Introduction of Clinical Pathology Science: Clinical Pathology Is A Subspecialty of Pathology That Deals With The Use of
Introduction of Clinical Pathology Science: Clinical Pathology Is A Subspecialty of Pathology That Deals With The Use of
Introduction of Clinical Pathology Science: Clinical Pathology Is A Subspecialty of Pathology That Deals With The Use of
strict adherence to these basic principles will greatly reduce the likelihood of
laboratory acquired infections.
−Biosafety Practice
Do not mouth pipette .
Manipulate infectious fluids carefully to avoid spills and the production of
aerosols.
Restrict use of needles, syringes, and other sharps to those procedures for
which there are no alternatives; dispose of sharps in leak- and puncture-
proof containers.
Use lab coats, gloves, safety eye wear, and other personal protective
equipment.
Wash hands after all laboratory activities, following the removal of gloves,
and immediately following contact with infectious agents.
Decontaminate work surfaces before and after use, and immediately after
spills.
Do not eat, drink, store foods, or smoke in the laboratory.
Each biological researcher is responsible for ensuring that his or her laboratory
implements sufficient security measures and procedures to prevent unauthorized
access to biological agents. Select Agents and other higher risk microorganisms
and toxins must be stored in a locked container, and an inventory must be
maintained with sufficient detail to enable identification of missing materials.
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Pipetting
Do not mouth pipette! Always use a mechanical pipetting device. Pipettes should
be drained gently with the tip against the inner wall of the receiving vessel and
liquid should not be forcibly expelled from the pipette.
Blending
Use a safety blender that has leak proof bearings and a tight fitting lid with a
sealable gasket. Use the blender inside a cabinets when blending material
containing infectious agents.
Centrifugation
The potential for contamination and infection is high if liquid and aerosol is
released during centrifugation. Sealed centrifuge buckets, or safety cups should be
used to prevent release of liquid and aerosol. Ultracentrifuges operate under
vacuum and should contain an in-line HEPA filter between the chamber and the
vacuum pump. Small bench top centrifuges can be placed inside a cabinets to
contain infectious aerosols and prevent personnel exposures.
Inoculating Loops
Flaming inoculating loops can result in spatter and release of aerosols and droplets.
Use of an electric microincinerator will effectively control spatter resulting from
sterilization of inoculating loops.
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Although not a substitute for use of BSCs and good laboratory practices, personal
protective equipment (PPE) is considered a primary barrier to infectious agents and
proper use will reduce the likelihood of infection. PPE is the least desirable
exposure control method because its failure results in direct exposure to the agent.
PPE is most effective when used to supplement primary control methods such as
biological safety cabinets, safety centrifuge cups, and other containment devices.
Gloves
Gloves are available that provide protection against a variety of hazards, including
infectious agents, chemicals, and radioactive material. Unfortunately, there is no
single glove type that provides adequate protection for all hazards (or even all
chemicals!). Always check gloves for pinholes prior to use.
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containers must include the universal biohazard symbol (identity of contents is also
desirable). Freezers, refrigerators, and other storage areas must also be labeled with
the biohazard symbol.
2-Label a specimen correctly and provide all pertinent information required on the
test request form. (See Blood Specimens: Chemistry and Hematology − Blood
Collection/Transport Containers.)
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−Types of Specimens:
Urine sample , Stool sample , blood sample , sputum S. , Swabs test ,and
Body fluids: Laboratory testing can be performed on many types of fluids from the
body other than blood. Often, these fluids are tested instead of blood because they
can give more direct answers to what may be going on in a particular part of the
body. Some body fluid analyses include:
Semen Analysis
CSF Analysis
Synovial Fluid Analysis
Pleural Fluid Analysis
Pericardial Fluid Analysis
Peritoneal Fluid Analysis
For certain body fluids, including pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids, it
is important to determine through testing whether the fluid is a transudate or
an exudate because it can help diagnose the disease or condition present.