Chap-2 Federalism PDF

• PM SHRI
• KENDRIYA
• VIDYALAYA
• OFD RAIPUR, DEHRADUN
Prepared By-
Mr. ARVIND KUMAR
TGT (S.ST)
KV OFD
Awarded Gold Certificate
Federalism Definition
• It is a system of govt. in which power

is divided between a central
authority and various constituent
units of the country.
2 Levels of Government…
• Government for the entire country

• Governments at the level of
provinces/states.
• Both enjoy power independent of the
other.
• State Government has power of its own
and not answerable to the centre.
• Example : USA
Unitary Government…
• Only one level of Government.
• Sub units subordinated.
• Centre can pass orders to the
local Government.
• Example : United Kingdom
Features of Federalism…
• Has two /more levels of Govt.
• Each level has its own Power or jurisdiction.
• Jurisdiction is specified by the constitution.and
there is constitutional guarantee of authority.
• Constitutional provisions can be changed only
with the consent of both levels of Govt.
• Court interprets the constitution and powers of
different levels of Govt. . Supreme court is the
umpire if disputes arise with different levels of
Govt.
• Sources of revenue are clearly specified.
Objectives of Federalism…
• To safeguard /promote the unity of
the country.
• To accommodate regional diversity.
Two Crucial Aspects of An Ideal
Federalism
1. Governments at different levels should

agree to some rules of power sharing.
2. Trust and agreement to live together must
be there.
Difference Between...
Coming Together Holding Together
Independent states Large country decides to divide

coming together on their power between constitutional
own to form bigger unit. units and Centre.
Increase security by
Centre is more powerful vis-
pooling sovereignty
a vis the states
and retaining identity.
All constituent states Constituent units of federation

have equal have unequal powers.
power
USA, Switzerland & India, Spain &

Australia Belgium
What has made India a Federal Country ?
1. Constitution has declared India as a Union of

States.
2. Three tier Federalism-Union, State and
Panchayat.
3. Three fold distribution of legislative powers
under Union list, State list and Concurrent
list.
4. All states in the Indian Union do not have
identical powers. Eg. Union territories.
5. Changes in power sharing has to be passed
by two thirds majority in the parliament.
6. In case of any dispute regarding division of
power, the apex court will take decision.
CONCURRENT
UNION STATE LIST
LIST LIST
Has subjects of
Has subjects Has subjects
common interest
of National of local and
both to Centre
importance. State
and State.
importance.
Both the
Union alone State Govt.
Centre and
can alone State can
make laws. can make frame laws.
laws.
Education, Forest, T
Defence, Banking, C Police, trade,
urrency, Foreign commerce, rade
affairs and agriculture and Union, Marriage, A
communication. irrigation. doption and
succession.
How does India practice power sharing?
1. By creating linguistic states. Which has

made administration easier.-New states
have been created since 1947.
2. No language has been given the
status of national language by the
Constitution.
3. Restructuring of power sharing between
Centre and State. Rise of regional political
parties and coalition government has led to
a new culture of power sharing.
4. Three fold distribution of legislative powers.
Residuary Powers…
• Are subjects which do not fall under
these three lists.
• Union government alone has the
power to make laws. Eg. Computer
software.
Linguistic State...
• Many new states have been formed,
boundaries have been changed, people of
common language have been brought
together, state s created on the basis of
culture, ethnicity and geography has made
the country united and administration
made easy.
• Example NAGALAND,
UTTARAKHAND AND JARKHAND.
Language Policy
• No language has been given the
status of National language.
• Central government can’t impose Hindi on
non-Hindi speaking states .
• 22 languages have been
recognised as scheduled
languages.
• Centre agrees to use English along with
Hindi. By this flexibility is shown.
Centre State relation...
• Central Government cannot undermine

the powers of state or dismiss them.
• Coalition Government - power sharing is
more effective today.
What brought about the real success of
Federalism in India?
• Nature of democratic
politics.
• Respect for democratic
politics.
• Desire for living together.
What undermines the spirit of Federalism?
• Centre misusing the Constitution to

dismiss the State Government that was
controlled by rival parties.
• Coalition Governments led to a new
culture of power sharing and respect for
the autonomy of State Governments.
Decentralisation…
• When power is taken away from Central
and State Governments and given to
Local Governments.
Whys?
1. Vastness of States in size and
population.
2. Internally diverse.
3. Need for power sharing.
Basic idea behind Decentralisation…
• Solving large number of problems and

issues at local level.
• People have better knowledge of
problems in localities.
• Better ideas on where to spend money
and how to manage things efficiently.
• Peoples participation in decision making.
• To realize one important principle
of democracy Local
Government.
1992Act…
brought in effective Decentralisation.
Steps taken for this by the Constitution are
1. It is mandatory to hold regular elections to
local governments.
2. Reservation of seats for SC,ST and BCS.
3. 1/3SEATS RESERVED FOR WOMEN.
4. State election commission conducts
elections.
5. State government share some power
and revenue with local bodies.
1992Act…
brought in effective Decentralisation.
Steps taken for this by the Constitution are
1. It is mandatory to hold regular elections to
local governments.
2. Reservation of seats for SC,ST and BCS.
3. 1/3SEATS RESERVED FOR WOMEN.
4. State election commission conducts
elections.
5. State government share some power
and revenue with local bodies.
Panchayatiraj – Local Self Government(Rural)
Village
Block level District
Level
Gram Panchayat Zilla

Panchayat samithi Parishad
Formed by elected
members and have
Formed by Elected by
Gram Panchayat members of Lok
Sabha members Sabha and MLA of
the district.
Headed by BDO Zilla

Sarpanch Chairperson
Local Government(Urban)
Towns Big Cities
Municipal
Municipalitie
corporation
s s
Municipal
chairperson Mayor is
is head head
Difficulties faced by Local Governments...
• Elections to Gram Sabhas are not
held Regularly.
• Most of the State Governments are
not transferring powers and
resources.
THANK YOU

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• PM SHRI

• It is a system of govt. in which power

• Government for the entire country

1. Governments at different levels should

Independent states Large country decides to divide

All constituent states Constituent units of federation

USA, Switzerland & India, Spain &

1. Constitution has declared India as a Union of

1. By creating linguistic states. Which has

• Central Government cannot undermine

• Centre misusing the Constitution to

• Solving large number of problems and

Gram Panchayat Zilla

Headed by BDO Zilla

Towns Big Cities

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