Micom Areva Distance Relay

François Lhomme 22.02.
2005
MiCOM P441, P442 & P444
Distance Protection
Complet technical Overview = 180 Slides opened

from a total of 345 slides
François LHOMME
Marketing Products
Lattes, February 2005

François Lhomme 22.02.2005
Presentation
Complet technical Overview = 180 Slides opened

from a total of 345 slides ( in the middle of the bottom of each slide )

PROGRAM - J1 : Training course
Distance MICOM P444
Date 15/3
AREVA EAI Presentation 09.00
MiCOM range: family, functions 10.15
MiCOM Px40: organisation HW & features 10.30
Algorithms, distance calculation 11.00
Coffee break 11.30
Algorithms, distance calculation ,phase sel,Direct 11.45
Lunch 12.45
Coffee break 15.30
Conclusion 17.15
Distance MICOM P444
Date 16/3
Coffee break 11.30
Lunch 12.45
Questions/Answers 14.00
Coffee break 15.30
Software versions description 15.45
MiCOM S1 - workshop 16.30
Conclusion 17.30
Distance MICOM P444
Date 17/3
MiCOM S1 - Application customer & Back-up fonctions 9.30
Coffee break 11.30
Lunch 12.45
Coffee break 15.30
MiCOM S1 - 15.45
Conclusion 17.30
PROGRAM - J 4 : Training course
Distance MICOM P444
Date 18/3
Discussion: Questions/Answers 9.30
Coffee break 11.30
Conclusion 11.45
Lunch 12.45
Discussion: Questions/Answers 14.00
End of session 17.00

Business
Overview
> MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 8

Presentation Overview
 Our Solution
 Our Mission
 Our Markets
 Our Offer
 Our Brands
 Our Presence
 Our Differentiators
 Our Partnerships
 Our Position
 Our References
> MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 9

Our Solution to your Needs
 Your Concern
 The efficient operation of your energy infrastructure and
markets in a reliable and secure environment
 You Need
 A business partner with proven technology, an integrated
automation offering and a local presence
 We Offer
 An innovative and complete range of products, systems and
support that is leading the market in a fast-evolving
environment
Leader in Real-Time Energy Infrastructure

0 > MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 10
Our Mission
 To be the leading worldwide provider of Energy

Management Solutions through automation and information
systems, industry-leading software, mission-critical
equipment and services for the efficient, reliable and secure
operation of energy infrastructure and markets
Reliable Solutions for A Secure Infrastructure

Our Market
Expertise in Your Business

Our Complete Offer
Reliable Technology
Our Brands
 e-terra
 Complete suites of energy and market management software
 PACiS
 Comprehensive range of numerical, digital and conventional
substation automation systems
 MiCOM
 Suite of high and medium voltage protection relays
 BiTRONICS
 Full range of electrical measurement devices
Complementary Product Families

Our Worldwide Presence
Local Delivery Points Centers of Excellence
 9 Manufacturing Centers  Seattle : Energy & Market Management Systems
 20 Engineering Centers
 San Jose : Energy Market Participants
 46 Service Centers & Remote Offices  Bethlehem : Measurement & Metering
 Farnham : Energy Retail Settlements
 Lattes : Substation Control Systems
 Massy : Telecommunications
 Stafford : Protection & Control (HV/MV)
Ease of Doing Business

Our Differentiators
Quality,
Ease of Doing Reactivity to
Reliability Technology
Business / Expertise New Needs
& Support
40 Best maintenance >1M customers
Best technical approach >1M customers
Best implementation schedule >1M customers
Best value for money >1M customers
Best overall performance >1M customers
30 Best maintenance IOUs
Best technical approach IOUs
Best implementation schedule IOUs
Most value for money IOUs
Best overall performance IOUs
20
Source: Newton-Evans Research 10/2003
10
0
AREVA GE ABB Siemens Telvent OSI ACS
The Partner Who Delivers On Your Needs

Customer Partnerships
 Three Annual Users Groups on three continents

 North America
 Europe
 Australasia
 Customers allocate a portion of R&D Hours
 Strong installed customer base
Products 95%
Systems 64%
Support 56%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
 Global Customer Agreements

World Class Customer Relationships
Technology Partnerships

Leadership Positioning
 N° 1 in Energy Market Systems

 N° 2 in Protection Relays
 5000 Clients
 30 Million Euro Annual R&D Investment
 12% Annual Growth since 1974 550
96
43
18
1974 1984 1994 2004
The Reliability of a Worldwide Industry Leader

“The Automation Business Unit is your dedicated partner in bringing you the
power of IT technology for the efficient and secure operations of your
infrastructure”
Laurent Demortier,
T&D Automation Executive Vice President

MiCOM Distance: History & People

The P441/P442/P444 Distance
The « Protection Team! »
 Fabrice Gilles (R&D)

 Laurence Barbe (Markg)
 François Lhomme (Marktg)
 Denis Froment (R&D)
 Damien Tholomier
 Patricia Morvan (R&D) (Marketing Director)
 Thierry Bardou (R&D manager)

Expertise in the Distance Protection field...
Quadramho
 PXLP (1980)
 PXLN
 EPAC 3000  Legacy

 LFZP
 EPAC 3800 Optimho
 MiCOM P44x (Since 2001)

Technology evolution
Electro- Analogue Digital Digital

mechanical Mono-function Integrated Integrated
Mono-function Relays IED Communicating
Relays IED
1940-1970 1970-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010
U=XV+RW
U=RI
I
R

The P441/442/444 MiCOM in the World
Total 2001->2005 = More than 6000 relays!

MiCOM range Presentation
LFZP141
Generat
or
Protecti
on

MiCOM Relays
MiCOM Products
 A complete range of protective relays, racks and cubicles for
all applications, integrated into a digital control system or
stand-alone.
 MiCOM P Series : Protection Relays
 MiCOM M Series : Measurement products for accurate
metering
 MiCOM C Series : Substation management products
 MiCOM S Series : PC support Software and substation
control Packages

MiCOM Relays
Hardware & Software Platform
40 Series
30 Series
Platform
20 Series

MiCOM Protection Portfolio
P900 Frequency Protection Relays
P800 Autoreclose, Breaker Fail ...
P700 Busbar Protection Schemes
P600 Transformer Protection Relays
P500 Line Differential and Unit Schemes
P400 Distance Protection Relays
P300 Generator Protection Relays
P200 Universal Motor Protection Relay
P100 Feeder Management Relays

P4xx = distance

0
Feeder Protection
Motor Protection
Generator Protection
> MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005

Distance Proetction
Differential protection
Transformer protection
Voltage / Frequency Protection

30 Series
40 Series
20 Series
MiCOM Relays
30
Platform
MiCOM Relays
Feeder Motor Generator Distance I B.B. Transf. Frequency

Diff. Diff. Diff.
P 14x P 24x
Px40
P 34x P 44x P 54x P 74x P 94x
Px30
P 139 P 43x P 63x
Px20
P 12x P 22x
P 22x P 52x P 92x

MiCOM Relays
Generation
Transmission P139 P940 P920
P340
P630
P120 P140 P340
P740 P440 P540 P140 P220
P240
P630 Industry
P120 P630
Home
P140
Distribution
P139 Low Voltage
MiCOM protections cover all areas of the power system

MiCOM Product Selection
for Solidly/effectively-grounded
Systems

Design Pedigree:
AREVA HV/EHV Distance
PD571 PXLN SHNB µmho
Algos. Algos. Algos. Algos.
MiCOM
T RIP
AL AR M
OU T OF S ER VIC E
H EAL THY
P439
ED IT
C = C LEAR
C
G G
= R EAD G
= EN TER
G G
G
P437 EPAC LFZP LFZR

Optimho LFDC
Control Algos. Algos.
Algos. Algos.
SOTF, Ph/select
Schemes
∆ Direction
P44x/P54x H/W
P432 EHV P441/P442/P444
ONE-BOX DISTANCE P443
SOLUTION PROTECTION MiCOMho
PROTECTION
Approximate Guidance:
Speed
P441/P442/P444
735/800kV
380/500kV
P437
P443
220/275kV
110/145kV
66/69kV
20/33kV Trip Speed

P430
1.5 cyc. 1.25 cyc. 1 cyc.
Main Protection
Backup Protection
Approximate Guidance:
Characteristics
735/800kV Mho
Polygon Quad
380/500kV Quad
P442 P437 P443
220/275kV
110/145kV
66/69kV
20/33kV Trip Speed

P430
1.5 cyc. 1.25 cyc. 1 cyc.
Mho and/or Quadrilateral

Polygon / Quadrilateral
MiCOM Distance Protection
Characteristics Available
Zone 3
X jX jX
Zone 2
Zine
L
Zn
Z
Arc
R Zn
R
Zs
R OFFSET
MHO Zn
MEMORY- MHO
P443 POLARISED
P443 MHO
P443
Xfw X
Zfw
QUADRILATERAL 70° β
ZfwZfw,P PRfw,PP R
Rfw,PG
w
Zb
,P
G
POLYGONAL
P442 P443 P437 P443 P437
P441/P442/P444 Summary
 Versatile distance relay for all HV → EHV applications

 Extremely secure - Delta techniques, for fault detection,
directionality and phase selection
 Patented algorithms used in 3 generations of numerical relays
 Overhead line and /or cable applications (K01/KO2/KO3)
 Efficient use of panel space - size 40TE (P441) or 60TE (P442
or 80TE (P444) / Different I/O capacity
 Menu-driven software for setting and analysis
 Intuitive setting
 Common Px40 training modules
 Comprehensive back up protection
P441/442/444
Universal distance protection - with a proven installed base

P437 P437 Summary
 Distance protection for application up to and including the highest
system voltages
 Design experience - 3rd generation of numerical distance protection
from the same design team
 Proven V<, I>> and shaped Z< starting for high sensitivity
 Z< starter acts as a load blinder, to ensure stability when no tripping is
wanted
 Maintains and manages the stability of the grid
 Out of step tripping to control system separation
 An ideal complement to P44x family relays in “dual-main” distance
protection applications
 Adjustable to any system grounding condition
 Integrated Bay Control available Xfw X
 Wall mounting case available
Zfw
70° β
ZfwZfw,P PRfw,PP R
Rfw,PG
w
Zb
,P
G
Advanced protection and control in a Modular platform
P443 P443 MiCOMho Summary
 Mho and quadrilateral elements available within one device -

line/cable type and length not needed at time of ordering
 Load blinder avoids spurious or cascade tripping, without
desensitising the protection
 Selectable mho characteristic polarising permits control over
expansion - allowing support for compensated and non-
compensated applications
 The relay self-sets zone reaches from protected line data -
“simple setting mode”
 Superimposed (∆I) fault and power swing detection requires no
starters to be set
Z3 (reverse offset)
 Easy to set and apply

 SUB CYCLE Relay < 1 cycle!
Zp
(reverse)
P443
High Speed Distance Protection Designed for Ease of Application

Typical HV/EHV Product Selection
P442 P443 P437
 Choose P44x family or P437 to give full-scheme relay performance.

 Choose P441/P442 for a multifunction distance relay for general
applications. Offers quadrilateral characteristics, with a proven
installed base of products .Dedicated test tool (Zgraph) -
commissioning mode
 Choose P430C/P433/P435/P439 for applications in
solidly/effectively grounded and isolated/Peterson coil
compensated systems (distribution network).
 Choose P432/P439 as one-box solutions where integrated bay control
is required.
 Choose P437 for high speed tripping on HV/EHV systems, where
quadrilateral/polygon characteristics are preferred.
 Choose P443 where guaranteed sub-cycle tripping is required (mho or
quadrilateral), and in any mho characteristic applications.
Mix and match in dual main protection applications!

P442 P443 P437 Key Selling Points!
 PSL = Graphical easy solution adapted to client application

 Easy to set and apply (MiCOM S1- PSL - Zgraph - Monitor bit…)
 Modular Capacity of I/O - Maxi = P444 offers 24 Inputs / 46 Outputs
 SUB CYCLE Relay < 1 cycle!
 Friendly tools: Event / Dist Rec-Fault report - Maintenance code
 Universal Optos filtered or not (optionnal)
 Fast Trip or static output contact (optionnal)
 Stability during Pswing - Out Of step (Prevent black out!)
 Multi port of communication
 IEC 61850 coming soon
 NCIT options (available in P441/2/4 for site trial)
 Hot Keys in front panel
 See P443
High Speed Distance Protection Designed for Ease of Application

MiCOM P44x Series - Product Selector
Type of Characteristic
Mho Quad Mho+Quad Don’t Care
Typical Operating Time

General Purpose: Fast:
0.8 to 1.25 cycle 0.7 to 1 cycle
(price premium)
Binary I/O Requirements Binary I/O
8in/14out 16in/21out 24in/32out 24in/46out 16in/24out 24in/32out
Hardware & Trip Options P443.A. P443.B.

