Vibgyor Model United Nations 14

World Health Organization

Background Guide

Agenda 1: Global Preparedness for Future Pandemics:

Strengthening Health Systems
Agenda 2: Ensuring Universal Healthcare Access in
Underdeveloped and Developing Nations

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 Table of contents

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1. Letter from the Executive Board 3

2. Introduction to Committee 4

3. Introduction to Agenda 1 5

4. Key Terms 6

5. Case Studies 8

6. Relevant UN Treaties/International Law 13

7. Suggested Moderated Caucus Topics 14

(Agenda 1)

8. QARMA (Agenda 1) 14

9. Further Reading (Agenda 1) 15

10. Introduction to Agenda 2 16

11. Key Terms 17

12. Relevant UN Treaties/International Law 18

13. Case Studies 19

14. Suggested Moderated Caucus Topics 24

(Agenda 2)

15. QARMA (Agenda 2) 24

16. Further Reading (Agenda 2) 25

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Letter from the Executive Board

Dear Delegates,

It is our absolute pleasure to extend a heartfelt welcome to each and every one of you, to the World Health
Organization committee at Vibgyor Model United Nations. As delegates representing your respective
nations, you have an opportunity and responsibility to engage in substantive debates, negotiate resolutions,
and propose innovative solutions to challenges we will discuss at the committee. Your contributions will play
a pivotal role in shaping the outcomes of our committee.

Our agendas :
I. Global Preparedness for Future Pandemics: Strengthening Health Systems
II. Ensuring Universal Healthcare Access in Underdeveloped and Developing Nations

These agendas serve as topics that revolve around SDG 11 and bring us a chance to come together and
address some of the most pressing health challenges facing humanity today.

As you engage in rigorous debate and rightly so, we would like to encourage you to embrace the principles
of diplomacy, respect, and inclusivity. Engaging with your fellow delegates with courtesy and
professionalism, fosters a constructive and enriching atmosphere for collaborative problem-solving. And
while winning might be your number one goal, remember that a Model United Nations Conference is so
much more about the experiences, friendships, and memories we create along the way.

Please also note that this Background Guide serves as an introduction to the topics for this committee. It is in
no way a replacement for individual research. We request you to come prepared, well-researched and
passionately to the committee. As in a committee of 200 delegates, one must stand out! And the right way to
do that would be through your research, speeches, initiatives and lobbying at the MUN.

We are confident that each of you will bring valuable insights and ideas to the table, and we eagerly await the
fruitful debates that lie ahead.

Once again, we are honored to have the privilege of serving as your Executive Board for this committee, and
we can't wait to see the incredible contributions that each of you will make to our committee's success. Best
of luck delegates! Looking forward to seeing each one of you.

Best Regards,
Disha Nischal - Chair
Rujul Soman - Co-chair
Harihar Prasad - Rapporteur

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Introduction to Committee

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for
international public health. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has six regional offices and 150
field offices worldwide. The WHO was established on April 7, 1948, and convened its first meeting on July
24 of that year. It incorporated the assets, personnel, and duties of the League of Nations' Health
Organization and the Paris-based Office International d'Hygiène Publique, including the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD). The agency's work began in earnest in 1951 after a significant infusion of
financial and technical resources.

The WHO's official mandate is to promote health and safety while helping the vulnerable worldwide. It
provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards, collects data on global health
issues, and serves as a forum for scientific or policy discussions related to health. Its official publication, the
World Health Report, provides assessments of worldwide health topics.

The WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the eradication of
smallpox, the near-eradication of polio, and the development of an Ebola vaccine. Its current priorities
include communicable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria, and tuberculosis; non-communicable
diseases such as heart disease and cancer; healthy diet, nutrition, and food security; occupational health; and
substance abuse. The agency advocates for universal health care coverage, engagement with the monitoring
of public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting health and well-being
generally.

The WHO is governed by the World Health Assembly (WHA), which is composed of its 194 member states.
The WHA elects and advises an executive board made up of 34 health specialists; selects the WHO's chief
administrator, the director-general (currently Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus of Ethiopia); sets goals and
priorities; and approves the budget and activities. The WHO is funded primarily by contributions from
member states, both assessed and voluntary, followed by private donors. Its total approved budget for
2020–2021 is over $7.2 billion, while the approved budget for 2022–2023 is over $6.2 billion.

Agenda 1: Global Preparedness for Future Pandemics: Strengthening Health Systems

Agenda 2: Ensuring Universal Healthcare Access in Underdeveloped and Developing Nations

For Your Best Interest: Nation Research Map

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Agenda 1: Global Preparedness for Future Pandemics: Strengthening Health Systems

Introduction to Agenda

Healthcare systems encompass the organizational, human, technological, and physical resources necessary
for the delivery of healthcare services. This includes hospitals, clinics, laboratories, trained healthcare
personnel, information systems, and supply chains. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure involves
enhancing each of these components to withstand and effectively respond to crises. Ensuring robust
healthcare infrastructures in crisis situations is a critical imperative rooted in international law and ethical
principles. This comprehensive strategy requires an understanding of the multifaceted nature of healthcare
infrastructures, the integration of international legal frameworks, and lessons learned from past crises.

Several historical healthcare crises and pandemics highlight the consequences of inadequate healthcare
infrastructure. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa (2014-2016) exposed weaknesses in healthcare systems,
hindering a prompt and coordinated response. With stronger healthcare infrastructure, particularly in terms of
rapid response teams and community engagement, the devastation could have been mitigated.

