Serial Port Comm Pp17a

Dec Hex Bin
17 11 00010001
ORG ; SEVENTEEN
SERIAL PORT
PROGRAMMING
WITH ASSEMBLY
AND C#
The x86 PC
Assembly Language, Design, and Interfacing © 2010, 2003, 2000, 1998 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillespie Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
OBJECTIVES
this chapter enables the student to:
• List the advantages of serial communication over
parallel communication.
• Explain the difference between synchronous
and asynchronous communication.
• Define the terms simplex, half duplex, and full
duplex and diagram their implementation in
serial communication.
• Describe how start and stop bits frame data for
serial communication.
The x86 PC
OBJECTIVES (cont)
this chapter enables the student to:
• Contrast and compare the measures baud rate and
bps. (bits per second)
• Describe the RS232 standard.
• Contrast and compare DTE (data terminal) versus
DCE (data communication) equipment.
• Describe the purpose of handshaking signals such
as DTR, RTS, and CTS.
• Code Assembly language instructions to perform
serial communication using BIOS INT 14H.
• Describe the function of UART and USART chips .
The x86 PC
17.1: BASICS OF SERIAL COMMUNICATION
• A microprocessor communicates with the outside

world by providing data in byte-sized chunks.
– Devices such as printers, grab data from the 8-bit data
bus, and present to the 8-bit printer data bus.
• An 8-Bit data path is expensive; signals can be diminished
or distorted by cable length.
Serial communication is used for

transferring data between systems
located at distances of hundreds
of feet to millions of miles apart.
The x86 PC
• As serial communication uses a single data line, it is

possible for two computers located in two different
cities to communicate over the telephone.
– It is also much cheaper.
• Outgoing data must be grabbed from the 8-bit data
bus of the microprocessor, and converted to serial
bits, using a parallel-in-serial-out shift register.
– The receiving end has a serial-in-parallel-out shift register.
• To receive serial data, pack it into a byte, and present
it to the system at the receiving end.
The x86 PC
• Data transferred on the telephone line must be

converted from 0s and 1s to audio tones.
– Sinosoidal-shaped signals.
• This conversion is performed by a modem.
– Short for "modulator/demodulator."
The x86 PC
• Serial data communication uses two methods:

– Synchronous - transfers a block of data (characters)
at a time.
– Asynchronous - transfers a single byte at a time.
• Special IC chips are made by many manufacturers
for serial data communications, commonly referred
– UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter
– USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous receiver-
transmitter).
• The x86 COM port uses the UART.
The x86 PC
half- and full-duplex transmission
• During simplex transmissions, such as with printers,
the computer only sends data.
• A duplex transmission is one in which the data can
be transmitted and received.
The x86 PC
half- and full-duplex transmission
• Duplex transmissions can be half- or full-duplex.
– Data transmitted one way at a time is called half duplex.
– Data going both ways at the same time is full duplex.
The x86 PC
protocol/usage
• Incoming data at the receiving end of the data line
in a serial data transfer is all 0s and 1s.
– To make sense of the data, sender and receiver agree
on a set of rules, a protocol…
• How the data is packed.
• How many bits constitute a character.
• When the data begins and ends.
• Asynchronous serial data communication is widely
used for character-oriented transmissions.
– Block-oriented data transfers use synchronous transfer.
The x86 PC
data framing - start and stop bits
• In asynchronous communications, the data, such as
ASCII characters, are packed between a start bit
and a stop bit, a process called framing.
ASCII character "A", binary 0100 0001, framed between the start bit and 2 stop bits.
– The start bit is always one bit and always a 0. (low)