Is IRIG-B, ethernet, 2nd rear comms,
or single pole tripping required?
No Yes
P444..J P444..K
P441 P442
MiCOM P441, P442 & P444
Distance Protection
C2.x
P441/P442/P444 Summary
 Versatile distance relay for all HV → EHV applications

 Extremely secure - Delta techniques, for fault detection, directionality
and phase selection
 Patented algorithms used in 3 generations of numerical relays(LFDC, PXLN,
EPAC)
 Designed for overhead line and /or cable applications (K01/KO2/KO3)

 Efficient use of panel space - size 40TE (P441) or 60TE (P442) or 80TE
(P444) / Different I/O capacity
 Intuitive setting
 Common Px40 training modules
P441/442/444
Universal distance protection - with a proven installed base

Overview of Protection Features
 Distance Protection (21)
 Directional & Non Directional Phase and

Earth Fault Overcurrent (50/51/67PN)
 Directional Negative Phase Sequence (46)
 Channel Aided Trip Logic (Distance and
Directional Earth Fault (85-21/85-67N)
 Broken Conductor (46BC)
 TOR/SOTF (50HS)
 Under & Over Voltage (59, 27)

 Breaker Failure (50BF)
 Thermal Overload ( 49)
 Power Swing Blocking/Tripping (68)

 Weak Infeed (27WI)
 Stub bus protection (50-Stub)

Overview of Operating Functions (1)
 Setting Groups
 VT / CT / CVT Supervision
 Fault Locator
 Auto Reclose & Check Synchronism
 CB Control & Maintenance
 Programmable Scheme Logic
 Trip Circuit Supervision (74TC) via PSL
More…

Overview of Operating Functions (2)
 HMI Interface
 Instrumentation
 Post Fault Analysis
 Self Diagnostics & Commissioning
 Communications
 Hardware Construction
Previous…

Hardware Presentation
MiCOM P440

First AREVA Shipments in October 2004
From… to
MiCOM Protection
P900 Frequency Relay
P800 Auto-reclose Relay, Fail CB
P700 Busbar Differential Protection
P600 Differential Protection of Transformer
P500 Line or cable Differential Protection
P400 Distance Protection
P300 Generator Protection
P200 Motor Protection
P100 MT Start Protection

Presentation
Protection Functions
 Distance Protection
 4 Setting groups
 Teleaction Distance Schemes

 DEF / PW / IN>
 Auto-Reclosure & Voltage supervision
 Directional Max I / Non Directional
 Inverse directional Max I / Non Directional
 CB Fail

Presentation
Additional Functions
 Faults Locator
 TC / TP / TCT Supervision
 Control & Supervision
 (PSL) Logic Scheme Programmable
 Conductor break pick up
 Max U & Min U

Presentation
Additional Functions
 Interface Man/Machine
 Instrumentations
 Fault analysis skills
 Diagnostic aid
 Communications
 Material

Hardware Presentation
MiCOM P440

Available Models
P441 - Housing 8” (40TE)
 Three-phase trip and auto-reclosure

 8 opto-insulated inputs
 14 output contacts
 6 N/O
 8 C/O
 Option:
 Check Sync
 Conventional Instrument Transformer or NCIT (IEC61850 - 9 - 2)

Available Models
 Three-phase and single phase trip and auto-reclosure

 21 output contacts
 9 N/O
 12 C/O
 Options: Voltage control - IRIG-B synchronization

 Voltage control for Check Sync
 IRIG-B synchronization
 IEC60870 - 5 / 103 Optical Fibre Converter
 Second rear communication port/InterMICOM/UCA2

Available Models
 Three-phase and single phase trip and auto-reclosure

 32 (up to 46max-model H) output contacts
 24 N/O
 8 C/O
 Options:
 Voltage control for Check Sync
 IRIG-B synchronization
 IEC60870 - 5 / 103 Optical Fibre Converter
 Second rear communication port/InterMiCOM/UCA2

Rated Values of
Inputs/Outputs
 Analogue Voltage transformers:

 Voltage: 80 - 140Vca ph-ph
 Analogue Current tranformers:

 Dual CT inputs 1A/5A
 Or Digital Acquisition for Non Conventional Instrument Transformers
(Optical Fibre Input - IEC 61850 -9 - 2 protocol)
 Auxiliary Voltage:
 19 - 65 Vcc
 37 - 150Vcc or 24 - 110Vca
 87 - 300Vcc or 80 - 265Vca
 Field voltage (for external use) : 48V DC

(current limit: 112 mA)

Rated Values of
Inputs/Outputs
 8,16 or 24 opto universal inputs (24 - 250Vcc)
 6N/O, 8C/O Outputs or 9N/O, 12C/O or 24N/O, 8C/O
 Contact characteristics:
 Make and Carry: 30A during 3s

Carry continuous : 5A
 Breaking Capacity: 62.5W with L/R=40ms
 Watchdog Contact 1N/O, 1N/C

 Breaking Capacity : 15W with L/R=40ms

Hardware Architecture
(P441 & P442)
Power Relay Relay 8 Relay Relay PCB 8 opto inputs & Transformer
Supply PCB PCB PCB isolated & PCB
8 8 isolated 8 Outputs Analogue PCB 4 VT, 4 TC
Outputs Outputs inputs (P442) 16 bits ADC
(P442)
64-way ribbon cable (BUS)
Main processor & User interface Co-processor PCB

(DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz) (DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz)
 Backup Protection  Samples acquisition
 Disturbance Recorder  Electronic Filtering
 Fixed Scheme Logic  Threshold calculation
 Programmable Scheme Logic  Distance Algorithms
 Comm. and HMI Management
Battery SK2 SK1
IRIG-B PCB Second Com. port
(P442) (P442)
Or BNC SK4 SK5
BNC Rx1 Tx1

Hardware Architecture
(P444)
Power Relay PCB Relay PCB Relay PCB Opto 8 opto inputs & Transformer
Supply 8 Output 7 Output 7 Output input Analogue PCB PCB
PCB contacts contacts contacts PCB 16 Bits ADC 4 VT, 4 CT
8 Inputs
64-way ribbon cable (BUS)
Relay PCB Relay Relay Co-processor PCB

8 Output
Relay PCB PCB PCB 8 (DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz)
Contacts 8 Ouput opto
8 Output
contacts inputs
contacts  Samples acquisition
 Electronic Filtering
Main processor and user  Threshold calculation
interface PCB  Distance Algorithms
(DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz)
 Backup Protection
 Disturbance Recorder
 Fixed Scheme Logic IRIG-B PCB Second Com. port
 Programmable Scheme Logic (P442) (P442)
 Comm. and HMI Management BNC SK4 SK5
BNC Rx1 Tx1 Or
Battery SK2 SK1

MiCOM P444
Hardware Description
Front panel included

Main Processor &
User Interface Board 64 way ribbon cable
(MiCOM Px40 series standard)
MiCOM P444 - Front Opened

3 > MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 63 63
MiCOM P444
Power supply module
included 3 Opto Universal Boards
8 inputs per board
one outputs board
24 inputs per P444 Optional IRIG-B Board
4 Output Boards Transformer Module

8 OMRON relays per board Co-processor Board
32 outputs per P444 (24 n/o & 8 c/o)
+2 PCB 7relays =46 outputs in H version
MiCOM P444 - Position of the boards inside the case

MiCOM P441-442-444
Programmable digital Power supply
Optional 1A / 5A current & voltage outputs (32 relays) connection connection
IRIG-B Board input terminals (Terminal block J, K, L & M)
(Terminal block C) (Terminal block N)
N
(Not for P441)
Others options:
- ethernet
-2nd rear
-InterMicom
(Not for P441)
Optional Option:Programmable digital

Fibre optic connection outputs (2x7relays) connection
IEC60870-5-103 (Terminal block G & H)
(Not for P441) Programmable
24 digital inputs connection
(Terminal block D, E & F) 1st Rear Communication
MiCOM P444 - Rear view port RS485
P44x Existing Range -
Version Compatibility
Hard ref
A A B C G-H-J
A2.6 A3.0
A4.0 C1.0
B1.0 Areva
C1.1 C2.x
A2.11 A3.3
06A B1.4 020G 030G

04A A4.8 020H
06B 030H
030J
07A
07B
09C
PSL ref 512 cells PSL ref 1024 cells

P44x Phase 2 Development
Last Version A4.8 & more - Since August 2004
 Addition of the Fault Location Cell in IEC60870-5/103 protocol

 Optional 2nd rear communication port (Courier protocol only):
P44x??7????????? : 2nd rear port only

P44x??8????????? : 2nd rear port and IRIGB
Language:
Courier always
IRIG-B
Physical links:
RS 232
Second rear port or
Courier Port since A4.0 RS 485 (polarity sensitive)
SK4
(RS232/RS485) or
K-Bus (non polarity sensitive)
InterMiCOM (RS232) SK5

available since C1.0

Cortec selection:P44???x MiCOM P442-444
(No options for P441) Hardware Description
(Options)
IRIG-B Board
Fibre optic connection

IEC60870-5-103
2nd rear port

optical port Courier
(RS232/RS485)
Ethernet
10/100MHz
Inter-MiCom
Copper port Port (RS232)
Cortec selection:P44?????x
1st Rear port
Rear view - Communications options

Version C1.0 - available from April 2004
Version C2.2 - available from Sept 2004
 Integration of the new CPU board at 150 MHz

 Optional fast static outputs
 Optional 46 outputs in P444-model 20H/ 30H
 Addition of a settable time delay to prevent maloperation due to zone evolution
from zone n to zone n-1 by CB operation
 Addition of a tilt characteristic for zone 1 (independent setting for phase-to-
ground and phase-to-phase). Settable between ± 45°
 Addition of a tilt characteristic for zone 2 and zone P (common setting for
phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase/Z2 and Zp). Settable between ± 45°
 Additional DDB signal - Distance Earth Fault
 Integration of special RTE weak infeed logic (PAP)
 Integration of uncompressed disturbance recorder with resolution of 24
samples
 Addition of Control input Buttons (“Hotkeys”)

 Integration of InterMiCOM (serial communication from relay to relay)
Addition of an independent Tp Transmission Time Delay for
Aided Trip Logic for DEF
 Modification of DEF Time Delay step from 100 ms to 2ms
 SBEF with 4 stages (IN>1 to IN>4)
 Extraction of the internal TRACE (windows tool not yet available)

 Power Swing Logic modified:

 Detection is now realised by using phase-to-phase loops to ensure a
better phase-to-ground resistance coverage.
 Additional Delta Fault Detector used during Power Swing condition to
unblock distance element by 3 phase fault independently of the faulty
current value.
 Additional Delta Fault Selector used to determinate the faulty phase if a
fault occurs during power fault (previous firmware force a 3 phase fault
selection).
 Relay is able to differentiate an out-of-step condition from a stable power
swing (sign of R). Out-of-step tripping can be realised by PSL.
 A trip can be issued using PSL when a certain number of Out-of-step
or/and stable power swing conditions has been reached
 Zone Decision is filtered by Power Swing Logic during TOR condition to
avoid an instantaneous trip if reclosing on power swing condition and if
any of 6 loops within the distance characteristic.
CT Requirements
 Recent RTDS testing have been conducted to verify the CT

requirements with the new version C1.0:
 CT Knee Point Voltage for Phase Fault Distance Protection
 Vk ≥ KRPA x IF Z1 x (1+ X/R) . (RCT + RL)
Where:
 Vk = Required CT knee point voltage (volts),
 KRPA = Fixed dimensioning factor = always 0.6
 IF Z1 = Max. secondary phase fault current at Zone 1

reach point (A),
 X/R = Primary system reactance / resistance ratio,
 RCT = CT secondary winding resistance (Ω),
 RL = Single lead resistance from CT to relay (Ω).

