t want to affect the overall tube
shape.
ThinLine Brush Type

We’ve added a ThinLine type of brush that allows you to render large
numbers of fine tubes much more quickly than the Paint Brush Type. It
uses a direct anti-aliased line draw rather than a series of brush stamps. A
new Multi Streak method is also available when this Brush Type is used.
In combination with the Multi Streak method, the ThinLine Brush Type
can be up to 100 times faster for hair than the Paint Brush Type with better
line detail. In addition, new looks are possible using the Multi Streaks,
such as wet clumping hair.)
Note When using a large value for Tube Width with the ThinLine
brush type, this may result in artifacts.
These are the attributes used to control the Multi Streaks:

Multi Streaks
The number of additional tubes or hairs to create around the original
tube.

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> Mesh Brush Type
Multi Streak Spread1

The maximum offset at the tube base for the streaks.
Multi Streak Spread2
The maximum offset at the tube tip for the streaks.
Diffuse Random
Amount to randomize the brightness of each offset tube.
Specular Random
Amount to randomize the specular brightness of each offset tube.
Light All Streaks
Compute lighting for each added tube.
Example of long hair created using the ThinLine Brush Type

Image courtesy of Duncan Brinsmead
Mesh Brush Type

We’ve added a Mesh type of brush that renders Paint Effects using
triangulated tubes instead of brush stamps. This results in accurate conical
geometry with textures that correctly map on the surface. Flat surfaces are
rendered more accurately than when the Paint Brush Type is used. While
the Paint Brush Type is generally better when representing soft, fuzzy
volumes, the Mesh Brush Type is better at hard surfaces.

84
> Mesh Brush Type
With the Mesh Brush Type you can now create Paint Effects trees and
plants that are convincing not just from a distance, but also close-up. You
can also create previously impossible shapes, such as hard-edged
geometry (buildings). You can do per-pixel lighting on the mesh
(including specular highlights). There is also a new built-in environment
map on the brush that is useful when simulating reflective surfaces (see
”Mesh Environment Reflections” on page 89). We’ve added displacement
and bump mapping to enhance the detail of the mesh surface (see ”Mesh
Displacement/Bump Mapping” on page 90). The triangles are not kept in
memory, but rather generated at render time. As a result, you can use a lot
of triangles without running out of memory.
Another feature made possible by representing the tubes as triangles is
converting Paint Effects to Polygons. For details, see ”Convert Paint
Effects to polygons” on page 81.
These are the attributes to control the Mesh Brush Type:
Tube Sections
The number of points in the circle that is swept along the tube.
Sub Segments
The number of cross sections per segment of the tube.
Single Sided
Cull away facing triangles.
Per Pixel Lighting
Light each pixel, as opposed to each vertex.
End Caps
This adds end cap geometry to tubes when using the Mesh Brush
Type.
Hard Edges
This affects the lighting of the object and makes the edges around
tubes hard when using the Mesh Brush Type. For example, if the tube
sections are set to 4 and Hard Edges is turned on, it will make the tube
shade as if the 4 sides are flat, rather than trying to simulate a
rounded tube. For bends in the direction of the tube, for example, due
to changes in the Width Scale, the bend angle across a given must be
sufficiently large to make the angle hard. The number of segments
used can affect whether a given region on the tube becomes hard
edged or not. This attribute adjusts the normals used for shading and
does not alter the shape of the tube. This is off by default.

85
> Mesh Brush Type
Example using the Mesh Brush Type with Hard Edges turned on

86
> Thorns on Mesh
Examples of trees created using the

Mesh Brush Type
Images courtesy of Duncan Brinsmead
Thorns on Mesh
Large numbers of thorns may be generated off the surfaces of the triangles
created when using the Mesh Brush Type. These thorns are drawn using
the rendering method associated with the ThinLine Brush Type and
render quickly. They are single segment tubes, and do not appear in the
wireframe representation of the strokes. You can use these to add thorns
and prickles to plants or to create furry or fuzzy tubes.

87
> Thorns on Mesh
Not
e Thorns on Mesh are only created at render time.
Example of thorns on mesh
These are the attributes to control the look and size of the thorns:
Branch Thorns
Enable thorns on base tubes, including when tubes are off.
Twig Thorns
Enable thorns on twigs.
Leaf Thorns
Enable thorns on leaves.
Flower Thorns
Enable thorns on flowers.
Thorn Density
The number of thorns relative to the overall tube.

88
> Mesh Environment Reflections
Thorn Elevation
The rotation of the thorns relative to the base tube's surface normal.
Thorn Length
Length of the thorn relative to the average tube width.
Thorn Base Width
The width of the thorn at the base (relative to average tube width).
Thorn Tip Width
The width of the thorn at the tip (relative to average tube width).
Thorn Specular
Specular highlight intensity (using an anisotropic model).
Thorn Base Color
Color at thorn base.
Thorn Tip Color
Color at thorn tip.
Mesh Environment Reflections

A simple ramp-based environment may now be used in conjunction with
the Mesh Brush Type. This can be used to create looks such as chrome,
water, glass, shiny paint, etc.
Example of Mesh Environment Reflections

89
> Mesh Displacement/Bump Mapping
These are the attributes to control the Mesh Environment Reflections:

Branch Reflectivity
The amount the environment is reflected on base tubes, including the
stroke when tubes are turned off.
Leaf Reflectivity
The amount of environment reflection on leaves.
Flower Reflectivity
The amount of environment reflection on flowers.
Environment
The ramp represents the reflected color of a spherical placement: the
left side of the ramp is the color at the bottom of the spherical
reflection and the right side of the ramp is the color at the top of it.
Reflection Rolloff
Represents the reflectivity with changing view angle (facing ratio).
Mesh Displacement/Bump Mapping

In the Texturing section of the Brush Settings window, you can apply
displacements to the triangles created when using the Mesh Brush Type. If
Per Pixel Shading is used, then a bump map is also applied along with the
triangle displacement.
These are the attributes to control mesh displacement/bump maps:
Map Displacement
Turn on for displacement of triangles using texture.
Displacement Scale
Amount of displacement relative to tube width.
Displacement Offset
Amount of displacement independent of local tube width.
Bump Intensity
Strength of the added bump effect (if Per Pixel Shading is on).
Bump Blur
Controls separation of samples used in bump mapping.
Use Luminance
Use color brightness instead of the alpha for displacement.

90
> New brush attributes
New brush attributes

Forward Twist attribute
We’ve added Forward Twist (Brush Profile), Leaf Forward Twist (Tubes >
Growth > Leaves) and Petal Forward Twist (Tubes > Growth > Flowers)
attributes to the Brush Settings Attribute Editor.
When Forward Twist is turned on, then tube Flatness is always oriented
towards the camera. This is particularly useful when the Flatness is 1, as
you can use billboard textures to minimize geometry. For leaves, you
could use a texture of a large clump of leaves with alpha on flat leaves.
Turning on Leaf Forward Twist would ensure that the broad side of the
textured leaf clump is rotated towards the view so it always looks full.
Another example might be to use the image of an apple with alpha on a
flat flower petal. Turning on Petal Forward Twist twists the petal to face
the view so the apples do not look flat from some angles. The simplest
way to represent a tree is an image of a tree with alpha textured to a
billboard facing the camera. The following settings can be used to set up
this type of billboard:
• Brush Type = Mesh
• Forward Twist = on
• Flatness1 = 1.0
• Flatness2 = 1.0
• Map Opacity = on
• Map Color = on
• Texture Type = File
• Image Name "yourTreeWithAlpha"
• Tube = on
• Segments = 1
• Tube Length1, 2 = 0.5
• Tube Width1, 2 = 0.5
These are the attributes to control Forward Twist:
Forward Twist
Forward twist applied to tubes so the broad or flat side is always
oriented towards the camera. Textures are similarily affected so that
they always face the camera.

91
> Bend attribute
Leaf Forward Twist

Forward twist applied to leaves so the broad or flat side is always
Petal Forward Twist
Forward twist applied to petals so the broad or flat side is always
Bend attribute
We’ve added a Bend attribute to the Tubes Behavior section of the Brush
Settings Attribute Editor. Bend can be used to curl up leaves and flowers,
as well as to make the overall branches bend in the U direction (along the
length). You can create natural looking flower petals and plants, such as
fiddlehead ferns. It is automatically animated in growth animations if
non-zero. You can use the Curl attribute to bend leaves and petals in the V
direction (along the width).
These are the attributes to control Bend:
Bend
Bend applied to base tubes.
Leaf Bend
Bend applied to leaves.
Flower Bend
Bend applied to flower petals.
Bend Bias
This controls how far down the stroke the bend starts. With a value of
0, the bend starts at the base. With a value of 1, there is no bend. High
values cause a faster bending near the tip.
Curl attribute
We’ve added a Curl attribute to the Tubes Growth section of the Brush
Settings Attribute Editor. Curl can be used to curl up leaves and petals.
You can create realistic looking flower petals and leaves, such as lotus
petals.
You can use the Bend attribute to bend leaves or petals in the U direction
(along the length), and you can use the Curl attribute to bend leaves and
petals in the V direction (along the width). Using these attributes allows

92
> Twirl attribute
you to create a realistic and sophisticated looking flower with several

petals. The Curl attribute is also useful at preventing collisions between
petals.
The ramp controls the curl from root to tip of the leaf/petal. The left side
of the ramp is the base of the leaf/petal and the right is the tip.
Controlling the curl from base to tip can help define the natural shape of
petals and leaves, as well as prevent interpenetration within a cluster. The
mid line value on the ramp (0.5 ) represents zero curvature. Many petals
and leaf shapes have curvature that is constantly changing. For example,
iris petals or mistletoe leaves can be simulated by a wavy curl ramp.
These are the attributes to control Curl:
Leaf Curl
Curl applied to leaves.
Petal Curl
Curl applied to flower petals.
Petal Curl was

used to create
natural looking
petals for this
rose
Image courtesy
of Yiqun Chen
Twirl attribute
Twirl controls the initial rotation of a leaf or petal relative to the branch.
For example, by default a group of leaves at the top of a palm tree would
twist sideways. With Twirl you can rotate them to a proper orientation
with the flat side facing the ground. We’ve added Leaf Twirl (Tubes >
Growth > Leaves) and Petal Twirl (Tubes > Growth > Flowers) to the
Brush Settings Attribute Editor.
These are the attributes to control Twirl:
Leaf Twirl
Twirl applied to leaves.

