Networking
Networking
Networking
INTRODUCTION :
A network is a collection of two or more computing devices that are connected to
share resources, exchange files, or allow electronic communications. Computing
devices can be computers, mobiles phones, routers, switches, etc. These devices
can be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites.
What Do Computer Networks Do?
Computer Networks are one of the important aspects of Computer Science. In the
early days, it is used for data transmission on telephone line and had a very limited
use, but nowadays, it is used in a variety of places. Computer Networks help in
providing better connectivity that helps nowadays.
PHYSICAL NETWORK : A physical network is made up of the physical hardware
that transfers data between devices. This includes the servers, routers, switches,
and cables that make up the network. Physical network diagrams show the network
topology , including the physical aspects like ports, cables, and racks.
LOGICAL NETWORK : A logical network is a simplified illustration of the physical
network's data flow. Logical network diagrams show the "invisible" elements and
connections flowing through the physical objects on the network. Logical network
diagrams answer the "how" while physical network diagrams answer the
"what" .Logical topology shows the appearance of a connection to the network end
users. It also indicates how data and signals are transmitted across a network.
Elements of network : Tow type of major network elements.
Client:- The client makes a request to the server, and the serve responds by
satisfying the client's request. The client and server interact with each other through
a network connection using a protocol.
Server:- large capacity computer that contain hard drive, printers and other
resources that are shared with other computers. The server is where all the
processing, computing and data handling is happening.
Data Communication System:
Data Communication is defined as exchange of data between two devices via some
form of transmission media such as a cable, wire or it can be air or vacuum also.
Data Communication System Components
There are mainly five components of a data communication system:
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Transmission Medium
5. Set of rules (Protocol)
Modes of Communication
Modes of Communication or transmission mode means transferring data between
two devices.
Modes of communication is of three type :
Simple Mode:- In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, i.e., the data
flow in one direction. A device can only send the data but cannot receive it or it can
receive the data but cannot send the data.
Half-Duplex: In a Half-duplex channel, direction can be reversed, i.e., the station
can transmit and receive the data as well. Messages flow in both the directions, but
not at the same time. The entire bandwidth of the communication channel is utilized
in one direction at a time. Eg :-Walkie Talkie
Full-Duplex: In Full duplex mode, the communication is bi-directional, i.e., the data
flow in both the directions. Both the stations can send and receive the message
simultaneously. Full-duplex mode has two simplex channels. One channel has traffic
moving in one direction, and another channel has traffic flowing in the opposite
direction. Eg :-Mobile Phone
Extranet: A private network that grants access to specific intranet areas to third
parties for the purposes of collaboration and external communication
TYPES OF NETWORK
There are five types of networks :
by Unknown
MAN:(METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)
A personal area
network is a network
arranged within an
individual person,
typically within a
range of 10 meters.
NETWORK DEVICES.
LAN CARD: It is also called NIC (network interface card). It is primary component of
our LAN that provides the connectivity between our computer and network.
- types:
1. PCI: - used for desktop only .
2. USB: - used for desktop or laptop .
3. PCMCIA: - used for laptop only .
- it is works on two addresses :-
1. Logical address (IP address) .
2. Physical address (MAC address) .
2. HUB:
A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple
devices in a network. They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN.
I. It is an unintelligent device because it doesn't know any of the
address (IP and MAC) .
II. it always performs broadcasting.
III. it has more chance to collision.
IV. it works over half duplex.
> TYPES OF HUB:
1. Active HUB.
2. Passive HUB.
3. SWITCH:
> A switch operates in the layer 2, i.e, data link layer of the OSI model.
> it is an intelligent network device that can be conceived as a multiple
port network bridge.
> it uses MAC addresses to send data packets to selected destination
ports.
> it uses packet switching technique to send and receive data packets
from the source to the destination device.
> transmission mode is full duplex, number of ports is higher- 24/48
4. ROUTER:
> router stands for RANDOM OPERATING UNIFIED TERMINAL RAM.
> It is a WAN device used to connect the two or more than two different networks.
> it is a layer 3 device which works over an IP address.
> types of routers:
a. Static router:
We can't add or remove he ports because router having a fix
numbers of ports. For e.g. :- cisco 2500 series.
b. Dynamic router:
We can add or remove the ports. For e.g. :- cisco 1700,
3600,7200 etc.
Network Topology
2. Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch. Data
flows through the hub or switch, which manages the
4.Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device in the network.
This provides multiple paths for data to travel, offering redundancy and fault
tolerance.
5.Tree Topology: This combines characteristics of star and bus topologies. Devices
are arranged in a hierarchy, with multiple star networks connected to a central bus
backbone.
o Translates data between the application layer and the lower layers.
o Manages data representation and encryption/decryption.
o Ensures that data sent from the application layer of one system can be read by
the application layer of another system.
Transport Layer:
Application Layer:
o Examples include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for web browsing, FTP
(File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and DNS
(Domain Name System).
TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES:
Each set can range from 0 to 255, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion
unique addresses.
Despite its widespread use, IPv4 addresses are running out due to the
growth of the internet and connected devices.
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):
PURPOSE OF IP ADDRESSES:
CLASS B
CLASS C
IP ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT:
Static IP: Manually assigned to a device and remains constant unless changed by
a network administrator.
Dynamic IP: Automatically assigned to a device by a DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) server upon connection to a network. These IPs may
change over time.
Subnetting
In FLSM, all subnets within a network use the same subnet mask.
This method is simpler to implement and manage but may lead to inefficient use of IP
addresses if subnets vary significantly in size.
VLSM allows different subnets within the same network to use different subnet
masks.
This flexibility enables more efficient allocation of IP addresses by allocating larger
subnets to segments that require more hosts and smaller subnets to segments with
fewer hosts.
Routing
Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send
network traffic. It involves determining the optimal path for data packets from a
source to a destination based on routing algorithms and network protocols. Here's an
overview of how routing works
Router:
Routing Table:
A data table stored in a router that lists the available routes to various network
destinations.
Each entry in the routing table typically includes:
o Destination network or host IP address
o Subnet mask
o Next hop (IP address of the next router or interface)
o Metric (cost) associated with the route
Routing Protocols:
Examples include:
o Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs): Used within autonomous systems
(AS), such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and RIP (Routing
Information Protocol).
o Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs): Used between different ASes,
such as BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).
Type of router :
Modes of router :
Console Password:
Static routing:
SWITCHING
● Ethernet switches are used in LAN to create Ethernet networks.
● Switches forward the traffic on the basis of MAC address.
● Switches maintain a switching table which is known as CAM (Content
Addressable Memory) table in which MAC addresses and Port No are used
to perform switching decisions.
Classification of switches:
A. Based on Working
1. Store & Forward
This switch receives the entire frame then performs error checking and starts
forwarding data to the Destination.
2. Cut through
This switch starts forwarding the frame as soon as the first six bytes of the
frame are received.
3. Fragment-free
This switch receives 64 bytes of the frame, performs error checking and then
starts forwarding data
B. Types of switches based on management
1. Manageable switches
2. Non-Manageable switches
C. Types of switches based on OSI layer
1. Layer 2 switches (only switching)
2. Layer 3 switches (switching & routing)
D. Types of switches based on command mode (only in Cisco)
1. IOS based
2. CLI based
DTP is used to negotiate and dynamically set up trunk links between Cisco switches.
Its primary function is to automate the process of trunk creation between switches
without requiring manual configuration of each trunk port.
VTP is used to manage and synchronize VLAN configuration across multiple switches within
a domain. It ensures consistency of VLAN information such as VLAN IDs, names, and other
parameters across all switches in the VTP domain.