CT Requirements
 Recent RTDS testing have been conducted to verify the

CT requirements with the new version C1.0:
 CT Knee Point Voltage for Earth Fault Distance Protection
 Vk ≥ KRPA x IFe Z1 x (1+ Xe/Re) . (RCT + 2RL)
Where:
 KRPA = Fixed dimensioning factor = always 0.6
 IFe Z1 = Max. secondary earth fault current at Zone 1 reach point

(A),
 Xe/Re = Primary system reactance / resistance ratio for earth loop.

Version C2.x
 Model 30H/30G/30J (Cortec modified)

 Thermal overload function (as P540) - dual time constant
 Measurement 3:
 Thermal status
 Alarm : 50% - 100%
 Log curves
 Dual alarm between copper & oil
 UCA2 - DNP3/Kbus/ModBus/103… 61850-8-1 soon

 Input synchro included in the DDB
 Opto configuration - with/without filtering - included or not in the events
 DEF settings: IN Rev Factor (0,6 - 1)
 30J: Dual Optos for china’s market

Analogue to
Digital Conversion and Filtering
24 Samples per cycle (AX) 12 Samples per cycle (AX)
48 Samples per cycle (>B1.x) 24 Samples per cycle (>B1.x)
Anti aliasing i Lowpass 1 Sample

filter delay i
I Analogue to
digital
conversion
FIR
current
derivative
Anti di/dt
aliasing
24 samples
U per cycle u
Lowpass 1 Sample
filter delay u
F sampling for Dist.Rec. is 24 samples/cycle

since version B1.X
Analog to Digital Conversion and Filtering
((AX) 24 samples - (>B1.x) 48 Samples )
Analogue & Numerical Filters

Anti-aliasing
Digital Filters
Analog Filters Fc << 300Hz
C.A.N
Analog
Channels
1 sample / 2
T.F.D
Harmonic 1 and 2 (50 and 100Hz)

Low Pass Filter: frequency cut out
150 Hz, 250 Hz, 350 Hz, 500 Hz & 600 Hz
F i ltr e p a s s e - b a s
1 .4
1 .2
0 .8
A m p li tu d e
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
F ré q u e n c e

((AX) 12 samples - (>B1.x) 24 Samples )
Numerical Filters
Low Pass
Derivative Filter Delay
High Pass Filter Posit&Negat seq. Filter

High Pass Filter: frequency cut out
0 Hz, 300 Hz & 462 Hz.
F i ltre p a s s e - h a u t
2 .5
1 .5
A m p li tu d e
0 .5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
F ré q u e n c e

Derivated Filter: frequency cut out
0 Hz, 300 Hz & 462 Hz.
F i tr e d é r i v a te u r
1200
1000
800
A m p li tu d e
600
400
200
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
F ré q u e n c e

Hardware Overview
MiCOM P440

MiCOM Hardware - Example of Front Housing
View 80TE (1)
LCD - 3 lines
Programmable
LEDs
Fixed
LEDs
Bottom Flap Masking RS232 COM port and Battery

MiCOM Hardware - Example of Front Housing
Serial N° and
View 80TE (2)
CORTEC Code
identifying the
product
2 Hot Keys
Consultation/Effacement
Compte Rendus
SK2: DB 25 points
Navigation - Text editor
Arrow - Flash Version
Battery:
Disturbance Event SK1: DB 9 points
Maintenance Message - Settings / PSL
- Extraction (evt/Pert)
- Reset Leds
Available Informations of Front Housing

MiCOM Hardware
Ethernet
Module Teminal Blocks Rear View
Inputs/Outputs
Module
Analogical
Module
Module
IRIGB
Rear View of the Housing 40-60-80TE

Protection Features
MiCOM P440

P440
Distance & Other Protection Functions
Out Of Step
Logic
Power Swing
Distance Blocking
Protection
Channel Aided
Distance / DEF
Broken
Conductor
Detection Switch on to
Fault & Trip
on Reclose
Negative
Directional Sequence
Directional /
Overcurrent
non Directional
Overcurrent
Thermal
Overload Directional /
non Directional
Breaker Earth Fault
Failure Under / Over
Voltage

Distance Protection
MiCOM P440

P440
Distance Protection
Distance
Protection
Algorithms
Parallel Line Trip on Reclose

Switch on to fault
Zone 1 Extension
Channel
Loss of Load
Aided Trip
Weak Infeed
and Echo Mode
PAP

Distance Protection Algorithms
ONE-MarocProper Fault Clearance
EETC-Egypte
TNB-Malaisie
 Fault Detection Lapem-Mexique
 Secure Phase Selection
Terna-Italie
 Evolving Faults
HydroQuebec-Canada
 Power Swings
 Directional Security PowerGrid-Indes

Enel-Italie
 Flexible Distance Zones EPRI-Chine
 Fast Fault Clearance
 Non-Pilot & Pilot Logic (Distance Aided Schemes)

-Brézil … Qualified in many utilities
Full Scheme Distance Protection
Five Quadrilateral Zones

(Tilt in option)
X
Z3
Additional Fwd. /
Rev.Programmable
Zp
Zone p
Z2
Z1
R
Z4
Directional Line
fixed at: - 30°
(Deltas & Classical)

Distance Scheme
 Distance operation settable (21P, 21G or both)
 Zone operation settable (Z1X, Z2, Zp, Z3 & Z4)
 Zp Direction programmable
 Zone overlapping or zone selection
 Single or three pole tripping (P442 & P444)

Impedance Measurement Algorithms
R and X Measurement
Compute R and X for 6 impedance loops

(ZAN, ZBN, ZCN, ZAB, ZBC, ZCA)
 Line characteristics:
 R = line resistance (Ω/km)
D
 X = line reactance (Ω/km)
ZSource ZLine
 Fault characteristics:
 D = calculated position of the fault (km)
 I = fault current on the faulty phase(s) as
I
measured by the relay (A)
RFault  RF= apparent fault resistance (Ω)
U J  V = (R + jX) x I = linear voltage drop on
the line (V/km)
 U = voltage measured by the relay (V)
 J = fault current through the fault
resistance(A)
U =D x V + RFault x J
 Ir = residual current
=D x (R + jX) x I + RFault x J

Setting Applied for Ground
Fault Detection
A-N Zone 1 shown:
ZS IA Z1 Gnd
IA
Line Ground Reach
VS VA Fault
R1 Gnd
IN kZn x Z1 Gnd
Line Residual Reach

Xa
Z1 gnd
Z1 Ground Loop Model
R1gnd/
1+kZN Ra

R and X Measurement
Location of Relay
X Ω/phase
Z R Fault/(1 + K0)
Zs
i3 L
Z ZL
Zs i2 L
Z Fault
Z
Zs i
1 L
V V V RFault R Ω/phase
V3N V2N V1N kS Z S kL ZL
1 2 3
Z0 - Zd
 Phase-to-ground loop impedance: k0 =
3 x Zd
 VαN = ZL x D x (Iα + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
with α = (A, B or C)
 And J = 3I0 during the first 2 cycles and then J = I α

R and X Measurement
 For phase-to-earth loop impedance:

 VAN = ZL x D x (IA + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
 VBN = ZL x D x (IB + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J

 VCN = ZL x D x (IC + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
 x 4 kO residual compensation factors = 12 loops
 The derived faulted phase current is used for measurement

after the first 2 cycles for fault in zone 2, 3, P and 4 because
the zero sequence current 3I0 can be erroneous due to a single-
phase CB opening in the network.

For phase-to-earth loop impedance:
1.1.1. R and X Measurement
CARACTERISTIQUE MONO AVEC ZONE P AVAL
X K03
Z3
R3G
Zone3 K0p
Zp
RpG
K02
ZoneP Z2
R2G
Zone2 K01
Z1
R1G
Zone1
R
Zone4
Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp, Z4 : limites des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4

R1G, R2G, R3G, RpG : portée en résistance des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4 pour les
défauts monophasés.
K01, K02, K03, K0p : coefficient de compensation résiduelle des zones 1,
2, 3, p
Les zones 1, 2, 3 et P peuvent avoir des portées en résistances et des coefficients de compensation
résiduelle différents. Les zones 3 et 4 ont les mêmes portées en résistances et coefficients de
compensation résiduelle. Les coefficients de compensation résiduelle dépendent de la
caractéristique de la ligne sur chaque zone.
 2 * Z1 + Zx 0 
angle de ligne : ϑ = Arg  où Zx0 est l’impédance homopolaire pour la zone x et
pg
 3 
Z1 est l’impédance directe.

Setting Applied for Phase
Fault Detection
A-B Zone 1 shown:
ZS IA - IB Z1 Ph
Line Phase Reach

VS VAB R1 Ph / 2 Fault
Xab
Z1 ph
Z1 Positive Sequence Model
R1ph/2
Rab

R and X Measurement
Location of Relay
Zs ZL X Ω/phase R Fault/2
i3
ZL
Zs i2 ZL
Z Fault
Zs i1 ZL RFault
V3N V2N V1N V1 V2 V3 R Ω/phase
 Phase-to-phase loop impedance:
 Vαβ = ZL x D x Iαβ + RFault /2 x J

with αβ = (AB, BC or CA) and with J = Iαβ

R and X Measurement
 For phase-to-phase loop impedance:
 VAB = ZL x D x IAB + RFault /2 x J
 VBC = ZL x D x IBC + RFault /2 x J

 VCA = ZL x D x ICA + RFault /2 x J
= 3 loops
 The protection has 15 measurement loops.
 The measurements are true reactance measurements,

i.e. insensitive to effects of load current and fault
resistance.
 All 15 loops will be computed every 0,69 ms at 60 Hz.

(24 samples per cycle)

For phase to phase loop impedance:
R and X Measurement
1.1.1. CARACTERISTIQUE BIPHASEE AVEC ZONE P AVAL
X
Z3
Zone3 Zp
R3Ph
ZoneP Z2
Z1 RpPh
Zone2
Zone1 R2Ph
R1Ph
R
Zone4
Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp, Z4 : limites des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4

R1Ph, R2Ph, R3Ph, RpPh : portée en résistance des zones 1, 2, 3, p pour les
défauts biphasés.
Dans le cas d’une caractéristique biphasée, toutes les zones ont le même angle de ligne :
l’argument de Z1 (impédance directe).

R and X Measurement
Gauss-Seidel
(Last mean square iterative mathematics method)
Fault distance D :
Σ U x V - R fault N-1 x Σ V x J
DN =
Σ (V)²
Fault resistance R Fault :
Σ U x J - D N-1 x Σ V x J
R Défaut N
=
Σ (J)²

Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X
Measurement - Gauss-Seidel
Vα 1 = ZL . D . Iα 1 + RF. IF1 + ε 1
Vα i = ZL . D . Iα i + RF. IFi + ε i
Vα n = ZL . D . Iα n + RF. IFn + ε n
Σ (ε i) = Σ (Vα i
2
- ZL . D . Iα i - RF. IFi)
2
(Last mean square method)
∂ Σ (ε i)
2
/∂ (ZL.D) = 0 et ∂ Σ (ε i)
2
/∂ RF = 0
∂ Σ (ε i) /∂ (ZL.D) =∂ Σ (Vα i-ZL.D.Iα i-RF. IFi) /∂ (ZL.D) - Derivate calculation -

2 2
=Σ [2.(Vα i-ZL.D.Iα i-RF. IFi).(-Iα i)=0]
∂ Σ (ε i)2 /∂ RF =∂ Σ (Vα i-ZL.D.Iα i-RF. IFi)2/∂ RF

= Σ [2.(Vα i-ZL.D.Iα i-RF. IFi).(-IFi) =0]
Σ (Vα i . Iα i) = ZL.D. Σ (Iα i)2 + RF. Σ (Iα i . IFi)
Σ (Vα i . IFi) = ZL.D. Σ (Iα i . IFi) + RF. Σ (IFi)2

The above system is solved by iterative method:
ZL.D n = [Σ (Vα i . Iα i) – RF n-1. Σ (Iα i . IFi)] / Σ (Iα i)2
RF n =[ Σ (Vα i . IFi) - ZL.D n-1. Σ (Iα i . IFi) ] / Σ (IFi)2

 Dual distance protection algorithms
 The operation of MiCOM P440 is based on the combined

use of two types of algorithms for a fault detection:
 Algorithm 1: Fault detection using superimposed
quantities: Delta algorithm (Startup: ∆I or ∆V )
 Algorithm 2: Fault detection using resistance/reactance:
Conventional algorithm (Startup: minZ )

Delta Algorithms
 Delta algorithms
 The patented algorithm has been proven with 15 years of

service at all voltage levels.
 The P440 relay has ultimate reliability of phase selection

and directional decision far superior to standard distance
techniques.
 The delta algorithms are based on transient components.