Similarly, the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of robust healthcare
infrastructure. Countries with well-established systems demonstrated better resilience, while others faced
overwhelming challenges. The pandemic revealed the need for advanced technological integration, efficient
resource management, and a coordinated international response.

The foundation for formulating strategies to enhance healthcare infrastructures in crisis situations lies in
international legal instruments. The International Health Regulations (IHR), a binding legal instrument under
the World Health Organization (WHO), mandates member states to develop, strengthen, and maintain core
public health capacities. Compliance with the IHR ensures effective preparedness, surveillance, and response
to international public health threats. Comprehensive strategies should commence with adherence to
international legal frameworks. The IHR's requirements for surveillance, reporting, and response
mechanisms must be integrated into national legislation. Collaborative efforts among states, as emphasized
by the UN Charter and the WHO Constitution, are essential to strengthening healthcare infrastructures
globally.

Ethical considerations and human rights principles inherent in international law should guide strategies.
Prioritizing community engagement aligns with the principle of community participation enshrined in the
Alma-Ata Declaration. Strengthening healthcare infrastructures requires empowering communities,
respecting cultural contexts, and addressing health disparities. Collaborative efforts with local agencies and
organizations ensure culturally sensitive and community-centric approaches.

Effectiveness is heightened through collaboration with both global and local agencies. Global organizations
like the WHO provide overarching frameworks and guidelines, while local agencies possess contextual
insights and on-the-ground knowledge. Strengthening partnerships ensures a coordinated and culturally
sensitive response, maximizing the impact of healthcare infrastructure strategies in crisis situations.

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Key Terms

1. Emergency Preparedness: The process of planning and organizing resources to effectively respond to
healthcare crisis.
2. Healthcare Resilience: The ability of healthcare infrastructures to withstand and recover from crisis
situations.
3. Pandemic Response: Coordinated measures and strategies implemented to address widespread health
emergencies.
4. Critical Infrastructure: Essential facilities and systems required to maintain healthcare services
during crises.
5. Capacity Building: Strengthening the healthcare system's ability to handle increased demand during
emergencies.
6. Resource Allocation: Efficient distribution of medical supplies, personnel, and equipment during
crisis situations.
7. Telemedicine: The use of technology for remote healthcare delivery, especially relevant during crises
to reduce physical contact.
8. Surge Capacity: The ability to rapidly increase healthcare services to meet heightened demand
during emergencies.
9. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations between government and private entities to enhance
healthcare infrastructure in crises.
10. Disaster Response Teams: Specialized groups trained to provide medical aid and support during
emergencies.
11. Mobile Health Units: Moveable healthcare facilities that can be deployed to areas with limited
infrastructure during crises.
12. Quarantine Protocols: Procedures for isolating and limiting the spread of contagious diseases during
health emergencies.
13. Supply Chain Resilience: Strengthening the robustness of the healthcare supply chain to ensure the
timely availability of essential resources.
14. Community Engagement: Involving the public in healthcare strategies to ensure better adherence and
understanding during crises.
15. Risk Communication: Effectively conveying health information to the public to mitigate panic and
encourage appropriate actions.
16. Crisis Management: Coordinated efforts to handle and overcome challenges in the healthcare system
during emergencies.

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17. Data Analytics: Utilizing data to make informed decisions and optimize healthcare strategies in crisis
situations.
18. Emergency Funding: Allocating financial resources to support rapid responses and infrastructure
improvements during crises.
19. Vaccination Campaigns: Strategically planning and executing mass vaccination efforts to prevent the
spread of diseases.
20. Cross-Border Collaboration: Collaborative efforts between countries to share resources and expertise
during regional health crises.
21. Infectious Disease Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the spread of infectious diseases to inform
timely interventions.
22. Triage Systems: Prioritizing and categorizing patients based on the severity of their condition to
allocate resources efficiently.
23. Healthcare Workforce Training: Ensuring that healthcare professionals are adequately trained to
handle crisis situations.
24. Crisis Communication Plan: A structured approach for disseminating information internally and
externally during healthcare crises.
25. Infrastructure Upgrades: Investing in physical improvements to healthcare facilities to better handle
emergencies.
26. Emergency Legislation: Legal frameworks that facilitate rapid decision-making and resource
allocation during crises.
27. Simulation Exercises: Practice drills to test and improve the preparedness of healthcare systems for
crisis situations.
28. Global Health Security: Collaborative international efforts to enhance the overall resilience of global
healthcare systems.
29. Environmental Health Considerations: Addressing environmental factors that can impact health
during and after crises.
30. Adaptive Technologies: Implementing innovative technologies to adapt healthcare systems for better
crisis response and recovery.

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Case Studies:

Ebola Outbreak in West Africa (2014-2016):

The Ebola outbreak in West Africa from 2014 to 2016 marked one of the most devastating public health
crises in recent history. Originating in Guinea and subsequently spreading to Sierra Leone and Liberia, the
outbreak highlighted critical gaps in global preparedness for infectious diseases and revealed the
vulnerabilities of health systems in under-resourced settings.

The international response to the Ebola outbreak underscored the urgent need for collaborative efforts and
strengthened health systems. The slow initial response and challenges in coordinating international aid
hindered the containment of the virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) faced criticisms for its
delayed declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), and there were
significant gaps in the availability of medical supplies, trained personnel, and robust healthcare
infrastructure.

One crucial lesson from the Ebola outbreak was the necessity of investing in resilient health systems capable
of responding promptly to emerging infectious diseases. The affected countries, along with the international
community, recognized the need for improved surveillance, rapid response mechanisms, and community
engagement. Strengthening the healthcare workforce, enhancing laboratory capacities, and establishing
effective communication channels were identified as priorities.