– The stop bit can be one or two bits, and is 1 (high).
Fig. 17-1 Framing ASCII ―A‖ (41H)
The x86 PC
• Asynchronous peripheral chips and modems can
be programmed for data 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits wide.
– In addition to the number of stop bits, 1 or 2.
• When there is no transfer, the signal is 1 (high).
– Referred to as mark.
– The 0 (low) is referred to as space.
Fig. 17-1 Framing ASCII ―A‖ (41H)
The x86 PC
• Transmission begins with a start bit, followed by D0,
the LSB, then the rest of the bits until the MSB (D7)
– Last, 2 stop bits indicating the end of the character "A".
• Asynchronous peripheral chips and modems can
be programmed for data 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits wide.
– In addition to the number of stop bits, 1 or 2.
• In some older systems, due to slowness of receiving
mechanical devices, 2 stop bits were used to give
the device time to organize before the next byte.
– In modern PCs the use of 1 stop bit is common.
The x86 PC
parity bit
• In some systems, for data integrity, the parity bit of
the character byte is included in the data frame.
– If a system requires it, the parity bit is transmitted after
the MSB, and is followed by the stop bit.
• An odd-parity bit the number of data bits, including
the parity bit, has an odd number of 1s.
• In an even-parity bit, the total number of bits, including
the parity bit, is even.
• UART chips allow programming of the parity bit.
– For odd-, even-, and no-parity options.
The x86 PC
17.1: BASICS OF SERIAL COMMUNICATION data
transfer rate
The rate of data transfer in serial data communication

is stated in bps (bits per second); also baud rate.
Baud and bps rates are not necessarily equal.
The x86 PC
transfer rate
Baud rate is modem terminology, defined as number

of signal changes per second. As far as the conductor
wire is concerned, baud rate and bps are the same
The x86 PC
transfer rate
Data transfer rate depends on communication ports

incorporated into the system, with today’s x86
transferring data at rates as high as 115,200 bps.
In asynchronous serial data communication, baud rate is generally
limited to less than 100,000 bps using a telephone line & modem.
The x86 PC
RS232 and other serial I/O standards
• For compatibility in data communication equipment,
an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by the
Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960.
– Today, the most widely used serial I/O interface standard.
• RS232 input/output voltage is not TTL compatible:
– Bit 1 is –3 to –25 V; Bit 0 +3 to +25 V.
– +3 to –3 is undefined.
• To connect RS232 to a TTL-level chip requires
voltage converters to convert the TTL logic levels
to the RS232 voltage level, and vice versa.
– MAX232/233 IC chips commonly called line drivers.
The x86 PC
• The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for
transferring and receiving data
Line drivers used for TxD are
designated T1 and T2
Line drivers used for RxD are

designated R1 and R2.
Fig. 17-4 Inside MAX232 and its connection to the USART
The x86 PC
• The MAX232 T1 line driver has a designation of
T1in & T1out on pin numbers 11 & 14, respectively.
T1in pin is the TTL side, connected
to TxD of the USART.
T1out is connected to RxD of the

RS232 DB connector.
The x86 PC
• The R1 line driver has a designation of R1in and
R1out on pin numbers 13 and 12, respectively.
R1in (pin 13) is connected to TxD
of the RS232 DB connector.
R1out (pin 12) is the TTL side,

connected to RxD of the USART.
The x86 PC
• MAX232 requires four capacitors ranging from
1 to 22 mF—some designers use the MAX233
Performs the same as MAX232,
but eliminates need for capacitors.
MAX233 is a much more

expensive chip than MAX232.
The x86 PC
RS232 pins
Pins and their labels for

the RS232 cable, which
is commonly referred to
as the DB-9 connector.
Fig. 17-6 DB9 9-Pin Connector
The x86 PC
data communication classification
• DTE (data terminal equipment) refers to terminals
and computers that send and receive data.
• DCE (data communication equipment) refers to
communication equipment, such as modems,
responsible for transferring the data.
The x86 PC
data communication classification
• The simplest connection between two PCs (DTE &
DTE) requires pins TxD, RxD, and ground, also
referred to as SG (signal ground). .
– Connection between two DTE devices, such as two
PCs, requires pins 2 and 3 to be interchanged
RS232 signal definitions

