1108 Type Journal :of Review

of article
Indian article & Toxicology, October-December 2020, Vol. 14, No. 4
Forensic Medicine

Viral Lesions of Oral Cavity

Sudakshina Mukherjee1, N. Aravindha Babu2, E. Rajesh3, K.M.K.Masthan4

1Postgraduate student, 2Professor, 3Reader, 4Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral
pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital and Research, Bharath Institute of Higher
Education

Abstract
Oral examination is an integral part of general dentistry. So it is not uncommon to come across various viral
diseases in the oral cavity. The clinical diagnosis of these viral lesions sometimes become confusing due
to similar clinical presentations, confusion leads to misdiagnosis and eventually the treatment.This article
discusses about the viral lesions, their clinical presentation, diagnosis and appropriate management which
are usually manifested in oral cavity that will eventually provide the general dental practitioner with an up
to date guide for better diagnosis and management.

Keywords : Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, HIV.

Introduction 6) RUBEOLA
Viral infections are one of the frequently encountered 7) HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
infectious diseases by dental practitioner. But often the (HIV)
clinical diagnosis becomes confusing because of various
clinical similarity with other disease of oral cavity. l HERPES SIMPLEX :-
So, thorough examination with vivid idea about those
An acute infectious disease, probably the most
particular lesions and ability to distinguish clearly is
common viral disease affecting man.
important for appropiate diagnosis. management and
treatment. Thus the Lesions are described individually Two immunologically different types of HSV :
in the following article. Type 1 & Type 2.

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED LESIONS OF HSV Type 1 can be isolated from the following two
VIRAL ORIGIN :- lesions of Oral cavity -

1) HERPES SIMPLEX 1. ACUTE HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS

2) VARICELLA ZOSTER 2. HERPES LABIALIS.

3) COXSACKIE VIRUS ACUTE HERPETIC GINGIVOSTMATITIS :-

4) HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS Usually seen between the ages of six months and 6
years.
5) MEASLES OR RUBELLA
SYMPTOMS : Along with the oral lesions patients
suffers from High fever, headache, malaise, anorexia,
Corresponding Author: irritability, regional lymphadenopathy and sore mouth
Dr. N. Aravindha Babu MDS lesions.
Professor, Department of Oral pathology and
Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital MANIFESTATION OF MUCOSA (8)
Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research
Affected mucosa is red and edematous with
 Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, October-December 2020, Vol. 14, No. 4 1109

numerous coalescing vesicles which rapidly rupture 3. Cytology - Thorough Cytological smear can
leaving painful small round ulcers covered by yellow give immediate result but the only drawback is its lack
fibrin. New lesions continue to develop during the first of ability to differentiate between Herpes Simplex and
3-5 days. Healing of ulcers take place in 10-14 days Varicella Zoster Virus.
without scar formation. It is important to recognize that
4. Most sensitive and accurate method is PCR
the gingival inflammation preceeds the formation of the
technique
ulcers by several days. Sometimes in case of cervical
lymphadenopathy the vesicles and ulcers on the tonsils DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS :
(fig.) and posterior pharynx can resemble- a) Infectious
mononucleosis or b) streptococcal sore throat infections. Recurrent aphthous ulceration, which forms ulcers
on non-keratinised oral mucosa without a vesicle phase.
Culture sensitivity test can be done where
isolation of HSV Type 1 virus can be done otherwise RECURRENT OR SECONDARY HERPES
histopathological sectioning of tissue of interest can be LABIALIS (1,7,8) :-
used as confirmatory test.
Usually seen in adult patients. Spreads through
contact so the medical, dental and nursing personnel are
at higher risk of developing this disease because of their
nature of their occupation.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS :-

The lesions are most often seen at the mucocutaneous

junction of the lip (fig.) or peri-oral skin. A burning
sensation usually precedes the development of a small
cluster of vesicles. These vesicles enlarge, coalesce,
ulcerate and become crusted before healing within 10
days.

As been emphasized by Weathers and Griffin the

recurrent intraoral herpetic lesions almost invariably
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES suggests develop on the oral mucosa that is tightly bound to
characteristic ballooning degeneration which are periosteum. Seldom do they occur on mobile mucosa.
actually the swollen infected cells with pale eosinophilic
cytoplasm and large vesicular nuclei. Sometimes in MOST COMMON SITE :- hard palate, Attached
other cases Lipschutz bodies I.e eosinophilic, ovoid, gingiva, alveolar Ridge.
homogenous structures within the nucleus tending to
displace the nucleus and nuclear chromatin peripherally
can be seen.

DIAGNOSIS :

Most of the time Clinical identification is the primay

mode of diagnosis. Confirmatory Laboratory tests are
also done to rule out the virus.