The deployment of international aid and the establishment of treatment centers highlighted the importance of
global solidarity in combating pandemics. Collaborative efforts from organizations like Médecins Sans
Frontières (MSF), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and other non-governmental
organizations played a vital role in providing medical care and support. The experience of the Ebola outbreak
laid the groundwork for initiatives like the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI),
emphasizing the importance of coordinated research and vaccine development.

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COVID-19 Response in South Korea:

South Korea's response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been widely regarded as a model for effective
pandemic management. The country's success can be attributed to a combination of factors, including robust
testing strategies, technological innovation, and a well-prepared healthcare system.

South Korea's approach to testing played a pivotal role in early detection and containment of the virus. The
country implemented widespread and efficient testing, making use of drive-through testing centers, mobile
testing units, and innovative testing technologies. This approach allowed for the rapid identification and
isolation of infected individuals, contributing significantly to the overall control of the pandemic.

Technological innovation was another key aspect of South Korea's response. The use of advanced
technologies, including contact tracing apps, data analytics, and real-time information sharing, enabled swift
and effective monitoring of the virus's spread. The integration of technology not only facilitated the
identification of potential cases but also enhanced public awareness and adherence to preventive measures.

South Korea's healthcare system, characterized by its accessibility and adaptability, played a crucial role in
managing the crisis. The country had a sufficient number of hospital beds, well-equipped healthcare
facilities, and a trained healthcare workforce. The ability to quickly repurpose facilities for quarantine and
treatment demonstrated the importance of having a flexible and well-resourced healthcare infrastructure.

Community engagement and transparent communication were integral components of South Korea's
strategy. The government maintained open communication with the public, providing regular updates, clear
guidelines, and transparent information about the evolving situation. Public cooperation and adherence to
guidelines were essential in controlling the virus's spread.

In conclusion, South Korea's response to COVID-19 showcased the significance of a proactive and
well-coordinated approach to pandemic preparedness. The country's success in leveraging testing,
technology, and a resilient healthcare system provides valuable lessons for enhancing global preparedness for
future pandemics.

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Influenza Pandemic (H1N1), 2009:

The H1N1 influenza pandemic of 2009, also known as the swine flu, served as a significant global health
challenge, testing the preparedness and response capabilities of health systems worldwide. The emergence of
a novel influenza strain raised concerns about the potential for a severe pandemic, prompting a coordinated
international effort to mitigate its impact.

One of the critical aspects of the H1N1 pandemic was the rapid spread of the virus across borders,
necessitating a global response. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the H1N1 outbreak a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), triggering heightened surveillance, information
sharing, and collaboration among member states. The pandemic highlighted the need for robust international
cooperation frameworks, emphasizing the interconnectedness of global health.

Health systems faced challenges in vaccine production and distribution, with delays in availability
exacerbating the severity of the pandemic. The experience underscored the importance of establishing
mechanisms for rapid vaccine development, production, and equitable distribution globally. Lessons learned
from H1N1 contributed to the establishment of initiatives like the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT)
Accelerator during the COVID-19 pandemic, aiming to ensure fair access to vaccines, treatments, and
diagnostics.

The H1N1 pandemic also emphasized the role of effective risk communication in managing public
perception and adherence to preventive measures. Clear and transparent communication from health
authorities helped build public trust, while misinformation and panic were mitigated through timely and
accurate updates. The importance of risk communication strategies became a cornerstone for future
pandemic responses, including the need for addressing public concerns and maintaining open channels of
communication.

Furthermore, the H1N1 pandemic highlighted the significance of surveillance systems for early detection and
response. Countries with robust surveillance mechanisms were better equipped to identify and track the
spread of the virus, facilitating timely interventions. The experience reinforced the need for ongoing
investment in surveillance infrastructure, an aspect crucial for pandemic preparedness across a spectrum of
infectious diseases.

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MERS-CoV Outbreak in South Korea (2015):

The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea in 2015 posed
unique challenges to the country's healthcare system and underscored the importance of rapid response,
effective communication, and strengthening infection control measures.

The MERS outbreak originated from a single traveler and resulted in a series of nosocomial transmissions
within healthcare facilities. The incident revealed vulnerabilities in the country's healthcare infrastructure,
particularly in terms of infection prevention and control. Suboptimal communication and coordination
among healthcare institutions hindered the early identification and containment of the virus.

The MERS outbreak also highlighted the need for transparent communication and information-sharing. The
South Korean government faced criticism for its initial handling of the outbreak, which resulted in public
anxiety and mistrust. Subsequent improvements in communication strategies, including timely updates and
clear guidelines, demonstrated the importance of maintaining public trust during health crises.

The role of international collaboration was evident in managing the MERS outbreak. South Korea received
support and expertise from the international community, emphasizing the interconnectedness of global health
security. The experience contributed to discussions on the importance of sharing information, resources, and
expertise across borders for effective pandemic response.

In conclusion, the MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea emphasized the importance of continuous
improvement in healthcare systems, particularly in infection control measures and crisis communication. The
lessons learned from the MERS outbreak influenced subsequent responses to infectious diseases, shaping
policies and practices to enhance pandemic preparedness and strengthen global health security.

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Polio Eradication Efforts in Nigeria:
Nigeria's persistent efforts to eradicate polio have been both a testament to resilience in public health
initiatives and an instructive case study in navigating challenges to strengthen health systems. The country
has faced numerous obstacles, including security concerns, cultural resistance, and logistical complexities,
providing valuable insights into the complexities of disease eradication.