93
> Stiffness attribute
Petal Twirl
Twirl applied to petals.
Stiffness attribute
Force attributes may affect leaves either too strongly or too weakly. The
number of segments in a leaf or flower relative to the base segment count
determines how much forces will affect the shape. The Stiffness attribute
gives you an independent way of controlling how much the forces, such
as Gravity, Random, and Turbulence, affect leaves and flowers. Stiffness
affects the way forces act on the leaf. If the Stiffness is set to 1, forces have
no effect. If Stiffness is set to 0.5, forces have the same effect per segment
that they do on the main branches. If Stiffness is set to 0, forces totally
affect the leaf or petal like a limp spaghetti noodle. If you have no forces,
such as Spiral and Twist, Stiffness will have no effect.
We’ve added Twig Stiffness (Tubes > Growth > Twigs), Leaf Stiffness
(Tubes > Growth > Leaves) and Petal Stiffness (Tubes > Growth >
Flowers) to the Brush Settings Attribute Editor. The default for all of three
attributes is 0.5.
These are the attributes to control Stiffness:
Twig Stiffness
Stiffness applied to twigs.
Leaf Stiffness
Stiffness applied to leaves.
Petal Stiffness
Stiffness applied to flowers.
Width Scale attribute

This allows you to use a graph to control the width from root to tip of
tubes, rather than using a simple linear interpolation between two values.
When combined with the Mesh Brush Type you can define shapes like
spheres, as well as control the profile of a leaf. Width Scale is applied as a
scale to the current width and defaults to 1.0 so that previous presets work
with it.
These are the attributes to control Width Scale:
Width Scale
Affects tubes.
Leaf Width Scale
Affects leaves.

94
> Branch After Twigs attribute
Petal Width Scale

Affects flowers.
Click a point along the graph and drag to

position it in the graph. The shape of the
graph corresponds to the width along the
tube, leaf, or petal. In this example, the
width would be narrow initially at the base,
quickly widening at the middle and then
narrow again at the tip.
The graph above was used
to scale the Leaf Width for
the leaves on the mature
birch in the image on the left.
As you can see the graph
corresponds to a cross
section of the shape of the
leaf.
Mature birch Image courtesy

of Yiqun Chen
Branch After Twigs attribute

We’ve added a Branch After Twigs checkbox to the Twigs section of the
Brush Settings Attribute Editor (Tubes > Growth > Twigs). Turn this on to
put branches on twigs rather than twigs on branches. If Branch After
Twigs is turned on, then twigs are evenly distributed along the main
trunk and branches split after the twig. The splitting defined by the
branch attributes will occur on the twigs. This is useful in helping define
many common tree shapes, such as pines. You can have a central trunk
with multiple branches splitting off of it. You can also use the Twig
Length Scale attribute to adjust the overall profile of the tree; from the
twigs' starting point, it controls the density of the twigs and branches
along the main trunk. Shorter twigs are adjusted to have fewer branching
events and segments.

95
> Twig Length Scale attribute
Before turning on Branch After

Twig
After turning on Branch After

Twig
Twig Length Scale attribute

The base length of twigs is defined by the Twig Length attribute. However
you might want twigs at the tip of a trunk to be shorter than ones at the
base. The Twig Length Scale attribute allows you to scale the Twig
Length: when it is set to 1.0 then the twigs will equal the Twig Length
value, when it is set to 0.5 the twigs will be half the Twig Length value,
etc. The horizontal dimension of the graph corresponds to the position
from root to tip of the tube from which the twigs sprout.
Click a point along the graph and

drag to position it in the graph.
The shape of the graph
corresponds to the length of the
twigs. In this example, the length
of the twigs at the base of the
trunk would be as specified by
the Twig Length, at the middle of
the tree they’d be a bit shorter
and at the top of the tree they’d
be really short. This Twig Length
Scale graph was applied to the
pine tree as seen in the image to
the left.

96
> Specular control on components
Specular control on components

You frequently may want leaves, flowers and branches to have a different
specularity. The specular intensity is now controlled separately. We’ve
added Leaf Specular (Tubes > Growth > Leaves) and Flower Specular
(Tubes > Growth > Flowers) to the Brush Settings Attribute Editor.
These are the attributes to control specularity:
Leaf Specular
Specular control for leaves.
Flower Specular
Specular control for flowers.
Texture Flow attribute

We’ve added a Texture Flow check box to the Flow Animation section of
the Brush Settings Attribute Editor. This moves the texture with flow as
defined by Flow Speed (another attribute) in Flow Animation). In general
this is best turned off for growth animations (growth with time clipping)
because the textures will not move during the plant growth. But this is
useful when you want a texture, particularily a displacement, to flow
down the tubes. This is on by default.
General improvements
Object Shading menu
The name of the Shading menu in the Paint Effects panel was changed to
the Object Shading menu to more accurately reflect what the menu is used
for.
Preset Blending
We’ve modified the procedure for turning Preset Blending on and off.
Previously Preset Blending was turned on or off by opening or closing its
options window. Now when you select Preset Blending in the Paint
Effects menu, a check mark appears beside it indicating it’s on. To turn it
off, select Preset Blending in the Paint Effects menu again and the check
mark disappears. To open the Brush Preset Blend window and set the
Shading and Shape values, select Paint Effects > Preset Blending > .

97
> Refresh improvements
Refresh improvements
The wireframe draw of Paint Effects strokes in the modeling view is now
cached, dramatically speeding up refresh, in some cases by a factor of 100
or more. You can now work with the Stroke Settings Display Quality
always at 100%. The new default for Display Quality is 100.
To speed up playback, there is a new Paint Effects Performance Settings
option with three settings (Window > Settings/Preferences > Performance
Settings).
On
Always updates strokes when they change.
Interactive
Updates strokes when changed, except during playback.
Off
Never updates strokes, even when the brushes or strokes are edited.
Animated strokes, for example, through turbulence on the brush, will
automatically regenerate during playback, which can make playback
slow. The Interactive Performance option is useful when you need fast
playback, but you don’t need to preview the turbulence animation.
Anti-aliasing quality
There are two new options in the Paint Effects section of Render Globals.
Oversample
Renders the Paint Effects at double resolution for better anti-aliasing.
Oversample Post Filter
Applies a weighted filter to the oversampled image for better
smoothing.
These options are particularly useful when rendering Paint Effects fur or
hair. Also the new Mesh Brush Type requires oversample be used to anti-
alias the tube edges if you don’t convert the Paint Effects to polygons.

98
> Paint Vertex Color Tool and Script Paint Tool ported to the new Artisan architecture
Artisan
Paint Vertex Color Tool and Script Paint Tool

ported to the new Artisan architecture
The Paint Vertex Color Tool and Script Paint Tool have been converted to
the new Artisan architecture. For details on using brushes in the revised
architecture, see “Brush Tool settings (revised architecture)” in the online
Painting guide.
Paint vertex or vertex face

In the Color section of the Paint Vertex Color Tool settings window we’ve
added two Paint options, Vertex and Vertex face. For more information
about using this tool, see the online Modeling Polygons guide.
3D Paint Tool
Displacement attribute paintable

Displacement has been added to the Attribute to Paint drop-down list in
the File Textures section of the 3D Paint Tool settings. Displacement is
now a paintable attribute.
Edit existing textures

You can now edit both the size and file format of existing 3D Paint
textures using the Assign/Edit Textures button in the File Textures section
of the 3D Paint Tool settings. This button was previously named Assign
Textures and was used only for assigning new textures; the button
formerly had no effect on existing textures.
Set Erase Image

We’ve added a Set Erase Image button so you can set the current paint
layer as what to erase back to.
Example of using Set Erase Image

1 Paint a base layer, such as a layer of dirt.
2 Click the Set Erase Image button.
3 Flood the layer with a color, such as grey.
4 Erase patches and the dirt layer shows through.

99
> Color, Flood and Opacity
Color, Flood and Opacity

In the 3D Paint Tool settings we’ve modified the Color section and added
a Flood section so you can set Flood Color and Opacity independent of
Color and use it independent of the current brush Operation mode.
The Color section now only contains two attributes used for painting:
Color and Opacity. The new Flood section also contains two attributes,
Color and Opacity; and it has two buttons, Flood Paint and Flood Erase,
with Flood options: All and Selected.
To flood paint
1 Specify a Color and Opacity value in the Flood section.
2 Select Flood All or Flood Selected.
3 Click the Flood Color button.
To flood erase
1 Specify an Opacity value in the Flood section.
2 Select Flood All or Flood Selected.
3 Click the Flood Erase button.

100
8 Fluid Effects
Note Fluid Effects is available only in Maya Unlimited.
For Maya 5, we have added the following functionality to Fluid Effects:

• The ability to define the contents of fluid initial states
• The ability to insert fluid contents with curves
• The ability for objects to push 2D and 3D fluids
• New Pond and Wake fluids.
Fluid Effects > Set Initial State

Fluid Effects > Set Initial State >
With the Initial State Options window, you can set the contents of a fluid’s
initial state. The contents turned on in the Set Initial State Options
window are set in the initial state. By default, all initial state content
options are turned on.
The initial state of a fluid is created from the dynamic or static grid
contents. When setting the initial state, if a content method has dynamic
or static grid attributes but is not turned on in the Set Initial State Options
window, a warning appears and you are prompted to either include the
grid attributes or omit them from the cache.
Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents >

Initial States
Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > Initial States >
This Initial State Options window lets you set the resolution of your fluid
to that of an example fluid’s initial state. By default, fluid examples have a
very high resolution. Setting the fluid resolution is useful when you want
to match the resolution of a fluid container to that of a fluid example. By
default, From Initial State is on.
Fluid Resolution
As Is Keeps the fluid container’s current resolution.

101
8 | Fluid Effects
> Set Contents with Curve
From Initial
State Sets the current fluid container’s resolution to that of
the fluid example’s initial state.
Set Contents with Curve

Set Contents with Curve lets you use a curve to define where contents are
added to a fluid container. Like a painted fluid stroke, the curve does not
emit the fluid but instead inserts fluid samples into the fluid container.
When setting fluid contents from a curve, the container’s fluid Content
Methods must be set to dynamic or static. See “Create dynamic fluid
effects” and “Create non-dynamic fluid effects” in the Fluid Effects guide.
To add fluid contents with a curve

1 Create a 2D or 3D Fluid container with or without an emitter.
See “Create a fluid container with a fluid emitter” in the Fluid Effects
guide.
2 Draw a curve within the Fluid container.
For more information, search the online help for Drawing Curves.
Note If the curve extends past the boundaries of the container, fluid
contents are added to the container only where the curve is
within its boundaries, and the number of fluid samples are
calculated for the entire curve.
3 Select the curve and the container, and then select Fluid Effects >
Add/Edit Contents > With Curve > .
The Set Fluid Contents From Curve Options window appears.
4 Set the options for the fluid contents that are placed in the container
by the curve. See ”Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > With Curve”
on page 103.
5 Click one of the following:
• Click Apply and Close to apply the defined fluid settings to the
fluid contents that are inserted by the curve. The Set Fluid
Contents From Curve Options window closes.
• Click Apply to apply the defined fluid settings to the fluid
contents that are inserted by the curve. The Set Fluid Contents
From Curve Options window remains open.
• Click Close to disregard any additions or changes to the fluid
settings. The Set Fluid Contents From Curve Options window
closes.