Delta Algorithms/Principle
 Delta algorithm using superimposed values
 Fault confirmation
 Forward fault detection T = 1/2 cycle

 Phase selection
 Convergence of calculated R and X within quadrilateral zone
 Trip time with new coprocessor board:

 Fastest Trip Time 0.85 cycle
 Typical 1.1 cycle

Faulted Phase Selection
All P44x Use Superimposed Current
 Compares pre-faulted system

 Acts as a fault detector and faulted phase detector
 Can quickly recognize evolving faults and power swings
 Provides secure phase selection for complex fault

conditions
 Sensitive to any fault type
Works Automatically - with no settings needed

Predicted and Superimposed Values
 Y(t-2T) = Sample two cycles prior to t
 Y(t-T) = Sample one cycle prior to t
 Yp(t) = Predicted value of Y at time t

= 2.Y(t-T) - Y(t-2T)
↑ ∆Y(t) = Y(t) - Yp(t)
★
↑
Y(t) currents or voltages
★ ★
Sampled waveform “y”

Calculation of Superimposed Values
IApf F
 Unfaulted line (predicted)

VApf VFpf
IA
F
 Faulted line VA
Rfault
∆IA
 Superimposed Delta
values: -VFpf
∆VA
 ∆VA=VA-VApf Rfault
 ∆IA=IA-IApf

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

 A transition is detected if:

 ∆I > 20% In OR ∆V >10% Vn
 Then three tasks are starting in parallel:

 Fault confirmation: ∆I AND ∆V
 Faulty phase selection
 Fault direction determination (3 consecutive samples)
(classical directionnal computed in parallel) (4 consecutive samples)
(5 consecutive samples)
Confirmation
Start ∆
Phase selection
Direction

Delta Algorithms/Phase Selection
 Phase Selection
 Current derivative values are used to eliminate the effect of

dc transients
 Derivative currents are squared prior to magnitude

comparison Sx = Σ(∆ I'x)²
for the six loops
 Phase-to-phase values are sorted into ascending order and

compared
 Example SAB < SBC < SCA
- If SAB << SBC , the fault has had minimal effect on the loop AB. The
fault is single-phase (C).

Delta Algorithms/Phase Selection
 Phase selection
 If no single phase fault is detected, phase values are
sorted into ascending order and compared
 Example SA < SB < SC
- Fault affects at least the ring main (B,C)
- If SA << SB , the fault is phase-to-phase (B,C)
- If SAB ≈ SBC ≈ SBC and SA ≈ SB ≈ SC the fault is three-phase (A,B,C)

Delta Algorithms/Fault Direction
 Fault direction is determined according to the sign of transient energy

characterising the fault. Transition energy is the energy created by the fault
and is given by:
- S = ∫ U x I x dt
 The sign of the energy is used for detection of fault direction as follows:

 For forward faults ∆I is in reverse direction to the relay’s CT orientation

 The power supplied through the relay is:
 P = - ∆I². Zs
 The energy is:

 S = - ∫ ∆I². Zs. dt, which is always negative
Zone 1
V I Forward fault

 For a reverse fault ∆V = ∆I. Zs is positive while ∆I is in same direction as the

relay’s CT orientation, hence:
 The power supplied through the relay is:
 P = - ∆I². Zs
 The energy is:

 (S = + ∫ ∆ I ². Zs. dt,) always positive for a reverse fault.
Zone 1
Reverse fault
V I

Delta Directional Comparison:
Forward Fault Decision
Forward direction
Forward fault
V I
∆V
Delta I lags inverted Delta V
∆I - ∆V Delta I lags -∆V according to the
∠-Zs
characteristic angle of the source
impedance behind the relay
 60° degrees for lines (by default),
 0 degrees used for series compensated line
applications (Series Cmp. Line = “Enabled” in
P442).
P442 P443
 The fault direction is determined by the sign of the transient

energy S calculated by phase:
 SA=Σ ∆UA x ∆IA , SB=Σ ∆UB x ∆IB , SC=Σ ∆UC x ∆IC
 If fault in AN then S = SA If S<0 then Forward Fault

 If fault in BN then S = SB
 If fault in CN then S = SC If S>0 then Reverse Fault
 If fault in AB and if SA or SB<0 then

 If fault in BC and if SB or SC<0 Forward Fault
 If fault in CA and if SC or SA<0 otherwise
Reverse Fault
 If fault in ABC and if SA or SB or SC< 0

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms
 Validity conditions:
 Power system frequency is being measured and tracked
 Line is not open
 All voltages are between 70% and 130% of the nominal value
 The residual current is less than 10% of the nominal value +
3.3% of the maximum current flowing on the line
 There is no power swing
 2 cycles of healthy pre-fault data are stored

Conventional Algorithms
 Conventional algorithms use the 15 measuring loops of

impedance (AN, BN,CN, AB, BC, CA)
 Under impedance Z< starting
 Start when at least 1 of the 15 measuring loops converges

within the start-up characteristic
(Z3 and Z4)

 Phase selection
 Current phase selection
 Amplitudes I’A, I’B and I’C derived from the three phase currents IA, IB and
IC are measured and compared to each other and to the two thresholds
S1 (= 3 x IN) and S2 (= 5 x IN)
 Example I’A < I’B < I’C
- If I’C > S2, I’B > S1 and I’A > S1, the fault is three-phase
- If I’C > S2, I’B > S1 and I’A < S1, the fault is two-phase (BC)
- If I’C > S2, I’B < S1, the fault is single-phase (CN)
- If I’C < S2, the current phase selection cannot be used.

 Impedance phase selection
 Impedance phase selection is obtained by checking the

convergence of the various measuring loops within the
start-up characteristic
 T = presence of zero-sequence voltage or current
 ZAN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop AN
 ZBN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop BN
 ZCN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop CN
 ZAB = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop AB
 ZBC = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop BC
 ZCA = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop CA


 In addition, the following are also defined:
 RAN = ZAN . /ZBC with /ZBC = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop BC
 RBN = ZBN . /ZCA with /ZCA = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop CA
 RCN = ZCN . /ZAB with /ZAB = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop AB
 RAB = ZAB . /ZC with /ZC = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop CN
 RBC = ZBC . /ZA with /ZA = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop AN
 RCA = ZCA . /ZB with /ZB = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop BN


 The different phase selection are:
 SAN = T . RA . /RB . /RC single phase A to ground fault
 SBN = T . RB . /RA . /RC single phase B to ground fault
 SCN = T . RC . /RA . /RB single phase C to ground fault
 SAN = T . RA . /RB . /RC single phase A to ground fault
 SAB = T . RAB . ZA . ZB phase-to-phase AB to ground fault
 SBC = T . RBC . ZB . ZC phase-to-phase BC to ground fault
 SCA = T . RCA . ZC . ZA phase-to-phase CA to ground fault
 SAB = /T . RAB . /RBC . /RCA phase-to-phase AB fault
 SBC = /T . RBC . /RCA . /RAB phase-to-phase BC fault
 SCA = /T . RCA . /RAB . /RBC phase-to-phase CA fault
 SABC = ZA . ZB . ZC . ZAB . ZBC . ZCA 3 phase fault

 Directional decision
 Phase shift between the pre-fault voltage and the fault
current
 For single-phase loops:

 Phase shift between the stored voltage and the current
derivative I’α + kO x 3I’0 with α = (A, B or C)
 For two-phase loops:

 Phase shift between the stored voltage and the
derivative of the current I’αβ with αβ = (AB, BC or CA)
 Directional angle is fixed between -30° and +150°

Theoretical Distance Relay Operating
Requirements
1) Trip for internal fault

ZLine
2) Stable for all loading
Fault + arc impedance

region
Z load
Load impedance

Effects of Infeed and Outfeed:
Apparent Arc Resistance Change
load import
ZLine
load export
Arc impedance with

Remote end infeed
Z load
Load impedance
region

Using P442 family relays
Setting of Right-Hand resistive reach
 Five Quadrilateral Zones
X
Z3
Zp This line serves

as the load
Z2 blinder, and the
resistive
Z1 coverage, in one
setting
Z4 Directional Line

Protection de Distance
Algorithmes Classiques - Sélection de phase à
minZ sur défaut Bi-Terre (exemple:ABN)
 Surveillance des 3 boucles AB, BN,AN
 Position des boucles dans différentes zones (AN=Z1/AB=Z2/BN en

dehors)
 Solution appliquée: Afin d ’éviter une sél.de phase mono Z1, la

caratéristique
Z est étendue
Z (X3étendue=2R3) BN
s
iC d BN
BN
Z Z
iB
s d AB
Z Z AN
s
iA
d
R
VB VA V V V Défaut
N N A B C

Quadrilateral Characteristic Advantages
 Zone reach setting (Z) and Resistive reach (R) setting are
independent
 Allows resistive reach to be set exactly according to the
fault arc coverage required
 No need to rely on characteristic expansion - you get what
you set!
 Resistive reach setting acts as the load blinder
 Makes characteristic applicable to lines of all lengths,
without risking load encroachment trips
 Characteristic simplicity - easy to test and commission
 Resistive reach is constant throughout the length of the
zone

Delta/Conventional Algorithms
Trip Decision on X/R Convergence in Zone
 All zone timers started at the instant of fault detection
 Rn-1 < Ri and Rn < Ri and |Rn-1 - Rn| < 10% x Ri
 Xn-1 < Xi and Xn < Xi and |Xn-1 - Xn| < k% x Xi
 With k= 5% for zone 1 and 10% for other zones
 With i=1,1X,2,p,3 and 4
2 1 0
3
4..
R
Directional Line

Delta/Conventional Algorithms
Trip Decision on X/R Convergence in Zone  <10% change in between R & X

iterations gives convergence n=n+1
 <5% change in between R &
X iterations gives convergence
n=n+2
 n= 6 zone decision
for Z1, Z1X, Z2 and Zp
 n= 2 zone decision
for Z3 and Z4
2 1 0
3
4..
R

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms (Example in Version A4.x)
Classic Algorithms:
ZAC Convergence
Trip
Delta Algorithms: Zone Decision:

Delta Algorithms: Delta Algorithms: Sending
Start ∆V or ∆I Direction Zone 1
AC Phase
Selection

Algorithms Chaining
Acquisition and
filtering of samples
Line open
Y Switch-on-to-fault
Impedance measurements
on all 15 loops
N Network Y
healthy
Detection of
N Convergence N transition Y
in characteristic
of all 6 loops
Y
Fault Phase selection Direction
confirmation
Phase selection Direction
Tripping logic
Decision to trip using delta algorithms during 40 ms
Decision to trip using classic algorithms

Version B1.2 - available from June 2003
Modification of the distance algorithm chaining
 Distance Start:
 (∆U OR ∆I) with ∆U > 10% Vn and ∆I 20% > In
OR
 Z< (classical)
 Directional Decision:
 The sign of transient energy (Σ ∆U x ∆I) is used if (∆V AND ∆I) is
verified,
ELSE
 Direction decision of the classical algorithms is used (angle between

pre-fault voltage and faulty current)
 Phase Selection:
 ∆I phase selector is used if ∆I verified (S = Σ ∆’I)
OR
 Classical Current Phase Selector is used

ELSE
 Classical Impedance Phase Selector is used

Distance Protection - Algorithms Chaining detailed
FAST ALGO RITHM
DIST START A* (DDB 249)
SA = ∑ ( ∆ Iad ) 2 ...
DIST START B* (DDB 250)
DIST START C* (DDB 251)