One of the primary challenges in Nigeria's polio eradication journey has been navigating security issues,
particularly in regions affected by conflict and insurgency. Vaccination campaigns were hindered by the
inaccessibility of certain areas due to security threats, impacting the delivery of healthcare services.
Overcoming these challenges required collaboration between health authorities, security forces, and
international organizations.

Cultural resistance and vaccine hesitancy posed additional hurdles. Deep-rooted beliefs and misconceptions
about polio vaccination in some communities led to low immunization rates. Addressing cultural resistance
required tailored community engagement strategies, involving religious and community leaders to build trust
and dispel myths about the vaccine.

Logistical complexities in reaching remote and underserved areas further underscored the need for
innovative solutions. Nigeria's experience prompted the development of strategies such as mobile
vaccination teams, which could navigate challenging terrains and reach communities with limited access to
healthcare facilities. These approaches highlighted the adaptability required in health systems to ensure
inclusivity and coverage, particularly in regions with infrastructural limitations.

International collaboration played a crucial role in supporting Nigeria's polio eradication efforts. Partnerships
with organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation provided financial and technical assistance. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)
facilitated coordination and resource mobilization on a global scale. The collaboration demonstrated the
interconnected nature of global health challenges and the necessity of collective efforts to address them.

Despite the challenges, Nigeria has made significant progress in its polio eradication journey, with no
reported cases in recent years. The lessons learned from Nigeria's efforts in polio eradication contribute to
the broader discourse on the challenges and opportunities in disease eradication and serve as a source of
inspiration for ongoing global health initiatives.

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Relevant UN Treaties/International Law:

1. International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005):

a. Overview: The IHR is a legally binding international instrument that aims to help the
international community prevent and respond to acute public health risks that have the
potential to cross borders.
b. Relevance: It provides a framework for the coordination of international responses to
pandemics, requiring member states to develop core public health capacities and report
specific public health events to the WHO.
2. WHO Constitution:
a. Overview: The Constitution establishes the World Health Organization as a specialized
agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
b. Relevance: It outlines the functions and powers of the WHO, emphasizing the organization's
role in promoting and coordinating international health work, including efforts to strengthen
health systems and respond to global health challenges like pandemics.
3. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR):
a. Overview: The ICESCR is a multilateral treaty that recognizes the right to the highest
attainable standard of physical and mental health.
b. Relevance: It underlines the importance of health as a fundamental human right and provides
a framework for member states to work towards improving health infrastructure and
systems, which is crucial for global pandemic preparedness.
4. Agenda for Sustainable Development - Goal 3 (SDG 3):
a. Overview: As part of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, SDG 3
focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages.
b. Relevance: SDG 3 includes targets related to pandemic preparedness, healthcare
infrastructure, and access to essential health services, providing a broader framework within
which WHO and member states operate.
5. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC):
a. Overview: The FCTC is a WHO-led treaty that addresses the global tobacco epidemic and
its impact on public health.
b. Relevance: Tobacco use can exacerbate the impact of respiratory diseases, making the FCTC
relevant to pandemic preparedness efforts by addressing a risk factor for severe outcomes.
6. Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
a. Overview: The Paris Agreement focuses on addressing climate change and its impacts.
b. Relevance: Climate change can influence the spread and distribution of infectious diseases,
including those with pandemic potential. The agreement indirectly contributes to global
health by addressing environmental factors affecting health systems.

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Suggested Moderated Caucus Topics:

1. Addressing problems that arise in healthcare resource management during emergency and pandemic
situations.
2. Evaluating gaps in pandemic preparedness of pre-existing programs initiated by national or
International organizations
3. Discussing mechanisms for developing stronger cross-border cooperation for an enhanced
collaboration among countries.
4. Discussing the equitable allocation and distribution of funds for pandemic preparedness, focusing on
vulnerable populations.
5. Exploring strategies to enhance global surveillance systems for early detection and monitoring of
potential pandemic threats, including the use of adaptive technology into health systems.
6. Examining strategies to train and support healthcare workers (With an optional inclusion of HERT)
to effectively manage pandemic outbreaks and provide essential healthcare services.
7. Addressing psychological needs and combating misinformation during pandemics.
8. Strengthening healthcare systems:
(Optional points of focus/inclusion) - Diagnostic capabilities and improved surveillance,
- Investments into digital healthcare systems and building resilient infrastructure
9. Facilitating Multi-Sectoral Collaboration of NGOs, Civil societies, and experts for enhancing global
preparedness.
10. Addressing health inequities and disparities in sustainable urban health and well being.

Questions a Resolution Must Answer

1. What would be an effective response to future pandemics, taking into account factors such as
healthcare infrastructure, medical supplies, and vulnerable communities?
2. How will equitable allocation of resources, including funding, medical equipment, and vaccines, be
done to ensure preparedness across all regions and income levels?
3. What methods of promoting effective risk communication about pandemic threats and preventive
measures can be developed away from the unsuccessful traditional methodologies
4. How are health disparities amongst vulnerable populations, such as refugees, migrants, indigenous
communities, and those living in conflict zones, prioritized.
5. To what extent and how can global collaboration be implemented for ensuring emergency
preparedness across nations
6. How can development and implementation of long-term preparedness strategies, including research
and development of new medical technologies, pandemic awareness, and policy frameworks for
sustainable health security be built?
7. How does financing and monitoring of pandemic preparedness align with the solutions proposed in
the resolution
8. How do pre-existing WHO initiatives such as the Health Emergency Programme (WHE), and
Health Emergency Response Teams, contribute to the resolution

