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Ecology
All living organism, whether plant or animal or human being is surrounded by the
environment, on which it derive its needs for its survival.
Each living component interacts with non-living components for their basic requirements
form different ecosystem.
Definition
Ecology is the study of interactions among organism or group of organisms with their
environment. The environment consists of both biotic components (living organisms) and
abiotic components (non-living organisms). Or Ecology is the study of ecosystems.
Ecosystem
Ecosystem is the basic functional unit of ecology. The term ecosystem is coined form a
Greek word meaning study of home.
Definition:
A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is known as

ecosystem. Thus an ecosystem is a community of different species interacting with one
another and with their non living environment and one another and with their non- living
environment exchanging energy and matter.
Example
Animals cannot synthesis their food directly but depend on the plants either directly or
indirectly.
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
- Natural ecosystem
Natural ecosystems operate themselves under natural conditions. Based on habitat types,
it can be further classified into three types.
1. Terrestrial ecosystem
This ecosystem is related to land.
Example: Grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem, desert ecosystem, etc.,
2. Aquatic ecosystem
This ecosystem is related to water. It is further sub classified into two types based on salt
contents
• Fresh water ecosystem
(i) Running water ecosystems.
Examples: Rivers, Streams
(b) Standing water ecosystems
Examples: Pond, lake
(ii) Marine ecosystem
Seas and sea shore.
Man-made (or) Artificial ecosystems
Artificial ecosystem is operated (or) maintained by man himself.
Example: Croplands, gardens
STRUCTURE (or) COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM
The term structure refers to the various components. So the structure of an ecosystem
explains the relationship between the abiotic (non-living) and the biotic (living)
components.
An ecosystem has two major components
•Biotic (living) components
• Abiotic (non living) components
Biotic components
The living organisms (or) living members in an ecosystem collectively form its community
called biotic components (or) biotic community.
Examples
•Plants (producers),
animals (consumers),
microorganisms (decomposers).
Members of components of an ecosystem (or) Classification biotic components
The members of biotic components of an ecosystem are grouped in to three based on how
they get food.
•Producer (plants)
•Consumer (Animals)
•Decomposers (Micro-organisms)
1.Procedures (Autotrophs)
Procedures synthesize their food themselves through photosynthesis
Example: All green plants, trees. Photosynthesis
The green pigments called chlorophyll, present in the leaves of plants, converts CO₂ and
H₂O in the presence of sunlight into carbohydrates.
6CO₂ + 12H₂O --→ CH12O6 + 602+6H₂O
This process is called photosynthesis
2.Consumers (heterotrophs)
Examples: Plant eating species
Insects, rabbit, goat, deer, cow, etc.,
Classification of consumers
Consumers are further classified as

(i) Primary consumers (Herbivores) (Plant eaters)
Primary consumers are also called herbivores, they directly depend on the plants for their
food. So they are called plant eaters.
Examples: Insects, rat, goat, deer, cow, horse, etc., Chemistry, AEC Salem
(ii) Secondary consumers (primary carnivores) (meat eater)
Secondary consumers are primary carnivores, they feed
On primary consumers. They directly depend onHerbivores for their food.
Example: Frog, cat, snakes, foxes, etc.,
(iii) Tertiary consumers (Secondary carnivores) (Meat-eaters)
Tertiary consumers are secondary carnivores, they feed on secondary consumers. They
depend on the primary carnivores for their food.
Examples: Tigers, lions, etc.,
3. Decomposers
Examples:Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.
Decomposers attack the dead bodies of producers and consumers and decompose them
into simpler compounds. During the decomposition Inorganic nutrients are released.
The inorganic nutrients together with other organic substances are then utilized by the
procedures for the synthesis of their own food.
Abiotic (non-living) components
The non-living components (physical and chemical) of ecosystem collectively form a

community called abiotic components (or) abiotic community.
Examples: Climate, soil, water I air, energy, nutrients, etc.,
1. Physical components
They include the energy, climate, raw materials and living space that the biological
community needs. They are useful for the growth and maintenance of its member.
Examples: Air, water, soil, sunlight, etc., V.S Saravana Mani, Head & AP Chemistry, AEC
Salern
2. Chemical Components
They are the sources of essential nutrients
Examples
•Organic substances: Protein, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.,
•Inorganic substances: All micro (Al, Co, Zu, Cu) and macro elements (C,H, O, P, N, P, K)
and few other elements.
FUNCTION OF AN ECOSYSTEM
To understand clearly the nature of ecosystem its functioning should be thoroughly

understood.
The function of an ecosystem is to allow flow of energy and cycling of nutrients.
Types of Functions
Functions of an ecosystem are of three types.
1. Primary function
The primary function of all ecosystem is manufacture of starch (photosynthesis).
2. Secondary function
The secondary function of all ecosystem is distribution energy in the form of food to all
consumers.
Tertiary Function
All living systems diet at a particular stage. These dead systems are decomposed to initiate
third function of ecosystems namely “cycling”.
The functioning of an ecosystems may be understood studying the following terms.
• Energy and material flow.
•Food chains
•Food webs
•Food pyramids
ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEMS

Energy is the most essential requirement for all living organism. Solar energy is the only
source to our planet earth. Solar energy is transformed to chemical energy in
photosynthesis by the plants (called as primary producers). Though a lot of sunlight falls on
the green plants, only 1% of it is utilized for photosynthesis. This is the most essential step
to provide energy for all other living organisms in the ecosystem.
Some amount of chemical energy is used by the plants for their growth and the remaining is
transferred to consumers by the process of eating.
Thus the energy enters the ecosystems through photosynthesis and passes through the
different tropic levels feeding levels.

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Ecology

A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is known as

This ecosystem is related to land.

Example: Grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem, desert ecosystem, etc.,

• Fresh water ecosystem

(i) Running water ecosystems.

Examples: Rivers, Streams

(b) Standing water ecosystems

Examples: Pond, lake

(ii) Marine ecosystem

Seas and sea shore.

Man-made (or) Artificial ecosystems

Artificial ecosystem is operated (or) maintained by man himself.

Example: Croplands, gardens

STRUCTURE (or) COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM

An ecosystem has two major components

•Biotic (living) components

• Abiotic (non living) components

Members of components of an ecosystem (or) Classification biotic components

Procedures synthesize their food themselves through photosynthesis

Example: All green plants, trees. Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 12H₂O --→ CH12O6 + 602+6H₂O

This process is called photosynthesis

Examples: Plant eating species

Insects, rabbit, goat, deer, cow, etc.,

Consumers are further classified as

(ii) Secondary consumers (primary carnivores) (meat eater)

Secondary consumers are primary carnivores, they feed

On primary consumers. They directly depend onHerbivores for their food.

Example: Frog, cat, snakes, foxes, etc.,

(iii) Tertiary consumers (Secondary carnivores) (Meat-eaters)

Examples: Tigers, lions, etc.,

Examples:Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.

Abiotic (non-living) components

The non-living components (physical and chemical) of ecosystem collectively form a

Examples: Climate, soil, water I air, energy, nutrients, etc.,

•Organic substances: Protein, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.,

To understand clearly the nature of ecosystem its functioning should be thoroughly

The function of an ecosystem is to allow flow of energy and cycling of nutrients.

Functions of an ecosystem are of three types.

The primary function of all ecosystem is manufacture of starch (photosynthesis).

The functioning of an ecosystems may be understood studying the following terms.

• Energy and material flow.

ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEMS

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