DISTANCE PHASE
SELECTION DIST START N (DDB 354)
CLASS. ALGORITHM
I Phase selection
IMPEDANCE Ω Phase selection
DIST CONVERGENCY (DDB 345)
MONITORING
GAUSS-SIDEL
VA 15 Loops & DIST FWD
VB
VC
FAST ALGO RITHM & DIST REV
Distance Convergency
S = ( ∆ Va * ∆ Ia + ...)
DIST FWD NO FILT (DDB 343)
IA
IB
MEMORY
IC
VOLTAGE DIRECTIO NAL DIST REV NO FILT (DDB344)
CLASS. ALGORITH.
Fault
Phase(Vmemory, I+ K0Ir)
Detection
Pulse
& TrevG
DIST REV GUARD (DDB 270)
∆ V,∆ I
PREDICTIVES VALUES FAST ALGORITHM
12 mono loops using
AND DELTA Delta detected K0*Ir Z1NOT FILTERED (DD349)
Gp(t) = 2G(t-T)-G(t-2T) 3 biphase quantities
loops Z1X
IMPEDANCE ZONE Z2
CALCULATION CONVERGENCY
ZP
FOR CRITERIA
MEASUREMENTS Z3
∆ X,∆ R Z4
CLASS. ALGORITHM
15 loops using
phase/ biphase quantities
T1(DDB 261)
T2 (DDB 262)
TZP (DDB265)
Start All T3 (DDB 263)
Timers T4 (DDB 264)
Tp (Transmission time)
44 > MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 * As to be combinated respectively with Weak Infeed start A, B, C 144
Adaptable Distance Zones
 All zones have individually adjustable (Z, RPh, RG, kZ0

Residual Compensation amplitude and angle)
 This is an advantage for hybrid lines (overhead to

cable) and transformer protection as P440 more
accurately models the line
 Quadrilateral distance zones set to give good fault arc

resistive coverage whilst avoiding load
 Four alternative setting groups available to suit

switched feeding arrangements

Exact adaptation of Z1
setting to Z0 angle of the Adaptable Distance Zones
protected section
Hybrid Line: Cable / Overhead line
Gas Isolated
Substation Overhead
Substation
Z1A= 1,2 ZC
Z0C < θC Z0L < θL
θ Z1B= 1,2 ZL
C
θ
K0 = (Z0 – Zd)/3Zd = K0r + jK0x C
K0r = (Rd*(R0-Rd)+Xd*(X0-Xd))/(3*(Rd²+Xd²))
K0x = (Rd*(X0-Xd)-Xd*(R0-Rd))/(3*(Rd²+Xd²))

Protection de Distance
Caractéristique en Forme de Parallélogramme
 Résistance de couverture par zone utilisée dans le cas d’une
protection de ligne courte: R/X = 10
 Limites de caractéristique en RBi et Rmono (possibilité de
recouvrir la zone de charge Limite Détection
Bande de Pompage
Boucles Bi
Limite Mise en Route

X des boucles monos
Z3
Rbi R
Mono
R Zone de Charge

Channel Aided Distance
MiCOM P440

Channel Aided Distance Schemes
P440 Pilot Logic Schemes (21P, 21G)
 Direct Intertrip (using PSL)  POP with weak infeed logic, and
 Blocking (BOP) weak infeed trip
 Unblocking on Loss of Guard in

 Permissive Underreach
FSK Power Line Carrier Schemes
(PUP)
 Unblocking on Loss of Carrier in
 Permissive Overreach (POP)
Non-PLC Schemes
 POP with weak infeed logic
 On Channel Fail: LOL or Z1X

Distance Protection: Basic Scheme
T3A
T2A
T1A
ZL Z2A=1.2 ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB CB CB CB
PA PB
Z2B=1.2 ZL ZL Z1B=0.8 ZL
T1B
T2B
T3B Sequence 1

Distance Protection: Fault in Z1
T3A
T2A
T1A
Z1A=0.8 ZL ZL
Z2A=1.2 ZL
CB CB CB CB
PA PB
T1A T1B
Z2B=1.2 ZL ZL Z1B=0.8 ZL T1B

T2B
T3B Sequence 2

Distance Protection: Internal fault in Z2

T3A
T2A
T1A
Z1A=0.8 ZL ZL Z2A=1.2 ZL
CB CB CB CB
PA PB
T2A T1B
(delayed)
T2B
T3B Sequence 3

Distance Protection: External fault in Z2

(Beyond relay C)
T3A
T2A
T1A
Z
Z1A=0.8 ZL Z2A=1.2 ZL
L
CB CB CB CB
PA PB PC
T1C
Z2B=1.2 ZL ZL Z1B=0.8 ZL T1B T1C

T2B T2C
T3B
Sequence 4

Channel Aided Permissive Underreach scheme (PUP)
T3A
T2A
T1A
Aided tripping
Z1A=0.8 ZL ZL Z2A=1.2 ZL
Send = Z1B
CB CB CB CB
PA PB PC
>T1A T1B
Z2B=1.2 ZL ZL Z1B=0.8 ZL T
1B
T2B
T3B

Channel Aided Permissive Overreach Zone1

(POP Z1)
T2A
T1A
Z
Z1A=1,2 ZL
L
Send = Z1A
Send = Z1B
CB CB CB CB
PA PB PC
T1A T1B
T2B Z1B=1,2 ZL ZL
T1B

Channel Aided Permissive Overreach Zone 2

(POP Z2)
T2A
T1A
ZL Z2A=1.2 ZL
Send = Z2A
Send = Z2B
CB CB CB CB
PA PB
T1A T1B
Z2B=1.2 ZL ZL T2B
T1B

Channel Aided Blocking Overreach Zone 2

(BOP Z2) T3A
T2A
T1A
Z1A=0.8 ZL ZL
Forward Z2 Z2A=1.2 ZL
Reverse B
Send Z4B
(Blocking signal)
CB CB CB CB
PA PB
T1C
Z2B=1.2 ZL ZL Z1B=0.8 ZL T1B T1C

T2B T2C
T3B
TZ4B
Sequence 1: External Fault in Z2A
Channel Aided Blocking Overreach Zone 2

(BOP Z2)
T3A
T2A
T1A
Z
Forward Z2 Z1A=0.8 ZL Z2A=1.2 ZL
L
Blocking
signal
CB CB CB CB
PA PB
Tp>T1A T1B

T2B
T3B Sequence 2: Internal fault in Z2A

Weak Infeed Mode or PAP
(RTE application)
MiCOM P440

Weak Infeed Mode
P P
A B
E IR I’ Weak source EB
A R
I#0
 VAN = ZL x D x (IA + kO x IR) + RFault x (I’R + IR) with I’R > IR , ZL x

D and RFault high values
 Single or three pole tripping
 Phase selection using U<
 Check of CB position or Line open condition

Protection of T line (RTE application)
 Implantation of T line (passive antenna) in conformity with RTE specifications

 Single and Three-phase trip
 Phase selection by voltmetric balances

Composition (1/2)
 Functional decomposition:
 Measurement and analysis functions
Measurement function (starting from analogical sizes)
Analysis function (supplying commissionings)
 A treatment function:
Channel-aided trip function
time delayed trip function
Presence of residual current function

Composition (2/2)
 Inputs sizes:
 From the process (HT/THT network)
 Three phase voltages VA, Vb, Vc,
 Ir Residual curent,
 Channel-aided trip reception, interlocks.
 From the Configuration:

 Commissioning/out of service function,
 Ir, Thresholds commissioning voltage.

Measurement Function
 => Gives a phase selection information
 => Lockout with a distance start
Measurement and Analysis Function Scheme

Start Prot. Distance
Analysis
Function
Single
Multiple
Note: Residual current pickup is maintained 600ms after dropOff.

Analysis Function
 =>Gives a commissioning information
(phase or residual current):
 Mr A, Mr B, Mr C
 Single or three-phase selection,
 Ir pickup,
 Commissioning by Ir
Note: Commissioning residual current is only active if no

selection phase is validate and measurement of a residual
current.

Analysis Logic
Start Prot. Distance
Single
Multiple

Treatment (1/6)
 Channel-aided trip:
(IHM commissioning/out of service)
 Goal:
Allow a quick elimination of faults from TAC reception
 Action on the process:
Single or Three-phase trip (according to selection phase)
with logic information reception.
«Channel-aided trip» coming from the other limit.
Auto-Recloser launching
Note : TAC reception is memorised 650 ms

Treatment (2/6)
 Logic channel-aided trip:
Channel-aided trip O N
Teledec
cmd Teledec
Cmd Channel-aided trip
Multiple
Poly
Teledec A
A Channel-aided trip
Mr A
Multiple
Poly
Teledec B
B Channel-aided trip
Mr B
Multiple
Poly
Teledec C
C Channel-aided trip
Mr C
MrIr Teledec Ir
lr Channel-aided trip
Autoris_Ir
Lr Authorization

Treatment (3/6)
 Time delayed trip:
(IHM commissioning/out of service)
 Goal:
Allow faults elimination in a time delayed way when
channel-aided trip is not possible
 Action on the process:

Time delayed trip (settable time delay)
Auto-Recloser launching

Treatment (4/6)
 Specific parameters:
 Time delayed trip (Tm & Tt)
 Single trip authorization (P1)
 DEC possible confirmation of single on lr presence (P2)
 Inhibition of three-phase trip (except selection phase
informations) (P3)
 Time delayed trip blocking conditions:

 PAP External active time delayed interlock (TS)
 Logic input « no breakdown transmission » active (TS)
 Fuse failure line pickup (internal or external), except if lr
presence

Treatment (5/6)
 Logic function « Time delayed trip »:
PAP time-delay TS interlock
TS ’s transmission breakdown abscence
Detection line fusion fuse
Time delayed trip Single

under-function
Multiple
EN/HS Time delayed trip
A Time delayed trip
B Time delayed trip
C Time delayed trip

Treatment (6/6)
 Residual current presence:

 Goal:
Signal presence of a residual current beyond a 10 seconds
fixed duration.
 Action of the process:

Indication (TC)

PAP and Auto-recloser (1/4)
Teledec
A Channel-aided tripA
Dec
PAPPAP A
A Trip
DecTemp
A Time delayed trip A
Teledec
B Channel-aided trip B
Dec
PAPPAP B
B Trip
DecTemp
B Time delayed trip B
Teledec
C Channel-aided tripC
PAPPAP
Dec C Trip
C
C TimeDecTemp C
delayed trip
Verrouille ARS
ARS Interlock
0
DjDJ fermÈ
Closed
50
Discordance
Out of
dePole
pÙle
 Note: The auto-recloser start on a channel-aided trip or a time delayed trip.

PAP and Auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs (2/4)
 Specific logic inputs (5):

 Channel-aided trip reception (1), => Channel-aided trip
 External interlock => Only interlock time
delayed trip
 No fault channel-aided trip link (2) => Usually always at 1
 Breaker closed (3)
 Out of pole (3)

PAP and auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs (3/4)
 Note (1): independant inputs or not the one of main

protection (no confirmation)
 Note (2) : coming from the process or from the other limit
(no confirmation)
 Note (3) : not used inputs in V1E version
 Trip outputs (specific):
 DEC PAP A, DEC PAP B, DEC PAP C
(DEC Px A, B, C more informations)

PAP and Auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs (4/4)

 Specific output indications:
 Selector operation (PAP starting)
 Supply on residual current (PAP)
 Trip lr supply on residual current
 PAP A, B, C Trip
 Non specific output indications:
 Phase selection A, B, C, Three or single fault
 Auto-recloser interlock,
 Fault equipment.

Micom S1 settings = WinEPAC Page (p1/3)
Delayed one pole

Trip
Trip allowed

Page P44x IHM MiCOM S1-settings (p2/3)

Page P44x IHM MiCOM S1- PSL settings (In/out) - (p3/3)

Extended Zone
MiCOM P440

Zone 1 Extended
Zone 1 Extended
DJ1 DJ2
A B
Zone 1
DJ1 DJ2
A B

Acceleration Phase
by Opening Opposite limit
 Operate for three- phase trip

 Operate only for single, phase-to-phase or phase-to-phase-to-
ground faults
 Require a preliminary load current
 Principle:
 The fault located beyond 80% of the line is instantaneously
tripping by the remote end distance relay (fault detected in zone 1)
 After 3 phase opening of the remote CB, there is no more any
load current on the healthy phase(s)
 Presence of faulty current + above condition= Loss of load
condition - zone 2 tripping accelarated

Loss of load Logic
T2
Z1 Z2
T1
CB CB
CB CB
CB CB

Loss of load Logic
Z2 tripping
accelarated
after remote CB
opening
Z2
T1
CB I=0 CB
CB I=0 CB
CB I≠0 CB
DJA DJB

Switch on to Fault & Trip on Reclose
MiCOM P440

Switch on to Fault (SOTF) (1)
 Fast tripping for faults on line energisation, even

where line VTs provide no prefault voltage memory
 In service for 500ms following CB Closure (Input)

Switch on to Fault (SOTF) (2)
 Fast tripping using:

 I>3 overcurrent protection
or
 Level detector
or
 Distance protection (zone operation settable Z1, Z2, Zp,
Z3 or Z< starting) with supervision by Inrush Current
Detection
 Fastest operating time:

 10 ms (I>3)
 20 ms (Z<)

Trip On Reclose (TOR) (3)
 As SOTF:
 Except if:
 Zone 1 extension,
or
 Channel Aided Distance (directional comparison)
 Differentiation between 3 pole TOR and SOTF can made using a

settable line open time delay.