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Further Reading

1. WHO's Database of Pandemics

2. Sustainable Development Goal 3
3. Preparing for Pandemics (WHO)
4. Health System Resilience During COVID-19
5. How can Health Systems Better Prepare for the Next Pandemic?
6. Health System Response to Future Pandemics
7. International Health Regulations
8. Right to Health (WMA)
9. Strengthening Health Systems (UNICEF)
10. Constitution of the World Health Organization
11. Health Emergency Programme in the European region
12. WHO PRET initiative

The discussion around ‘global preparedness for future pandemics as a way of strengthening healthcare
systems’ is paramount for ensuring the well-being and resilience of populations worldwide. As demonstrated
by various pandemics, robust healthcare measures and coordinated international efforts are essential for
effectively mitigating the impact of global health crises. By addressing this agenda, we acknowledge the
interconnectedness of global health and the imperative to fortify healthcare systems against future
pandemics.
Drawing from lessons learned from past healthcare crises and pandemics, the importance of proactive
measures, such as capacity building, resource allocation, international legal frameworks, community
engagement, and innovative solutions is paramount for safeguarding public health.
Moving forward, addressing gaps in pandemic preparedness, enhancing surveillance systems, and promoting
sustainable healthcare practices are paramount.
By prioritizing preparedness, we can foster a more resilient and equitable world, better equipped to navigate
future health challenges with global connectivity and unity.

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Agenda 2: Ensuring Universal Healthcare Access in Underdeveloped and Developing Nations

Introduction to Agenda:

Access to healthcare is a fundamental human right, yet it remains elusive for millions of people in
underdeveloped and developing nations around the world. While strides have been made in improving global
health outcomes, significant disparities persist, leaving vulnerable populations without adequate medical
care. The imperative to ensure universal healthcare access in these regions is not merely a moral obligation
but a strategic imperative for fostering sustainable development, social equity, and global health security.

In underdeveloped and developing nations, healthcare challenges are multifaceted, encompassing issues such
as insufficient infrastructure, limited financial resources, shortage of skilled healthcare professionals, and
prevailing socio-economic disparities. These challenges are exacerbated during public health crises,
emphasizing the urgent need for a comprehensive and inclusive approach to healthcare.

Key Challenges:

1. Infrastructure Gaps: Many underdeveloped and developing nations struggle with inadequate
healthcare infrastructure, including a shortage of hospitals, clinics, and essential medical equipment.
This hampers their ability to provide timely and effective healthcare services to their populations.
2. Financial Barriers: High out-of-pocket expenses, lack of health insurance, and limited public funding
contribute to financial barriers that prevent individuals from accessing essential healthcare services.
This often results in delayed or forgone medical treatment, leading to preventable health
complications.
3. Health Workforce Shortages: A scarcity of skilled healthcare professionals, including doctors,
nurses, and community health workers, poses a significant challenge. This shortage not only affects
the delivery of healthcare services but also impedes efforts to implement effective public health
programs.
4. Prevalence of Preventable Diseases: Underdeveloped and developing nations frequently grapple with
a high burden of preventable diseases, including infectious diseases, malnutrition, and maternal and
child health issues. Addressing these health challenges is integral to achieving universal health care
access.

Rationale for Action:

Ensuring universal healthcare access is not only a matter of social justice but also a strategic investment in
the well-being and productivity of nations. A healthy population contributes to economic growth, social
stability, and resilience against health emergencies. Furthermore, achieving health for all aligns with the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3: "Ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all at all ages."

This agenda seeks to explore comprehensive strategies and interventions that can bridge the healthcare gaps
in underdeveloped and developing nations. It emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts involving
governments, international organizations, non-governmental entities, and local communities. By addressing
the root causes of healthcare disparities, fostering health system resilience, and promoting sustainable
healthcare financing models, we can pave the way for a future where every individual, regardless of their
socio-economic status or geographical location, has access to quality healthcare services.

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Key Terms:

1. Universal Healthcare: A system that ensures all individuals have access to essential healthcare
services without facing financial hardship. It aims for coverage that includes a full range of health
services, from prevention to treatment to rehabilitation.
2. Underdeveloped Nations: Countries characterized by low economic development indicators, such as
low income per capita, high poverty rates, and inadequate infrastructure.
3. Developing Nations: Countries that are in the process of industrialization and experiencing rapid
economic growth. These nations have made progress but may still face challenges in areas like
healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
4. Healthcare Infrastructure:The network of facilities, equipment, and personnel involved in providing
healthcare services. This includes hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and the transportation and
communication systems supporting healthcare delivery.
5. Out-of-Pocket Expenses: Healthcare costs that individuals must pay directly, without financial
assistance from insurance or other funding sources. High out-of-pocket expenses can be a barrier to
accessing healthcare services.
6. Health Insurance: A financial mechanism that provides individuals with financial coverage for
medical expenses. It can be provided by the government, private companies, or a combination of
both.
7. Public Funding: Financial resources allocated by the government to support public services,
including healthcare. Public funding is crucial for ensuring affordability and accessibility of
healthcare services.
8. Skilled Healthcare Professionals:Trained and qualified individuals in the healthcare sector, including
doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health professionals.
9. Preventable Diseases:Diseases that can be avoided or mitigated through preventive measures such as
vaccination, health education, and lifestyle changes.
10. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A set of 17 global goals adopted by all United Nations
Member States as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Goal 3 specifically focuses
on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all.
11. Social Justice: The fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and rights within a
society, aiming to address disparities and ensure that all individuals have access to fundamental
human rights.
12. Health System Resilience: The capacity of a healthcare system to anticipate, prepare for, respond to,
and recover from adverse health events, ensuring continuous and effective delivery of healthcare
services.
13. Maternal and Child Health: A field of public health focusing on the well-being of mothers and
children, addressing issues such as prenatal care, childbirth, neonatal care, and child development.
14. Collaborative Efforts: Coordinated actions and partnerships involving multiple stakeholders,
including governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
communities, to achieve a common goal.
15. Sustainable Healthcare Financing Models: Financial mechanisms and strategies that ensure the
long-term affordability and stability of healthcare systems, often involving a combination of public
and private funding sources.