102
8 | Fluid Effects
> Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > With Curve >
6 Set the initial state of your fluid. See “Set or delete the initial state of a
fluid” in the Fluid Effects guide.
You must set the initial state of your fluid to retain the contents added
to your fluid container by the curve.
Note You now have the option to delete the curve. This will not affect
the contents of the container.
Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > With Curve

Fluid Effects > Add/Edit Contents > With Curve >
The following section describes the options of the Set Fluid Contents With
Curve Options window.
Density
Sets the density value of the fluid contents that are inserted by the
curve. The default amount of density is 1.000.
Velocity
Sets the velocity value (magnitude and vector) for the fluid contents
that are inserted by the curve. The default value is 1.000.
Temperature
Sets the temperature value of the fluid contents that are inserted by
the curve. The default temperature value is 1.000.
Fuel
Sets the fuel value of the fluid contents that are inserted by the curve.
The default fuel value is 1.000.
Color
Sets the color value of the fluid contents that are inserted by the curve.
The default color is red.
Operation
Lets you Add to or Replace the contents of the affected voxels.
Replace is on by default.

103
8 | Fluid Effects
> Ponds
Number Of Curve Samples

Sets the number of samples that are calculated along the curve. For
example, if you set the number of curve samples to 1, only one fluid
sample on one voxel is generated. For best results, set the number of
samples to a number that is greater than the number of voxels you
want to affect. The maximum number of samples is 1000.
Radius
Defines the radius in which the fluid contents are inserted along the
curve. The radius is measured in the same units as those set in your
global user defined preferences. For more information, search the
online help for Working Units.
Curve-Based Velocity
Sets the velocity of the fluid contents inserted along the curve to the
value specified in the Velocity field of the Set Fluid From Curve
options. When this option is on, the velocity’s magnitude decreases at
high curvature points along the curve and increases at low curvature
points. When this option is off, the velocity is stabilized at the
specified velocity value and the velocity draw arrows all appear the
same length. Curve-Based Velocity is off by default.
Set Initial State
Sets the selected fluid container’s Initial State when the contents are
applied. Set Initial State is on by default.
Ponds
Ponds are 2D fluids that use a spring mesh solver and a height field. For
information on Pond attributes, search the online help for 2D fluid
container attributes. With the Pond options and attributes, you can set the
size and color of your fluid surface.
You can generate waves, bubbles, and ripples in the fluid surface using
Wakes. See ”Wakes” on page 105. Increasing the size of your pond
extends the range of your waves and ripples.
The Pond menu items function in almost the same manner as the Ocean
menu items. For information on Pond menu items and attributes, search
the online help for Ocean menu items and attributes.
Create Ponds
To create a Pond fluid
1 Select Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Pond > .
The Create Pond window appears.

104
8 | Fluid Effects
> Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Pond >
2 Set the Pond options. See ”Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Pond” on
page 105.
• Click Create Pond to insert a pond fluid container with the
defined size into your scene. The Create Ponds window closes.
• Click Apply to insert a pond fluid container with the defined size
into your scene. The Create Ponds window remains open.
• Click Close to disregard any change to the pond size and close the
Create Pond menu.
Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Pond

Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Pond >
Size
Defines the size of your Pond fluid. The size of the Pond can be
modified by using the container properties of the Pond fluid shape.
The default size is 20.000.
Wakes
With the menu item Create Wake, you can create boat wakes, add
additional turbulence to an ocean, or generate bubbling and ripples.
A Wake fluid is a fluid container with a Spring Mesh solver. Wake fluids
do not use the Navier Stokes solver like regular fluids, but use the new
Spring Mesh solver. A fluid emitter is used to drive the motion of the
Wake fluid.
Note You can only use Wakes with Ponds or Oceans.
Ocean Wakes differ from Pond Wakes. For Oceans, a Wake is a fluid
texture with a Spring Mesh solver that adds additional displacement and/
or foam to the Ocean shader. For Ponds, a Wake is a 2D fluid with a
Spring Mesh solver that is rendered directly as a fluid.
Create Pond wakes

To place a Wake fluid in a Pond
1 Create a Pond fluid by selecting Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Pond.
A pond appears in your scene view.
2 Select the Pond or an object you want to link to the Wake fluid.

105
8 | Fluid Effects
> Create an Ocean wake
3 Create a wake by selecting Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Wake > .
The Create Wake options window appears.
4 Set the wake options. See ”Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Wake” on
page 107.
• Click Create Wake to place a Wake fluid emitter in the current
pond, or to place the Wake fluid emitter in your scene and parent
it to the selected object. The Create Wake options window closes.
• Click Apply to place a Wake fluid emitter in the current pond, or
to place the Wake fluid emitter in your scene and parent it to a
selected object. The Create Wake options window remains open.
• Click Close to disregard any changes made to the Create Wake
options, and close the Create Wake options window.
6 Set the Wake attributes.
For more information, search the online help for Fluid Emitter attributes.
Create an Ocean wake

To place a Wake fluid in an Ocean
1 Create an Ocean by selecting Fluid Effects > Ocean > Create Ocean.
An Ocean appears in your scene view.
2 Select the ocean and create a wake by selecting Fluid Effects > Ocean >
Create Wake > .
The Create Ocean Wake options window appears.
3 Set the wake options. See ”Fluid Effects > Ocean > Create Wake” on
page 107.
• Click Create Ocean Wake to place a Wake fluid container in the
current Ocean. The Create Ocean Wake options window closes.
• Click Apply to place a Wake fluid container in the current Ocean.
The Create Ocean Wake options window remains open.
• Click Close to disregard any changes made to the Create Ocean
Wake options, and close the Create Ocean Wake options window.
5 Set the Wake attributes.
For more information, search the online help for Fluid Emitter attributes.

106
8 | Fluid Effects
> Fluid Effects > Ocean > Create Wake >
Fluid Effects > Ocean > Create Wake

Fluid Effects > Ocean > Create Wake >
Wake Size
For Oceans, Wake Size sets the size attribute (located in the fluid
shape container properties) of the Wake fluid.
Wake Intensity
This value determines the magnitude of the wakes. In the fluid emitter
attributes, this value is Density/Voxel/Second. The default intensity
is 5.00.
Note A negative Wake Intensity value pushes the fluid surface down
while a positive value pushes the surface up.
Foam Creation
This value determines the amount of foam generated by the fluid
emitter. In the fluid emitter attributes, this value is the Heat/Voxel/
Second. For Oceans, this value directly affects the foam. The default
amount of foam is 0.00.
Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Wake

Fluid Effects > Pond > Create Wake >
Wake Size
For Ponds, the size of the Wake fluid is determined by the size
attribute of the Pond fluid container.
Wake Intensity
This value determines the magnitude of the wakes. In the fluid emitter
attributes, this value is Density/Voxel/Second. The default intensity
is 5.00.
Note A negative Wake Intensity value pushes the fluid surface down
while a positive value pushes the surface up.

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8 | Fluid Effects
> Motion field attributes
Foam Creation
This value determines the amount of foam generated by the fluid
emitter. In the fluid emitter attributes, this value is the Heat/Voxel/
Second. For Ponds, this value corresponds with the temperature input
on the shading ramp attributes. The default amount of foam is 0.00.
Fluid Effects > Make Motion Field

With Make Motion Field, you can accurately simulate objects moving
through a fluid. This new field applies a force to its parent object, so that
the object then appears to move or push the fluid.
Note Motion fields can only be used with 2D and 3D fluids.
Example
For the animation of a character walking through thick fog, you can apply
a motion field to the character so that it appears to push through the fog
while it is in motion.
Motion field attributes

Fluid Motion fields have the same attributes as regular Uniform Fields in
Maya, with the exception of Push Intensity.
For more information, search the online help for Uniform Field attributes.
Push Intensity
Sets the magnitude of the Motion field. The greater the Push Intensity,
the greater the amount of fluid that is pushed or moved by the Motion
field’s parent object.
Note The Push Intensity of a Motion field automatically increases and

decreases according to the speed of its parent object.
Create Motion field

To create a Motion field
1 Create a fluid container with an emitter.
2 Select the fluid, and then the object that you want to move the fluid.
3 Select Fluid Effects > Make Motion Field.
The Motion field appears, and is automatically parented to the object.

108
8 | Fluid Effects
> Workflow for using Motion fields
Workflow for using Motion fields

1 Create a Motion field.
2 In the Volume Control Section of the Motion field’s attributes, select a
Volume Shape that closely matches that of the object to which it is
parented.
3 If necessary, transform the motion field to match the shape of its
parent object.
4 Set the Push Intensity in the Motion field attributes.
The Push Intensity slider is located in the Extra Attributes section
under the motionField tab.
Cache Contents
You can view the contents of your fluid’s cache with the Cache Contents
attributes. These read-only attributes are a useful reference when working
with cached fluids. Once a fluid is cached, you can view its contents from
the initialState_fluidShape node or the cache_fluidShape node in the Attribute
Editor.
Note The initialState node displays the cache contents present at the
start frame, and the cache node displays the cache contents
present at the current time.
New Emitter Attribute

We have added the Jitter attribute to all emitters so that it can be turned
on for normal emitters and off for Wakes. With normal fluid emitters, the
emission sampling is jittered to provide smoother emissions over time.
However, for Wakes, which use the Spring-Mesh solver, turning off jitter
usually results in a more stable solution. For when Jitter is turned on for
Wake emitters, boiling and sizzling effects occur. Jitter is off by default for
Wake emitters.
New Fluids Command

You can access worldspace information about your fluid’s voxels with the
new fluidVoxelInfo MEL command. For example, use this command to
locate the center of a voxel in worldspace. For more information about this
command, select Help > MEL Command Reference from the Maya main
menu bar.

109
8 | Fluid Effects
> New Fluid Examples
New Fluid Examples

We have created new fluid examples to aid you in creating fluid effects
with our new Ponds and Wakes. Select Fluid Effects > Get Fluid Example
or Fluid Effects > Get Ocean/Pond Example to access fluid examples in
the Visor. Select Fluid Effects > Fluid Examples on the Web to download
fluid examples from the web.