1. Wright’s and Giemsa stain

2. Pap stain - demonstrated the particular ballooning Fig. HERPES LABIALIS, CONSISTING OF A
degeneration, multinucleated giant cells, intranuclear CLUSTER OF VESICLES ON THE VERMILION
inclusions. (ARROW)
1110 Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, October-December 2020, Vol. 14, No. 4
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURE :- Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (3) :- facial paralysis,
Characterized by Ballooning degeneration, chromatin vesicles on the external ear, tinnitus, deafness and
margination and typical Lipschutz bodies, and vertigo which is usually the result of involvement of N.
multinucleated giant cells. facialis & N. auditorius.

VARICELLA-ZOSTER-VIRUS:- (8) Post-herpetic neuralgia :- A complication of

herpes zoster. It occurs in 10% of patients with herpes
Chickenpox (varicella) results from primary
zoster and affects the trigeminal nerve, most commonly
infection, while reactivation of the virus is known as
the ophthalmic division. There is persistent, unilateral
herpes zoster (shingles).
pain in the affected area.
SITE :- Intra-oral vesicles of varicella, when present,
A history of previous skin lesions and possible
are seen on the tongue, buccal mucosa, gingival, palate
scarring may aid in the diagnosis
and oropharynx. They generally are not very painful.
DIAGNOSIS :- The clinical picture is often
PREDISPOSING FACTORS : Conditions
distinctive. Herpes zoster may be confused with
leading to herpes zoster are usually those that cause
recurrent Herpes simplex virus infection. Herpes zoster
immunosuppression, such as cytotoxic drugs, radiation,
has a longer duration, a more severe prodromal phase,
internal malignancies, malnutrition, old age, and alcohol
unilateral vesicles and ulceration, with abrupt ending at
and substance abuse. Occasionally, dental manipulation
the midline and postherpetic neuralgia. Differentiation
in a localised area can lead to reoccurrence.
between Herpes Zoster and Herpes Simplex done only
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS :- The first signs of by Fluorescent Antibody staining technique, viral
herpes zoster are pain and tenderness in the dermatome culture and serological diagnosis.
corresponding to the affected sensory ganglion. In the
Cytological smear : helps in identification of virus
head and neck area, vesicles from on one side of the
from skin or oral lesions.
face or in the oral mucosa in one of the divisions of N.
trigeminus. These unilateral vesicles form clusters with
areas of surrounding erythema, ending abruptly in the
COXSACKIE VIRUS (7,8)
midline (fig.) The vesicles ulcerate and form pustules
within three to four days. A crust lesion then forms, a)HERPANGINA :- Caused mainly by Coxsackie
and healing takes place within seven to ten days. These Virus group A. Herpangina affects children, mainly
lesions often heal with scarring and areas of hypo/ during summer, and is characterised by a sudden onset
hyperpigmentation may be seen. of malaise, low grade fever, sometimes vomiting,
prostration abdominal pain and sore throat.

Manifestation in oral mucosa as vesicles,

ulcerations, and diffuse erythema on the soft palate,
fauces and tonsillar areas.The ulcers grow in crop like
fashion and with an grey base with inflamed periphery
on the anterior faucial pillars and sometimes on hard
and soft palate. The ulcers are not extremely painful.
Generally the systemic symptoms subside in 3-4 days
and the vesicles and ulcers heal in 7-10 days.

DIAGNOSIS : Generally clinical signs & symptoms

mostly help in concluding the diagnosis.

(FIG. ) HERPES ZOSTER : Abrupt ending of

the ulcers in the midline
 Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, October-December 2020, Vol. 14, No. 4 1111
b)HAND,FOOT, AND MOUTH DISEASE :- tongue of children. (FIG.) Individual lesions tend to
be small (0.3 to 1 cm), but they frequently cluster and
An epidemic infection generally. Caused by the
coalesce, giving the mucosa a cobblestone or fissured
enterovirus Coxsackie A16. Mainly affecting Young
surface. Most lesions are found in children, although
children generally between 6 months to 5 years.
they occasionally can be found in older age groups.
CLINICAL FEATURES : Mainly affects skin, They usually regress spontaneously with age.
particularly involving the hands, feet, legs, arms and
occasionally the buttocks as maculopapular rashes,
exanthematous vesicular lesions. Anorexia, low grade
fever, sometimes lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, nausea
are common. It also Oral manifestations which usually
most of the time gets avoided due to the name itself.