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Relevant UN treaties/international laws:

1. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR): Recognizes the right to
the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. It emphasizes the importance of
healthcare as a fundamental human right.
2. World Health Organization (WHO) Constitution: Establishes the WHO and emphasizes the
organization's role in promoting international health work, including efforts to improve healthcare
access globally.
3. Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care (1978): Recognizes primary healthcare as the key to
achieving health for all. Emphasizes the importance of addressing social determinants of health and
community involvement in healthcare.
4. Abuja Declaration on Health Financing (2001): African countries committed to allocating at least
15% of their annual budgets to improve the health sector, aiming to enhance healthcare infrastructure
and access.
5. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): Goal 4 (reduce child mortality) and Goal 5 (improve
maternal health) directly impact healthcare access. The subsequent Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) continue this commitment with Goal 3 focusing on health.
6. Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005): Stresses the importance of country ownership,
alignment, and harmonization in development aid, including healthcare, to ensure effective and
sustainable outcomes.
7. International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005): Provides a framework for global cooperation in
responding to public health emergencies, emphasizing the importance of strengthening health
systems.
8. Agenda for Sustainable Development - Goal 3 (SDG 3): SDG 3 aims to ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all. Targets include reducing maternal mortality, ending preventable deaths of
newborns and children, and achieving universal health coverage.
9. Declaration of Astana (2018): Reaffirms the commitment to primary healthcare as an essential
component of achieving universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals.
10. International Pharmaceutical Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights -
TRIPS Agreement): Balances intellectual property rights with the need to ensure access to essential
medicines, particularly for public health purposes.
11. Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP): Aims to prevent millions of deaths through more equitable
access to existing vaccines for people in all communities.
12. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP): Indigenous populations often face
unique challenges in healthcare access. The declaration emphasizes the rights of indigenous peoples
to their health and well-being.

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Case Studies

Maternal and Child Health in Sub-Saharan Africa:

​Maternal and child health in Sub-Saharan Africa represents a critical area of concern marked by formidable
challenges and health disparities. The region, comprising numerous low-income countries, grapples with
high maternal and infant mortality rates, reflecting the existing gaps in healthcare access and infrastructure.
In understanding the complexities of maternal and child health in Sub-Saharan Africa, a comprehensive
analysis should encompass the prevailing issues, potential solutions, and the transformative role of universal
healthcare access.

Sub-Saharan Africa faces an alarming maternal mortality rate, with an estimated 533 maternal deaths per
100,000 live births, significantly surpassing the global average. This stark reality highlights the challenges
pregnant women encounter in accessing quality maternal healthcare services. Limited access to antenatal
care contributes to preventable complications during childbirth, hindering progress towards improving
maternal health outcomes. Only 52% of pregnant women in the region receive the recommended four
antenatal care visits, emphasizing the pressing need for expanded healthcare services.

Universal healthcare access holds immense potential for transforming maternal and child health outcomes in
Sub-Saharan Africa. By ensuring that pregnant women have access to skilled birth attendants and essential
services, universal healthcare could contribute to a substantial reduction in maternal mortality rates.
Comprehensive antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care would become more accessible, addressing the
root causes of maternal mortality and enhancing overall maternal well-being.

Moreover, establishing community-based health centers and mobile health units could be instrumental in
reaching remote and underserved areas. These units could provide prenatal check-ups, vaccinations, and
postnatal care, addressing geographical barriers that often limit access to healthcare services. The
implementation of such initiatives aligns with the principles of universal healthcare – equitable access to
essential health services for all, irrespective of geographic location or socioeconomic status.

To gauge the impact of universal healthcare on maternal and child health, key indicators should be monitored
over time. Metrics such as maternal mortality rates, infant mortality rates, and the percentage of pregnant
women receiving adequate antenatal care are crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of healthcare policies. A
successful transition towards universal health care would manifest in improved health outcomes for both
mothers and infants, fostering healthier communities and contributing to overall societal well-being.

Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is a region vulnerable to recurrent infectious disease outbreaks, posing significant challenges
to public health and healthcare systems. Diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, and emerging infections
demand a robust and adaptive healthcare infrastructure. The prevalence of infectious diseases is exacerbated
by factors such as high population density, rapid urbanization, and environmental conditions conducive to
disease vectors. An in-depth exploration of the infectious disease landscape in Southeast Asia necessitates an
examination of current challenges, potential solutions, and the transformative role of universal healthcare
access.

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Infectious disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia often lead to considerable morbidity and mortality, straining
healthcare resources and infrastructure. Limited healthcare access, with only 58% of the population having
regular access to medical services, further complicates the region's ability to respond effectively to outbreaks.
Early detection, containment, and treatment are essential in managing infectious diseases, and universal
healthcare access could play a pivotal role in bolstering the region's resilience.