are from the point of view
of DTE.
Fig.17-7 Null Modem Connection for Data Lines
The x86 PC
examining the RS232 handshaking signals
• To ensure fast & reliable data transmission between
two devices, the data transfer must be coordinated.
– Some RS232 pins are used for handshaking signals.
• DTR (data terminal ready) - when a terminal or PC
COM port is turned on, after self-test, it sends signal
DTR to indicate it is ready for communication.
– An output from DTE (COM port); an input to the modem.
• DSR (data set ready) - when a DCE (modem) is
turned on and has gone through self-test, it asserts
DSR to indicate that it is ready to communicate.
– An active-low signal.
The x86 PC
• RTS (request to send) - when the DTE has a byte
to transmit, it asserts RTS to signal the modem
that it has a byte of data to transmit.
– An active-low output from DTE; an input to the modem.
• CTS (clear to send) - when the modem has room
for storing the data it is to receive, it sends signal
CTS to DTE (PC) to indicate it can receive the data.
• CD (carrier detect, or DCD, data carrier detect) - the
modem asserts signal CDC to inform DTE (PC) that
a valid carrier has been detected and that contact
between it and the other modem is established.
The x86 PC
• RI (ring indicator) - an output from modem (DCE)
and input to a PC (DTE), that indicates that the
telephone is ringing.
– ON and OFF in synchronization with the ringing sound.
The x86 PC
• RTS and CTS actually control the flow of data.
– When the PC wants to send data it asserts RTS
• If the modem is ready to accept the data, it sends CTS.
RTS and CTS are also

referred to as hardware
flow control signals.
Fig.17-8
Null Modem Connection with Control Signals
The x86 PC
17.2: PROGRAMMING x86 PC COM PORTS
IBM PC COM ports
• In the x86 PC, as many as four COM ports can be
installed, numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4.
– BIOS numbers them as 0, 1, 2, and 3.
• The PC POST (power-on self-test) tests the
USART chip for each of the four COM ports.
– If they are installed, their I/O port addresses are
written to memory locations 0040:0000–0040:0007.
The x86 PC
using HyperTerminal on x86 PC
• HyperTerminal is a widely used utility

that comes with Windows 2000/XP,
for communication with the x86 PC
via the serial COM port.
– It is not dynamic, so it cannot be
incorporated into programs
The x86 PC
programming COM ports using BIOS INT 14H
• Serial communication ports of the x86 PC can be
accessed using the BIOS-based INT 14H.
– Various options of INT 14H are chosen with the AH
registers.
See the entire list

of BIOS INT14
functions in
Fig. 17-9 on
pages 456 - 457.
The x86 PC
programming COM ports using BIOS INT 14H
• Using BIOS INT 14H we can send and receive
characters with another PC via a COM port:
– 1. To send a character…
• INT 14H, AH = 1, AL = character.
– 2. To receive a character…
• INT 14H, AH = 3 (to get COM port status in register AH)
– 3. To read the received character…
• INT 14H, AH = 2 (AL holds the character upon return)
The x86 PC
programming x86 COM port using C# 2005
• To program the COM port we can use
System.IO.Ports namespace in C# 2005.
– Shown in Programs 17-2 and 17-3 on page 459.
• Program 17-2 writes data to the COM port.
• Program 17-3 reads data from the COM port.
The x86 PC
Dec Hex Bin
17 11 00010001
ENDS ; SEVENTEEN
The x86 PC

Serial Port Comm Pp17a

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Dec Hex Bin

• A microprocessor communicates with the outside

Serial communication is used for

• As serial communication uses a single data line, it is

• Data transferred on the telephone line must be

• Serial data communication uses two methods:

– The start bit is always one bit and always a 0. (low)

Fig. 17-1 Framing ASCII ―A‖ (41H)

The rate of data transfer in serial data communication

Baud rate is modem terminology, defined as number

Data transfer rate depends on communication ports

Line drivers used for RxD are

T1out is connected to RxD of the

R1out (pin 12) is the TTL side,

MAX233 is a much more

Pins and their labels for

Fig. 17-6 DB9 9-Pin Connector

RS232 signal definitions

Fig.17-7 Null Modem Connection for Data Lines

RTS and CTS are also

• HyperTerminal is a widely used utility

See the entire list

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