Oral Manifestation :- Dysphagia one of the most

common findings, which can be a differential diagnosis
with other oral ulcerations and vesicular lesions like
Herpangina. The lesions are characterized by small,
(FIG. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS)
multiple, vesicular and ulcerative oral lesions but more
numerous than seen in Herpangina. Most common sites b) Squamous cell papilloma and verruca vulgaris
are hard palate, tongue, and buccal mucosa. Tongue may
Fourth most common oral mucosal mass and found
also become red and edematous. Least commonly on
in 3-4% of all biopsied oral soft tissue lesions. Caused by
lips, gingiva and pharynx including the tonsils.
HPV type 6 and 11. It can occur at any age, but is most
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS :- the cutaneous commonly diagnosed in the age group 30 to 50 years.
vesicles of this disease can resemble chickenpox but It is clinically and microscopically indistinguishable
in chickenpox the vesicles usually start on the face and from verruca vulgaris which is a viral induced focal
trunk and then spread to the extremities. Involvement hyperplasia of epidermis.
of the palms and soles is rare in chickenpox infections.
CLINICAL FEATURES : exophytic growth
Oral lesions are also rare in chickenpox.
made up of numerous small finger like projections
l DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND which result in a lesion with a roughened verrucous
DISTINGUISHABLE FEATURES BETWEEN and cauliflower like surface. Nearly always a well
COXSACKIE VIRUS AND HERPES SIMPLEX circumscribed pedunculated tumor, occasionally sessile.
It may initially grow rapidly, but seldom grows beyond
The clinical features of Coxsackie virus are 5 mm in diameter Generally painless usually white but
distinctive. The distribution of the lesions of herpangina sometimes pink in colour.
differentiates it from primary herpetic gingivostomatitis,
which affects the gingivae, whereas herpangina is an
oropharyngitis. The systemic symptoms differentiate
it from recurrent aphthous ulceration. The vesicles
also help to distinguish herpangina from streptococcal
pharyngitis.

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) 1,5

a) Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck’s disease)

Presents with multiple asymptomatic, slightly

elevated, mucosa-coloured, smooth-surfaced nodules FIG. Squamous papilloma presenting as a single
that occur on the labial or buccal mucosa gingivae or cauliflower-like lesion
1112 Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, October-December 2020, Vol. 14, No. 4
INTRAORAL MANIFESTATION : most HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS(1,5)
commonly in tongue, lips, buccal mucosa, palate,
Although no oral lesions are found as a direct result
particularly the area adjacent to uvula.
of HIV infection itself, a range of HIV-associated oral
VERRUCA VULGARIS : Also can be called as lesions, some with a viral aetiology, have been described.
Common Wart. Frequent tumor to skin analogous to oral
a) Oral hairy leukoplakia
papilloma. Verruca vulgaris is a very common childhood
infection. Characterized by a white, vertically corrugated,
non-removable lesion on the lateral or ventral margin of
Oral Manifestation : Oral lesions usually arise from
the tongue. Surface may or may not be corrugated but
autoinoculation, most commonly on the labial mucosa,
corrugation can be seen on inferior surface of the tongue
tongue and gingiva.
or in the buccal mucosa. This lesion is caused by the
c)Condyloma accuminatum (6) Epstein-Barr virus and has no premalignant potential.
It has also been reported in HIV-negative persons in
Usually infection of the genitals, although it may be
association with immunosuppresive therapy. It must be
found in the oral cavity. Oral lesions are predominantly
differentiated from chronic hyperplastic candidiasis or
transmitted through oral-genital sexual contact. . It also
leukoplakia (a potentially malignant lesion). In order
characterized by multiple cauliflower-like lesions, some
to do that A biopsy must be performed to establish a
of which are larger than 0.5 cm which may become as
reliable diagnosis. Once the diagnosis has been made, no
large as 3 cm in size. The most common intra-oral sites
treatment for the lesion is necessary.
are the labial mucosa and the lingual frenum and soft
palate.

MEASLES or RUBEOLA Vs RUBELLA

Acute, contagious, dermatotrophic and endemic

viral infections, primary affecting children and occurring
many times in endemic form. Caused by CLINICAL
FEATURES : Characterized by acute febrile illness and
erythematous maculopapular skin rash. Fever, malaise,
conjunctivitis, cough and coryza are mainly seen as
prodromal symptoms which is followed by a generalized
exanthematous skin rash. b) Kaposi’s sarcoma

ORAL MANIFESTATION : The oral Characterised by erythematous or violaceous plaque

manifestation of measles is known as Koplik’s spots. like lesions that develop into tumorous growths over
Occur early in the course of the infection and often time.These larger lesions may become ulcerated and
precede the skin rash by 1 to 2 days. These are white-red painful and may interfere with function.
macules on that appear on the buccal and labial mucosa.
ORAL SITES : Predominantly seen in the palate
These macules represent foci of epithelial necrosis.(7)
or on the attached gingivae, but can appear on other
RUBELLA OR GERMAN MEASLES (8) mucosal sites.

It should not be confused with rubeola. Main DIAGNOSIS :- Clinical diagnosis should be
difference between the two is absence of Koplik’s Spot confirmed by biopsy, as several other lesions may have
in Rubella. The oral mucous membrane in this case is similar clinical presentations. This is especially true for
not usually inflamed as in Rubeola although tonsils can early lesions that may have similar clinical features as
be somewhat swollen and red macules can appear on the vascular malformations, bacillary angiomatosis and
palate. even well differentiated angiosarcoma.
 Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, October-December 2020, Vol. 14, No. 4 1113

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