Implementing universal healthcare access in Southeast Asia would revolutionize infectious disease
management by enhancing disease surveillance, early detection, and containment efforts. Timely
vaccinations, effective treatment protocols, and community-based prevention programs would become more
accessible, mitigating the impact of infectious diseases on the population. This comprehensive approach
aligns with the principles of universal healthcare – ensuring that all individuals have access to essential
health services, irrespective of socioeconomic status or geographic location.

To measure the impact of universal healthcare on infectious disease management, key indicators such as
disease incidence rates, vaccination coverage, and the effectiveness of containment strategies must be closely
monitored. A successful transition to universal healthcare would manifest in a significant reduction in
morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. The ability to promptly identify and treat cases,
coupled with widespread vaccination campaigns, would contribute to a more resilient healthcare system
capable of responding to infectious disease outbreaks efficiently.

Additionally, community engagement and education would be integral components of a universal healthcare
strategy. Promoting awareness about disease prevention, symptoms, and the importance of seeking timely
medical care would empower communities to actively participate in managing infectious diseases. This
proactive involvement, coupled with accessible healthcare services, could create a more robust defense
against outbreaks.

The transformative impact of universal healthcare access on infectious disease management in Southeast
Asia extends beyond immediate health benefits. It contributes to broader socio-economic stability by
preventing the economic disruptions often associated with large-scale disease outbreaks. Healthy populations
are more productive, and the economic burden of healthcare is more evenly distributed, fostering long-term
societal resilience

Non-Communicable Diseases in South America

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) constitute a growing health challenge in South America, contributing
significantly to the region's disease burden. Conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, and cancer have become increasingly prevalent, posing a threat to public health and necessitating a
comprehensive healthcare strategy. Examining the landscape of NCDs in South America involves
understanding the current challenges, potential solutions, and the transformative role of universal healthcare
access.

South America faces a rising burden of NCDs, with approximately 29% of adults experiencing hypertension
and an 8% prevalence of diabetes. These conditions are often exacerbated by lifestyle factors, including diet,
physical inactivity, and tobacco use. Limited access to healthcare services further compounds the impact of
NCDs, leading to complications, hospitalizations, and premature deaths. As the region contends with these
challenges, the implementation of universal healthcare access emerges as a pivotal solution.

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A comprehensive approach to healthcare, encompassing regular screenings, early diagnosis, and improved
management of NCDs, becomes achievable with universal access. Ensuring that individuals have access to
medications, lifestyle interventions, and ongoing care could significantly reduce complications and
hospitalizations associated with NCDs. By integrating NCD management into primary healthcare services,
universal healthcare addresses not only treatment but also prevention and health promotion.

To measure the impact of universal healthcare on NCDs, key indicators such as prevalence rates, adherence
to treatment plans, and the incidence of complications must be closely monitored. A successful transition
towards universal healthcare would manifest in improved health outcomes for individuals affected by NCDs,
ultimately reducing the burden on healthcare systems and improving overall societal well-being.

Furthermore, the role of community engagement and education is crucial in the context of NCDs. Promoting
awareness about healthy lifestyles, the importance of regular health check-ups, and the management of risk
factors empowers individuals to actively participate in preventing and controlling NCDs. Universal health
care facilitates the dissemination of health information and encourages proactive health-seeking behavior,
fostering a culture of prevention.

The transformative impact of universal healthcare access on NCDs extends beyond individual health to
broader socio-economic implications. Healthy individuals are more productive, leading to a more robust and
economically active population. Moreover, the economic burden of managing NCDs is more evenly
distributed when healthcare is accessible to all, reducing the strain on both individuals and healthcare
systems.

Mental Health Services in South Asia

Mental health services in South Asia face considerable challenges, marked by inadequate resources,
stigmatization, and a significant treatment gap. Approximately 13% of the population in the region is
affected by mental health disorders, ranging from anxiety and depression to more severe conditions.
However, only 7% receive treatment due to limited access to mental health professionals and prevailing
social stigma. Understanding the complexities of mental health in South Asia involves examining the current
obstacles, potential solutions, and the transformative role of universal healthcare access.

The mental health landscape in South Asia is characterized by a scarcity of mental health professionals,
insufficient mental health facilities, and a general lack of awareness regarding mental health issues. Cultural
stigma surrounding mental health often prevents individuals from seeking help, contributing to delayed
diagnosis and treatment. Inadequate resources further compound the problem, making it challenging to
address the diverse spectrum of mental health conditions prevalent in the region.

Universal healthcare access stands as a transformative force in addressing mental health challenges in South
Asia. By integrating mental health services into primary care, universal healthcare ensures that mental health
is treated with the same importance as physical health. This integration could potentially increase mental
health treatment rates from the current 7% to as high as 40%, representing a substantial improvement in
addressing mental health needs.

Universal healthcare would also facilitate the training and deployment of mental health professionals across
South Asia. This involves not only increasing the number of psychiatrists, psychologists, and counselors but

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also incorporating mental health training into the education curriculum for primary healthcare providers.
This strategy addresses the scarcity of mental health professionals and ensures a more holistic approach to
healthcare, where mental health is an integral part of overall well-being.

To measure the impact of universal healthcare on mental health services, key indicators such as the
prevalence of mental health disorders, rates of treatment-seeking behavior, and the quality of mental health
services must be closely monitored. Success in this endeavor would manifest in improved mental health
outcomes, reduced stigma, and a more comprehensive understanding of mental health within South Asian
societies.

Community engagement and mental health literacy are integral components of a universal healthcare
strategy. Public awareness campaigns, educational programs, and community outreach initiatives would
contribute to reducing the stigma surrounding mental health issues. By fostering a culture of open discussion
and understanding, universal healthcare promotes an environment where individuals feel comfortable
seeking help for mental health concerns.