110
9 Fur
Note Fur is available only in Maya Unlimited.
New Fur presets

On the Fur shelf we’ve added several new Fur presets, including Bison,
Duckling, Calico Cat, Wet Otter, Wet Labrador, etc., and we’ve updated
the existing presets (Sheep, Bear, Llama, etc.) . If you are an upgrading
customer, these new presets will not automatically appear on your Fur
shelf; follow the instructions below in ”For upgrading customers” on
page 111.
For upgrading customers

1 If you have a Fur shelf, delete it.
• Select the Fur shelf tab.
• Click the Shelf pull-down menu and select Delete Shelf.
• Select OK when prompted to delete the shelf.
2 Open the Script Editor (Window > General Editors > Script Editor).
3 In the Script Editor, type:
loadNewShelf “shelf_Fur.mel”;
saveAllShelves $gShelfTopLevel;
4 Select Script > Execute.
Fur attractors on polygons

Now you can create attractors either as a grid, or on the selected faces of a
polygon. Use attractors to add movement to Fur.
To create a grid of attractors on polygons

1 Select the polygon with fur on it and click the Select Tool.
2 Select Fur > Create Attractor.
3 Select the A grid of attractors on the selected surface option and then click
Create.
To create a single attractor at a selected polygon face

1 Select the polygon with fur on it and click the Select Tool.

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9 | Fur
> Attractors on multiple surface points/faces/surfaces
2 Right-click the polygon and select Face.

3 Select the face on the polygon where you want to add an attractor.
4 Select Fur > Create Attractor.
5 Select the One attractor at the selected surface point(s)/face(s) option and
then click Create.
For more information see the Fur guide, Chapter 4, “Adding movement
to Fur.”
Attractors on multiple surface points/faces/

surfaces
Now you can create attractors on multiple surface points/faces/surfaces
simultaneously for both NURBS and polygons.
Fur clumping
You can now create clumps of fur, such as wet or matted fur. This
provides a whole new range of fur looks.
This example
has the
Clumping
Frequency
mapped using
a radial ramp
to vary the
size of the
clumps over
the surface.
You can also
paint this
value, as well
as the degree
of Clumping
and the Clump
Shape.
Jill Ramsay
In the Fur Description Attribute Editor we’ve added three attributes to

create and control clumping. As with all Fur attributes, painting and
mapping are supported.
In order to preview clumping accurately, set the Fur Accuracy attribute to
1, which is in the shape node of the Fur Feedback Attribute Editor.
Clumping respects other attributes, including Inclination, Roll, and Polar.
For example, if Inclination is set to 1 so the fur is lying flat, then the
clumps lie flat too.

112
9 | Fur
> Fur clumping
Note With clumping there may be the appearance of gaps between the
clumps on the surface of the object. To correct this use one or
more of the following solutions:
• Apply the same color to the shader that is applied to the
Fur’s Base Color.
• Add an additional Fur Description of overall short fur that
matches the color of the first Fur Description.
• Add some noise to Clumping, Clump Frequency, or other
values.
Clumping
The degree to which the hairs are pulled in towards the centre of the
clump. The higher the clumping value, the more the hairs are pulled
in. The range is from 0 to 1. The default is 0, which means no
clumping.
Clumping Frequency
Controls how many clumps occur across the surface. The higher the
frequency, the greater the number, and therefore the smaller the size
of the clumps. The range is from 0 to 100. The default is 5.
As you increase the Clumping Frequency, the rendering time
increases.
Unlike other Fur attributes, the number of feedback hairs (samples)
affects the Clumping Frequency. For example, at a frequency of 100
there will be 1 clump for every feedback hair.
Clump Shape
Controls the shape of the curve of the hair as it is attracted to the
center of the clump. Negative values create a concave shape and
positive values create a convex shape. The range is from -10 to 10.
Clump Shape value of -10 is concave Clump Shape value of 10 is convex

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9 | Fur
> Fur clumping
Clumping Noise attributes

All existing Maya Fur attributes have both Noise Amplitude and
Noise Frequency attributes, and the same is true for clumping. See the
Details section of the Fur Description Attribute Editor. Use these
Noise attributes to add randomness and make the fur look more
realistic.
Clumping noise The degree of randomness around the strength of
the clumping effect.
Clumping
Frequency
noise The degree of randomness around the frequency of
the clumps.
Clump Shape
noise The degree of randomness around the shape of the
curve of attraction towards the centre of the clump.
Note To apply clumping to fur scenes created before Maya 5, detach

the Fur Description and then reattach it. This updates the Fur
Description so it understands the clumping attributes. See the
procedure below.
To apply clumping to fur scenes created before Maya 5

1 Select the object with the Fur Description.
2 Select Fur > Fur Description (more) > Detach > FurDescriptionName,
where FurDescriptionName is the name of the Fur Description.
3 Select Fur > Attach Fur Description > FurDescriptionName, where
FurDescriptionName is the name of the Fur Description.
To create clumps of fur on part of an object, for example, on

the chest fur of a cat
1 Select the object with the fur on it.
2 Select Fur > Paint Fur Attributes Tool. The Paint Fur Attributes Tool
Settings window appears.
3 Select Clumping from the Fur Attribute drop-down list.
4 In the Script Paint Tool window set Value to 0 and then click Flood.
This removes clumping from the object.
5 Set Value to 1 and paint on the object where you want clumps.

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> New Map Width and Height attributes
To map or paint ranges that are greater than 0 to 1, such as

Clumping Frequency
Set the attribute’s Map Multiplier value to the maximum value of the
range. In the case of Clumping Frequency, this value would be 100.
Now you can paint or map the attribute as usual. White will represent the
Multiplier value (100), black will represent 0, and grayscale values will be
distributed evenly between.
To map or paint ranges that can be negative, such as Clump

Shape
1 Set the attribute’s Map Offset value. For example, set the Map Offset
to -10 for Clump Shape.
2 Set the attribute’s Map Multiplier Value. For Clump Shape this would
be 20 so the black to white map would represent the full range of -10
to 10.
New Map Width and Height attributes

We’ve added two new attributes for defining the size or resolution of
equalizer and attribute maps.
Map Width
Defines the width of the equalizer or attribute map. The default is 256.
Map Height
Defines the height of the equalizer or attribute map. The default is 256.
Attribute maps
When mapping a texture and then baking to a file you can specify the
attribute Map Width and Map Height in the Fur Description Attribute
Editor so that baking operations create attribute maps according to these
values.
When painting a fur attribute on a surface you can specify the attribute
Map Width and Map Height in the Paint Fur Attributes Tool so the
painting operation creates a map according to these values.
Equalizer Maps
The Equalizer Map Width and Equalizer Map Height attributes define the
size (resolution) of the equalizer map, for example, 512 x 512. These
attributes can be set in the Advanced Fur Rendering window if creating
an equalizer map during Advanced Fur Rendering or in the Fur Globals
window if doing regular rendering.

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9 | Fur
> Mapping Fur attributes to animated file textures
Mapping Fur attributes to animated file

textures
Fur attributes can now be mapped to animated file textures. Map the
attribute in the normal way, animate the file extensions and then click
Bake.

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10 Cloth
Note Cloth is available only in Maya Unlimited.
Start/Stop Simulation
We’ve modified the Start Simulation and Stop Simulation menu items in
the Cloth menu to be Start Local Simulation and Stop Local Simulation so
they specify the type of simulation.
Specify number of iterations for local

simulation
You can specify the number of iterations to go through for a local
simulation using the localSimulationFramesMax attribute in the CpSolver
node. For example, this is useful if you only want to run the local
simulation for 10 frames. In this case you would use the setattr command
in the Command Line to change this attribute to 10.
Intermediate cache saving

We’ve added a Cache Save Interval attribute to the Solver Attribute
Editor. The default value is 0, but you can set it to any value. For example,
if you set it to 10, caches will be saved every 10 frames during simulation.
Cloth simulation is often processing intensive and sometimes time
consuming. By saving simulations in small increments this can often
overcome situations where an entire simulation is lost. As such the ability
to save partial caches has been implemented.
Save Cache
We’ve added a Save button to the Solver Attribute Editor, beside the
Cache Name attribute. This allows you to save the cache when you want
to, ensuring that successful simulations are retained.
Query stiffness for seams

When you connect two pieces of cloth together using Cloth > Create
Seam, a seam is added that allows you to control the stiffness. Most seams
in real clothing have some stiffness as the material gets doubled, tripled or
quadrupled.

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> Query stiffness for seams
The cpSeam MEL command now allows you to query the stiffness. In the
Command Line or Script Editor, type:
cpSeam -query -stiffness;

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11 MEL
New MEL commands
• artUserPaintCtx
• attrControlGrp
• catchQuiet
Similar to catch but does not print an error message.
• dgtimer
See ”Improve scene efficiency with the dgtimer command” on
page 119.
• fluidVoxelInfo
• pairBlend
• parentConstraint
• polyReduce
• rehash
See ”Turn on script path caching to improve network performance”
on page 123.
• renderer
Improve scene efficiency with the dgtimer

command
Overview
The new Maya DG debugging tool (dgtimer) allows you to:
• Measure the amount of time spent in the compute methods of each
node in the scene file.
• Determine the inclusive computation time for a DG chain (a node plus
its descendents).
• View the number of times each node's compute method was executed.
• Detect nodes which have never been executed.
How it works
• Implemented by the new dgtimer MEL command.
• Uses built-in hardware timers where available and thus has virtually
no overhead.

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> Usage
• Each node can be thought of as having its own timer which can be
reset, turned on or off individually.
• Only measures "compute" time (which includes data propagation
time). Other statistics such as dirty propagation time are not currently
being recorded but could be future enhancements.
Usage
Global options
-on
Turns on node timing. Can be specified with -name to turn on timing
for a single node, with -type for all nodes of a given type, otherwise
all nodes are turned on. Turning on timing causes the computation
time for nodes which are on to sum into the node's timer value.
-off
Turns off node timing and is the converse of the -on flag.
-reset
Resets the node's timer values to zero seconds. Can be specified with
the -name, -type or -on.
-q-query
Prints the value(s) of the specified node's timers. Can be used with the
Query options listed below.
Options which can be used with any of the global options

-name nodename
Specifies the name of a node to be affected by the dgtimer operation.
-type typename
Specifies the node type to be affected by the dgtimer operation.
-h-hierarchy
Can be used with -name or -type to affect all descendents of the
selected node(s).
Query options
-ct -combineType
Causes the query to combine all nodes of the same type on a single
line of output.
-m -maxDisplay numLines
Limit the display to the most expensive numLines entries.