Fault on Reclose (SOTF/TOR logic) (4)
 S1 Settings:
TOR Settings:
 SOTF Settings:

TOR-SOTF Logic Scheme (starting)

TOR-SOTF Logic scheme (Trip)

Parallel Lines
MiCOM P440

Parallel Lines
Current Reversal Guard
Z4 Z2
Z1 Z2
Z2 Z4
Z2
Parallel Line
Differential Algo./Fault location
 Differential Algorithms for phase selection:
AN fault forward AN fault forward

BN fault reverse BN fault forward
Z1 AN fault Z2 ABN fault
AN
BN
Z1 BN fault Z2 ABN fault
 Extra CT input for mutual compensation (only used for fault location)

Radial Line
Differential Algorithms
 Differential Algorithms for phase selection:
Z1 ABN fault Z1 BN fault
Trip single
ABN Trip three phase
phase BN
 if phase-to-phase fault AB
 SA = Σ∆VA x ∆IA and SB = Σ∆VB x ∆IB
 if both directional are forward: forward AB fault
 if both directional are reverse: reverse AB fault
 if one of both directional is forward: A forward and B reverse =
forward AN fault on protected line
Parallel Line
Cross Country Fault/Directional Decision

Parallel Line
Cross Country Fault/Directional Decision

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Power Swing Blocking
MiCOM P440

Power Swing Detection: Stable swing / Out of Step
X
Out Of Step +R
X lim
Z3
R
-R
+R Stable swing
-R lim R lim
R
Z4 -X lim
+R
 In the case of a power swing, the apparent impedance first moves into
the power swing boundary and later into the start-up characteristic. The
speed of entry into the start-up characteristic is slower that in the case of
a three-phase fault.
 In case of out Of Step the loop cross the quad from +R to -R (opposite
sign).
Unblocking for Faults During a Power Swing
 During a power swing the absence of zero sequence

current (no earth fault) and negative sequence current (no
phase-to-phase) should be verified (in the event of
asymmetry, a FAULT inception is detected with
unbalance condition).
 The power swing current should be smaller than a settable

overcurrent threshold (if not, a three-phase FAULT
inception is detected).
 An unblocking timer can be set to remove the power

swing block for persistent unrecoverable swinging.

(Power Swing and Fault)
Power Fault
swing
50ms
∆I
PSB active PSB removed

(Power Swing and Fault)

Unblocking for Faults During a Power Swing
Fault
Inception
Continuous ∆I Minimal ∆I
During Swing Present
 P441/2/4 trips for all faults occurring during a power

swing.
 The power swing block is removed instantly for an
unbalanced fault, on reselection by the phase selectors.
 In the unlikely event of a 3 phase fault, a step change in ∆I
resets the block.
Power Swing Detection
 ∆R = 1,3 x tan (Π x ∆f x ∆t) x (Rlim² + Z²)/Z

 With:
 ∆t = 5ms,
 ∆f = power swing frequency (typical value 4Hz),
 Rlim = R34 resistance reach for zone 3 and 4,
 Z = Z3 + Z4.
 Typical value
 ∆R = 5 Ω by IN = 1A
 ∆R = 1 Ω by IN = 5A
 Simplified equation: ∆R = 0.032 x ∆f x Z min Load

Power Swing Detection
Out Step Protection
 S1 Settings: ∆R/∆X Limits
Distance Element unblocking

on current presence
Block zone
Number of swing cycles
 S1-PSL Settings:

Directional /Non Directional
Overcurrent - MiCOM P440

Directional/Non Directional
Phase Overcurrent Protection
IEC Curves
Operating Time (s)
1000 IEC SI
IEC VI
IEC EI
 Four independent stages:
IEC LTS
100  IDMT/DT stages 1 and 2
 DT on stages 3 and 4
 1 and 2 stages:
10
 Non directional
 Directional forward
1  Directional reverse
 IEC & IEEE IDMT curves
0.1
1 10 100
Current (Multiples of Is)

Phase Overcurrent Protection
IEEE Curves
Operating Time (s)
100
 Standard phase O/C protection:

 0.08 x In - 4 x In stages 1 and 2
 0.08 x In - 32 x In stages 3 and 4
10
 TMS range: 0.025 to 1.2
 Time dial: 0.5 to 15
 Definite time: 0 to 100s
1
 Adjustable reset time for
stages 1 and 2
 Emergency phase fault O/C on fuse failure
(stages 1 and 2)
0.1
1 10 100

Backup Phase Overcurrent
Protection 50/51/67
Time
I>2 I>1
Z3,tZ3
Z4, tZ4
Zp,tZp
Z2,tZ2
Reverse Forward
Z1,tZ1
 Two backup elements, IDMT and/or DT
 Typical application shown above
 DT delays can be reduced during VTS pickup, with overcurrent

elements mimicking distance zone reaches
 I>3 used for close-up fault (and SOTF/TOR)

Backup Phase Overcurrent
Protection 50/51/67
VC VB VA
Threshold
detection
Direct Calculation A
IA > B
Direct Calculation
> C >
IB > Direct Calculation IDMT
IC > AB
Direct Calculation 3P trip
Direct Calculation BC
Direct Calculation CA
VCA VBC VAB

I>4 Element: Stub Bus Protection
Busbar 1
VT
V=0 Protection blocking using VTs
I>0 Open isolator
Stub Bus Protection: I >4
Busbar 2
Negative Sequence Directional
Overcurrent - MiCOM P440

Back-Up Protection
 Negative phase sequence overcurrent
 Not dependent on voltage dip
 Responsive to phase-phase or phase-earth faults
 Directional capability
 More complex setting calculation

Thermal Overload Detection
MiCOM P440

Overload Protection (as P540) (1)
 Overcurrent protection designed for fault conditions

 Thermal replica provides better protection for overload
 Current based
 Flexible characteristics
 Single or dual time constant Time
 Reset facility
 Non-volatile
Current
MiCOM-P540-
217
Overload Protection (as P540) (2):
Dual τ Characteristic for Transformers
Trip time (s)
10000
Single
characteristic:
τ = 120 mins
1000
Dual characteristic
100
Single
10 characteristic:
τ = 5 mins
1 2 3 4 5 6
Current (multiple of thermal setting)

Overload Protection (3)
 S1Settings:
 PSL Cells - Input:
 PSL Cells - Output:

Broken Conductor Detection
MiCOM P440

Broken Conductor Protection
 Majority of system faults are a result of short circuits

 Easily detectable
 Possibility of open
circuit faults exist
 Difficult to detect with
conventional
protection

Broken Conductor Detection
 Existing detection methods:

 Combination of under/overcurrent logic
 Negative phase sequence overcurrent

 Consider suitability for all load conditions
 P440 uses a ratio technique:

 I2 is high for open circuit fault condition
I1
 Load conditions have minimal effect

Earth Protection:
- Directional Comparison (DEF)
- PW
- IN> (4 thresholds)

Directional Earth Fault Protection
(DEF)
 High resistance ground faults

 Instantaneous or time delayed
 IEC and IEEE curves
 Single or shared signalling channel

Aided Channel DEF
 High resistance ground faults

 AIDED DEF: Instantaneous
 Parallel main protection to distance
 Single or three pole tripping
 Polarisation:
 Zero sequence voltage
 Negative sequence voltage

Aided Channel DEF
Independent Aided Channels (1/2)
R AB Fault
21 21
Shared
signalling channel
67N 67N
(21 keep priority on 67N)

Aided Channel DEF
Independent Aided Channels (2/2)
R AN Fault
21 21
Independent
signalling channel
67N 67N
(priority 21 = priority 67N)

(DEF)
 MiCOM S1 Settings:

Earth Fault Protection
IEC Curves
Operating Time (s)
1000 IEC SI
IEC VI  Two independent stages:
IEC EI
IEC LTS  IDMT/DT stage 1
100  DT on stage 2
 1 and 2 stages:
 Non directional
10  Directional forward
 Directional reverse
 Polarisation:
1  Zero sequence voltage
 Negative sequence voltage
 IEC & IEEE IDMT curves
0.1
1 10 100

IEEE Curves
Operating Time (s)
100
 Standard earth fault

 0.08 x In - 4 x In stage 1
10  0.08 x In - 32 x In stage 2
 TMS range: 0.025 to 1.2
 Time dial: 0.5 to 15
1  Definite time: 0 to 100s
 Adjustable reset time for stage 1
 Emergency earth fault O/C on fuse failure

(stage 1)
0.1
1 10 100

 Settings MiCOM S1:

PW: Zero Sequence Power Protection
 The zero sequence power is maximum, at the fault and

decrease along the network for being nul at the neutral
transformers
 That protection is delayed by a fixed timer to cover the 1P

cycle & by an inverse timer to provide selectivity
 RTE specifications
Vrmax
Vrmin
DJ DJ DJ DJ
3Io


 PW Function: Characteristic
 Idea: detection of Phase-ground resistives fault - not eliminated by the Distance
Protection
 Action:
 Trip 3P for Fwd resistive fault
 Tripping time with inverse curve
Zsp Timer Block
Déclenchement
Triphasé
Ir(t) Ir(t) > Ir & Zsp Trip
Vr(t) Sr(t) = Vr(t)*Ir(t)*cos(phi-phi0) Sr(t) > Sr Tb
1 Zsp Start
Ta

Directional Caracteristics in PW
RCA axis +75°

X
Z3
Zp Forward
Z2
Z1 Very resistant Fault
R
Z4
Directional: -15°
(since B1.3)
 PW Function: Principle (1/4)
 Calculation of residual Power Sr:

 Sr = Vr*Ir*cos(φ - φ0)
 Vreff, Ireff = rms values of residual voltage & current.
 Phi = phase shift value between Vr & Ir.
 Phi0 = 255° (to get a sensibility max at 75°/ fixed line angle).
 Trip Logic:
Tbase expiration
PW Trip
Tinv expiration

PW: Zero sequence Power Protection
 Signals associated to trip:

 CB trip order
 Start Information
 Trip « Slow protection» (TC21) » information
 Trip Signal (for ADD - CB fail logic)
 Start Disturbance
 Directionnal Fwd Information
PW Starting


 Tripping Time:
 Tinv (Sr) = (k*Sref)/Sr compensated:
With :
 k = adjust time constant
 Sref = Compensated Residual Power:
10VA for IN = 1A
50 va for IN + 5A
 Compensated Sr is a variable compensated residual power
calculation

PW: Zero sequence Power Protection
Micom S1 settings = WinEPAC Page (p4/4)
 S1 / WinEpac
 With C2.0 Version

Under / Over Voltage
MiCOM P440

Voltage Protection
 Reasons for voltage deviations:

 Regulation problems
 Load variation
 Fault conditions
 Requirements of protection depends upon application:

 Line or phase voltage measurement
 Operation for all or any phase
 Suitable time delays
 Alarm/Trip
 P440 under/over voltage elements suitable for all

applications

Backup Phase Under-Overvoltage
Sel PhaseA
Protection 27 - 59
Sel PhaseB
Sel PhaseC
Threshold
detection
VA / VAB >
VB / VBC > > IDMT
VC / VCA >

Breaker Failure
MiCOM P440

Backtrip Circuit Breaker Failure (50BF)
 Two stage
 Fast reset external initiation
 Blocking scheme compatible
 Reset
Retrip  By undercurrent
Trip  By protection tripping
 By CB aux. contacts
BF
INIT
From other
device

Breaker Failure Protection (50 BF)
50BF 50BF
50BF Busbar 1
87BB
Busbar 2
Back Trip Order
(4)
CB Failed Trip Order

(1)
(2)
Other
protection
CB Fail Signal 50BF

50BF
(3)

Non Protection Functions
MiCOM P440

MiCOM P440
Non Protection Functions
4 Setting Autoreclose and Fault Analysis

Groups Check Synch. Tools
Bay Monitoring
& Control Fault Locator
Self Diagnostics & Measurements

Commissioning Tools
Materials
CT / VT/CVT
Supervision Communications

Setting Groups
MiCOM P440

Use of Alternative Setting Groups
Spare Line Relay Applications (Transfer Bus)
Setting
SCADA
selection
or PLC
inputs
1 2 3 4
Four groups available