The transformative impact of universal healthcare access on mental health services in South Asia extends
beyond immediate health benefits. Mental health is closely linked to overall productivity, social cohesion,
and economic stability. By addressing mental health needs through universal healthcare, South Asian nations
can cultivate healthier, more resilient communities capable of navigating the complexities of mental health
challenges.

Access to Essential Medications in Central America

Access to essential medications in Central America is a critical aspect of healthcare that significantly
influences the overall well-being of the population. However, the region faces challenges in ensuring
consistent and equitable access to necessary drugs, impacting the ability of individuals to manage and treat
various health conditions. Examining the current landscape of medication access in Central America
involves understanding the existing hurdles, potential solutions, and the transformative role of universal
healthcare access.

Central American nations encounter difficulties in guaranteeing access to essential medications for their
populations. Currently, only 40% of the population has regular access to necessary drugs, leading to
untreated conditions and preventable health complications. The issues contributing to this challenge include
limitations in healthcare infrastructure, distribution systems, and economic disparities that hinder
affordability.

Universal healthcare access emerges as a transformative solution to address the issues surrounding
medication access in Central America. By establishing robust pharmaceutical distribution systems, universal
health care ensures a stable supply of medications across the region. This not only reduces the prevalence of
untreated conditions but also promotes a more systematic and organized approach to medication delivery.

One of the key components of universal healthcare is the emphasis on affordability. By incorporating
medication coverage into a universal healthcare framework, Central American nations can significantly
lower the financial barriers that impede access to essential drugs. This ensures that individuals, regardless of

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their economic status, can obtain the medications they need to manage chronic conditions, treat acute
illnesses, and prevent further health complications.

To measure the impact of universal healthcare on medication access, key indicators such as medication
adherence rates, availability of essential drugs, and the incidence of untreated conditions should be closely
monitored. A successful transition towards universal healthcare would manifest in improved medication
adherence rates, reduced instances of untreated conditions, and enhanced overall health outcomes across the
region.

Community engagement and education are integral components of a universal healthcare strategy for
medication access. Educating the public about the importance of medication adherence, proper use of
medications, and the significance of seeking timely medical care contributes to a more informed and
proactive population. Universal healthcare provides a platform for disseminating this crucial information and
encouraging individuals to take an active role in their healthcare.

The transformative impact of universal healthcare access on medication access in Central America extends
beyond immediate health benefits. A population with consistent access to essential medications is more
likely to manage chronic conditions effectively, reducing the burden on healthcare systems and preventing
complications that often lead to higher healthcare costs.

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Suggested Moderated Caucus Topics

1. Strengthening primary healthcare systems in developing nations to achieve universal access.

2. Exploring sustainable international financing models for healthcare infrastructure development in
underdeveloped nations.
3. Leveraging technology and telemedicine for efficient healthcare delivery in remote areas.
4. Strategies to ensure affordable access to essential medications throughout a nation
5. Formulating an integrated approach to infectious disease prevention and management with global
cooperation.
6. Balancing public-private collaborations to support equitable and sustainable healthcare
infrastructure.
7. Discussing maternal and infant health challenges that limit universal access and improved outcomes.
8. Deliberating upon the integration of mental health services into primary healthcare systems for
comprehensive well-being.
9. Optimizing and expanding community health worker programs as a grassroots approach for
universal healthcare.
10. Developing healthcare education and awareness campaigns to promote preventive measures in
underserved areas.

Questions A Resolution Must Answer:

1. How is "universal healthcare access" defined in underdeveloped and developing nations?

2. What are the primary barriers to healthcare access, considering socioeconomic factors and
infrastructure challenges?
3. How can resources be effectively allocated to ensure universal healthcare access, addressing regional
disparities?
4. How will the resolution support capacity building for healthcare infrastructure and professionals?
5. How can international collaboration be enhanced to support healthcare access in these nations?
6. How can technology and innovation be leveraged to improve healthcare access?
7. What measures are proposed for health education and promotion at the community level?
8. How can multi-sectoral collaborations contribute to improving healthcare access across a nation?
9. What indicators will be used to measure the success of the resolution in improving healthcare
access?
10. How will the resolution ensure the sustainability of improved healthcare access over the long term?

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Further Reading:

1. WHO Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Fact Sheet

2. Monitoring the Building Blocks of Health Systems
3. The World Health Report 2000
4. Closing the Gap Between Public Health and Private Care
5. Universal Health Coverage Study Series (World Bank)
6. The Usefulness of the Astana Declaration
7. Barriers to Accessing Maternal Care in Low Income Countries in Africa
8. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (OHCHR)
9. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
10. Global Public Goods and Health
11. One Health Approach- WHO

In conclusion, the pursuit of universal healthcare access in underdeveloped and developing nations is not
only a moral imperative but a crucial strategy for fostering a healthier, more equitable, and sustainable world.
The multifaceted challenges faced by these regions demand a comprehensive and inclusive approach that
addresses issues ranging from inadequate infrastructure and limited financial resources to shortages of skilled
healthcare professionals and socio-economic disparities. As we strive to build resilient healthcare systems,
the international community must collaborate and invest in long-term solutions that empower these nations
to provide quality healthcare for all. By ensuring universal healthcare access, we not only uphold the
fundamental right to health but also contribute to global health security, social justice, and the overall
well-being of humanity. Through collective efforts and a commitment to shared responsibility, we can make
significant strides toward a future where no one is left behind in the pursuit of good health.

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