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> Query output format
-o -outputFile fileName
Specifies a file that the query will be written to (the default is stdout).
A special case is -outputFile MEL, which allows easy grabbing in a
MEL script.
-th -threshold percent
Truncates reporting after the percentage of the total execution time
drops below percent.
Query output format

Output columns when using -query:
Rank
The position of a given node (or node type when using -combineType)
as sorted by Self time.
ON
If this node's time is currently on, a Y is displayed, otherwise an N is
displayed.
Self time
The total amount of time in seconds spent executing the node (or node
type's) compute method.
Percent
The Self time expressed as a percentage of the total Self time for all
nodes.
Cumulative
A running total of Self time.
Inclusive
The total computation time for the node (or node type) and all its
descendents in the DG.
Count
The total number of times the node (or node type) has been computed.
Type Name
The type of the node and the name of the node (the name is omitted
when -combineType is specified).

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> Examples
Examples
Turn on timing, play the scene, and then dump the timer values to
stdout:
dgtimer -on -reset
playback -wait
dgtimer -maxDisplay 10 -query
This generates the following output:
MAYA DEPENDENCY GRAPH TIMING INFORMATION

----------------------------------------
Global DG timing is currently: ON
Total time since last global timer reset:

Total real time : 2.1784 sec
Total user time : 1.44 sec
Total sys time : 0.07 sec
Real time in DG eval: 1.37719 sec
Per-node timing information:

Rank ON Self time Percent Cumulative Inclusive Count Type Name
1 Y 1.2366 89.79% 1.2366 1.2596 327 cpClothSolver cpSolver1
2 Y 0.0225 1.63% 1.2591 0.0231 720 transform locator
3 Y 0.0103 0.75% 1.2694 0.0247 29 gravityField gravityFieldShape1
4 Y 0.0049 0.36% 1.2743 0.0054 30 pointEmitter emitterShape1
5 Y 0.0048 0.35% 1.2791 1.2637 30 mesh clothShape1
6 Y 0.0011 0.08% 1.2802 0.0011 121 time time1
7 Y 0.0010 0.07% 1.2812 0.0010 174 transform particle1
8 Y 0.0001 0.01% 1.2813 0.0001 66 cpPanel panelShape1
9 Y 0.0001 0.01% 1.2815 0.0001 95 cpSeam seamShape1
10 Y 0.0001 0.01% 1.2816 0.0001 66 cpPanel panelShape1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
288 1.2463 100.00% 1.2463 2.7160 1969

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11 | MEL
> Turn on script path caching to improve network performance
Turn off timing for all nodes, reset all timers to zero, and then turn on
timing for node cpSolver1 and all its descendents. Query the timer and
output to a file on disk.
dgtimer -off -reset
dgtimer -on -name cpSolver1 -hierarchy
dgtimer -name cpSolver1 -outputFile /home/toon1/timer_info
Turn on script path caching to improve

network performance
We’ve added the ability to cache script paths to MEL. This lets MEL find
scripts more efficiently.
To ensure this change does not affect core MEL functionality, the caching
feature is disabled by default. To turn caching on, set the
MAYA_CACHE_SCRIPT_PATH environment variable in the Maya.env file in
your prefs directory.
We encourage you to try this feature if you use many copies of Maya on a
network. Caching can significantly reduce network traffic when any part
of a user’s script path points to a network location.
When caching is on, Maya will not be able to tell when scripts are added
to or removed from the cached script directories. Use the rehash
command to update the cache.
New catchQuiet structure

The new catchQuiet structure works like catch, however it does not print
an error message.

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11 | MEL
> New catchQuiet structure

124
12 Translators
New features in translators

The following new file import/export and translation features are
available:
• IGES for Linux and Mac OS X
• Studio import changes
• DXF/DWG import/export
• OBJ .mtl (material) file support
• OpenFlight changes for version 1.1
IGES for Linux and Mac OS X

This functionality is now available on Linux and Mac OS X through a
plug-in. The IGES option is available as a File Type in the Import and
Export options dialog boxes when this plug-in is loaded.
Studio import
This functionality is available through a plug-in. The studioImport option
is available as a File Type in the Import option dialog boxes when this
plug-in is loaded.
Many bugs in the studioImport functionality have been fixed in Maya 5.
You can set the following options in the Import Options dialog box when
studioImport is selected:
Up Axis
You can select one of Y, Z, or From File. This allows you control over
the co-ordinate system.
Raytrace
If selected, Maya will optimize the import for raytracing. If not
checked, it chooses ray casting (default).
Include Cameras
If selected, cameras are brought in from the Studio data. Default is off.

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> DXF/DWG import and export
DXF/DWG import and export

The ability to import and export DWG format is new in Maya 5. The
ability to import and export DXF format is new on Linux and Macintosh
in Maya 5. This enables Maya to read and write AutoCAD files. All
versions from 1 to 2000 are supported.
This functionality is available through a plug-in. The DXF and DWG
options are available as File Types in the Import and Export options
dialog boxes when the dwgTranslator plug-in is loaded.
You can set the following options in the Import Options dialog box when
DWG_DXF is selected:
Override file units with
Allows you to control what units are being used in Maya. This will
map the file units to the unit selected. If this option is not selected, the
units in the file will be used.
Select one of millimeters, centimeters, meters, inches, feet, yards,
miles.
Scale factor
Default is 1.0. You can select the scaling factor.
You can set the following options in the Export Options dialog box when
DWGExport or DXFExport is selected:
Output file format
By default, this is AutoCAD 2000. Select another option, if necessary.
Units
Select one of millimeters, centimeters, meters, inches, feet, yards,
miles.
Scale factor
Default is 1.0. You can select the scaling factor.
Polygon mesh options
Tessellation Select one of No Tessellation, Triangulate, or
Quadrangulate.
Export as Select one of PolyMesh face (default), Separate
polygons, or 3DFace. These are AutoCAD entities
that give you better control. You select them
depending on what you want to do in AutoCAD.
NURBS Surface Tessellation Options
Type Triangulate or Quadrangulate

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12 | Translators
> OBJ .mtl file support
Method General, standard, or count.

Chord Height Ratio, Fractional Tolerance, Minimal Edge Length, 3D
Delta
For more information on these options, see the documentation on the
NURBS to polygons tool.
OBJ .mtl file support

Maya now supports the import and export of .mtl files on all platforms.
.mtl files define material properties as used in .obj files.
OpenFlight changes (version 1.1)

OpenFlight Menu
An OpenFlight menu is added to the main window when the OpenFlight
plug-in is installed. The menu contains the following menu items:
• ”OpenFlight > Create Light Points” on page 127
• ”OpenFlight > Create Light Points on Curve” on page 128
• ”OpenFlight > Edit Light Points Color” on page 128
• ”OpenFlight > Edit Light Points Normal” on page 128
OpenFlight > Create Light Points

Invokes the fltLightPoints command to create a new set of light points in
the scene.
OpenFlight > Create Light Points >

Number of Light Points
Sets the number of light points.
Distance Between Light Points
Sets the distance between light points.
Light type
Choose one of Omnidirectional, Unidirectional, or Bidirectional.
Light Normal
Only active when the light type is unidirectional or bidirectional. Set
the light normal.

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12 | Translators
> OpenFlight > Create Light Points on Curve >
Light Color
Sets the light color.
OpenFlight > Create Light Points on Curve

Invokes the fltLightsOnCurve script to create light points along a selected
curve.
OpenFlight > Create Light Points on Curve >

Number of Light Points
Sets the number of light points.
Light type
Choose one of Omnidirectional, Unidirectional, or Bidirectional.
Light Color
Set the light color.
OpenFlight > Edit Light Points Color

Used to change the color of selected light points.
To change the color of selected light points

1 Select the light points to modify.
2 From the OpenFlight menu, select Edit Light Points Color.
The Light Points Color Editor appears.
3 Select the color to apply to these light points in the color slider.
4 Click the Apply (or Apply and Close) button to apply the color to the
selected light points.
This dialog box works with light points selected in object mode and with
light points selected in component mode.
OpenFlight > Edit Light Points Normal

Allows you to change the normal of any selected light points.
To change the normal of any selected light points

1 Select the light points to modify.
2 From the OpenFlight menu, select Edit Light Points Normal.
The Light Point Normal Editor appears.

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12 | Translators
> Light point functionality
3 Enter the value of the new normal to apply to these light points.
4 Click the Apply (or Apply and Close) button to apply the normal of
the selected light points.
This dialog box works with light points selected in object mode and with
light points selected in component mode.
Light point functionality

Light point functionality has been extended to display the effects of
several more attributes of light point shapes:
• Directional Type
• Intensity
• Directional Ambient Intensity
• Back Intensity
• Horizontal Lobe Angle
• Vertical Lobe Angle
• Roll Lobe Angle
• Normals Display
• Lobe Display
Both Normals Display and Lobe Display have no Creator equivalent.
They are used to control the visibility of the normal and lobe of light
points as you develop your scene inside of Maya. You cannot display
lobes of omni-directional lights.
Currently the back color only displays as red regardless of the actual
value set. This default color does respond to the back and ambient
intensities to enable more sophisticated simulation.
Additional Light Point Maya Node Attributes
Name Long (Short) Type Default Flags
DisplayNormals (dn) Boolean false RWSK
DisplayLobe (dl) Boolean False RWSK
fltLightPoints Command
A new flag has been added to the fltLightPoints command to specify the
directional type of the light point when it gets created:
Flag:

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12 | Translators
> Shading Models—Flat Shading
-dt (ce) Type must be one of "OMNIDIRECTIONAL",

"UNIDIRECTIONAL", or "BIDIRECTIONAL". By default, light points
are omnidirectional.
-dnml (ce) Enable or Disable the display of normals (true/false)
Examples:
// this creates a light point string with 5 light points and
visible normals
fltLightPoints -c 5 -dnml true;
// this makes the normals of the selected light points
string invisible and
// changes the light type to be Unidirectional.
fltLightPoints -e -dnml false -dt UNIDIRECTIONAL;
Shading Models—Flat Shading

OpenFlight objects have a flat shading flag, which specifies whether the
object is to be drawn with flat shading or Gouraud (smooth) shading.
This flag is now connected with the Smooth Shading attribute of polygons
in Maya (as found in the Render Stats tab of the Attribute Editor for the
shape).
While OpenFlight supports the flat shading flag at the object level as well
as at the face level, Maya only supports the flag at the object level. Thus,
the flat shading flag of any object imported into Maya must be set
identically for the object and all its faces.
Illumination
The illumination flag of OpenFlight objects specifies whether the object is
to be illuminated by nearby lights or whether it is exclusively self-
illuminating.
When importing a self-illuminating object, the following attributes of the
corresponding Maya object are turned off: Casts Shadows, Receive
Shadows, Visible in Reflections, and Visible in Refractions. When the
imported object is not self-illuminating, all these attributes are turned on.
When exporting a Maya object to OpenFlight, the self-illumination flag is
set if and only if the Receive Shadows attribute of the Maya object is
turned off.
Light Sources
Support has been added to Maya for OpenFlight light sources. They can
be imported and exported into OpenFlight files, with the following
restrictions:

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> Other limitations
Import
• Modeling lights are not supported
• OpenFlight Infinite lights are imported into Maya as directional lights
• OpenFlight Local lights are imported into Maya as ambient lights
• OpenFlight Spot lights are imported into Maya as spot lights
Export
• Directional lights are exported as infinite lights
• Ambient lights are exported as local lights
• Spot lights are exported as spot lights
• Light types not supported by OpenFlight (area lights, point lights) are
exported as infinite lights
• Modeling lights are not supported
Notes • One light palette is created for each light source

• The orientation of the light palette is always Yaw = 0,
Pitch = 0
Other limitations
No transformations on externally referenced nodes will be saved out to
OpenFlight format. To transform a referenced file from within the current
scene, the DAG root objects in the referenced file should be grouped, and
any transformations should be applied to the group node.