VT/CVT/CT Supervision
MiCOM P440

VT Supervision (1)
A
B
C
1φ and 2φ
logic
3f on load
logic Alarms
VTS Event record
3f on Blocking
energisation Adaptive setting
logic
MCB digital
input

VT Supervision (2)
Loss of all 3 phase voltages

under load
P440
∆I
VTS alarm
VTS block
& LCD
Event records
Voltage
collapse

VT Supervision (3)
Loss of all 3 phase voltages

upon line energisation (via PSL)
P440
VTS I>Inhibit
VTS alarm
VTS block
&
LCD
Event records
No
Voltage

CT Supervision
A
B
C
Alarms
Blocking
IO Event
& record
T
VO

Capacitive Voltage Transformers
Supervision - (CVTS)
CVTS Function
 Characteristics
 Principles
 MiCOM S1
Since version B1.0

Capacitive Voltage Transformers Supervision -
(CVTS)
 Function CVTS: Characteristics
 Detect internal failure of CVT by using the residual voltage measurement
 Signaliasation by output contact «TCT anomaly»
TCT activation
function
Vr Vr > Vr Threshold
Threshold Vr
0 tTCT
TCT Anomaly
Va
Uab > 0.8*Un
Vb
Uab < 0.4*Un

Vc
Voltage control

(CVTS)
CVTS Function: Principle (1/1)
 Monitoring of Vr threshold pickup (settabled)
 Monitoring of P/P U AB voltage (with hysteresis) fixed:
 Set: 80% Un
 Reset: 40% Un
 Signal of delayed alarm CVTS (settabled from 0 to 5mn, by step of

30s)
TCT
Supervision
Fault
TCT
Anomaly
indication

(CVTS)
Function CVT: Page MiCOM S1/WinEPAC

Supervision:
VTS & CTS & CVT

Fault Locator
MiCOM P440

Distance to Fault Locator
With Mutual Current Compensation
16% 3.8Ω 16km 10miles

Autoreclose and Check Synchronism
MiCOM P440

Integrated Autorecloser
with Voltage Control
 Up to 4 cycles of reclosing:
 First fast cycle can be single phase
(P442 - P444)
 3 time delayed cycles
 Starting selection
elements/autorecloser interlock

Integrated Autorecloser
with Voltage Control
 Voltage control function allows:

 Autoreclose on live line / live bar
 Autoreclose on dead line / live line
 Autorecloser on live line / dead bar
 Safety checking prior to manual close authorisation (remote or local)
 PSL dedicated to increase the wait window to close conditions

CB Control & Monitoring
MiCOM P440

Supervision
 Trip circuit supervision

 CB state
 CB supervision
 Number of trip
 Sum Ix, 1.0 < x < 2.0
 Operation time

Control of Bay
 Circuit breaker control
 Multiple settings groups (4)
 Programmable scheme logic

A User’s View - Interface MiCOM P440
Programmable Scheme Logic -

Settings - Distance Com...

MiCOM S1 (P20-P30-P40) Setting Software
MiCOM S1 V2
 Edition/Modification of settings
and text in the protection
 Edition/Modification of logic
schemes
 Extraction of event log records
 Supervision
 Extraction of disturbance
records
 Analysis of those records

Menu System
Frequency System Three-phase

voltage
Alarm
messages
C
Date & Time
Column 1 Other title of columns Group 4

Data Column 2 Column n
System Visu. Record. Prot. Distance
Language Select.Event Line
Password
Niv.2 Reset Indication Argument. of kZm

Interface HMI
PSL (Programmable Scheme Logic)
MiCOM P440

Programmable Scheme Logic
(Introduction)
Relay
Opto contacts
Gate Logic
Protection
elements
Timers
Fixed
scheme
logic LED’s
User programmable scheme logic

Programmable Scheme Logic (1/9)
In
Gate Logic
Protection Out
elements
Timers
Fixed
scheme
logic
Programmable Scheme Logic

Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) (2 /9)
Possible Choice with S1(hysteresis & filtering):
TOR opto-isolated input

selected from the list

TOR opto-isolated input

added to an internal DDB of the relay
and selected in the list

One more timer
Link throught:
Led - Output relay

Different options by element:
Different options by PSL:

 Up to 256 gates
 Logic Functions
 Gate OR
 Gate AND
 Reversers
 Timers
 Peer to peer com:

InterMicom
Goose
Control Input...
Trip Trip Circuit

Supervision
P440
52 b
52 a
CB coil Alarm
-
Trip Circuit Monitoring Using
Programmable Scheme Logic (8/9)
 Customisation
 256 gates
 8 timers
 Feedback
 Default schemes
 Validity checks
 Event driven

Blocked Distance Protection
Using Programmable Scheme Logic (9/9)
Incomer
Block Z1
element
 Established technique
providing:
 Improved BB fault
clearance times
 In order to facilitate this

function, P440 provides:
 Directional start signals
(Directional Comparison
Scheme)
Feeder 1 Feeder 2 Feeder 3

HMI Interface MiCOM P440
Measurements (Monitoring)

Measurements
MiCOM P440

MiCOM Support Software
MiCOM S1 V2
 Programming (set & PSL) of relays
 Extraction of information from relays
 Assists with commissioning

(fault record, event,monitor control)
 Supports analysis of power system
disturbances (comtrade format)
 Compatible with existing
products using the

Courier language

MiCOM Support Software

Measurements (1)
 Possibility to extend measurement

 To remove subsidiary instrumentations
 Reduces wiring and space
 Assists with commissioning
 Analysis of power system
10 A
Measurements (2)
Instantaneous Measurements:
 Phase to phase voltage and single phase

voltage
 Residual voltage (3Vo)
 Residual and current phase
 Positive , negative and zero sequence
current and voltage
IA Amplitude
 Frequency 980.2A
 Active, reactive and apparent power
 Active and reactive energy Integrated Values:
 Check Sync Voltage  Peak, average & Rolling
 Zero-phase-sequence current of parallel demand:
line (used for the mutual compensation)  Ia Ib Ic
 Possibility to print a report  W VAr
 Wh VArh

HMI Interface
Events - Disturbance Records
MiCOM P440

Diagnostic’s Help
MiCOM P440
Event record
Fault record
Disturbance
Recorder
ZGraph

Diagnostic’s Aid
 Complete fault display report

 Time tag at 1ms
 Recording criterions choice  Event log
 Fault report
 Non-volatile backup memory
 Disturbance records
 Easy access via User ’s interface  Fault locator
 Trace

Event Log
Events: Fault report:
 250 records (500)  5 last faults
 Non-volatile memory  Non-volatile memory
Start A 10ms
Fault record
I1> 10ms
V< 15ms
Trip ABC 15ms
CB52 Open 60ms

Disturbance Records
 8 Analogue channels
 32 Digital channels
 Configurable record criterion
 Variable trigger point
 24 Samples per cycle (no compression)
 28 Records (3sec each)
 Record duration of 10.5s
 Non-volatile memory
 Extended recording time
Pre-fault Post-fault
 MiCOM S1 saves file in the
COMTRADE format

Self-Diagnostics & Commissioning
MiCOM P440

Self Diagnostics & Commissioning
 Event driven maintenance  Commissioning available to user

 Improved availability  Inputs
 Power-on diagnostics  Outputs
 Continual self-monitoring  Internal states
 Measurements

Communications
MiCOM P440

Local Communications
 Settings
 Records
 Control
 Measurements
 Commissioning
 Maintenance
 Menu text

Remote Communications
MiCOM P440

Remote Communications
 Courier (front/rear1/2nd
rear)
 IEC60870-5-103 Digital Control
 DNP3.0 Systems
 MODBUS
 UCA2.0
 IEC61 850 -8-1(Soon)

Selection of Hardware Options
Available as a prototype (n units <10 by order)
Available with protocols UCA2 & IEC61850
Hardware modification to integrate

Ethernet (UCA2 and IEC61850)


Ethernet Interface (P*40)
 Fibre/copper ports available

 10MHz/100MHz options for fibre
 Indication of Link and activity
 MAC address is unique hardware
address of card
 Used by UCA2 and IEC61850

Typical Example Showing Use of Two Rear
Comm. Ports
R.T.U.
CENTRAL PROCESSOR
CK222
POWER SUPPLY
RS232 Modem Modem RS232
MiCOM S1 software
RS485
Multiple rear ports
CK222
Com 1 Com 2 RS485
RS232 Front port connection CK222 not needed

where either MODEM
or RTU accept RS485
directly
UCA/IEC61850
NCIT

Future Trend
7 Technical Services
Station Level
9
Function A Function B
61850-8-1
1 6 1 6
Bay Level Bay Level

3 8 3
Protection Control Protection Control
4 5 4 5
61850-9-2
61850-8-1
HV Equipment HV Equipment
61850-9-1
IEC61850 Compliance Levels - Comm. Protocols
IEC61850 Full Strategy for Protection Range

IEC61850 Extended
IEC61850 Basic
 P30/P40: Ethernet board is already
available (UCA2 protocol implemented
GOOSE I/O for NiCAP project)
 IEC61850 Basic: Available
 IEC61850 Extended: End 2005 ...
METERING DISTURBANCE
TIME SYNC Real Time Values RECORDING
 IEC61850 Full: TBD
DATA
COMMANDS
 Remote setting can be done either
EVENTS
REPORTS
One Box Solutions
over Ethernet or via 2nd rear port
 P44x: Sept 2005
SETTINGS

MiCOM S1 Based on IEC61850
Data Model
Processing TCP/IP Ethernet
IEC61850 / Ethernet based

Rear Port Communication
High-Level
Procedures
IEC60870-5-103
Courier
Modbus
DNP3
RS232 / RS485 / ...

P20/30/40 P20/30/40 Data
Settings File Models
MiCOM S1
IEC103/Modbus/Courier
based Front & Rear Port
Communication
S&R-xxx joins Ethernet / IEC61850

CIGRE Demo

MU-IEDs Typical Architecture
MU-BB VT1
MU-BB VT2
MU-Main 1 MU-Main 2 MU-MQ
(80 or 256 s/cycle) (80 or 256 s/cycle) (80 or 256 s/cycle)
Distance P44X
PQM
CS/AR/Backup Line Diff P54X
TFR M87x
Busbar P742/3
BF
Redundancy

IEC61850
 Identified customers with a  ESKOM
strong IEC 61850 preference  Hydro-Quebec
(part of their specifications)
once the standard is available  AEP
(end 2003):  TERNA
 ELIA  RTE
 NGT  ISA
 Vattenfall  EVN
 RWE  IECo
 SIG  PowerGrid (India)
 TENNET  Volkswagen
 SHELL  etc…
 SOLVAY  Transmission & large industries, first in
Europe but expanding to Rest Of the World
 SONELGAZ
Windfarm to come through IEC 61400 (IEC
61850 derivative: new objects)
IsThere a Need for Inter-operability Inside of a
Substation ?
 Non exhaustive list of existing examples includes:
 Use of different protection manufacturers for a feeder
protection (security)
 Re-use of existing or qualified relay (line differential)
 Use of an imposed HMI
 The current practice is to use the following protocols

 IEC 60870-5-101/103/104, DNP3, OPC
 IEC 61850 could provide further benefits

 Peer-to-peer (automation)
 XML exchanges (configuration)

What are the Advantages to Use IEC 61850
Instead of Existing Technologies ?
Customer Requirements:
 Reduced installation costs
 Reduced configuration costs
 Reduced maintenance costs
 Improved functionality/network reliability
 Reduced effects of substation transients on protection
and control applications
 Adaptive applications

What are the Advantages to Use IEC 61850
Instead of Existing Technologies ?
Solutions:
 Communications based interface between the sensors
and the IEDs
 No hard wires - fiber only
 Self-description of the IEDs
 Distributed peer-to-peer communications of state
changes
 Distributed peer-to-peer communications of analog and
sampled values

InterMiCOM
(17pages)
InterMiCOM Predecessor
K-Series Overcurrent
• Proven logic
LFZP141
Generat SETTING GROUP
FAULTNo
A B
or
Protecti
on
F ED CB A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
interconnection
AUX TIMER C
AUX 1 *
AUX 2 -*
AUX 3 --*
ALARM TRIP
HEALTHY
F + 0
 