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> Known Issues
Known Issues
The following outlines the known issues in OpenFlight:
• It is not possible to change the Maya display color of a unidirectional
or bi-directional light. This color always defaults to red. It is expected
that future releases will have the ability to map back colors to RGB
display.
• An attempt is made to map Eye Points to Cameras in Maya; however,
the mapping appears incorrect in some cases. Eye points are not
exported from Maya.
• Track Planes are not supported.
• The only way to freeze a DOFs co-ordinates from within Maya is to
export the scene as an OpenFlight file and then read it back in.
• Articulations on group nodes are not supported.
• Maya's LODs need to be extended to better handle the flexibility of
the OpenFlight LODs.
• UI-based tools are missing to support Switch nodes, and LODs.
• If you perform a Freeze Transformations on a translated Light Point,
Maya versions older than 4.0.3 will crash. This can be fixed by
updating to Maya 4.0.3.
• File textures may only be applied to the color attribute of a Maya
shader. Textures applied to other attributes are ignored.
• The only export type supported is OpenFlight 15.7.

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13 API and DevKit
This release contains many improvements to the Maya API. New classes
have been added to the API along with improvements to existing classes.
In addition, we have new examples and updates to existing examples.
New classes and header files
• MFnParticleSystem
Provides access to particle information. The dynamics of a particle
node are evaluated at a chosen time and information such as particle
name, position, age, etc. can be accessed.
• MFnVolumeLight
For creation and manipulation of volume lights. The light shape (box,
sphere, volume, cone) and the light direction can be specified.
Additional attributes such as arc, coneEndRadius, emitAmbient, color
ramp and penumbra ramp can be accessed and set.
• MItInstancer
A particle instancer node iterator to traverse all instancer nodes in the
dependency graph. Filter types can be applied to the iterator.
• MIOStream.h
A header file that controls the including of the iostream system
functionality in the API. Developers can define REQUIRE_IOSTREAM
to include “iostream” rather than “iostream.h” on Linux.
• MLockMessage
Allows listening for events associated with Maya node and plug
locking.
When you attach an MLockEvent callback, you can listen for queries
to a plug or node’s lock state.You can also control how Maya responds
to the lock query (that is, you can override the default behavior of a
lock). You can use this to implement finer locking granularity than
what Maya provides.
• MPx3dModelView
Creates custom model views. Works with
MPxModelEditorCommand to create a user defined model editor that
can be used in a window or scripted panel.
• MPxModelEditorCommand
Creates custom editors. Provides flags and options of the model
editor command and works in conjunction with MPx3dModelView.

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> Examples
• MPxObjectSet
Creates new types of sets. Attributes such as dag set members and
nodes which use the set are available from this class.
• MPxPolyTweakCommand
A command base class used for moving polygon UVs.
• MRampAttribute
Affects ramp attributes of MFnVolumeLight. This class is used to add,
delete and set entries for color and curve ramps.
Examples
New examples
• blindDataMesh
Demonstrates the use of a hardware shader that receives its input
from blind data.
• cgFxShader (Windows only)
Demonstrates the integration of hardware shading and the cgFx
language.
• flipUVCmd
Demonstrates the use of the new MPxPolyTweakUVCommand class
to flip mesh UVs.
• lockEvent
Demonstrates the API callbacks for node and plug locking.
• maTranslator
Demonstrates the use of the MPxFileTranslator class to write out a
close approximation of the Maya ASCII file format.
• meshOpCmd
Demonstrates the use of the new high level polygon API methods
added to MFnMesh.
• volumeLightCmd
Demonstrates the use of the new MFnVolumeLight class.
• particleSystemInfoCmd
Demonstrates the usage of the MFnParticleSystem class by writing
particle information frame by frame.

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13 | API and DevKit
> Important changes to existing examples
Important changes to existing examples

• marqueeTool can now be used with software overlays. You must
enable the USE_SOFTWARE_OVERLAYS define and recompile the
plug-in.
• apiMeshShape has now been improved significantly to fix problems in
the original example. In addition, this example has been updated to
take advantage of the new functionality added to MPxSurfaceShape.
• The simpleHwShader example is obsolete and is no longer shipped.
Developers should instead look at the hwUnlitShader because it is
more realistic.
Important changes to existing classes
M3dView
Support for additional view information.
New enum for use with the MPx3dModelView class.
DisplayObjects
Methods:
MString viewSelectedPrefix(MStatus *ReturnStatus) const;
Returns the prefix name used when displaying the camera name in
the heads up display when the view selected is on.
MStatus setViewSelectedPrefix(MString &prefix);
Set the prefix name used when displaying the camera name in the
heads up display when the view selected is on.
bool showViewSelectedChildren(MStatus *ReturnStatus) const;
Tests if the selected view displays all of the children of the objects that
are flagged for the view selected.
MStatus setShowViewSelectedChildren(bool);
Allows only the objects in the view selected set and their shapes to be
drawn.
static MStatus getM3dViewFromModelPanel(const MString
&modelPaneName, M3dView &view);
Return the view given a panel.
static Mstatus getM3dViewFromModelEditor(const MString
&modelPaneName, M3dView &view);
Return the view for the model editor.

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13 | API and DevKit
> MDGModifier can lock and unlock nodes
MDGModifier can lock and unlock nodes

You can now lock and unlock nodes with the MDGModifier class. This
lets you implement undo of node locking operations.
MStatus setNodeLockState( const MObject & node, bool newState
);
MFileIO now can prevent users from saving

over the current file
You can set a new mode through the MFileIO class to prevent the user
from saving over the current scene file. When the user tries to save the
current scene, Maya will present a Save As dialog box.
static bool mustRenameToSave(MStatus *ReturnStatus = NULL);
Return if the user is forced to rename their file in order to do a save.
static MStatus setMustRenameToSave(bool);
Set whether or not the user is forced to rename their file in order to do
a save.
static MString mustRenameToSaveMsg(MStatus *ReturnStatus =
NULL);
Get the message Maya displays when the user is forced to rename
prior to a save.
static MStatus setMustRenameToSaveMsg(MString &);
Set the message Maya displays when the user is forced to rename
prior to a save.
MFnCamera
You can now access and modify the transformations that control film back
roll with the following new methods:
MStatus setHorizontalRollPivot( double horizontalRollPivot );
Set the horizontal roll pivot for film back roll.
double horizontalRollPivot( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL )
const
Returns the current horizontal roll pivot value.
MStatus setVerticalRollPivot( double verticalRollPivot );
Set the vertical roll pivot for film back roll.
double verticalRollPivot( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL )
const
Returns the vertical roll pivot's value.
MStatus setFilmRollValue( double filmRollValue );

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13 | API and DevKit
> MFnDependencyNode
Set the film roll value for film back.

double filmRollValue( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL ) const;
Returns the current roll value in radians.
MStatus setFilmRollOrder( RollOrder filmRollOrder );
Set the order in which the film back rotation is applied with respect to
the pivot point.
RollOrder filmRollOrder( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL )
const;
Returns the current roll order.
MStatus setPreScale( double sf );
Set the pre scale value.
double preScale( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL ) const;
Return the post projection matrix's pre-scale value
MStatus setPostScale( double sf );
Set the post scale value.
double postScale( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL ) const;
Return the post projection matrix's post-scale value.
MStatus setFilmTranslateH( double translate );
Set the horizontal film translate.
double filmTranslateH( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL ) const;
Returns the horizontal film translate value.
MStatus setFilmTranslateV( double translate );
Set the vertical film translate.
double filmTranslateV( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL ) const;
Returns the vertical film translate value.
MFloatMatrix postProjectionMatrix( MStatus * ReturnStatus =
NULL ) const
Returns the post projection matrix used to compute film roll on the
film back plane.
MFnDependencyNode
We have improved this class to prevent the user from adding duplicate
attributes on a node (duplicate attributes lead to low-level problems in
Maya and should never be created).
Support for per-node flags have been added:
static unsigned allocateFlag( const MString pluginName,
MStatus* ReturnStatus=NULL );

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> MFnMesh
Reserve the use of a bitflag on all nodes.

static MStatus deallocateFlag(const MString pluginName,
unsigned flag);
Relinquish the use of a bitflag on all nodes.
static MStatus deallocateAllFlags(const MString pluginName);
Relinquish the use of all reserved bitflags on all nodes.
MStatus setFlag(unsigned flag, bool state);
Set the value of a bitflag on a node.
New methods to query node settings:
MObject reorderedAttribute( unsigned index,MStatus*
ReturnStatus=NULL);
Returns the attributes according to the reordering that is required for
file I/O.
bool isNewAttribute( const MObject& attr,MStatus*
ReturnStatus=NULL);
Returns if the attribute was added to this node within the current
scene.
bool isDefaultNode(MStatus* ReturnStatus=NULL) const;
Returns if the node is a default node.
bool canBeWritten(MStatus* ReturnStatus=NULL) const;
Returns if the node can be written to scene files.
bool isFlagSet(unsigned flag, MStatus* ReturnStatus=NULL)
const;
Return the value of a bitflag on a node.
MFnMesh
Support for creating mesh objects with UVs and performing high level
polygon operations. High level polygon operations include splitting,
subdividing, extruding, extracting, collapsing and duplicating.
Creation:
MObject create( int numVertices, int numPolygons,
const MFloatPointArray &vertexArray,
const MIntArray &polygonCounts,
const MIntArray &polygonConnects,
const MFloatArray & uArray,
const MFloatArray & vArray,
MObject parentOrOwner = MObject::kNullObj,
MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL );
MObject create( int numVertices, int numPolygons,

138
13 | API and DevKit
> MFnPlugin
const MPointArray &vertexArray,

const MIntArray &polygonCounts,
const MIntArray &polygonConnects,
const MFloatArray & uArray,
const MFloatArray & vArray,
MObject parentOrOwner = MObject::kNullObj,
High Level Polygon Operations:

Mstatus split( MIntArray &placements, MIntArray &edgeList,
MFloatArray &edgeFactors,
MFloatArray &internalPoints );
MStatus subdivideFaces(MIntArray & faceList,
int divisionCount);
MStatus subdivideEdges(MIntArray & edgeList,
int divisionCount);
MStatus extrudeFaces(MIntArray & faceList,
int extrusionCount,
MFloatVector* translation,
bool extrudeTogether);
MStatus extrudeEdges(MIntArray & edgeList,
int extrusionCount,
MFloatVector* translation,
bool extrudeTogether);
MStatus duplicateFaces(MIntArray & faceList, MFloatVector*
translation);
MStatus extractFaces(MIntArray & faceList, MFloatVector*
translation);
MStatus collapseFaces(MIntArray & faceList);
MStatus collapseEdges(MIntArray & edgeList);
Support for accessing UV shell IDs.
MStatus getUvShellsIds( MIntArray& uvShellIds,
unsigned int & nbUvShells,
const MString * uvSet = NULL ) const;
You can now turn off checking for duplicate points when creating
polygons.
static void setCheckSamePointTwice( bool check = true );
static bool getCheckSamePointTwice( void );
MFnPlugin
Support for registering required functions for MPxModelEditorCommand
proxy plug-ins.
MStatus registerModelEditorCommand(const MString&
commandName,
MCreatorFunction creatorFunction,

139
13 | API and DevKit
> MItMeshEdge
MCreatorFunction paneCreatorFunction);
MStatus deregisterModelEditorCommand(const MString&
commandName);
MItMeshEdge
Support for creating an iterator along the edges of a polygon. This is
useful for working with the new high level polygon tools of MFnMesh.
MItMeshEdge( MObject & polyObject,
MObject & component = MObject::kNullObj,
MStatus reset( MObject & polyObject,
MObject & component = MObject::kNullObj );
// new default second parameter
MItMeshPolygon
Support for new tolerance parameter when getting a point at a UV
location.
MStatus getPointAtUV( MPoint &pt, float2 & uvPoint,
MSpace::Space space = MSpace::kObject,
const MString * uvSet = NULL,
float tolerance=0.0 );
MModelMessage has new callbacks

Add callbacks that are triggered before or after a node is duplicated.
static MCallbackId addBeforeDuplicateCallback(
void (*func)(void* clientData ),
void * clientData = NULL,
static MCallbackId addAfterDuplicateCallback(
void (*func)(void* clientData),
MNodeMessage has new callbacks

Support for adding a callback that is triggered whenever a node is
destroyed. This lets you know when a node has been removed from
memory and is no longer in use by the user.
static MCallbackId addNodeDestroyedCallback(
MObject& node,
void (*func)(void* clientData ),

140
13 | API and DevKit
> MPlug
MPlug
Additional basic utility support.
Support for querying if a plug was created internally:
bool isProcedural( MStatus* ReturnStatus = NULL ) const;
Set the value of an MPlug with the contents of a dataHandle. This method
is intended for use during compute only:
MStatus setValue( MDataHandle & handle );
MPxDeformerNode
Support for additional customized editing behavior on plug-in deformer
nodes. Allows a user to specify that custom deformer nodes use the same
index when a shape is re-added to a deformer. This allows connections to
be re-used.
void setUseExistingConnectionWhenSetEditing(bool state);
MPxFieldNode
Support for creating custom icons for dynamic fields.
virtual MStatus iconSizeAndOrigin(GLuint& width,
GLuint& height,
GLuint& xbo,
GLuint& ybo );
virtual MStatus iconBitmap(GLubyte* bitmap);
MPxFileTranslator
Support for file filtering and setting if the translator handles namespace
correctly has been added.
virtual bool haveNamespaceSupport () const;
This method should be implemented to return true if a translator can
deal with having Maya placing some or all of a file's nodes into a
separate namespace.
virtual MString filter () const;
This virtual method may be overloaded in a derived class to set the
filter extension that will be used by the file dialog.
MPxGeometryData
Support for getting and setting the matrix associated with this data.
void setMatrix(const MMatrix &);

141
13 | API and DevKit
> MPxGlBuffer
const MMatrix &matrix() const;

bool matrix(MMatrix &) const;
MPxGlBuffer
Functionality previously unavailable on Linux is now supported. The
following methods now work on Linux:
virtual MStatus open( short width, short height,
GLXContext shareCtx = NULL );
virtual GLXDrawable drawable( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL
);
virtual GLXContext context( MStatus * ReturnStatus = NULL );
MPxHwShaderNode
Support for accessing the vertex IDs in a hardware shader node. By using
the vertex IDs and the Mesh object, a developer can access vertex blind
data.
This method is now a pure virtual to ensure that all developers using it
will get a compile error if they are still using the old signature.
virtual MStatus geometry( const MDrawRequest& request,
M3dView& view,
int prim,
unsigned int writable,
int indexCount,
const unsigned int * indexArray,
int vertexCount,
const int * vertexIDs,
const float * vertexArray,
int normalCount,
const float ** normalArrays,
int colorCount,
const float ** colorArrays,
int texCoordCount,
const float ** texCoordArrays) = 0;
This method now will have vertexCount and vertexIDs array passed
in if the provideVertexIDs() method returns true.
virtual bool provideVertexIDs();
This method should be implemented to return true or false if vertex
IDs are required in the geometry() method.
MPxNode
kObjectSet added to enum Type.

142
13 | API and DevKit
> MPxSurfaceShape
MPxSurfaceShape
Support for new shape functionality that solves previous limitations.
User-defined shapes now contain new virtual methods that can be
implemented to properly support deformations, tweak nodes, freeze
transformations and undo.
New enumeration:
MVertexCachingMode
Allows shape to implement proper behavior for undo of point translations
& freezeTransforms:
virtual void transformUsing( const MMatrix& mat,
const MObjectArray& componentList,
MVertexCachingMode cachingMode,
MPointArray* pointCache);
Allows the shape to properly handle tweak nodes:
virtual void tweakUsing( const MMatrix& mat,
const MObjectArray& componentList,
MVertexCachingMode cachingMode,
MPointArray* pointCache,
MArrayDataHandle& handle );
bool convertToTweakNodePlug(MPlug& plug) const;
An implementation of these methods allows full support for adding
deformers to the shape:
virtual MObject cachedShapeAttr() const;
MMatrix getWorldMatrix( MDataBlock &, unsigned int ) const;
MPxTransform
Support for turning on non-affine calculations that can occur by using the
MPxTransform class.
static MStatus setNonAffineMatricesEnabled(bool);
Set if non-affine transformations can be used.
static bool isNonAffineMatricesEnabled(MStatus
*ReturnStatus);
Query if non-affine transformations are allowed.
MRenderUtil
Support for additional information that makes the lighting model more
realistic. This includes diffuse reflectance, maximum specular reflectance,
light attenuation and hemisphere coverage.
static float diffuseReflectance(

143
13 | API and DevKit
> MRenderView
int lightBlindData,
const MFloatVector& lightDirection,
const MFloatVector& pointCamera,
const MFloatVector& normal,
bool lightBackFace,
MStatus *ReturnStatus = NULL );
Returns the diffuse or lambertian reflectance for a given light source
and surface.
static MFloatVector maximumSpecularReflection(
int lightBlindData,
const MFloatVector& rayDirection,
Returns the vector corresponding to the point on the light source that
provides the maximum specular reflection.
static float lightAttenuation(
int lightBlindData,
bool lightBackFace,
Returns light attentuation factor of a light.
static float hemisphereCoverage(
int lightBlindData,
const MFloatVector& rayDirection,
bool lightBackFace,
Returns the fraction of the light that is transmitted by an object.
static void sendRenderProgressInfo (MString &pixFile, int
percentageDone);
Sends batch rendering status to Maya.
MRenderView
The following methods have a new flag “doNotClearBackground.” Plug-
in shaders can choose to not clear the buffer before receiving an image. If
set to true, Maya does not clear the background image before rendering.
static MStatus startRender( unsigned int width,
unsigned int height,
bool doNotClearBackground = false );
static MStatus startRegionRender( unsigned int imageWidth,

144
13 | API and DevKit
> MStatus
unsigned int imageHeight,

unsigned int regionLeft,
unsigned int regionRight,
unsigned int regionBottom,
unsigned int regionTop,
bool doNotClearBackground = false );
MStatus
We’ve added two new macros for checking status.
CHECK_MSTATUS_AND_RETURN(result,returnVal)
New macro for checking MStatus objects and returning ‘returnVal’ if
not successful.
CHECK_MSTATUS_AND_RETURN_IT(result)
New macro for checking MStatus objects and returning ‘result’ if not
successful.
Support for getting and setting default

attribute values
The following classes have support for getting default attribute values.
• MFnEnumAttribute
• MFnNumericAttribute
• MFnTypedAttribute
• MFnUnitAttribute
• MFnLightDataAttribute
• MFnMatrixAttribute
The methods are:
MFnEnumAttribute:
MStatus setDefault( short index );
MStatus setDefault( const MString &fieldString );
MStatus getDefault( short &index ) const;
MStatus getDefault( MString &fieldString ) const;
MFnLightDataAttribute:
MStatus getDefault( float & defDirectionX,
float & defDirectionY,
float & defDirectionZ,
float & defIntensityR,
float & defIntensityG,
float & defIntensityB,
bool & defAmbient,

145
13 | API and DevKit
> Other important changes
bool & defDiffuse,

bool & defSpecular,
float & defShadowFraction,
float & defPreShadowIntensity,
unsigned int & defBlindData);
MFnMatrixAttribute:
MStatus getDefault( MMatrix & def );
MStatus getDefault( MFloatMatrix & def );
MFnNumericAttribute:
MStatus getDefault( bool & def1 );
MStatus getDefault( char & def1 );
MStatus getDefault( int & def1 );
MStatus getDefault( int & def1, int & def2 );
MStatus getDefault( int & def1, int & def2, int & def3 );
MStatus getDefault( float & def1 );
MStatus getDefault( float & def1, float & def2 );
MStatus getDefault( float & def1, float & def2, float & def3
);
MStatus getDefault( double & def1 );
MStatus getDefault( double & def1, double & def2 );
MStatus getDefault( double & def1, double & def2, double &
def3 );
MFnTypedAttribute:
MStatus getDefault( MObject & defaultCustomData );
MFnUnitAttribute:
MStatus getDefault( double & defaultValue );
MStatus getDefault( MTime & defaultValue );
MStatus getDefault( MAngle & defaultValue );
MStatus getDefault( MDistance & defaultValue );
Other important changes

Windows
The plug-in wizard for Developer Studio has been updated for Maya 5.
Macintosh
We now support a basic form of building plug-ins from Code Warrior
Stationery on the Macintosh. A developer can generate a mel command
and a dependency graph plug-in project.
For developers who are familiar with Unix command line tools, a
Makefile is now available for building plug-ins on the Macintosh.