RESET schemes between
adjacent relays
LFCB, PQ741 and MiCOM
P540 Current Differential
• Use of intertrip and PIT
commands between line ends
InterMiCOM
HSDI Digital Intertripping

• CRC-8 polynomial for
optimum security
MODULEX MX3 Line
• In-service inter-relay
schemes using
LONWORKS
InterMiCOM?
What is InterMiCOM?
Tx 01100011 Rx
Rx 01001100 Tx
Px40/Px30 Px40/Px30

InterMiCOM
InterMiCOM on Distance Protection Devices P430 (Example)
Digital communication link

for the transmission of protective signals
InterMiCOM
Key Features
 “Point to point” transmission of 8 digital signals

 User independently settable signals
 Common message format across 30 and 40 series
 High security and fast operating time
 Testing facilities
 Channel statistic

InterMiCOM
Main Benefits
 To respond to increased market requirements for better

relay
 interconnections that enhance applications
 To speed up the transfer of commands at high security
 To reduce wiring and auxiliary equipment
 To provide less dependency on power line carrier

communications channels
 To ease an integration of other relays into MiCOM

schemes

InterMiCOM
Possible InterMiCOM connections between 40 series relays
Via modem (opto links or telephone lines or VF or wireless Microwave link)
8 signals
RS232 RS232
MODEM MODEM
<15m 8 signals <15m
Direct connection between relays (unlikely configuration)

8 signals
RS232 RS232
8 signals
<15m max
Different ways of 40 series relay connections for InterMiCOM application

InterMiCOM
Possible InterMiCOM connections between 30 series relays
For distance above 1km
RS485 or FO 8 signals RS485 or FO

MODEM MODEM
<1 km 8 signals <1 km
Direct connection between 30 series relays

8 signals
RS485 or FO RS485 or FO
8 signals
<1 km
max
Different ways of 30 series relay connections for InterMiCOM application

InterMiCOM
Possible connections between 30 and 40 series relays
For distance above 1km

RS485 RS485/RS232
8 signals RS485
or FO (CK222)
or MODEM MODEM
<1 km FO/RS232 8 signals <15m
Px30 Px40
Direct connection between 30 series relays

8 signals
RS485 or FO RS485/RS232
(850nm) (CK222)
8 signals or
FO/RS232
Px40
Px30 <1 km max <15m max
Different ways of 30 and 40 series InterMiCOM connections

InterMiCOM
Buchholz
KBCH
KBCH SETTING GROUP
A B
FAULTNo
FED CB A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
AUX TIMER C
SETTING GROUP
A B AUX 1 *
FAULTNo AUX 2 -*
AUX 3 --*
ALARM TRIP
HEALTHY
F ED CB A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
AUX TIMER C
AUX 1
AUX 2
*
-* F + 0
AUX 3 --*
ALARM TRIP
HEALTHY
RESET
F + 0  
RESET
 
DIT
RS232
MODEM MODEM
RS232 PSL
PSL
<15m DIT <15m
Px40 example of other protections Px40

integration into InterMiCOM
via MiCOM PSL
InterMiCOM
Protection using Telecommunications acc to IEV 448-15
 Underreach protection:
 Intertripping underreach protection (IUP) (IEV 448-15-12)
Direct underreaching transfer trip protection (USA) (DUTT)
 Permissive underreach protection (PUP) (IEV 448-15-11)
 Permissive underreaching transfer trip protection (USA)
(PUTT)
 Accelerated underreach protection (AUP) (IEV 448-15-13)

InterMiCOM
Protection using Telecommunications acc to IEV 448-15
 Overreach protection:
 Permissive overreach protection (POP) (IEV 448-15-16)
Permissive overreaching transfer trip protection (USA)
(POTT)
 Blocking overreach protection (IEV 448-15-14)
Blocking directional comparison protection (USA)
For protection schemes using telecommunication a binary signal is

transmitted from one end to the other end of the protected line.

InterMiCOM
InterMiCOM signals (commands)
 Blocking signals
 Permissive Intertrips (PIT)
 Direct trips (DIT)
Three teleprotection command levels are supported by InterMiCOM

InterMiCOM
Characteristics of Teleprotection Systems acc to IEC 60834-1
 Speed (⇒ transmission time):

Time elapsed between the instant of change in state at the command
input and the instant of the corresponding change in state at the
command output, excluding propagation time
 Security:
Security relates to the ability to prevent interference and noice from
generating a command at the receiving end when no command signal
is transmitted.
 Dependability:
Dependability relates to the ability to issue and receive a valid
command in the presence of interference and/or noise.
Command type teleprotection systems have to assure the characteristics

‘speed‘, ‘security‘ and ‘dependability‘ to an extremely high degree.

InterMiCOM
Requirements on Teleprotection Systems acc to BS 7494-1
Speed
Permissive
Accelerated 20 ms Blocking
40 ms
60 ms
Direct
10-2 10-2
10-4 10-4
10-6 10-6
Security Dependability

InterMiCOM
Message Format
InterMiCOM message
start R B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 CRC stop
BLOCK or DIT PIT or DIT
each message consists of:

• start bit-field
• address bit-field (R)
• 8 user settable command bit-field (B1-B8)
• CRC calculation bit-field
• stop bit-field
Each B1 - B4 can be set independently to either BLOCKING SIGNAL or DIT.

Each B5 - B8 bit can be set independently to either PIT or DIT.
InterMiCOM
Signal selection, one way transmission shown for simplicity
Tx Rx
4 4
link link
6 comms 6
LOCAL relay REMOTE relay
(sending end) (receiving end)
Simplified example that shows assignment of digital signals 4 and 6

at local relay and their transmission to the remote relay

InterMiCOM -
Modem Selection
RS232 Analogue Channel
Data Rate @ the (ITU- V) BLOCKING PIT DIT

Relay Interface Standard Transmission Transmission Transmission
Time Time Time
1200 V.22 8.33 ms 25.00 ms 25.00 ms
2400 V.22 bis 4.16 ms 12.50 ms 12.50 ms
4800 V.27 2.08 ms 6.250 ms 6.250 ms
9600 V.32 1.04 ms 3.125 ms 3.125 ms
19200 V.32 0.52 ms 1.562 ms 1.562 ms

Conclusion
MiCOM P440

P440 Summary
 Versatile distance relay for all MV→EHV applications
 Extremely secure - Delta techniques, for fault detection,

directionality and phase selection
 Overhead line and/or cable applications
 Full complement of distance and DEF schemes
 Integrated four shot autoreclosure with check synch

Summary of P440 Functions
68 Power swing blocking -

21G Ground distance protection, 3 50/27 Switch onto fault and trip on Out of step tripping
forward elements, 1 reverse reclose (using PSL)
element, 1 selectable element, 50/51 Phase overcurrent, DT or VTS Voltage transformer
quadrilateral zones. IDMT supervision
21P Phase distance protection, 3 50/51N CVTS Capacitive Voltage
Ground overcurrent, DT or transformer supervision
forward elements, 1 reverse IDMT
element, 1 selectabe element, CTS Current transformer
quadrilateral zones. 51FF Fuse failure overcurrent supervision
85 Channel-aided protection. 67 Phase directional overcurrent 50BF Circuit Breaker failure
50 Phase overcurrent, High set, 67N DEF, communication aided 46BC Broken conductor detection
for Stub bus application. 32N Power swing detection, used
to selectively permit or block 25 Check synchroniser
67/46
tripping 79 Autorecloser
Negative sequence overcurrent
59,27 Overvoltage/Undervoltage
49 Thermal Protection - overload

Our Answers to Your Requirements
MiCOM P440

Personalised Protection
Your Requirements Our Answers
 Reliable protection
 Comprehensive integral
scheme
protection functions
 Standard logic schemes
 Adaptable to specific
can be selected
network substation design
 Powerful diagram based
programmable scheme
logic
 Large range of signal
selections
 3 Models (input/output)
MiCOM: The Essential Link - Strength & Flexibility

Network Reliability

 Integral 4 shot autoreclose
 Maximum continuity of
supply with synchronism check
 Switch on to fault
 Immediate alarms Minimise damage
 Continuous self check
 Load avoidance  Watchdog contacts
 Alarms via communication
system
 Power swing
blocking/tripping
 Quadrilateral
characteristic
Staff
 Fast training  Standard MiCOM range

user interface (know 1,
 High competence know all)
 Standard MiCOM software
 Familiar & support S1, S10
easy interface  Standardized
documentation
 Combination of L range
style front panel & K range
menu structure

System Management
 Circuit breaker control  CB fail system

 Local or remote CB control
 Fault diagnosis  250 event records
 20 x 10.5 second
 System monitoring disturbance records
 Fault locator
 CB monitoring
 Number of operations
 Operating time
 Operation duty

Total Feeder Protection
 Forward & reverse  Distance

detection  Under & Over voltage
 Sensitive fault detection  DEF, Sensitive DEF - Positive
 Back up protection & zero sequence polarising
Primary plant failures  Directional negative sequence
 CB - VT - CT overcurrent
 5 zone characteristic
 Weak infeed scheme
 Circuit breaker fail
 CT/VT supervision

Relevant Information
Available/Understandable
 Your own language  Language selection

 Customised text facility
 Your own text  Assignable LED
 Assignable outputs
 Indications relevant  Programmable logic for
to the substation LEDs
& outputs
 Windows & graphical user
interface
 S1, S10
 PSL Editor

Availability of Information
 Instantaneous DATA  On Line measurements

 Stored DATA <1% accuracy
 Accurate DATA  250 stored events
 Synchronised DATA  20 stored disturbance
 records
Long term DATA
retention  Range of communication
 Fast information access options
 2nd rear port (Courier)
 IRIG-B time
synchronisation
 Fault locator
 Fast access time
 Battery backed realtime
clock
Logistics
 Minimum stock  Compact size 8 case

or enhanced size 12 or 16
 Minimum panel space
 Dual CT ratings or IEC
 Suitable to all substation 60044-8 fibre optic input for
NCIT
 3 voltage ranges
 Internal field voltage

Reliable Operation
 Proven performance  >10 years experience of
algorithm
 All networks  Used from MV to EHV
networks
 Adaptive configuration  Multiple kZo residual
compensation factors
 Stub bus protection
 4 setting groups
 Hybrid line facility
 High performance delta
algorithm (patented)
 Starting
 Phase selection
 Directional decision
Bye !

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François Lhomme 22.02.

Complet technical Overview = 180 Slides opened

Lattes, February 2005

Complet technical Overview = 180 Slides opened

François Lhomme 22.02.2005

AREVA EAI Presentation 09.00

MiCOM range: family, functions 10.15

MiCOM Px40: organisation HW & features 10.30

Algorithms, distance calculation 11.00

Coffee break 11.30

Algorithms, distance calculation ,phase sel,Direct 11.45

Algorithms, distance calculation ,phase sel,Direct 14.00

Coffee break 15.30

Algorithms, distance calculation ,phase sel,Direct 15.45

Algorithms, distance calculation ,phase sel,Direct 9.30

Coffee break 11.30

Algorithms, distance calculation ,phase sel,Direct 11.45

Coffee break 15.30

Software versions description 15.45

MiCOM S1 - workshop 16.30

MiCOM S1 - Application customer & Back-up fonctions 9.30

Coffee break 11.30

MiCOM S1 - Application customer & Back-up fonctions 11.45

MiCOM S1 - Application customer & Back-up fonctions 14.00

Coffee break 15.30

Discussion: Questions/Answers 9.30

Coffee break 11.30

Discussion: Questions/Answers 14.00

End of session 17.00

> MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 8

> MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 9

Leader in Real-Time Energy Infrastructure

 To be the leading worldwide provider of Energy

Reliable Solutions for A Secure Infrastructure

Expertise in Your Business

Complementary Product Families

Ease of Doing Business

Source: Newton-Evans Research 10/2003

The Partner Who Delivers On Your Needs

 Three Annual Users Groups on three continents

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

 Global Customer Agreements

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 N° 1 in Energy Market Systems

1974 1984 1994 2004

The Reliability of a Worldwide Industry Leader

0 > MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 20

1 > MiCOM P441, P442, P444 - February 2005 21

 Fabrice Gilles (R&D)

 Denis Froment (R&D)

 Thierry Bardou (R&D manager)

 EPAC 3000  Legacy

 MiCOM P44x (Since 2001)

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Electro- Analogue Digital Digital

1940-1970 1970-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010

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Total 2001->2005 = More than 6000 relays!

François Lhomme 22.02.2005