146
13 | API and DevKit
> Macintosh

147
13 | API and DevKit
> Macintosh

148
Index
Symbols axis
modify constrained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
.mi format
exporting to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 64
B
Bake Alpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Numerics
bake-set
3D Paint Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
bake-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
A using . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
add batch rendering
fluid contents with a curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 mental ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Adobe Illustrator format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Bend Bias attribute
Alpha Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Alpha mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Bend,Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
animated file textures Bits per channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
map to Fur attributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 blending
animation animation and constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
blending with constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 IK and FK animation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
move IK to FK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Branch After Twigs, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
muting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Branch Reflectivity attribute
animation-constraint blending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Branch Thorns attribute
workflow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Anti-aliasing quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Brush Type
API Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
default attribute values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 ThinLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
new classes in this release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
brushes, new Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
new examples in this release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Bump Blur attribute
Artisan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Assign/Edit Textures
Bump Intensity attribute
3D Paint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
attractors
Bump Mapping
fur on polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
on multiple surface points, faces, surfaces. . . 112
Attribute maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
attributes C
IK solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
cache
make motion field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
view fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
pairBlend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Cache Save Interval
parent constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
rest position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

149
Index
Cache, Save button Displacement

Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 3D Paint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
cartoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Displacement Offset attribute
chamfer Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
vertex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Displacement Scale attribute
channel box colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Clamp Max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 display
Clamp Min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 IK/FK blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
IK/FK joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
clumping fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Display Quality, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Color Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Common tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Constrain menu selections E
Parent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
edit
Constraint Translate attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
parent constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
constraints
Edit existing textures
blending with animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3D Paint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
maintain offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Encapsulated PostScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
modify constrained axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
parent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 End Caps, Mesh brush
rest position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Convert Paint Effects to Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Environment attribute
Convert to File Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
convertSolidTx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Equalizer Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
example
create
animation-constraint blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
motion field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
ocean wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 blending IK/FK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
parent constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Export All Incoming Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Export Entire Child DAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Curl, Paint Effects extrude
flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 vertex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 extrude along path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
curve
add fluid with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
F
File format
D for bake-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
depth information FK
IFF files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 blending IK and FK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
depth shadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 move IK to FK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
derive from Maya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Flip Tube Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
dgtimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 flipRotateManip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Diffuse Random, ThinLine brush Flood
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3D Paint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

150
Index
Flower Bend attribute hidden line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Hide Strokes option
Flower Reflectivity attribute Paint Effects to Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Flower Thorns attribute
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 I
Fluid contents with curve IFF image
options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 depth information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
fluids IK
add contents with curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 blending IK and FK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
create ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 move IK to FK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
make motion field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 solver attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
motion field attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 IK/FK blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ocean wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
set resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 IK/FK joints
view cache contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
wakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
initial state
Forward Twist attribute options window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 resolution options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fur IPR default light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
isolate UVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
fur attractors
on polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Fur attributes J
map to animated file textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 joint
fur clumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 IK/FK display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
G L
Ghost Selected Leaf Bend attribute
options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
ghosting Leaf Forward Twist attribute
Ghost Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Leaf Reflectivity attribute
set local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Unghost All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Leaf Thorns attribute
Unghost Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Leaf Width Scale attribute
H Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Light All Streaks, ThinLine brush
Hard Edges, Mesh brush
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
line art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
help, changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
loading Paint Effects shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

151
Index
localSimulationFramesMax Multi Streak Spread1, ThinLine brush

Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Multi Streak Spread2, ThinLine brush
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
M Multi Streaks, ThinLine brush
Macromedia Flash format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Maintain Offset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 mute, node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Map Displacement attribute muting, animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Map Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Map Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
N
Max Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 new commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Maya hardware rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 nodes
Maya script editor mute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
mental ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 pairBlend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Maya software rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 timing evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
NURBS
Maya Vector rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
attractors on multiple surface points, faces,
MAYA_TEXTURE_VIEW_INTERACTIVE_REFRES
surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
MEL
new commands in this version . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 O
script path caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Object Shading menu, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
MEL command changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
ocean
mental ray Baking Options window . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
create ocean wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
mental ray for Maya wake options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
export to .mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 wakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 106
mental ray for Maya rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 offset
mental ray tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 parent constrained objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mesh Brush Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 online help, changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Mesh Displacement options
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Ghost Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Mesh Environment Reflections ocean wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 parent constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
miDeformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 pond wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Min Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 ponds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
miTangents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Set Fluid Contents With Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Set Initial State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
modify constrained axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Unghost Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
motion field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Override mesh UV set assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Oversample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
workflow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Oversample Post Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
move along rotation axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Move Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

152
Index
prelight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
P
Preset Blending, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Proportional Modification Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Convert Paint Effects to Polygons. . . . . . . . . . . 81
shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Paint Fur Attributes Tool Q
Map Width, Map Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Quad Output option
Paint Vertex Color Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Paint Effects to Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Vertex face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
QuickTime options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
pairBlend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 R
parent constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
reduce polygons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
creating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Reflection Rolloff attribute
options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
options window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Refresh improvements, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . 98
workflow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 remove
Parent selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 target object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
particle rendering Render Globals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
mental ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Renderable Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Per Pixel Lighting, Mesh brush resolution
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Performance option rest position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
playback, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Petal Forward Twist attribute set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 reverse rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Petal Width Scale attribute rotation
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Playblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 rotation axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Poly Limit option
Paint Effects to Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
polygons
S
attractors on multiple surface points, faces, Save Cache button, Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Scalable Vector Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Convert Paint Effects to Polygons. . . . . . . . . . . 81 Scale Rgba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
fur attractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Scene Fragment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
reduce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Script Paint Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
smooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 script path caching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
ponds sculpt deformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 seam stiffness, query
options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
wakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Search. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

153
Index
Select Brush/Stroke Names Containing Texture Flow attribute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 textures
select strokes by name baking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 ThinLine Brush Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
set Thorn Base Color attribute
constraint rest position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
fluid resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Thorn Base Width attribute
local ghosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Set Erase Image Thorn Density attribute
3D Paint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Shading menu, Paint Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Thorn Elevation attribute
Shared Vertices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
shelf, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Thorn Length attribute
Single Sided, Mesh brush Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Thorn Specular attribute
size Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
IK/FK joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Thorn Tip Color attribute
smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Specular control, Paint Effects Thorn Tip Width attribute
flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Thorns on Mesh, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 tonal art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Specular Random, ThinLine brush Tube Sections, Mesh brush
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Split Polygon tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Twig Length Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Start Local Simulation, Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Twig Thorns attribute
stiffness Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
seam, query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Twirl, Paint Effects
Stiffness, Paint Effects flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
petal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Stop Local Simulation, Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
strokes U
selecting by name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 U max. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
selecting multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 U min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Sub Segments, Mesh brush Unghost Selected
Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
subdivision surfaces Use Luminance attribute
mental ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
UV range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
T UV set name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
UV sets
target object copy UVs to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
remove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

154
Index
UV texture editor
Move Tool in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
W
toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
UVs create for ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
and polygon smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
copy to another UV set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 pond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
isolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 pond options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
weights
pairBlend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
V Width Scale attribute
V max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
V min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 wireframe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
vertex wireframe draw, Paint Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
chamfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 workflow
extrude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 animation-constraint blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Vertex Color Mode option make motion field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Paint Effects to Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 parent constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Vertex face
Paint Vertex Color Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
X
vertices
baking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 x resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
view
fluid cache contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Y
y resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

155
Index

156

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Inside cover image credit: Danny Mousses, Alias|Wavefront.

ALIAS|WAVEFRONT 210 KING STREET EAST TORONTO, CANADA M5A 1J7

1 What’s New in Maya 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

What’s New in Maya 5

What’s New in Maya 5

What’s New in Maya 5

7 Paint Effects, Artisan, 3D Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

What’s New in Maya 5

New brush attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

8 Fluid Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

What’s New in Maya 5

What’s New in Maya 5

Save Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

What’s New in Maya 5

Other limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

13 API and DevKit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

What’s New in Maya 5

Other important changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

What’s New in Maya 5

What’s New in Maya 5

What’s New in Maya 5

What’s New in Maya 5

We’ve added some new features to Maya to enhance your Maya

Online help changes

Identical help experience on all platforms

New capabilities for the next generation of online

What’s New in Maya 5

Move along rotation axes

New attribute to reverse rotation

Dynamics performance improvements on

What’s New in Maya 5

This version of Maya includes significant improvements to polygon

Extrude edges or faces along a path curve

Poly Extrude Face History

What’s New in Maya 5

3 Set the length to extrude the vertex and click Extrude.

Reduce the number of faces in a mesh

What’s New in Maya 5

Two reductions of the center model, both at 90%.

Vertex colors influence reduce Original No influence.

Keep the current polygon mesh In the Polygon Reduce Options

To get finer control over what areas are reduced

What’s New in Maya 5

What’s New in Maya 5

0 means try to reproduce the original mesh shape as accurately as

What’s New in Maya 5

Marking edges as “hard” can result in more shape retention than

Compatibility with previous versions

Show only a subset of all UVs

To show a subset of UVs

To add to the isolated subset

To remove UVs from the isolated subset

Copy UVs to another UV set

What’s New in Maya 5

UV texture editor toolbar

Flip UVs U, Flip UVs V

Rotate UVs clockwise, Rotate UVs counterclockwise

Cut UVs along selection